operating system

An operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary between the user a

nd the computer hardware. The purpose of an OS is to provide a convenient enviro
nment in which user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.
2. What are the different operating systems?
1.
Batched operating systems
2.
Multi-programmed operating systems
3.
timesharing operating systems
4.
Distributed operating systems
5.
Real-time operating systems
3. GUI
Graphical User Interface
CUI
Character Users Interface
Multithreading
Multitasking
Thread
A thread is a program line under execution. Thread sometimes called a light-weig
ht process, is a basic unit of CPU utilization; it comprises a thread id, a prog
ram counter, a register set, and a stack
There are two types of threads. they are User thread and Kernel thread
The main advantages of using threads are:
a.) No special communication mechanism is required.
b.) Readability and simplicity of program structure increases with threads.
c.) System becomes more efficient with less requirement of system resources.
What are the disadvantages of using threads?
The main disadvantages of using threads are:
- Threads can not be re-used as they exist within a single process.
- They corrupt the address space of their process.
- They need synchronization for concurrent read-write access to memory.
What is an operating system
Single User OS and Multiuser OS
Deadlock situation
Deadlock is a situation or condition where the two processes are waiting for eac
h other to complete so that they can start. This result both the processes to ha
ng.
process
Program is passive entity. After executing the program it becomes process, means
it is active entity.
Processes are of two types:
1. Operating system processes
2. User processes
What are the states of a process?
1. New
2. Running
3. Waiting
4. Ready
5. Terminated
What are the functions of operating system?

The operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware among the diff
erent processes and applications. It provides the various functionalities to the
users. The following are the main job of operating system.
-

Resource utilization
Resource allocation
Process management
Memory management
File management
I/O management
Device management

Name the different types of memory?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Main memory also called primary memory or RAM

Secondary memory or backing storage
Cache
Internal process memory

kernel
- Kernel is the part of OS which handles all details of sharing resources and de
vice handling.
- It can be considered as the core of OS which manages the core features of an O
S.
- Its purpose is to handle the communication between software and hardware
- Its services are used through system calls.
- A layer of software called shell wraps around the Kernel.
What are the main functions of a Kernel?
The main functions of a Kernel are:
-

Process management
Device management
Memory management
Interrupt handling
I/O communication
File system management

Explain Process.
A process is a program that is running and under execution. On batch systems, it
is called as a "job" while on time sharing systems, it is called as a "task".
Virtual Memory
Physical memory is the amount of random access memory (RAM) in your computer. V
irtual memory is hard disk space reserved to emulate physical memory. Virtual me
mory is also called swap space...
Filesystem
NTFS, FAT32, Etc.,
NTFS
1)allows access local to w2k,w2k3,XP,win NT4 with SP4 & later may get access for
somefile.
2)Maximum size of partition is 2 Terabytes & more.
3)Maximum File size is upto 16TB.
4)File & folder Encryption is possible only in NTFS.
FAT 32

1)Fat 32 Allows access to win 95,98,win millenium,win2k,xp on local partition.

2)Maximum size of partition is upto 2 TB.
3)Maximum File size is upto 4 GB.
4)File & folder Encryption is not possible.
You cannot create a FAT32 volume larger than 32 GB
32 Bit and 64 bit operating system
A bit is binary information. It is either 0 (off) or 1 (on). A 64-bit operating
system can move 64 bits of data per clock cycle (1 GHz+ moves billions per secon
d). Going from a 16-bit OS (Windows 3.1)

What is cache memory?

Cache memory is the fastest memory (after registers),which is situated between R
AM and CPU. Data required by the user will stored in cache so whenever data is r
equired CPU first check this memory and if it is not available then it will sear
ch in RAM & after that in secondary storage devices. so basically cache is direc
tly accessible memory this is reason it is fast & costly.
it is small because if we have data(s) in TB then it will take more time (comput
ations) to locate that particular data. then the reason behind the cache memory
will finished. eg if we have cache of 2GB then CPU has to scan at max 2GB only r
ather then 4GB RAM or 2TB secondary memory.
What is the Hibernation Mode?
Hibernation mode is used to conserve batteries or power.When you turn computer i
nto this mode all the application in the memory are saved on hard disk and compu
ter shuts down.On switching on it resumes where it left out and this resume oper
ation is quicker than switching on from normal shut down.
Blue Screen Dump Error
Miss mathed of driver.
Any Hardware Problem.
Any system file corruption.
Why paging is used?
Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the logi
cal address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to b
e allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available.
What is relative path and absolute path?
Absolute path-- Exact path from root directory.
Relative path-- Relative to the current path.
What is a network?
It is a set of devices connected by communication links. A node can be a compute
r or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by othe
r nodes on the network.