Materials Science & Engineering A 625 (2015) 374379

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Science & Engineering A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/msea

Toughness improvement in hot rolled HSLA steel plates through

asymmetric rolling
S. Chen n, Y.G. An, C. Lahaije
Tata Steel, 1970 CA IJmuiden, The Netherlands

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 17 September 2014
Accepted 10 December 2014
Available online 18 December 2014

Asymmetric hot rolling and conventional hot rolling were applied to a HSLA steel in order to improve the
impact toughness of thick-gauge hot rolled plates. The asymmetric rolling condition was introduced by
applying mismatched roll diameters. The diameter ratio between big and small rolls was 1.25. The rolling
temperatures were between 900 1C and 1150 1C. The results show that asymmetric rolling produced a
smaller average grain size at the centre layer of the hot rolled plate than symmetric rolling and brought a
through thickness texture change. The impact toughness was increased and the toughness anisotropy
was reduced in the asymmetric hot rolled plate in the ductile to brittle transition temperature range. The
improved impact toughness in the asymmetric hot rolled plate is related to the ne grain structure and
the lower toughness anisotropy is related to the reduced -bre texture.
& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Toughness
Asymmetrical rolling
Steel plate

1. Introduction
The most common mechanical properties required for pipeline
steels are high strength and high toughness [1,2]. It has been
reported that the impact toughness of hot rolled plates decreases
and the toughness anisotropy increases with increasing thickness
[3,4]. This becomes a critical problem for thick-gauge hot rolled
plates. Therefore, the impact toughness of heavy-gauge linepipe
steels needs improvement.
It is known that grain renement of materials leads to
improvements in toughness as well as strength. In steels, ne
grains can be obtained by enhancing nucleation during controlled
rolling, and heavy reduction is required for this process [5]. For the
production of thick plates, however, the amount of reduction is
limited by the nal gauge of the plates, and ne grain structures
are hardly obtainable in the conventional rolling process, in which
deformation is by compression only.
Asymmetric rolling (AR) can be achieved either by employing
rolls with different diameters or different rotation velocities [6,7].
In AR, different peripheral speeds of the upper and lower rolls are
adopted and the strip is subjected to enhanced shear deformation,
in addition to compression strain associated with the change in
strip thickness on rolling. Several studies have reported that AR
results in the grain renement [810] or the modication of
texture components for various steels [11,12]. AR is especially

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Shangping.Chen@tatasteel.com (S. Chen).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.035
0921-5093/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

useful for hot rolling, where the steel plates are relatively thick and
friction is high. The increased levels of shear strain through the
plate thickness facilitate the breakup of the coarse columnar grains
from casting (which have texture lying on the -bre). Hence, AR
is expected to produce a change in the microstructures and the
textures through the thickness of the hot rolled plates and
potentially offers improved impact toughness.
In this study, both asymmetric hot rolling (AHR) and conventional hot rolling (CHR) were carried out to study the effect of the
hot rolling conditions on the grain size and the texture in a
microalloyed S355MC steel. This steel is widely used as plates of
a thickness range of 1250 mm in pipelines and offshore structures. The tensile properties and the impact toughness were
characterised and related to microstructures and textures.

2. Experimental procedure
The steel composition listed in Table 1 was made in a laboratory vacuum induction furnace and cast into ingots of 200 mm

110 mm
100 mm dimensions. The ingots were reheated to
1200 1C and soaked for 1 h before they were hot rolled to
40 mm in 3 passes in a laboratory mill and air cooled. After
cropping to suitable lengths, the 40 mm thick plates were
reheated at 1150 1C for 20 min by placing them in a preheated
furnace. Then, asymmetric hot rolling (AHR) and/or conventional
(symmetric) hot rolling (CHR) were applied to roll the thick plates
to the target thickness of 20 mm in 3 passes (40332620). The

