Wer 4 Forzworn ay ne Mosr Revere Rowerr E, Lucey, np. ‘Archbishop of Sex Antonioil obsta, ‘Tante oF Coyrents Exatanurt, Doson20, 0:1 , ed Censor Deputates Forward to the First Eation Forward to the Second Edition Nihil obstat, Acknowledgements Wouter Anvoro, 09 aes os Provincial Tmprimi potest BOOK ONE Joss Raswvnnne Pronunciation, Accentuation, Orthographic Signs Censor Librorum. ‘The Definite and Indefinite Article ‘Nouns: ‘Their Gender, the Formation of the Fem- Imprimatur, inine and Plural zi ‘tRonenr E. Luery, v0. Adjectives... Cardinal and Ordinal Adjectives Archbishop of San Antonio. eon Bees oe Possesive and Demonstrative Pronouns Relative and Interrogative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns : ‘The Regular Ver Orthographic Changing Verbs Radical Changing Verbs. ‘The Irregular Verbs Defective Verbsu 1 XI aa xv xv XVI XVIL ‘Tanue or Contests dypentis 1 Tuned tise of Orthographic Changing Raa Chanting a Irena Verbs eee e Mot ot Verb With Ieee Past Prices am Tt of Verbs With Two Past Parkiles: One Reply, te Ober [epi Append 1 Teer Wing BOOK TWO Rieti or» Bap Gare: Age and Ober Guten er A Nan Wa To Be a Glace The Gop Cone Wh te Child ad Many Topo Quen hve Sed The Bap of Sek Ci Home Gratis in Dice Where Smal Chis fen re Si Cntr Gotan in» Dies Whee Soa Git tie Are Ne Lape Coens Te Conlon fs Pau Sat The Cofino Lie Boy The Cnt ft Gol Oa The Gnesi of Nan Dung’ Minin ‘The Contain of Woman Dung Nan hein Adan Sin Conte ine Ge. ‘hey Cal te Pie Tao Le fo Se a ‘The Marriage of a Sick Man a 190 70 8 83 8s 9 95 104 M5 121 131 139 146 100 im 15 181 201 21am ‘Tanus or Coxrests XVI The Same Sick Man Under Different Circumstances . 240) XIX. The Father Gives Good Advice to Margarita XX_ They Come and Arrange for a Marriage XXI What Marriage Is, and How Catholics Must Contract Te 278 XNI_ ‘The Duties and Privileges of Marsied People 202 XXIIL_The Sins Married People Can Comat XXIV What Married People Must do in Order To Lead a Happy Life ai XXV_ The Funeral of a Litde Child ks 322 XXVI_ The Funeral ofa Child That Died Without Baptism 330 “XVII The Funeral of a Person Who Died a Good Death 335 XXVIII The Fuseral of a Person Who Died Without the Sacraments BOOK THREE Tatioduction ae 1 The End of Man; the Existence of God the Blessed Trinity; the Creation of the Angels; the Creation of Man and His Fall. IL_ Explanation of the Other Ailes of the Creed Excepting ‘Those Which Treat of the Holy Ghost, the Church and the Remission of Sin == UL The Church ae TV. The Sacraments in General and Baptism in Pardcular. 3% ¥ Confirmation; Extreme Unetion; Matrimony; Holy Orders ‘ef VI The Sicrament of Penance (Institution, Ex amination of Consience, Contrition, Purpose ‘of Amendment) VI Confession; Indulgence (Lupita Meets a F of Hers, Which Makes It Necessary plain Alto the Veneration ofthe Si VIII ‘The Holy Eochaist IX The Holy, Sacrifice of the mentale; Prayer (a Shore Note Should Visit Our Lord inthe BTrue or Contests BOOK FOUR M. Spanish Phrases Espressing Religions Truths 5d Sentiment TIE Recess! Vocabulary Grammatical tadex Horie Index Foreworp and socially inadequate, because they go to work at an early ‘because they are migrants and because they are Mexicans. Segre- fated, persecuted, neglected, they live in colonies and retain th language of their forefathers, An increasing number are an education and speak English; many thousands do not ‘in many parts of the Southwest the Mexicans are by far the mo numerous of our Catholie people We thank God that they ae fit ally everywhere. They observe the natural law and bear for God and Country, Tt does not take a prophet to fore people who have childeen ill inherit the land. Tt would b fs well as criminal to neplet the religious care of t charming children of God. But to win them and hold seak their language. Father Simon, o.Migr aed wil be particu Sra hem af the Catechism. The comer tay Nl ety the Spanabapeaking. Wit hs brosd Know!