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Ejercicio 1
1. Encontrar las ecuaciones caractersticas de las siguientes matrices:
a)
3 0
8 1
( A . I n ) = 3
0
1
( A . I n )
22 3=0 Ec .Caracteristica
b)
10 9
4 2
( A . I n ) = 10
4
9
2
( A . I n )
8 +16=0 Ec .Caracteristica
c)
[ ]
0 3
4 0
( A . I n ) =
4
212=0 Ec . Caracteristica
( A . I n )
d)
2 7
1
2
( A . I n )
( A . I n ) = 2
1
7
2
2 +3=0 Ec .Caracteristica
e)
[ ]
0 0
0 0
( A . I n ) =
0
( A . I n )
=0 Ec .Caracteristica
f)
[ ]
1 0
0 1
( A . I n ) = 1
0
0
1
22 + 1=0 Ec . Caracteristica
3 0
8 1
( A . I n ) = 3
8
0
1
( A . I n )
b)
A= 10 9
4 2
( A . I n ) = 10
4
9
2
( A . I n )
8 +16=0
( 4)( 4)=0
( 4 )2=0
=4 autovalor
c)
[ ]
A= 0 3
4 0
( A . I n ) =
4
( A . I n )
det ( A . I n )= 212=0
1(+2 3)( 2 3)
=2 3 , =2 3 autovalores
A=
d)
2 7
1
2
( A . I n )
( A . I n ) = 2
1
det ( A . I n )= +3=0
Nohay autovalores reales
La matriz caracteristica sera
( A . I n ) =
0
( A . I n )
f)
A=
autovalor
[ ]
1 0
0 1
( A . I n ) = 1
0
0
1
det ( A . I n )=( 1 ) (1 ) =0
( 1 )2=0
=1
autovalor
( A . I n )
7
2
[(
3A0I ) ..Cuado =3
8 1
( A I ) = 0 0
8 4
( A I ) ..Cuado =1
( A I )
>>
>>
0
( A . I n ) = 3
rref ( AI )
8>> 1
>>
x 1=0 ( 1 )
=3 , =1 autovalores
1
x 1 x2=0 ( 1 )
2
( A . I n ) = 10
9
2
( A . I n )
8 +16=0
( 4)( 4)=0
( 4 )2=0
=4 autovalor
( A I ) ..Cuado =4
rref ( AI )
[ ]
[ ]
A= 10 9
4 2
( A I )
1 0
0 0
1
1
det ( A . I n )=( 3
) (1
2 ) 0=0
0 0
b)
[ ]
( A I ) = 4 0
8 0
( A . I )
( A I ) = 6 9
4 6
>>
( A I )
>>
rref ( AI )
[ ]
3
2
0 0
1
3
x 1 x 2=0 ( 1 )
2
De la ecuacin 1 del sistema (1)
encontramos con la variable
x1:
( )
3
3
x
x 1= x 2 x= 2 2
2
x2
c)
A=
[ ]
0 3
4 0
( A I ) ..Cuado =2 3
( A . I n ) =
4
. I n ) I ) =
( A( A
rref ( AI )
>>
1(+2 3)( 2 3)
=2 3 , =2 3 autovalores
( A I )
>>
det ( A . I n )= 12=0
2 3
3
4 2 3
[ ]
1
0
3
2
0
3
x 1+ x 2=0 ( 1 )
2
( A I ) ..Cuado =2 3
3
( A I ) = 2 3
4
2 3
( A I )
>>
>>
rref ( AI )
[ ]
1
0
3
2
0
3
x 1 x 2=0 (1 )
2
A=
d)
2 7
1
2
( A . I n )
( A . I n ) = 2
1
det ( A . I n )= 2+3=0
A=
e)
[ ]
0 0
0 0
( A . I n ) =
0
autovalor
( A I ) ..Cuado =0
[ ]
( A I ) = 0 0
0 0
>>
( A I )
>>
rref ( AI )
( A . I n )
7
2
[ ]
0 0
0 0
x1
x2
()
x=
[ ]
A= 1 0
0 1
f)
( A . I n ) = 1
0
0
1
( A . I n )
det ( A . I n )=( 1 ) (1 ) =0
2
( 1 ) =0
=1
autovalor
( A I ) ..Cuado =1
[ ]
( A I ) = 0 0
0 0
>>
( A I )
>>
rref ( AI )
[ ]
0 0
0 0
()
x=
x1
x2
a)
4 0 1
2 1 0
2 0 1
]
( A . I n )
4
0
1
A
.
