"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences.

" - Carl Friedrich Gauss

Phng Php t n Ph

Vn
1

Phng Php: Bin i phng trnh v dng c th a v phng trnh i s gii c bng php t n
ph thch hp
*Chng hn:
- a(f(x))2 + b(f(x)) + c = 0
- a(f(x))4 + b(f(x))2 + c = 0
t t = f(x) ( km theo iu kin nu c )
c phng trnh :
- at2 + bt + c = 0
- at4 + bt + c = 0..
*Mt s phng trnh khc c th t c n ph a n gii h phng trnh i s

V d:
x
x
a. 9 + 3 6 = 0
Gii: 9 x + 3x 6 = 0 (3x ) 2 + 3x 6 = 0 (1) t t = 3x , t>0

t = 2
t 2 + t 6 = 0

t = 3 t = 2
3x = 2
x = log 3 2
(1)
t > 0
t > 0

Vy Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim x = log 3 2

b. 3

x 2 +1

x
Gii: 3

t t =

+ 3x
2

+1

3x

+ 3x

= 270
1

2
1 2
= 270 3.3x + .3x = 270 (2)
3

, t>0

t > 0
t > 0
t > 0
t > 0

(2)

810
t = 81
1
9.
t
+
t
=
270.3
10
t
=
810
3.
t
+
.
t
=
270
t
=
=
81

3
10
3x = 81 = 34 x 2 = 4 x = 2
2

Vy Phng trnh cho c nghim:

c. 27 + 12 < 2.8
x

x = 2

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 1 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

Gii:
x

23
22
23
27 12
8
4
27 + 12 < 2.8 + < 2. 1 + < 2. 3 1 + 2 < 2. 3
27 27
27
9
3
3
3
x

2x

2
2
1 + < 2.
3
3

3x

2
t t = , t>0 ta c:
3
1 + t 2 < 2.t 3 2.t 3 t 2 1 > 0 (t 1).(2.t 2 + t + 1) > 0 ( chia lc hoocne) t 1 > 0
x

2
2
2
(do 2t 2 + t + 1 > 0, t ) t > 1 > 1 = x < 0 ( V < 1 nghch bin )

3
Vy phng trnh cho c nhim: x < 0
x

d. (5 + 2 6) + (5 2 6) = 10 (3)
Gii:
x
x

Nhn Xt: (5 + 2 6) . (5 2 6) = 1 nn

t t = (5 + 2 6) , t > 0 vy

Vy ta c :

(5 2 6) =

(5 + 2 6) =

1
(5 2 6)

1
t

t
=
5

2
6
(5
+
2
6)
= 52 6
1

t + = 10 t 2 10t + 1 = 0

x
t
(5 + 2 6) 2 = 5 + 2 6
t = 5 + 2 6

x
x
x

2
= 1
1
2
(5 + 2 6) =
x = 2
(5 + 2 6) = (5 + 2 6)
2
5
+
2
6

x
x
x = 2

(5 + 2 6) 2 = (5 + 2 6)1
x =1
2

(5 + 2 6) = 5 + 2 6
2

Vy Nghim ca phng trnh trn :x = 2

e. log 2 x + 10 log 2 x + 6 = 9 (4)

Gii:
t t = log2 x (4)

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 2 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

9 t 0
t 9
t 9
t + 10t + 6 = 9 10t + 6 = 9 t

2
2
2
2
( 10t + 6) = (9 t )
10t + 6 = 81 18t + t
t 28t + 75 = 0
t 9

t = 3 t = 3
t = 25

log 2 x = 3 x = 23 = 8 .Vy Phng trnh cho c nghim x = 8

f. log 2 x 64 + log x2 16 3 (5)

Gii: log 2 x 64 + log x2 16 3 log 2 x 2 + log x2 2 3 6 log 2 x 2 + 4 log x2 2 3
6

6
4
6
4
6
2
+
3
+
3
+
3 (6)
2
log 2 2 x log 2 x
1 + log 2 x 2 log 2 x
1 + log 2 x log 2 x

t t = log 2 x
Lc ny (6) tr thnh:

6
2
6t + 2(1 + t )
8t + 2 3t (1 + t )
3t 2 + 5t + 2
+ 3
3
3
3
1+ t t
(1 + t )t
(1 + t )t
(1 + t )t

Bng bin thin:

t

3t 2 + 5t + 2
(1 + t )t

-1

1
3

+ 0 -

1
Vy: 1 < t , 0 < t 2
3
1
1
1
1

1
<x 3
1 < log 2 x
3
2
<
x

2
3
2 (tha iu kin)

20 < x 2 2

0 < log 2 x 2
1 < x 4
1
1
<x 3

Vy Phng trnh cho c 2 nghim : 2

2

1 < x 4

3
2
x log x = 1 + log x
g.
3
2
log x 2
3 2
log 3

Gii:

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 3 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