- she sean coms, mentality 30 fi ech the Mitr has been able to indicate moses of exp aie traidonalgammar. The stueat who a Eave much more than 4 working krowlede pression not found in ers ths file volume ‘of Spanish 4#Mosr Rey, Rosexr E, Lveey, 0 Archbishop of San Antoni. Sen Antonio, Texas May teh, 195. Fonewoxo 70 tHE SEcoND Eprriox hip te rer wl id fy fe es parsh trun Ac is hoped that these additions will p: nM Penden cin sels prove helpful. Most heartfelt iting or in conversation have ral Spanish and how it helped iy the book was well received by king people. May the new cor- n meet with the same welcome reception, ‘Tue Avro Mercedes, Texas, August 13, 1987 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ta wcting his book the following works were f sulted: ae sr ‘he Spanish Language, by De Richard Rose A Spanish Grammne for Beglanery i M. A. De Viti \wpleton’s New Spanish Dictionary, ty Arturo Govas and. Antes iv Manual « iastrado de Ia Lengua Bspafla de Ia Academia Espanola, Nueva edllén, 102 oery's Short Cut to Spanish, by Puiip Terry, 12 eiton; Hovgbton Spanish 6 Dis wna wih Brera ML Mtoe Ramsay: Halt Co Spanish, ty Alper Hye, PAD Gude Biko, New Yet, 11 Sans Conversation Gana, by Chute Marard Sher, Feb Wy Soe fain Ue Artagn 9 Perce, 08 sort Spanish Revi Gramma, by ArbueRowers Seymour and David overt; Caruana Dy Go Heat and Cpe. ‘one Sys Med by Alero ores Ayton Crtary Co ‘Gtimatea de a Lengua Boat por Andis Del Tanna of Spanish hy Astro Mores, Nina tee Websiinger, obra ‘King an esjone © Soman; Dobltay Doran Soansh Sota Listy Bayard Kelston: ene Hk and Co Leciones de ls Leng Fp eC Miao Ma Dielonaio México, toes Herero Hermanos Sarharsns eomunes en Mesto, or Alar de 140 ‘Taleo Marriage, by ev. Pulgece Aap, O13; St ratla ‘ook Shon Dialogs Categustics, pr Dr: Federico Santamaria Pei My sincerest thanks are extended to Rev, Bimond Leferer ‘OMI, who composed the preater par of the Grammar; to the Rev= nd Fathers Montero, OAL, Florencio Andés, OL, Frank Kilday, OAL, John, Walsh, OL, Joho Hakey, OME, and ‘Thongs Quitivam OL, who spent considerable time i looking aver the Spanish and English pars of the manuscript; to Oblate Brothers 8 Guaik, X. Francisco, and Cfo Blackbur, who helped in preparing the manuscript forthe peteriyrronucrion Mr Deax Sissons ian "The book “Pastoral Spanish will prove asin at paring to 70s the knowledge of Spasish nee anes Rt oe u suthwest of the United States. It is te i of the poor and abandoned ihe Seaitary well prepared for the work peculiar to that vast field ir Mexican Cathie and $9000 of other nationalities. ‘The majority iseven rater inthe Diocese of El Paso, and in those of the States of ‘other States (New York 133,000, Ilinois 34,000, M hig 15008, gia 0, lis 3400, Michigan 15,00, Kamrase 38 Minow 700) Novas ota Lana 6m | 1digs sta ilo sain he Sous, ol tat sed the © bea i pn, eat seine se CM fran are a ered ; es onditions sre rather sad and dishes soll ‘olin anon he Wa renng. We pits ‘on ine ste em hes Se devo con west, We know that the Irmonveron a We mention all thet fate notin disparagement of the Mexican people but rather in the belie that you wuld like to help them They are essentially a good people posseued of & deep tious spit: Inthe past they have been the ¥icine of cieumstanees which ‘ule in all probability, have crushed ales vitle faith, Yous deat ‘eminatans fs the glorious task of keeping this faith lve where i sill remains and afenkinding it anew where it has died ot But you may ask: “WHY 1S 1° THAT OUR MEXICANS ARE. SO REMISS IN THE PRACTICE OF ‘THEIR FAITH COMING AS ‘THEY DO FROM. A CATHOLIC. COUNTRY™ Theee ate many reasons to explain this aad fat. Fit, let us con sider the orginal Homeland of the pester part of our Mexicans Mont of them come fom te northern prt of Mi em ‘ery beginning the population in the part was stall and pate tered. ‘The work of the Spanish