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CHAPTER 7
or
qU
yi
qM i
(7.50)
(7.51)
(7.52)
Now, assume that the deection D2 of the beam at the point of application of P2 is to be determined. If P2 is increased by an innitesimal
FIG.
7.20
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SECTION 7.7
317
amount dP2 , then the increase in strain energy of the beam due to the
application of dP2 can be written as
dU
qU
dP2
qP2
(7.53)
and the total strain energy, UT , now stored in the beam is given by
UT U dU U
qU
dP2
qP2
(7.54)
(7.55)
(7.56)
(7.57)
qU
dP2 dP2 D2 U
qP2
or
qU
D2
qP2
which is the mathematical statement of Castiglianos second theorem.
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318
CHAPTER 7
Application to Trusses
To develop the expression of Castiglianos second theorem, which can
be used to determine the deections of trusses, we substitute Eq. (7.41)
for the strain energy (U) of trusses into the general expression of Castiglianos second theorem for deections as given by Eq. (7.50) to obtain
D
q P F 2L
qP 2AE
(7.58)
As the partial derivative qF 2 =qP 2F qF =qP, the expression of Castiglianos second theorem for trusses can be written as
P qF FL
qP AE
(7.59)
Application to Beams
By substituting Eq. (7.44) for the strain energy (U) of beams into the
general expressions of Castiglianos second theorem (Eq. (7.50)), we
obtain the following expressions for the deections and rotations, respectively, of beams:
D
q
qP
L
0
M2
dx
2EI
and
q
qM
L
0
M2
dx
2EI
or
L
D
0
qM M
dx
qP EI
(7.60)
qM M
dx
qM EI
(7.61)
and
L
y
0
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SECTION 7.7
319
Application to Frames
Similarly, by substituting Eq. (7.48) for the strain energy (U) of frames
due to the axial forces and bending into the general expressions of Castiglianos second theorem (Eq. (7.50)), we obtain the following expressions for the deections and rotations, respectively, of frames:
P qF FL P qM M
dx
qP AE
qP EI
(7.62)
P qF FL P qM M
y
dx
qM AE
qM EI
(7.63)
and
When the eect of axial deformations of the members of frames is neglected in the analysis, Eqs. (7.62) and (7.63) reduce to
D
qM M
dx
qP EI
(7.64)
qM M
dx
qM EI
(7.65)
and
2.
3.
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320
CHAPTER 7
4.
5.
Example 7.13
Determine the deection at point C of the beam shown in Fig. 7.21(a) by Castiglianos second theorem.
FIG.
7.21
Solution
This beam was previously analyzed by the moment-area, the conjugate-beam, and the virtual work methods in Examples 6.7, 6.13, and 7.9, respectively.
The 12-k external load is already acting at point C, where the deection is to be determined, so we designate this
load as the variable P, as shown in Fig. 7.21(b). Next, we compute the reactions of the beam in terms of P. These are
also shown in Fig. 7.21(b). Since the loading is discontinuous at point B, the beam is divided into two segments, AB and
BC. The x coordinates used for determining the equations for the bending moment in the two segments of the beam are
shown in Fig. 7.21(b). The equations for M (in terms of P) obtained for the segments of the beam are tabulated in Table 7.11,
along with the partial derivatives of M with respect to P.
continued
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SECTION 7.7
321
TABLE 7.11
x Coordinate
Segment
Origin
Limits (ft)
AB
030
CB
010
qM
(k-ft/k)
qP
M (k-ft)
P
30
x x2
3
Px
x
3
x
The deection at C can now be determined by substituting P 12 k into the equations for M and qM=qP and by
applying the expression of Castiglianos second theorem as given by Eq. (7.60):
L
qM
M
dx
DC
qP
EI
0
30
10
1
x
12x
DC
x12x dx
30x
x 2 dx
EI 0
3
3
0
30
10
1
x
26x x 2 dx
x12x dx
EI 0
3
0
6;500 k-ft 3
6;50012 3
0:194 in:
EI
29;0002;000
The negative answer for D C indicates that point C deects upward in the direction opposite to that of P.
D C 0:194 in: "
Ans.
Example 7.14
Use Castiglianos second theorem to determine the deection at point B of the beam shown in Fig. 7.22(a).
P
B
P
B
A
x
L
EI = constant
(a)
FIG.