I
=
(
2 1
0
n)
2
0
1
b)
[ ]
3 0 5
1
1 0
5
1 1 2
( A . I n )
3
0
5
1
1
0
( A . I n ) =
5
1
1
2
3 2 =0 Ec . caracteristica
c)
2 0
1
6 2 0
19 5 4
]
( A . I n )
2
0
1
A
.
I
=
(
6
2
0
n)
19
5
4
3 +8 2+ +8=0 Ec . caracteristica
d)
1 0
1
1 3
0
4 13 1
1
0
1
( A . I n ) = 1 3
0
4
13 1
( A . I n )
3 22=0 Ec . caracteristica
e)
5 0 1
1 1 0
7 1 0
( A . I n )
5
0
1
( A . I n ) = 1 1 0
7
1
f)
5 6
2
0 1 8
1 0 2
( A . I n ) =
5
6
2
0
1
8
1
0
2
( A . I n )
2 15 +36=0 Ec . caracteristica
a)
4 0 1
A= 2 1 0
2 0 1
[ ]
3 0 5
1
La matriz
sera
A= caracteristica
1 0
b)
5
1 1 2
)2 {( 1 ) ( 4 )+ 2}=0
( A.(I1
n)
det ( A . I n )=( 3 ) + 2 =0
( 1 )2 {(25 +6)}=0
4
0
1
2
(1)(
2)(3)=0
I n ) =) (2
( A (.1
1
0)(2)(+ 2)=0
0
1
( A . I n ) 2
3
0
5
1
0
( A
2. I n ) =0 5 1 1
6 2 1 0
1
2
c)
19 5 4
(( ) 1 ) ( +8)=0
( A . I n ) =8 autovalor
2
0
1
A
.
I
=
(
6
2
0
n)
1 0 19 1
5
4
1 3
0
d)
4 13 1
1
0
1
( A . I n ) = 1 3
0
4
13
1
5 0 1
e)
1 1 0
7 1 0
]
det ( A . I n )=( 3 ) + 2 + +2=0
( A . I n ) (( 2 ) 1 )( 2)=0
=2 autovalor
( A . I n ) = 1
0
1
1
0
( A . I n )
(1 ) ( 2 )3=0
f)
5 6
2
0 1 8
1 0 2
( A . I n )
(1 ) ( + 4 ) ( 3 )2=0
5
6
2
6.
Halle
las
bases
de
los
A
.
I
=
(
0
1
8 autoespacios de las matrices del ejercicio 4
n)
1
0
2
4 0 1
a A= 2 1 0
2 0 1
( A I ) ..Cuado =1
3 0 1
( A I ) = 2 0 0
2 0 0
>>
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
[ ]
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
x 1=0
x 3=0 ( 1 )
x3 :
y de la ecuacin
x1
()
0
x 3=0 , x1 =0 x= x 2
0
( A I ) ..Cuado =2
2
0
1
( A I ) = 2 1 0
2 0 1
>>
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
[ ]
1
2
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 0
1
x 1+ x 3=0
2
x 2x 3=0 ( 1 )
-De la ecuacin 2 del sistema (1) encontramos con la variable
x2:
x1:
1
x
1
2 3
x 2=x 3 , x 1=
x x=
x3
2 3
x3
()
( A I ) ..Cuado =3
1
0
1
( A I ) = 2 2 0
2 0 2
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
>>
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 0
x 1+ x 3=0
x 2x 3=0 ( 1 )
-De la ecuacin 2 del sistema (1) encontramos con la variable
x2:
x1:
( )
x 3