missionaries had already. Begun in the interior of Slerico In the year 1525, while i was aot unt the year 1700 that it was extended to that region from which the majority of our Mexicans come, On account of the vast tertony ver which this comparatively sonal population was sated the {evelopment of the Church was a slow and cifeule task. Even Wrhen they id come, missionaries in northern Mexep were (00 Tew in number and thus greatly handicapped in their work, Te therefore eny to sce why even st that time most ofthese Mexicans were just baptized Catholic, and that thee religions instruction tas catemelyindequnte, to say th fae. Ufortonatly rhino impor mich wi he pag of he wwe add to this the face that fort 5 the Church has been inthe thoes ofa persecton; that the number of priests for each State is limited; dae parishes w lose to twenty thousand souls and only ONE priest are ratherIvanoouerion cf and why the Mexicans n then ve wil unde x = It teledge of thee religion the er og ie rather the fat i tne they have at much rel ots Hn a ae be attributed to the special protection of them ave not improved thet condition ether economically ot rein. etc whe ons as bal ogee ies of Tea lated upon the Ane avn fear x To apn sean Sr ere hee ee Ra sical hh fhe Sancta he ee hae fain cil it on eu oe Maat aie Ivenonverion a has made much af seh patible but in return be bs rctped vey, tery sll portion ofthese ites Ou Means date week hers cannot do not want to do, and they needs Ine a oe Opportunities for religious development were, unfortunately, ex emely poor Tete the bad ese pre than in tht ove eat snd hardy any chuches Natori alison sufeed Thy ay Be Underttod more easly if we recall the fact that a great many eh names can be found in the registers cf Method Bape ‘Churches throughout the South Un some locales the major a the population fas become Proctane because hey ba pe who ape thei anguage and no church t atend. Keel ti mind, we cannot bt adv ot poor Mexican who, i ot of all thet adverteconiton, remained Catole a hear and lt thet religion though others fll sey. Then as condo were beword, at che mumber 6 Pres creased andthe church baldnge became more auneoi tage Mesican ving nearby found ot tht quite 3 for of te pea not spak thet lnagunge Wine ie wore, Hey foul gael ‘ill nding cot very chin tat ey oor eee the hte! churches, Denial of thi i fae Te safc 3 yey aa testimony of the lack of Christin Chay of time rately love that shold be the diinctve mark of all Cakes. The Msieaa ic very eenive when he atc tat hes not weleme be wl ay vay, Ths explains toa great exten the presence of = mee Bande fa of Nesians in those places whee thee only one church a “American? a “white chur Moreover very great i the nomber of Mexicans who fave lived and sl do lve in places wher there sno church at al where the rie comes very seldom, Hever aod thi in our days of tpi a ay ramportation, ‘They mu ive where they can id Bes ‘cre they cam eara enough money to feed the many mouth that ‘evn iad he Mescan ome: Ti rather obvious Ghat al is Woot conducive to am intense zligious He. Th the more populous centers, where tem of thousands of Mere ican are living dey wil be found z hhovele which deserve anything but the name “sweet home.” Usually their “home” consists br three rooms for the whole sumerous family. The father is al Sway working, and there is nothing to Keep the children at} {fo that they live practically inthe streets. Te is hardly necIsmooverios fe in the say tht if in the Bever morality and Coniering al hse i it very cas 10 9 =n plein he So wey ad we have hat the nabled Said deplore eon Tabet ace be must prepare bmw t Become a real lead gare etsy ole eck ee sakar Noni i of enlratig Mesa elec in ow cu elated yon INSLITICIENT RROMLERCE THE SEANISH LANGUAGE: In rer undone os od axe lk wil hem, ad ese ay a eae she ether npc Bac as ag pecan A Connecticut frm contels 1 {Gone Sm conls the