7.22
(b)
continued
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322
CHAPTER 7
Solution
Using the x coordinate shown in Fig. 7.22(b), we write the equation for the bending moment in the beam as
M Px
The partial derivative of M with respect to P is given by
qM
x
qP
The deection at B can now be obtained by applying the expression of Castiglianos second theorem, as given by
Eq. (7.60), as follows:
L
qM
M
dx
DB
qP
EI
0
L
Px
dx
DB x
EI
0
P L 2
PL 3
x dx
3EI
EI 0
DB
PL 3
#
3EI
Ans.
Example 7.15
Determine the rotation of joint C of the frame shown in Fig. 7.23(a) by Castiglianos second theorem.
Solution
This frame was previously analyzed by the virtual work method in Example 7.10.
No external couple is acting at joint C, where the rotation is desired, so we apply a ctitious couple M 0 at C,
as shown in Fig. 7.23(b). The x coordinates used for determining the bending moment equations for the three segments
of the frame are also shown in Fig. 7.23(b), and the equations for M in terms of M and qM=qM obtained for the three
segments are tabulated in Table 7.12. The rotation of joint C of the frame can now be determined by setting M 0 in
the equations for M and qM=qM and by applying the expression of Castiglianos second theorem as given by Eq.
(7.65):
P qM M
dx
yC
qM EI
30
x
x2
dx
38:5x 1:5
2
30
0
6;487:5 k-ft 2
6;487:5122
0:0129 rad
EI
29;0002;500
yC 0:0129 rad
Ans.
continued
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SECTION 7.7
FIG.
7.23
TABLE 7.12
x Coordinate
Origin
Limits (ft)
M (k-ft)
qM
(k-ft/k-ft)
qM
AB
CB
A
C
012
012
DC
030
40x
480
M
x2
x 1:5
38:5
30
2
0
0
x
30
Segment
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323
324
CHAPTER 7
Example 7.16
Use Castiglianos second theorem to determine the horizontal and vertical components of the deection at joint B of the
truss shown in Fig. 7.24(a).
FIG.
7.24
Solution
This truss was previously analyzed by the virtual work method in Example 7.3.
TABLE 7.13
Member
L
(m)
F
(kN)
qF
qP1
(kN/kN)
AB
BC
AD
BD
CD
4
3
5.66
4
5
15 P1 0:43P2
15 0:43P2
28:28 0:61P2
P2
25 0:71P2
1
0
0
0
0
For P1 0 and P2 84 kN
qF
qP2
(kN/kN)
qF =qP1 FL
(kN m)
qF =qP2 FL
(kN m)
0.43
0.43
0.61
1
0.71
84.48
0
0
0
0
36.32
27.24
274.55
336.00
122.97
84.48
797.08
P qF
FL
qP
DBH
1 P qF
FL
EA
qP1
DBV
1 P qF
FL
EA
qP2
84:48
kN m
EA
797:08
kN m
EA
84:48
0:00035 m
20010 6 0:0012
797:08
0:00332 m
20010 6 0:0012
DBH 0:35 mm !
Ans.
DBV 3:32 mm #
Ans.
continued
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SECTION 7.8
325
As shown in Fig. 7.24(b), a ctitious horizontal force P1 0 is applied at joint B to determine the horizontal
component of deection, whereas the 84-kN vertical load is designated as the variable P2 to be used for computing
the vertical component of deection at joint B. The member axial forces, in terms of P1 and P2 , are then determined by
applying the method of joints. These member forces F , along with their partial derivatives with respect to P1 and P2 , are
tabulated in Table 7.13. Note that the tensile axial forces are considered as positive and the compressive forces are
negative. Numerical values of P1 0 and P2 84 kN are then substituted in the equations for F , and the expression of
Castiglianos second theorem, as given by Eq. (7.59) is applied, as shown in the table, to determine the horizontal and
vertical components of the deection at joint B of the truss.
To show the validity of this law, consider the beam shown in Fig. 7.25.
The beam is subjected to two dierent systems of forces, P and Q systems,
as shown in Fig. 7.25(a) and (b), respectively. Now, let us assume that we
subject the beam that has the P forces already acting on it (Fig. 7.25(a)) to
the deections caused by the Q system of forces (Fig. 7.25(b)). The virtual
external work (Wve ) done can be written as
Wve P1 D Q1 P2 D Q2 Pn D Qn
or
Wve
n
P
Pi D Qi
i1
7.25
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