S. Chen et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 625 (2015) 374379

375

nish rolling temperature for all plates was 880 7 20 1C. After hot
rolling, the plates were cooled in still air to room temperature.
The conventional hot rolling was conducted in a mill having roll
diameters of 218 mm. The asymmetric hot rolling was performed
on a rolling mill where the diameter of the upper roll was 370 mm,
and the diameter of the lower roll was 296 mm. With this set up
the peripheral velocity of the upper roll was 1.25 times faster than
that of the lower roll at the same rotation speed. No lubrication
was employed.
The microstructures in the longitudinal cross section (the
section perpendicular to the TD direction) in the hot rolled
20 mm thick plates were characterised using optical microscopy
and using EBSD at the locations in the quarter thickness and in the
middle thickness. The EBSD system was attached to an FEIs
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM XL30) with
LaB6 lament. Samples for EBSD examination were prepared by
mechanical grinding and polishing, nishing with 1 m diamond
paste. The last preparation step was electrolytic polishing for
1.5 min at a voltage of 18 V with A2 Struerss electrolyte cooled
to a temperature of  5 1C.
The textures of the hot rolled plates were measured by means
of X-ray technique. The X-ray measurement was conducted at the
quarter thickness and at the mid-thickness in the planes perpendicular to the ND directions. The distributions of the {111}, {200},
{220} and {311} poles were used to generate orientation distribution functions (ODF). The ODFs were calculated following
the conventional incomplete pole gure inversion and ghost

correction procedure according to the MTM-FHM software developed by Van Houtte [13]. The 2 451 section of the Euler space
was used to represent the texture. A discrete set of orientations
was converted to a continuous ODF by replacing each orientation
with a Gaussian peak for each individual orientation with a spread
of 71 around the exact orientation.
The tensile tests were conducted at room temperature. The
round tensile specimens (diameter 5 mm and gauge length
25 mm) in rolling direction were machined from the mid thickness
of the plates. The tensile tests were performed in a Schenk tensile
testing machine, using a crosshead speed of 3.5 mm/min. For each
condition, three tests were performed and the average values of
mechanical properties were reported.
Toughness was characterised by the amount of energy
absorbed by a Charpy V-notch specimen during impact testing.
Charpy V-notched specimens 10
10
55 mm3 in size, each with
a 2 mm-deep V-notch, were used. The Charpy specimens were
machined from the mid thickness of the hot rolled plates. The V
notch was parallel to the normal direction (perpendicular to the
rolling surface of the plate). The long axis of the samples enclosed
an angle of 0 or 451 with the rolling direction of the plates. Each
set of samples was tested at 5 different temperatures varying from
20 1C to  60 1C with a step of 10 1C. A minimum of 3 samples
were tested for each condition. The experiments were performed
on a Zwick/Roell RKP450 Charpy impact machine. The test
temperature was controlled using a K-type thermocouple attached
to the specimen.

Table 1
Chemical composition of HSLA steel.

3. Results and discussion

Mn

Al

Si

Ti

Nb

0.065

1.3

0.032

0.014

0.014

0.006

0.002

0.001

0.033

For both AHR and CHR plates, the microstructures are quite
homogeneous through the thickness of the hot rolled plates
and consist of polygonal ferrite, pearlite and lower temperature

Fig. 1. The optical microstructures at mid-thickness of the hot rolled plates in the longitudinal cross section (the section perpendicular to the TD direction), (a) conventional
hot rolled and (b) asymmetric hot rolled.

Fig. 2. IPF maps at mid-thickness of the hot rolled plates with misorientations greater than 151 identied as grain boundaries. (a) Conventional hot rolled, d 28.0 m and
(b) asymmetric hot rolled, d 21.6 m.

S. Chen et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 625 (2015) 374379

360

temperature (Tnr) of the steel is calculated to be 970 1C according to

the empirical equation proposed by Barbosa [14]. Thus, in the present
hot rolling practice, the rst rolling pass is above Tnr and the last
rolling pass is below Tnr. The crystallographic texture of the hot
rolled plates was measured by means of X-ray diffraction in the
quarter thickness and the middle thickness positions of the hot rolled
plates. The 2451 sections of the Euler space were used to
represent the texture, as shown in Fig. 3. The merged ODF was
obtained by weighted summations of the textures measured from
the 3 layers, i.e. S1/4, S1/2 and S3/4, and was used to represent the
through thickness texture. The volume fractions of the texture
components were calculated from the merged ODF, as shown in
Fig. 4. It appears that the intensity of the texture is very weak (the
maximum intensity is 2.5), which is a typical characteristic of the
texture in the hot rolled low carbon low alloy steels [15]. However,
the texture gradient across the thickness is still visible.
5
4.5

CR

AR

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5

(112)[110]

(114)[110]

(111)[110]

(111)[112]

(554)[225]

(110)[100]