machete market of the whole of Istnoouerion pe day. Evening Post, Qe. 10, 1949, to go to that trouble for the wil eligi 1 mines men ar iy ke of their business, how much more ote Pe’ bea dost muck netde to eee ey among these Mexicans? é. a Sone fave thee hat Mex cout England conte he i he Sunes tow is no longer accra (0 peience contadis this opinions Many of tee ‘gis cet along with the Amercan at fara base ses nome: mich ty fe el he But tow happy they are, how tit eyes Tit op hen dey ae over that ote cam speak Spanish with thom! Tmmediaely the begin co talk; they besome a diferent people so ‘0 ap, And di ute nacral People always ove to talline mother tongue pecially when is question of going to conan, I am ae ved et a naalacd Ararat of Geman Ply Frech ar Kalan ors, though they speak Eagish, slg or ptr to {o confession in their mosher tongue, Why should the Mesean be 88 exception? Many of these people like to listen to sermons in thi moter tongue, and in many cates thee are provided: Why then Should it not be natal for the Aenean to Uke fo have mone reached to kim in hi mother tongue? Mat Mercans have leaned thei eatechimm Spanshy they speak Spanish in thee homes tng EEnalsh only when they have. Thete may bea few exceptions ba they remain exceptions. The priest, therefore, who wants to get ose tothe Mesicans, the priest who wants to understand them and win Uc onfidence must be anaous to arn sei language This does not mean that no efforts shold be made to teach them English On the contary: Engl shoold be ous a the parochial schools, Indeed, we should give the Mexicans etry possible chance to fata English and this applies especially to the Younger gener fon, But we do not think that relion should be made the means Sthecby they are tapaht English The pres ahold take the po tion that ae Tong at they do not know English he most teach them ‘he most important things that the Way to salvation, in the He ‘guage they know, and that language is Spanish. Once they kn English then he fan teach them in Engl The pet might ven file further and ase Englsh to a cerian ett in est Shas, specially inthe higher grades, ths £0 ‘vantage of so many English sermons they wil. lect the knowledge of thei slgon 5mymopverion be ther language. But the priest Sips eet tn fore, must realize that ‘of Spanish if he wants ii Stadt tne wien he foe og tl fh Bae eat Blesed Virgin addressed 19 Feehan ehh compe ctor something, a ccs forth equipped with workable fe and has thereby removed a barrier or as, he will find in we mast consider his inthe hise Intnoovertos = under her special materaal care and. has been watching n ever since with the eyes of loving, tender Modhen he only plausible explanation of what followed the apparition, Immediately the work of converting the Indians became eaaye They ered the Church in numbers that now seem incredible. By 1896 more than five million had been baptized. And this work of the missionaries is still going on—the special maternal protection of ‘Our Lady of Guadalupe is stil evident A sure proof of this is found in the deep faith the Mexicans even ur day, and after a bitter and fietce persecution of over a hundged years, Ii as ifthe devil in arage had been trying by every metas to ‘uproot the faith of this people; but happily, in wait, Unable to ae mplish this, he fanned the fire of persecution which became a8 bitter and fietee as that of the frst centuries of the Chureh, But the Mexicans as ¢ whole have kept thei faith, Presta were taken away’ from them, but, as in the first Christan times, they had thelr eat: combs where they practiced their religion, Only a few priests went about the land, and they were always disguised and in hiding. They preached and baptized and adminstered to the dying, offering Up. the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass in unbelievable place "They fled 10 the mountains and there lived lives of unspeakable