2011 Maths

Advanced Higher
Finalised Marking Instructions

Scottish Qualifications Authority 2011

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General Marking Principles

These principles describe the approach taken when marking Advanced Higher Mathematics papers. For
more detailed guidance please refer to the detailed Marking Instructions.
1

The main principle is to give credit for the skills demonstrated and the criteria met. Failure to have
a correct method may not preclude a candidate gaining credit for their solution.

The answer to one part of a question, even if incorrect, can be accepted as a basis for subsequent
dependent parts of the question.

The following are not penalised:

working subsequent to a correct answer (unless it provides firm evidence that the requirements
of the question have not been met)
legitimate variation in numerical values / algebraic expressions.

Full credit will only be given where the solution contains appropriate working. Where the correct
answer might be obtained by inspection or mentally, credit may be given.

Sometimes the method to be used in a particular question is explicitly stated; no credit will be
given where a candidate obtains the correct answer by an alternative method.

Where the method to be used in a particular question is not explicitly stated in the question paper,
full credit is available for an alternative valid method. (Some likely alternatives are included but
these should not be assumed to be the only acceptable ones.)

In the detailed Marking Instructions which follow, marks are shown alongside the line for which they are
awarded. There is one code used M. This indicates a method mark, so in question 1(a), 1M means a
method mark for the product rule.

Advanced Higher Mathematics 2011

Marks awarded for

1.
(5)

x2

13 x
13 x
=
+ 4x 5
(x 1) (x + 5)

A
B
+
x 1
x + 5
13 x = A (x + 5) + B (x 1)
x = 1 12 = 6A A = 2
x = 5 18 = 6B B = 3
13 x
2
3
Hence 2
=

x + 4x 5
x 1
x + 5
13 x
2
3
x2 + 4x 5 dx = x 1 dx x + 5 dx
=

= 2 ln | x 1 | 3 ln | x + 5 | + c

2.
(3)

( 12 x 3)4 = 4C0 ( 2x )4 + 4C1 ( 2x )3 (3) +

4C ( x )2 (3)2 + 4C ( x ) (3)3 + 4C (3)4

2 2
3 2
4

1
1
1

for first value

for second value

1
1

for logs
for moduli

for powers
for coefficients

= ( 2x ) + 4 ( 2x ) (3) + 6 ( 2x ) (3)2
4

+4 ( 2x ) (3)3 + (3)4
=

3.
(6)

x4
3x3
27x2

+
54x + 81.
16
2
2

for simplifying

(a) Method 1
y + ey = x2
dy
dy
+ ey
= 2x
dx
dx
dy
(1 + ey) = 2x dy = 2x y
(1 + e )
dx
dx
Method 2
ln (y + ey) = 2 ln x
dy
(1 + ey) dx
2
=
y
y + e
x
y
dy
2 (y + e )
=
dx
x (1 + ey)
Method 3
y + ey = x2 ey = x2 y y = ln (x2 y)
dy
2x dx
dy
= 2
dx
x y
dy 2
dy
dy 2
dx (x y) = 2x dx dx (x y + 1) = 2x
dy
2x
= 2
dx
x y + 1

1M for applying implicit differentiation

1 for accuracy
1

1
1
1
1
1

Marks awarded for

3.

(b) Method 1
f (x) = sin x cos3 x
M1 for using the product rule
1 for first term
1 for second term

f (x) = cos x + sin x (3 cos x sin x)

4

= cos4 x 3 cos2 x sin 2 x

Method 2
3

f (x) = sin x cos x

ln (f (x)) = ln sin x + ln (cos3 x)
f (x)
cos x
3 cos2 x sin x
=

f (x)
sin x
cos3 x
cos x
3 sin x
=

sin x
cos x
3
cos x
3 sin x
f (x) =

sin x cos x
sin x
cos x
4
= cos x 3 sin 2 x cos2 x

4.
(6)

(a)

M1
1

Singular when the determinant is 0.

1 det

( )

( )

( )

0 2
3 0
3 2
2 det
+ (1) det
= 0 M1
1 6
6
1

2 2 (18 + 2) 1 (3 0) = 0

5 40 = 0 when = 8

7 = 7 = 1 and = 1.

2
3 + 2
(b) From A, A = 2
4
1
3
Hence 2 = 1 and 3 + 2

1
3 .
2
= 5.

for transpose

4 2 = 2
3 + 2 = 5
for both values

Marks awarded for

5.
(6)

x)2 f (0) = 1

1
x) 2 f (0) = 12

3
x) 2 f (0) = 14

5
x) 2 f (0) = 83
1

Let f (x) = (1 + x)2 , then

f (x) = (1 +
1
2

(1 +

14

(1 +

f (x) =
f (x) =

f (x) =

3
8

(1 +

1
1

for derivatives
for values

Hence
1
1 x2 3 x3
1 + x = 1 + x +
2
4 2 8 6

1
x2
x3
x
+

2
8
16
and replacing x by x2 gives
= 1 +

1 +

x2

1 2
x4
x6
= 1 + x
+

2
8
16

Thus

(1 + x) (1 + x2) =

)(

1
x2 x3
1 2 x4 x6
1+ x +
1 + x +
1M for multiplying
2
8 16
2
8 16
1
1
1
1
1
= 1 + x + x2 x2 + x3 + x3 +
2
2
8
4
16
1
3
5 3
= 1 + x + x2 +
x +
1
2
8
16