(001)[110]

transformation products such as Widmanstatten ferrite and bainite. Fig. 1 shows the optical microstructures at mid-thickness of
the hot rolled plates in the longitudinal cross section etched with a
2% natal solution. The white areas are ferrite and the black areas
could be pearlite or small quantities of bainite, which looks like
banding. The ferritic grains are more or less equiaxed with an
aspect ratio about 1.25. In the conventional rolled plate, pearlite
banding is observed parallel to the rolling direction, but in the
asymmetric rolled plate, the pearlite banding is broken and is
present in a non continuous manner. The area fraction of the black
areas in both plates is quite similar, about 10%, which indicates
that asymmetric rolling has little effect on the fraction of the
pearlite plus bainite.
The grain size was determined using EBSD. The IPF maps at
mid-thickness of the hot rolled plates in the longitudinal cross
section are shown in Fig. 2. The average equivalent grain size
determined by area is 28.0 and 21.6 mm, for CHR and AHR plates,
respectively. This result shows that asymmetric hot rolling renes
the ferrite grain size in the thick gauge steel plate, which is in
agreement with literature reported [8,9]. Additional shear strain
can be introduced into the plate by applying asymmetric rolling,
the amount of which depends on the reduction ratio and the shear
angle after asymmetric rolling. This extra shear can inuence the
microstructure evolution by increasing the total value of effective
strain, also by changing the stress eld of the plastic deformation.
With the extra shear stress eld, the deformation mode will
change from single compression into combined mode of compression and shear [6,7], which could result in a different dynamic
softening mechanism. If the asymmetric rolling is applied above
the non-recrystallisation temperature, the increased amounts of
strain will increase the rate of recrystallisation, and also reduce the
recrystallised grain size; if asymmetric rolling is applied below the
non-recrystallisation temperature, the increasing amounts of
shear strain will increase the ferrite nucleation rate. Therefore,
the nal microstructure can be rened. The non-recrystallisation

Volume fraction (%)

376

T*

Texture components

Fig. 4. The volume fraction of texture components at middle thickness of the

plates, CR: conventional hot rolled and AR: asymmetric hot rolled.

360

S1/4

S1/4

S1/2

S1/2

S3/4

S3/4

merged

merged

Fig. 3. 2 451 ODF section texture measurements by means of XRD at quarter thicknesses and middle thickness of the plates, (a) conventional hot rolled and
(b) asymmetric hot rolled.

S. Chen et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 625 (2015) 374379

The textures in the conventional hot rolled plate were not

completely symmetrical between S1/4 and S3/4 thickness surfaces,
which might be caused by the different friction condition between
rolls and surfaces. The texture in the middle thickness of the
conventional rolled plate exhibit typical BCC transformation textures characterised by 111//ND (-bre) and 110//RD (bre), which are originated from texture components in the
deformed austenite. The higher intensity is located in the vicinity
of the {554}225 to {332}113 components, the {113} to {112}
110 components and the rotated Cube {001}110 component.
Textures in the S1/4 thickness and S3/4 thickness showed less bre in comparison with that at the half thickness and the -bre
bent towards {112}111 orientation. The volume fractions of the
rotated Cube and the {332}113 component were reduced.
The ODF in the asymmetric hot rolled plate revealed similarly
weak textures. However, in the AHR plate, the -bre was broken
and the -bre was wider and extended to the {112}110
orientation. The volume fractions of the rotated Cube component
and other components along the -bre were signicantly
reduced and a higher amount of the Goss texture was produced,
as shown in Fig. 4. In conclusion, asymmetric rolling reduces the
amount of the rotated Cube component but increases the amount
of the random components in the hot rolled thick plate.
The effect of the asymmetric rolling on the hot rolling texture
in the thick plate can be understood as follows. When hot rolling is
applied above Tnr, recrystallisation takes place after rolling pass.
The texture in the austenite should be mainly consist of the Cube
component (recrystallisation texture in FCC materials), together
with some of the retained rolling components such as Cu {112}
111, Goss{110}001, Br{110}1 1 2 and S{123}634 [16]. The
higher the degree of recrystallisation is, the more the Cube
component can be.
During hot rolling below Tnr, no recrystallisation between rolling
passes takes place, consequently the strain is accumulated and the
austenite preferred orientations will be again the deformed austenite
texture. At mid-thickness region, Cu {112}111, Goss {110}001, Br
{110}112 and S {123}634 will be produced because of the plane
strain compression condition. Towards the surface regions, shear
texture components, {111}112 and {112}110 and {001}1 1 0
can be introduced [16] because of the shear strain produced by
friction between the plate surfaces and mill rolls.
After the accumulated strain in the nish rolling stage, the steel
undergoes the solid state transformation ( transformation).
The texture of the deformed austenite will transform to texture of
the ferrite. Despite the variant selections, there are number of
parent orientations which originate several transformed orientations. Some variants of the Br component will transform to the
{332}113, {554}225 and {111}121 components and some
variants of the Br component will transform to the rotated Cube in
the ferrite. The Cu component will transform to the {112}110 or
the rotated Goss {110}110 in the ferrite; and the Cube component will transform to the rotated Cube, the Goss or the rotated
Goss components in the ferrite [17,18]. The presence of the Goss
component in the ferrite is a sign of the Cube component in the
austenite [18]. According to the KS correspondence relations, the
shear textures, {111}112, {112}110 and {001}110 in the subsurface regions will transform to the {112}111, {110}112 and
{110}001 components after austenite to ferrite phase transformation, however, experimental results [15] showed a nearly
random texture distribution in addition to a weak -bre in the
sub-surface regions in a low carbon low alloy steel. The fact that
the transformed texture components do not strictly follow the KS
relations has been attributed to shear deformation, which assist in
producing the shear that must accompany the transformation [19].
The rotated Cube texture in the ferrite is transformed from the
Cube or Br components in the austenite and its amount is