hardship, But the Faith remained, And now that the persecution seems to be at an end their Faith is blossoming forth, atonger than ever. Here i a Won erful exhibition of Catholic Fath and activity; from it we can lea much in our United States, We have to admire the Merican people, their pious, zealous priests, their great apostolic Bishops. But most ofall we muse admit that here indeed isthe hand of God, here is 8 miracle of grace, «palpable evidence ofthe powertal protection of the Blessed Mother. inspite of the most diabolical persecution, most of, the Mesiean people have Kept the Faith; deep doven in their hearts even the worst of them have remained and are Catholics, The fite tay often be covered with ashes of ignorance and indifference, But itis there, The great leve they have for our heavenly Mother unde ‘he affectionate tile “La Morenita del Tepeyae,” has Kep this smoul- ering flame alive. ‘ 1 ee We ten eat it id: “BUT THE MEXICANS, IN TEXAS ARE SO DIFFERENT.” Yes, in a way, they are. But again we ‘must remember what has already been sid, that we must take into, Consideration the sorial background of the vast majority of the icone here in ovr land, ‘They belong to the working classes, 0xrnooverion i. of th a ine poke nee hy el ope fear sbout them, THEY ARE NOT FILTHY, Some are filthy, ves es ery ar vom pone Areca, The Nad Se nde thu everyting considered, they te sn. To be suey they camo aod and can the things to which we a fecomed Bl that ont thir ful Consider the work they ate Tansey tated, Por they ar, nnd sonetines rverblgl tet cus iy “HUT THEY SEEM TO BE SO INDIFVERENT AND UN= APPRECIATINE® Ido nth so To begin wth, they ate at tar lle; ahr, by mre thy ate sonewat at Th Masse have el elem “hard kno ad ae ther rota nd ith ayoe They ant o know whe 9 Asn ahr you ay att ed Rang soa hye Be re ey tt oe i eh om i fr hem hy il erp hc beats and you wl ie hea te deen tha a Gra. Can you picture syihog SNe thans ogy ef Mein’ ee tale iliges sper ee Oc sy eter se for at, WHY IS IT THAT 50 FEA COME To Ms. SO MANY OF THEN MARRY HEVORE The Kober ion ‘anything more inter- ‘They are a lively bunch ch them their catec i Inrnooveriox is ie? There are many reasons for this. But the main reason i their ignorance of our religion, and surely, we cannot Blame thems ene tcl foe thin They have been the teas of asl a nor the priests who have worked ig them in the past have had control. But work among them, instruct them, educate them, and we will have a group of men and women who will give a splendid account of themselves, They wil actce thet releion and fulfill their duties as Catholics, and even be deeply religious. We can go further and say that at dimes they will and already do pot us to shame by thee sacrifices and thelr deep of living faith, Tam certain that all pests who have come ing close contact with our Mexicans have had the same experience. All inall by far the gcater numberof our Mexicans area lea people ntl, polite, docile, eben, respect, peatefl and appre But ia oder o find thn ont mute ere ta eee Sonnet chem, we must work for them, tke a great interet in tl pablo znd roubles. Now al this impossible without s knowledge of th beautiful language, the lack of which wil prestly binder prep fa any prety actvty among thet, An How wil he beable to hea the confessions ofthe who do not undertand Eneih! It mater of greatest impartane hee he penitent be given sn opgertority to espn himedt i the ngtage in which he feles¢ este and knows best. Ts mportan ae the Priest understand eth individual cate well ecnoe he ha to for Fedgment. Tt i inportact that he pve ound aad rufa a {othe sulin eed of i advice chetfors ct wl Eu clea aa tNood, How ena post nm erring Seige a the tse of our Mexican people who do ot Kio gla aaa to as arte do not know enoush English co got confession? The hearngof confessions and giving the core decison is ates ‘posi Fahri ran for he fein