x 2=x 3 , x 1=x3 x= x 3
x3
b)
[ ]
3 0 5
A= 1 1 0
5
1 1 2
=0 , = 2 , = 2 ,
( A I ) ..Cuado =0
[ ]
3 0 5
( A I ) = 1 1 0
5
1 1 2
>>
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
[ ]
5
3
1
0 1
3
0 0 0
1 0
5
x 1 x3 =0
3
1
x 2 x 3=0 ( 1 )
3
-De la ecuacin 2 del sistema (1) encontramos con la variable
x2 :
x1:
()
0
5
1
x 1= x3 , x 2= x 3 x= x 2
3
3
0
( A I ) ..Cuado = 2
2+ 3
( A I ) =
1
5
1
>>
>>
21
22
( A I )
rref ( AI )
5 215
7
2 2+1
0 0
7
0 0
0
1 0
x 1
x 2+
5 215
x 3=0
7
2 2+1
x 3=0 ( 1 )
7
x2 :
x1:
x 1=
5 2+15
2 21
x 3 , x 2=
x3 ,
7
7
( )
5 2+15
x3
7
x= 2 21
x3
7
x3
( A I ) ..Cuado = 2
2+ 3
1
5
1
( A I ) =
22
[ ]
0 0
0 0
x 1+
x 2+
21
rref ( AI )
1 0
( A I )
>>
>>
5 215
7
2 2+1
7
0
5 215
x 3=0
7
2 2+1
x 3 =0 ( 1 )
7
x2 :
x1:
x 1=
5 2+ 15
2 21
x 3 , x 2=
x3 ,
7
7
( )
5 2+15
x3
7
x= 2 21
x3
7
x3
c)
2 0
1
6 2 0
19 5 4
=8 autovalor
( A I ) ..Cuado =8
6 0 1
( A I ) = 6 6 0
19 5 4
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
>>
[ ]
1 0
0 1
0 0
1
6
1
6
0
1
x 1+ x 3 =0
6
1
x 2+ x3 =0 ( 1 )
6
-De la ecuacin 2 del sistema (1) encontramos con la variable
x2 :
x 1=
1
x ,
6 3
x 2=
1
x ,
6 3
( )
1
x ,
6 3
x= 1
x ,
6 3
x3 ,
d)
1 0
1
1 3
0
4 13 1
]
=2 autovalor
( A I ) ..Cuado =2
3 0
1
( A I ) = 1 1 0
4 13 3
>>
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
[ ]
1
3
1
0 1
3
0 0 0
1 0
x1:
1
x 1 x3 =0
3
1
x 2 x 3=0 ( 1 )
3
-De la ecuacin 2 del sistema (1) encontramos con la variable
x2 :
x1:
1
x 1= x3 ,
3
1
x 2= x 3 ,
3
1
x ,
3 3
x= 1
x ,
3 3
x3 ,
()
e)
5 0 1
1 1 0
7 1 0
=2 autovalor
( A I ) ..Cuado =2
3
0
1
( A I ) = 1 1 0
7 1 2
>>
( A I )
x 1=
1
x ,
3 3
x 2=
1
x ,
3 3
rref ( AI )
>>
[ ]
1 0
0 1
0 0
1
3
1
3
0
x2 :
( )
1
x ,
3 3
x= 1
x ,
3 3
x3 ,
x1:
1
x 1+ x 3=0
3
1
x 2+ x 3=0 (1 )
3
f)
5 6
2
0 1 8
1 0 2
=4, =3 autovalores
( A I ) ..Cuado =4
9 6 2
( A I ) = 0 3 8
1 0 2
>>
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
[ ]
1 0
2
8
0 1
3
0 0 0
x 1+2 x 3=0
8
x 2 x 3=0 ( 1 )
3
-De la ecuacin 2 del sistema (1) encontramos con la variable
x2 :
8
x 1=2 x 3 , x 2= x 3 ,
3
x1:
2 x3 ,
, x= 8 x3 , ,
3
x3 ,
( )