6.
(4)

Reflect in the line y = x to get

y

x
(a, 0)
(0, 1)

1
1

for position
for coordinates

1
1

for shape
for coordinates

Now apply the modulus function

( 0, 1)
( a, 0)

Marks awarded for

7.
(4)

Method 1
esin x (2 + x)3
1 x
ln y = ln (esin x (2 + x)3) ln ( 1 x)
= sin x + 3 ln (2 + x) 12 ln (1 x)
1 dy
3
1

= cos x +
+
y dx
2 + x
2 (1 x)
dy
3
1
= y cos x +
+
dx
2 + x
2 (1 x)
When x = 0, y = 8
3
1
gradient = 8 1 +
+
= 24.
2
2
y =

Method 2
esin x (2 + x)3
dy
y =

=
1 x
dx
sin x
d
(2 + x)3) 1 x esin x (2 + x)3 ( 12
dx (e

1
1x

(1 x)
[ cosx esin x (2 + x)3 + 3esin x (2 + x)2] (1 x)
=
(1 x)3/2
esin x (2 + x)3
+
2 (1 x)3/2
When x = 0,
( 23 + 3 22) 23
gradient =
+ = 20 + 4 = 24
1
2
Method 3
sin x
3
y = e 1(2+x x)

1M for use of logs

1 for preparing to differentiate

for final value

M1 for use of quotient rule

M1
1

y 1 x = esin x (2 + x)3
1
1/2
dy
1
1 x dx 2 y(1 x)
= cosx esin x (2 + x)3 + 3esin x (2 + x)2 1,1
0 3
when x = 0, y = e 12 = 8. This leads to
dy
1
dx = 24

Marks awarded for

8.
(4)

r
3

r=1

( )
( )
n

r =

r=1

n2 (n + 1)2
n(n + 1) 2

=0
4
2

n2 (n + 1)2
n(n + 1)
+
4
2
r=1
r=1
2
2
2
2
n (n + 1)
n (n + 1)
=
+
4
4
n2 (n + 1)2
=
2
n

r +
3

9.
(5)

r =

Method 1
dy
= 3 (1 + y) 1 + x
dx
1
dy
1 + y = 3 (1 + x)2 dx

1
1

M1 separating variables

ln (1 + y) = 2 (1 + x)2 + c

1
1

1 + y = exp (2 (1 + x)2 + c)
3
y = exp (2 (1 + x)2 + c) 1.
3
= A exp (2 (1 + x)2 ) 1.

for LHS
for term in x

1
1

for the constant

Method 2
dy
3 1 + xy = 3 1 + x
dx
Integrating Factor

exp (3 1 + x dx) = exp (2 (1 + x)3/2)

d
dx

(y exp (2 (1

+ x)

))

3/2

3 1 + x (exp (2 (1 + x)3/2)) 1

y (exp (2 (1 + x)3/2)) =

(3 1 + x) exp (2 (1 + x)3/2)) dx
= exp (2 (1 + x)3/2) + c

y = 1 + c exp (2 (1 + x)

3/2

10.
(5)

Let z = x + iy, so
z 1 = (x 1) + iy.
2
| z 1 | = (x 1)2 + y2 = 9.
The locus is the circle with centre (1, 0)
and radius 3.

1
1
1

y
x

1
1

Can subsume the first two

marks.
for circle
for shading or other indication

Marks awarded for

11.
(7)

(a) 0 (secx x) (secx + x) dx = 0 (sec2 x x2) dx

/4

/4

x3

= tan x

3 0
3
1

= 1
[0]

3 64
3
= 1
.
192
(b) Method 1
Let u = 7x2,
then du = 14x dx.
x
1
1 49x4 dx = 14
1
=
sin 1 u + c
14
1
=
sin 1 7x2 + c
14

Exact value only

M1
1

du
1 u2

must be in terms of x

1
1
1

for fraction

must be in terms of x

Method 2

x
1
dx =
4
14
1 49x
=

12.
(5)

14x dx
1 (7x2)2

1
sin 1 7x2 + c
14

for numerator
for (7x2)2

For n = 2, 82 + 30 = 64 + 1 = 65.
True when n = 2.

Assume true for k , i.e. that 8k + 3k 2 is divisible

by 5, i.e. can be expressed as 5p for an integer p.

for the inductive hypothesis

1
1

for replacing 8k

Now consider 8k + 1 + 3k 1
= 8 8k + 3k 1
= 8 (5p 3k 2) + 3k 1
= 40p 3k 2 (8 3)
= 5 (8p 3k 2) which is divisible by 5.
So, since it is true for n = 2, it is true for all n 2.