ee td the destons he giver Thorfrs the seniatian ‘ork wth Mexican souls hat ase obligstion to fara Spanish, Only bring to mind the sick bod of a dying Meican That lat fesion he males, before appearing a he fet of his Judge ove am ssc oie eo nie ora i m ithes to make 4 ood conan, he needs help a [Guragement How can 4 priest ep thove soul that al moment if he does not understand and speak Spanish! Then, too, what about the children who shall beIyrnonuerion at third or even the tae Eiko undead afisk? Can they be pres Sent aay aqme oy omen he, 8 Ee BEE ery pole, Ths ins ot seta 0 he om ta ee oor Lord wants it done, he must know i os prefaringbimsell forthe i dows not wash to cake the study’ of those who go 10 schoo, fear grade! Doh) gen in Bes haa tle the my one pr 2 sy oii shat mtb oka Bo Or Thy cant He Seen iby that weighs wot cal ae sigs of cur Babops and priests but also must be Be iret tocar ahead ike icon nos of al a ne rite ote in Se a Tr eon ee am ee yaork cath toareeat eile ces in ee ee Ege pie i cds stout be naroed eto ae wines ticle cesiner a ao a ee et sccen ams cen rn toes ye Ser na ie ies path algo ser ng es Hoel cngh lof canny runt ih Mesa 3h va Sat xen rin ren lg eae eh ial cas hs et cn eee Te Si Gel lyri ae a a a Jou pring ir eek Hy a ee Jota guinea bo yo a Communion, On fom he ao ul hin lin ial von on Bann, Conn Bae ne es Marge snd a on Te thou bes Ne Ixenooverion sil book at least such i the hope of the one who has spent much time in ‘composition and arrangement. 1 i will help you in your study of Spanish language, if the knowledge thus aequited will im Gorm help you to know and love our Mexican people, our Blessed Mother's favorites, then the time and efforts spent on this book wll have ine teed been well spent and the author will consider himself more than Saleeeete Rev. Auroxse Smo, oat of Our Blessed Mother, Mediatrix of All Graces, May 31, 1945 San Antonio,BOOK I Short GrammarProxuvcratiox, Aecentvarion, Ere 3 I Proxunctatiox, AcceNtuATION, OnrHocrapic SicNs PRONUNCIATION a Vora LAYS retain the same sound, eee ; i lay pronosnted ke the An fathers spade F is pronounced lke the E in enemy, a enemigos Fronoinerd ie 2 ta eee Uf prmoneed te dhe OO eer a Cisuilene beloce and a athe gt word gil, ue as goer; nar (ena let ee nced before these two letters, ie must have the lineresis (+); a, vergienza, shame (pronounced verguenza) Pay great’ attention to the formation of diphthongs and tiphthongs. A, E, O are called strong aozrte; Tand TT age called Two strong vowels can NEVER form a diphthongs each is a arate syllable; 2s, asamblea, assembly; real, real 1 diphthong consists either of a strong cote preceded or fllowed, bys seval oowel mith stress on the strong vowel; a6 bale, dance; Piedra, stone; reina, queen fr of fio weal sorter with stress on the ast; as, Luisa, Louise; ufo, triumph. B, Consonanrs 1, Cis pronounced like the C in the English word ceremony, before E and I; as, elo, zal; cielo, heaven, ‘Beloce A, O, and U, itis peonounced like the K ia the English; as cara, house} cara, thing} aewsar, accuse j 2 Band V in theory have the same pronunciation asin English. In practice, however ordinary people pronounce the Va By as, Bara for Vara; Varrera for Barrera 3. Belore A, O, and U, the consonant G has the sound of G as in the English word go; 3, gate, cat; gota, drops gusano, worm ‘Belore and I, G has the sound of aspirated HT asin the word house a5, gente, people; gitano, aYPSy.Py a omatically Ge, Gi, and we anitaiuee cet feoakie of ae J ast Don Ouisore (pronounced ax expla, to expan; ‘Ae the begining 02 abe, pro rico (Méjc); Tens (Tes) Note ako the difference in the writing, and therefore in the prom uaciation, of prijimo Bee hee cheney 2, 3, ME tightor) and peéximo (aext) seniat Cor evn ike the in Eaghch, Castlian pu thik) 1H. ACCENTUATON, dike the cont therefore disregard the ike the English th in Ia onde t understand these rules well, we must remember that ail Spanish words ae divided into thee classes, Words srcsing the LAST SYLLABLE are called PALABRAS AGUDAS, Words siesing the SECOND LAST. SYLLABLE PALABRAS GRAVES, Words stesing ANY OTHER SYLL DRUIULAS. 