( A I ) ..Cuado =3
2 6
2
( A I ) = 0 4 8
1 0 5
>>
( A I )
rref ( AI )
>>
1 0 5
0 1 2
0 0 0
x 15 x 3 =0
x 2+2 x 3=0 ( 1 )
-De la ecuacin 2 del sistema (1)
encontramos con la variable
x2 :
x1:
x 1=5 x 3 , x2 =2 x 3
( )
5 x3 ,
, x= 2 x 3 ,
x3 ,
[ ]
[ ]
0
1
0
0
a)
0 2 0
0 1 0
1 2 0
0 0 1
0
2 0
1
1 0
( A . I n ) =
0
1 2 0
0 0 0 1
( 1 )2 ( + 2 )( +1 )=0
4+ 33 2+ 2=0 Ecuacin caracteristica
[
[
b)
10 9 0 0
4 2 0 0
0
0 2 7
0 0 1 2
10
9
0 0
4
2
0 0
( A . I n ) =
0
0
2 7
0 0 1 2
( 4 )2 ( 2+ 3 )=0
4
a)
[ ]
0
1
0
0
0 2 0
0 1 0
1 2 0
0 0 1
0
2 0
1
1 0
( A . I n ) =
0
1 2 0
0 0 0 1
det ( A . I n )= + 3 +2=0
( 1 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( +1 ) ( +2 )=0
( 1 )2 ( +1 ) ( +2 ) =0
=1, =1, =2 autovalores
b)
10 9 0 0
4 2 0 0
0
0 2 7
0 0 1 2
10
9
0 0
4
2
0 0
( A . I n ) =
0
0
2 7
0 0 1 2
det ( A . I n )= 4 +8 3 +5 2+ 88 176=0
( 1 )( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( + 11 ) ( 11)=0
( 4 )2 ( + 11 ) ( 11)=0
=4 , = 11 = 11 autovalores
a)
[ ]
0
1
0
0
0 2 0
0 1 0
1 2 0
0 0 1
Dado que
[ ][ ][
1
0
I A=
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 0 2 0
0
0
1 0 1 0 = 1
0
0 1 2 0
0 1
1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0
2 0
1 0
+2 0
1
Sea:
2
[]
Para
][ ] [ ]
[[
[ ]
[ ][ ] [ ]
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
x1 t
1
x2
0
0
=
=t
t
1
x3
0
0
x4
B1=
1
0
0
0
0
0
1 0
1 1
0 1
0 0 0
2 0
1 0
1 0
2
][ ] [ ]
x1
0
x2
0
=
0
x3
0
x4
Resolviendo este
sistema se obtiene
1
0
0
0
x1
x2
0 2 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
2 t
t
=t
0
0
0
0
2
1
Para
3 =1
1
0 2 0
1 1 1 0
0 1 3 0
0 0 0 0
][ ] [ ]
x1
0
x2
0
=
0
x3
0
x4
[ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [[] ]
[]
1 0 2 0 0
0 1 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Dado que
4
3
2
8 +19 24 + 48=0 Ecuacin caracteristica
x1
2s
2
0
Entonces
x2 3 s
3
0
=s + t 10 9 0 0
2= 2
( 4
)
(
)
+
3
=0
s
1
0
x3
4 2 0 0
t
0
1
x 4 b)
0
0 2 7
=4
1
correspondiente a
1=2
correspondiente a
2=1
][ ] [ ]
()
2
1
1
0
correspondiente a
3 =1
()
0 0 1 2
De modo que existe un eigenespacio de A.