377

inuenced by the last rolling steps below Tnr. In the conventional

hot rolling, the centre layer is deformed by plane stain, whereas
the sub-surface layers are deformed by plane strain and shear. The
very low amount of the Goss component in the centre layer
indicates that the Cube component in the deformed austenite is
really low. Therefore, the higher amount of the rotated Cube
component in the centre layer can be only transformed from the
Br component in the austenite. Toward the surface regions, more
shear texture components are introduced as the shear strain is
progressively increased. The amount of the Br component is
reduced in the deformed austenite, and consequently, the amount
of the rotated Cube component is reduced in the sub-surface
regions of the plate.
When asymmetric hot rolling is applied, an extra shear strain is
introduced through the thickness of the plate, which, just like the
shear strain near sub-surfaces in the conventional rolling, will
further reduce the rotated Cube component in the nal microstructure. This result indicated that asymmetric hot rolling should
be applied to temperatures below Tnr to make best use of extra
shear effect.
The tensile properties in the rolling direction measured at room
temperature are summarised in Table 2. The strength of the
asymmetric hot rolled plate is higher than that of the conventional
rolled plate while the elongation is similar.Fig. 5 shows the energy
absorbed in Charpy tests as a function of testing temperature. The
ductile to brittle transition occurs in the temperature range from
 20 to 40 1C and the orientation dependence of Charpy energy
is marked in this range. The energy absorbed in the AHR plate is
higher than that in the CHR plate both in the rolling direction and
in the 451 direction. Anisotropy is minimal in the Upper Shelf
Energy (in the ductile regime). The ductiletobrittle transition
temperature (DBTT) is lower and the degree of the toughness
anisotropy is lower in the asymmetric hot rolled plate in comparison with the conventional hot rolled plate.
In the transition region, both ductile and brittle fractures take
place. In the Charpy samples tested at 30 1C, large deformations
(necking) along the shear planes can be observed macroscopically
for the asymmetric hot rolled plate (see the embedded photos in
Fig. 5), while for the conventional hot rolled plate, little or no
visible plastic deformation occurs; the fracture surface is at and
perpendicular to the surface of the major stress component.
The improved toughness in the asymmetric hot rolled plate can
be well explained by the grain renement. By decreasing grain
size, yield strength is increased and DBTT is decreased. In one of
the study, it has been reported that the change of DBTT by a
9.8 MPa increase in YS is 6 1C in dislocation strengthening,
4 1C in dispersion strengthening, and  10 1C in grain-size
strengthening [20].
The orientation dependence of toughness is a well-known
phenomenon for hot-rolled steels in general. The lowest toughness appears in the orientation with 451 to the rolling direction
[2,3]. There are three particular factors which are emphasised in
discussing toughness anisotropy in literature [24]: nonuniform
distribution in the size and shape of inclusions, microstructural
anisotropy due to chemical segregation with banding or elongated

Table 2
Tensile properties in rolling direction measured at middle thickness of the hot
rolled plates.
Rolling condition

YS* (MPa)

UTS (MPa)

UL (%)

TL (%)

Conventional rolled
Asymmetric rolled

355
382

471
489

15
15

31
33

n
YS: Yield strength; TUS: Ultimate tensile strength; UL: Uniform elongation;
and TL: Total elongation.