1. Patssnas Accoss ‘Thos ending in scons love teed, far hove ending in a so dominé, heal; Addn, ‘zt; as, serdad uth; fo onan, except NV of pel. pape; dle, called ABL ace called ES: S, have na written ace in; reo, watch; ama mae ot N and § hav lage Svea wen acen; Tonds, Jonas, Prosuscrntos, Accearuation, Ere 5 2 Pauaunas Graves, Those eadin ling wel or N and $ have no writen accent; a Seeet; cirgem, virgin; trabajs, then workes a consonant, except Nand §, have the written rcel, prison; dlbum, slbum; lpi, pene Paraoeas Esonos always have the writen accent; a, sdbado, Saturday’ héroe, hero; eminentisima, most eminent; rabafdbamon we worked Other rules to be remembered are 1.—In all words, no matter to wh 1g consisting of = sto th clas they belong, where a ind a eal vowel oecure, and the is on the zeak vowel, the critter accent is needed on the weak wel, as, Maria, Maty; caiste, thou didst fall; ofmos, we heardy read; pat, the lan, Should the dipheteng ent is on the second 0 consist of reo sak cowels, then the written 1:36, también, also; desta, Ldestoyed, —Words of only one sllable have the printed accent only when tis needed to distinguish them from other words; a5, el (the), A (he); te (thee), 14, (tea); #0, Ceflexve pronoun), 12 (uaae)s af bout), mas, (more). avn has na written accent when it precedes the serb; a5, Aun no vienen, They do not come yet; but it has the write accent when it i the verb; as, No eserben ain, They do not write yet ~The preposition A and the conjunetions E, O, and U have no vweitten accent any longer. The only exception is for O when used ‘with numerals; a5, 44 5, four pr five. It this is not done, it may. be taken for 405, four hundred and five IIL. ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS. The customary Orthographic Signs and thelr names in Spanish areas foitows °) apostrophe, apéstrofe or apéstrofes (*) asterisk, astertcas (2) colon colon or dow puntos; () comma, comas (=) dash, guid of roya; (") diaeresis, toma or diaeresis; (j2) exclamation mark, signa dle clamacian; () hyphen, gud; (22) interrogation mark, sino inerrogacin (oo) 5 mark, comilar; (©) parenthesis, paréserss () {;) semicolon, semicolon or punto coma; (8) de, ‘An talc lever is called bestardita anda printed rentPrsronat Sean ; A 11 Tue Derive avo INDEre oe "This articles used before feminine nouns beginniine with A STRESSED SYLLABLE in 4 oc 14; asc alma, ae a eet amir, tele FEMININE PROPER NOUNS, we use Wel cea hata La Ata de Uvalde, the Al ta Ure ; hapa leapt el Low-The tele srite wed blo adectves, paricipls ee atts pice tee oe wed non a NOTE, With lo, the adjective is sometimes used in THE PLU- RAL, and even in THE FEMININE GENDER; a+, ‘Mirad, lo bue os que son los Mexicanos! Behold how good the, Mexicans arels ila genersa que esa seforat, How generous the lady is! Wos...masculine plural. lor éngler, the angels; los rec the scaveis, feminine plush. las velas, the candles; las seforas, the fem pl. tor sla, the conde ah Dd...matcline singular. This is the contraction of de el for Gurhonys as, El bonete del Padee, The birreta of css del Pade, ‘The birreta of the Las. “ phony; as, a Ni BRAL CHARACTERISTIC, orien sit reine GEN. traced when el then elisa part ofa tite; as, un Hezado”, an article of the Herald This i a contraction of a el, for eu io-Dios, tothe God -cild, Tue Deristre aso Isoertyine Antica 7 IDEAS; as, Los ojos son para ver, Eyes are made to see, La oracién il, Prayer is useful 2. Betore titles, dignites, te, when speaking OF AND. ELP Juan hablé, F on «Padre jm hablo Father John spotey Va w Pérez, Mr. Pérez came 7 te : i, Br la Florida, Ploy Mena Have 1. Bere cette ths an as hors of de : ms