Por definicin,
x1
x
x= 2
x3
x4
10
9
0 0
4
+2
0 0
0
0
+2 7
0 0 1 2
1
0
1
0
0 2
0 3
,
0 1
1 0
( )( )
[
]
[ ][ ] []
{( )}
1 1.5 0 0 0
0
0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
3
3
x1
t
2
2
x2
= t =t 1
x3
0
0
x4
0
0
3
2
B 1= 1
0
10. Por inspeccin,
halle los autovalores de las siguientes matrices:
0
1 6
a)
9 5
3
A . I
Base
para caracteristica
el eigenespacio correspondiente
n) a
La
matriz
sera (
1 6
9
( A . I n ) =[ ]
det ( A . I n )=(1 )( 5 ) 54=0
()
2
1
0
0
b)
3 0 0
2 7 0
4 8 1
( A . I n )
3
0
0
( A . I n ) = 2 7 0
4
8
1
c)
[ ]
[ ]
1
3
00
1
3
0
00
10
1
0 0 0
2
( A . I n ) =
det ( A . I n )=
00
00
3
0
0
1 0
1
0 0 0
2
0
2
1
1
(1 ) =0
3
2
( )
1
1
, =1, = autovalores
3
2
[ ]
[ ][ ][
1
A=
Dado que
1
0
I A=
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
3 7
11
1
0
38
2
4
0 0 0
0 0 0 2
1 3 7
1 3 7
0
11
11
1
1
0
3 8
0 2 38 = 0
2
0
4
4
0 0 0
0
0
1
0 0 0 2
0 0 0 2
Sea:
det ( I A )=0
det
3 7
11
1
0
3 8 =0
2
4
0
0
0 0 0 2
( 12 )( )( 2) =0
48 3+19 224 + 48=0 Ecuacincaracteristica
( 12 )( )( 2) =0
1
1=0, 2= y 3=2
2
De modo que
1
1
=
y 3=29=512
2
512
()
1=09=0 , 2=
son eigenvalores de
A9
12. Encontrar los autovalores y bases para los autoespacios de A 25 para
A=
1 2 2
1
2
1
1 1 0
Dado que
[ ][
][
1 0 0 1 2 2
+1
2
2
I A= 0 1 0 1
=
2
1
1 2 1
0 0 1 1 1 0
1
1
Sea:
det ( I A )=0
+1
det 1
1
2
2
2 1 =0
1
Por definicin,
x1
x= x 2
x3
[]
][ ] [ ]
0
+1
2
2 x1
1 2 1 x 2 = 0
1
1
x3
0
Para
1=1
][ ] [ ]
0
0
2
2 x1
1 3 1 x 2 = 0
1
1 1 x 3
0
[][ ] [ ]
x1
2t
2
x 2 = t =t 1
t
1
x3
{( )}
2
B1= 1
1
Para
2=1
][ ] [ ]
0
2
2
2 x1
1 1 1 x 2 = 0
1
1
1 x3
0
[][ ] [ ] [ ]
x 1 st
1
1
=
=s
+t
s
1
0
x2
t
0
1
x3
{( ) ( )}
1 1
B 2= 1 , 0
0
1
De modo que
25
25
1= (1 ) =1 , 2=( 1 ) =1
son eigenvalores de
1=1
2=1
25
()
( )( )
2
1
1
1 1
1 , 0
0
1
13. Sea A una matriz de orden 2 x 2. La recta que pasa por el origen de R 2 es
invariante bajo A, si Ax est sobre la recta cuando x tambin lo est.
Encontrar las ecuaciones de las rectas en R2, en caso de verlas que son
invariantes bajo las matriz dada.
14. Encontrar det(A) dado que A tiene p (
) como su polinomio
caracterstico.
a)
p(
) =
3 2 2+ +5
El polinomio caracteristico de A es
n
P( )= + c1
Como
n1
cn 0
Resulta:
Det (A )=c n
++ c n=0
entonces
(1 )n Det ( A )=cn
(1 )n Det ( A )=5
Det ( A )=5
P( )=Det ( AI )
=0
b)
p(
) =
+7
El polinomio caracteristico de A es
n
P( )= + c1
Como
n1
cn 0
Resulta:
Det (A )=c n
P( )=Det ( AI )
++ c n=0
=0
n
o (1 ) Det ( A )=cn
entonces
(1 )n Det ( A )=cn
(1 )n Det ( A )=7
Det ( A )=7
Si
Det ( AI )
es un polinomio de
grado n.
Es decir, en el desarrollo de la determinante de una matriz de nxn,
cada termino es un producto de n elementos de la matriz, el cual tiene
exactamente un elemento en cada fila (renglon) y un elemento en
Det ( AI ) ,
cada columna. En consecuencia, si desarrollamos
obtenemos un polinomio de grado n
en el polinomio caracterstico es
1.
en el polinomio caracteristico de A
=1
tr ( A ) +det ( A )=0
[ ]
a b
c d
1
[ ( a+d ) (ad)2 + 4 bc ]
2
(ad )2 + 4 bc
(ad ) + 4 bc > 0
= 0
(ad )2 + 4 bc
< 0