S. Chen et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 625 (2015) 374379

350

350

300

300

250

250

200

Charpy energy (J)

Charpy energy (J)

378

AR0

150

CR0

100

200
150

AR45

100

CR45
50

50

0
-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

Test temperature (C)

Test temperature (C)

Fig. 5. The energy absorbed in Charpy test as a function of testing temperature. The long axis of the samples enclosed an angle of 0 (a) and 451 (b) with the rolling direction
of the plates.

grain structure, and crystallographic texture. In the present study,

the size and the distribution of inclusions between the two hot
rolling conditions can be assumed to be similar as the same ingot
was used. The difference in the grain shape and banding between
two rolling conditions is not signicant and their effect on the
toughness anisotropy can be also ignored. The only remarkable
difference between the two differently processed plates is texture,
in particularly at the half thickness. The effect of textures on
toughness anisotropy will be discussed.
The extensive investigations showed that the toughness in the
transition region, where both ductile and brittle fracture take
place, was largely affected by the crystallographic texture, i.e. by
the distribution of the {001} crystallographic cleavage planes
[2124]. Inagaki and co-workers focused on controlled rolled high
strength steel with several textured specimens of different chemical compositions [21]. They showed that {100} cleavage plane
is related qualitatively to the anisotropy of toughness. In particular,
they pointed out that anisotropy of toughness is induced with the
{113} texture, which is placed between {110} and {112} planes,
parallel to the rolling plane (within the -bre). Thus, the impact
transition temperature peaked in the intermediate directions such
as 451 to the rolling direction, and they correlated this to the
texture which favoured cleavage. Bourell and Sherby also discussed the effect of strong {001}110 component corresponding
to lower Charpy energy of diagonal specimens than that of longitudinal specimens at various test temperatures in warm rolled
low carbon steel [22]. Joo and co-workers also pointed out that the
{100} cleavage plane is related to the orientation dependence of
impact toughness especially in the DBTT regime [23,24]. These
results indicate that the toughness anisotropy in the transition
region is dominated by brittle fracture, which follows the cleavage
{100} planes. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the
sample is more susceptible to brittle fracture as the number of
grains, which are in a favourable orientation for cleavage fracture,
is increased. The higher the volume fraction of the rotated Cube
component is, the larger the chance of these {001} cleavage
planes with long axis oriented 451 to the rolling direction is, the
lower impact toughness can be. In the present investigation, only
the -bre was observed through the thickness of the AHR plate,
while a relatively higher volume fraction of the rotated Cube and
the other components in the -bre, together with the -bre,
were observed in the CHR plate, especially at the half-thickness
region. Therefore, it can be concluded that the rotated Cube and
other components in the -bre in the CHR plate, which are
susceptible for cleavage, are responsible for the higher degree of

the toughness anisotropy in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature domain in the CHR plate. Asymmetric hot rolling reduces
the amount of the rotated Cube texture, and therefore, reduces the
toughness anisotropy. It is worth mentioning that the observed
toughness improvement in the AHR plate was under the conditions that only small amount of shear was introduced and no
controlled cooling was applied. It is expected that more signicant
improvement is possible when higher shear is introduced by
applying higher thickness reductions, together with controlled
fast cooling.

4. Conclusions
Asymmetric hot rolling has been applied to produce thickgauge steel plate with the aim to improve impact toughness. The
results show that asymmetric rolling produces a smaller average
grain size at the centre layer of the rolled thick plate than
symmetric rolling and leads to a reduction of the -bre texture.
The impact toughness quantied using Charpy impact tests was
increased and the toughness anisotropy was reduced in the
asymmetric hot rolled plates. The improved impact toughness in
the asymmetric hot rolled plate is related to the ne grain
structure and the lower toughness anisotropy is related to the
lower amount of the rotated Cube texture component.
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