3
2
x log x = 1 + log x log 3 3 log 3 x (log x 2 log 3) = 1 + log x
3
2
3
3
2
log x 2
log x 2
2
3 2
1
1 1
(1 + log 3 x).log 2 x (2 log 3 x log 3 3) = + log 2 x
2
2 2
1 1 1
log 2 x + log 3 x.log 2 x 2 log 3 x + = + log 2 x
2 2 2
1
log 2 x + log 3 x.log 2 x 2 log 3 x = log 2 x(7)
2
1
1
t
t
2
t
t t = log 2 x => x = 2 lc (7) tr thnh t + log 3 2 .t 2 log 3 2 = t t + t log 3 2 2t log 3 2 = t
2
2
log 3

t = 0
log 2 x = 0
1
1

2
t log 3 2 + t 2t log 3 2 = 0 t log 3 2 + t ( 2 log 3 2) = 0 1
1
2
2
log 2 x = 5
t = 5
x = 20 = 1

1
5
x = 2 = 5
2

x = 1

1
Vy Phng trnh cho c nghim:
x = 5 2

h. lg 5 + ( x 2) lg 0, 2 = lg(26 5
Gii:

x 1

lg 5 + ( x 2) lg 0, 2 = lg(26 5 x 1 ) lg 5.0, 2( x 2) = lg(26 5 x 1 ) 5.0, 2( x 2) = 26 5 x 1

1
5.
5

( x 2)

= 26 5

x 1

1 ( x 2)

= 26 5

x 1

( x 3)

= 26 5

x 1

53
5x
x = 26 (8)
5
5

x
t t = 5 , t>0 lc (8) tr thnh
x
3
t = 125 5 = 5
x = 3
53
t
4
2
2
= 26 5 = 130t t t 130t + 625 = 0
x

1
t
5
5 = 5
t = 5
x = 1
x = 3
Vy Phng trnh cho c nghim :
x = 1

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 4 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

log 2 x 1
2 log 2 x + log 2 2 x = 3
x
log 2
2
Gii:

i.

log 2 x 1
log 2 x 1
2log 2 x + log 22 x = 3
log 2 x + log 2 2 x = 3 log 2 2 x log 2 x 2 = 0 (9)
x
log 2 x log 2 2
log 2
2

x = 22 = 4
log 2 x = 2
t = 2

2
=
0

t
t

1
t: t = log 2 x lc (9) tr thnh
1
t = 1 log 2 x = 1 x = 2 =

2
x = 4

1
Vy Phng trnh cho c nghim :
x = 2
k. log 25 x + log 2 x 5 + 2 =
Gii: Ta c

5
> 0 Nn
2

log 5 x + log x 5 + 2
2

5
2

25
1
25
5
= log 25 x + log 2 x 5 + 2 =
log 25 x +
+2=
(11)
2
4
log 5 x
4
2

2
t t = log 5 x lc (11) tr thnh

log 25 x = 4
log 2 5 x = 22
x = 52 = 25
t = 4
1 17

2
t + = 0 4t 17t + 4 = 0 1 2
1
1 2
1
2
t 4
t = 4
log 5 x =
log 5 x = 2
x = 5 =
25

2
x = 25

Vy Nghim ca phng trnh cho :

1
x = 25

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 5 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

Vn
2

Phng Php Lgarit Ha Gii

Phng Trnh V Bt Phng Trnh M

Phng Php:
Thng a phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh v dng:

=b
b
*a
hoc a
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
=b
b f ( x)
*a
hoc a
f ( x)
= l.b f ( x ) hoc h.a f ( x ) > l.b f ( x ) h,l l hng s
* h.a
f ( x)

f ( x)

V d:
x
a. 2 10
Gii:

2x 10 lg2x lg10 ( c s 10>1 hm ng bin)

lg10
lg10
x.lg2 lg10 x
Vy Phng trnh cho c nghim x
lg2
lg2
x
x1
b. 2 3
Gii:
2 x 3x 1 lg 2 x lg 3x 1 x lg 2

x lg 2 x lg 3

lg 3 x(lg 2 lg 3)

( x 1) lg 3 x lg 2
lg 3 x

x lg 3 lg 3

lg 3
lg 3
= 1
lg 3 lg 2
lg 2

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 6 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim: x 1

lg 3
lg 2

2x
x
2x
x
c. 5 7 35.5 + 35.7 = 0
Gii:
52 x 7 x 35.52 x + 35.7 x = 0 52 x 35.52 x + = 7 x 35.7 x 52 x (1 35) + = 7 x (1 35)

52 x = 7 x lg 52 x = lg 7 x 2 x.lg 5 = x.lg 7 x(2.lg 5 lg 7) = 0 x = 0

Vy Phng trnh cho: x = 0

d. 7 x + 7 x +1 + 7 x + 2 < 5 x + 5 x +1 + 5 x + 2
Gii:
7 x + 7 x +1 + 7 x + 2 < 5 x + 5 x +1 + 5 x + 2 7 x (1 + 71 + 7 2 ) < 5 x (1 + 51 + 52 ) 7 x.57 < 5 x.31
x

31
31
7
<
x < log 7
57
5
5 57

2
e. ( x + x + 1) < 1 (12)
x

Gii:

V x + x + 1 > 0, x do (12)

2

x > 0
x > 0

2
2
x
lg
x
+
x
+
1
<
0
(
)

( x + x + 1) < 1

x lg ( x 2 + x + 1) < 1
x < 0
x < 0

2
2
x lg ( x + x + 1) > 0
( x + x + 1) > 1
x > 0

1 < x < 0

x (; 1)
x < 0

x (; 1) (0; +)

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim: x ( ; 1)

Notes:
Bi trn gii bng phng php a v cng mt c s
Cch gii

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 7 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

x < 0
2
( x + x + 1) > 1
x
x
0
2
2
2
( x + x + 1) < 1 ( x + x + 1) < ( x + x + 1) x > 0
: T cng c kt qu x (; 1)

2
x + x + 1) < 1
(
f.

x(

log 3 x ) 3log 3 x
3

= 9log 2 5.log 25 16

(13)

Gii:
Ta c:
log 2 5.log 25 16 = log 2 5.log 52 24 = 2 log 2 5.log 5 2 = 2
Lc (13)

log 3 x

(( log

( log3 x )

( log3 x )3 3log3 x

3log 3 x

= 34

= log 3 3 log 3 x
4

Ly lgarit c s 3 hai v ta c:
( log 3 x )3 3log3 x

=4

(( log

3 x ) 3log 3 x .log 3 x = 4
3

x ) 3log 2 3 x = 4 log 4 3 x 3log 23 x = 4(14)

4

log 23 x = 4
log 23 x = 22
x = 32 = 9
t = 4
2
2

Lc ny t t = log 3 x (14) t 3t 4 = 0

2
t = 1 log 3 x = 1 log 3 x = (1)
x = 3
2

x = 9
x = 3

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim:

x

g. 5 . 8

x 1
x

x
5
.8
Gii:

x 3

5 .2

= 500 (H Kinh t quc dn H Ni 1998)

x 1
x

= 500 5 x . 2

x 3

x 1
3.

5
= 53.22 3 .
5
x

3. xx1
x 1
3.
2
2
x 3
x
=
1

5
.
2
= 1
22

= 1 lc ny ly logarit c s 2 ca hai v ta c:

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 8 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

x 3

log 2 5 . 2

x 3

= log 2 1 log 2 5

x 3

+ log 2 2

x 3

x3
= 0 ( x 3) log 2 5 +
= 0
x

( x 3 ) = 0
x = 3
x = 3
1

( x 3) log 2 5 + = 0

1
1

log 2 5 + = 0
x
log 2 5 = x 1
log 2 5 + = 0

x
x

x = 3

x = 1 = log 5 2
log 2 5

x = 3

.Vy phng trnh cho c nghim:

x = log 5 2
****************************************************************************

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 9 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 10 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

Vn
4

H Phng Trnh
Bt Phng Trnh M v Lgarit

Phng php gii:

- C th gii mt phng trnh sau th vo cc phng trnh khc ca h gii tip
- C th gii ng thi cc phng trnh sau giao li tm nghim chung
- Cc phng php gii tng t phng trnh m v lgarit, bt phng trnh m v lgarit

V d:
2 x = 200 .5 y
(1)
a.
x + y = 1
Gii:
Nhn xt phng trnh (1)c th gii phng trnh th 2, sau th vo phng trnh th nht ca h
x + y = 1 y = 1 x Thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c:
Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 11 of 12

"Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences." - Carl Friedrich Gauss

2 x = 200 .5 y 2 x = 200 .51 x 2 x = 53.23 .

1
10 x = 103 x = 3
x
5

Thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c : y = 1 3 = 2

x = 3
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim :
y = 2
b. Gii h phng trnh sau:

3log x = 4log y

log 4
log3
( 4 x ) = ( 3 y )

(H Nng nghip H Ni 1998)

Gii:
Lgarit thp phn h phng trnh trn :

lg 3.lg x = lg 4.lg y
3log x = 4log y
lg 3lg x = lg 4lg y

lg 4 x .lg 4 = lg 3 y.lg 3(1)

log 4
log3
lg 4
lg3
( 4 x ) = ( 3 y )
lg ( 4 x ) = lg ( 3 y )
x > 0, y > 0

Nhn thy phng trnh 1 v 2 ca h iu c: lg 3, lg 4 nn ta t u = lg x, v = lg y Thay vo (1) ta c:

1
u 1
lg x 1

10
=
10
=
x
=
u = lg 4
u.lg 3 = v.lg 4

4
4
4

v = lg 3
lg 4. ( lg 4 + u ) = lg 3(lg 3 + v)
10v = 1
10lg y = 1
y = 1

3
3
3
1

x
=

4
Vy h phng trnh trn c nghim:
y = 1

3
c. Gii h bt phng trnh:
2 x + 2 y 1

x + y 2
Gii:
2 x + 2 y 1
2 x + 2 y 1

x + y 2
x 2 + y

Nguyn Hi Lm_11/5 Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit - h phng trnh m v lgarit
Page 12 of 12