Marks awarded for

13.
(9)

Method 1
Let d be the common difference. Then
1
u3 = 1 = a + 2d
and
u2 = = a + d
a
1
1 = a + 2
a
a
a = a2 + 2 2a2
a2 + a 2 = 0
(a + 2)(a 1) = 0 a = 2 since a < 0.
a = 2 gives 2d = 3 and hence d = 23 .

1
1
1
1
1

Method 2
1
, u3 = 1
a
1
1

a = 1
a
a
1 a2 = a 1
a2 + a 2 = 0
(a + 2)(a 1) = 0 a = 2 since a < 0.
1
3
d = u3 u2 = 1
=
a
2
u1 = a, u2 =

n
[ 2a + (n 1) d ]
2
n
3
3
= 4 + n
2
2
2
= 14 [ 3n2 11n]

3n2 11n > 4000

11
4000
n2
n >
3
3
2
11
48000
121
48121
n
>
+
=
6
36
36
36
11
48121
n
>
6
6
48121 + 11
n >
38.39
6

M1
1
1
1
1

Sn =

1
1

So the least value of n is 39.

1
1

for value
for suitable justification

Marks awarded for

14.
(10)

Auxiliary equation
m2 m 2 = 0
(m 2) (m + 1) = 0
m = 1 or 2
Complementary function is: y = Aex + Be2x

1
1
1

The particular integral has the form y = Cex + D 1

dy
y = Cex + D
= Cex
dx
d 2y

= Cex
1
2
dx
Hence we need:
d 2y
dy

2y = ex + 12
2
dx
dx
[ Cex] [ Cex] 2 [ Cex + D] = ex + 12
2Cex 2D = ex + 12
1
1
Hence C = 2 and D = 6.
So the General Solution is
y = Aex + Be2x 12 ex 6.
1
x = 0 and y = 23
A + B 12 6
dy
x = 0 and dx = 12
A + 2B 12
3B 7 = 1 B =
So the particular solution is
y = 3ex + 2e2x

= 23
1
=
2 A = 3

6.

1
2

1 x
2e

Setting up the equations

Marks awarded for

15.
(10)

(a) In terms of a parameter s, L1 is given by

x = 1 + ks, y = s, z = 3 + s

In terms of a parameter t , L2 is given by

x = 4 + t, y = 3 + t, z = 3 + 2t

Equating the y coordinates

and equating the z coordinates:
s = 3 + t
3 + s = 3 + 2t
Adding these
3 = 6 + 3t
t = 1 s = 2.

From the x coordinates

1 + ks = 4 + t
Using the values of s and t
1 + 2k = 5 k = 2

The point of intersection is: (5, 2, 1).

(b) L1 has direction 2i j + k.

L2 has direction i + j + 2k.
Let the angle between L1 and L2 be , then
(2i j + k) . (i + j + 2k)
cos =
|2i j + k| |i + j + 2k|
2 1 + 2
3
1
=
=
=
6 6
6
2
= 60
The angle between L1 and L2 is 60.

1
1
1

For both directions.

Marks awarded for

16.
(11)

(a) In =
1

1
n dx
0 ( 1 + x2)
1

= 1 ( 1 + x2)
0

dx

= (1 + x2) 1 dx 0 + 0 (2nx (1 + x2)

n

n 1

1 dx) dx 1

= [ x (1 + x2) ] 0 + 0 2nx2 (1 + x2)

dx
1
n 1
1
= n 0 + 2n x2 (1 + x2)
dx
0
2
1
1
x2
= n + 2n
n + 1 dx.
0 ( 1 + x2)
2
n 1

(b)

n 1

A
B
x2
+
=
(1 + x2)n
(1 + x2)n + 1
(1 + x2)n + 1
A ( 1 + x2) + B = x2
A = 1, B = 1
1
1
x2
+
=
(*)
(1 + x2)n (1 + x2)n + 1 (1 + x2)n + 1
1
1
x2
In = n + 2n
n + 1 dx.
0 ( 1 + x2)
2
1
1
1
1
1
= n + 2n
dx
+
2n
n
n + 1 dx

2
0 (1 + x )
0 ( 1 + x2)
2
1
= n + 2nIn 2nIn + 1
2
1
2nIn + 1 = n + (2n 1) In
2
1
2n 1
In + 1 =
+
I n.
n
+
1
n 2
2n

(c)

1
dx = I3
+ x2)3
1
3
+ I2
16
4
1
3 1
1
+
+ I1
16
4 4
2
1
3 1 1
+
dx
4
8 0 1 + x2
1
1
3
+ [ tan1 x] 0
4
8
1
3
1
3
+
=
+
.
4
84
4
32

1
1

Using (*)

Recognising In and In + 1

0 (1
=
=
=
=
=

for showing that 1 is integrated

1
1

END OF SOLUTIONS