a LS er oe Thal se yu on Sunday; Vena mes que wens, He sal eae this coming monty nes somana peoingsT tall go test mee ravon at es de Ix tae, i om tee SO Bh ke DUT mares, 2 de febrero, 194, Tuesday, the second of Feb vay 4 3.7 With names of seston a, La pivot uaa SG sdable, Spring is ery agree non Bat the ane fen 6. After nosotros and eosotros with a noun, a, nosotros los amex oe Americans; seworror for Cattleot, you Cathll With infinitive used as verbal noua; as, BT Keblar er fdlh Talking is easy 8. After todo; at, todos tos hombres all men Bu the article is NOT used when the noun following expresses an abstract idea: as Nos traté con toda consideracién, He treated Us with all consideration THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 18 NOT USED IN SPANISH. WHEN IT IS USED IN ENGLISH 1. In apposition; as, stn, capital de Texas, Austin, the Capital of Texas, Bur when the apposition identifies a person, we must use the article; as, Pino mithermano, ef profesor, My brother, the professor, 2. With ordinals indicating succession of Kings and Popes; as i. nono, Pius the Niath 3." Whe tiles of books; as, Pida de Santa Teresa, ‘The Life of int Theresa IL. ‘THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE: Un. masculine singular, wt buen muchacha, a good boy.ree Nouns, Tae Gusen, Ere 9 Mary 1 Moria, 2c IL Nouns, Tem Genpen, Fe Fi i se Mer ne ul N Tuein GENDER, THE FORMATION OF THE nafs ten Ens : FeMiniNE AND THE Puna. s 4 1. ‘THE GENDER OF NOUNS, SLE IS NOT USED IN SPANISH THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 18 NOT USE call Mascunive An Se N I Bae mans dei nk postion 2 mes of men, their ocupations,profesions and trades; male co, He sa goo! Call a animals. “The termination of the words does not matter, ay uli, 2. When vsed denoting el sacerdote, the prety ef maga ndes, the Andes; el rio Brave, the Rio G rte, the North, Names of musical nates; 4 Words ending in any 1 sl ol; fa, fob re except wnaccented 9; a) el pl, 1 figure; el rubl, the ruby; eb PRACTICAL WORDS WHICH ARE EXCEPTIONS: 2) in E> fa calle, the street; la mente, the mind; la clase, the class; la fibre, the fever; la nieve, the snows and quite a few more b) in I: ta didces, the diocese; fa metrépali, the metropoiss and a very few more Hin 0: fa mano, the hand Je radio, the radio; and one oF eo Reo (criminal) and restigo (oitness) can be both ms cule and feminine 4) in Us only ones fa tribu, the ibe 5. “Most words ending i any couronant, except D and Z; 25, a teloj, the watch; el almacén, the store; el placer, the pleasure} a neces, Thursday PRACTICAL WORDS WHICH ARE EXCEPTIONS 4) jn Lj Ja edrce the priton; la mil, the honeys la sel, the sign; and a very few more i ) in Ny la imagen, the picture; la raxéx, the reason; and quite a few more NOTE: Special mention must be made of the word orden, ‘The Sacrament of Priesthood is al Orden Sacerdotl; bue sacred orders Ste, Lar sagradas ndener. In architectural styles, iti seule; 26, —corde, it is al Bi re Salar, honrer i 0c rae ee orden dlr Predator: min a Franco, Lastly itis feminine chen Seramandy oy, Los soldados dcben obed ec scdirs must obey the command ofthe general 1) in R; la flor, the flower; la labor. w Be ae hc be le cris tec s ‘and practically ail the words in “is Grek, Only of Apoclip Fronnane Ase All names of comes, their offices, female animale; as, Irene, Ione: a pla astona Sexist Designating certain institutions ices When it applies © religious fnaculine, sometime fe we ba venerable orden Tere ork; and a few more mmr, the harvests nel paréntesis and one of ccupation and trades al schatorg, the woman WHO irons; fa costurera, the seamstress: fa camarera, dhe waitress; la Lasendera, the weshersoman 2 All name of countries ending in dy a8, lx Argentina, Adgene tine; la Ameria, Ameria. 3. Names of ert and sciences; as, la pinura, the paintings la fiero the pies grabado, the engrai 4. Most nouns ending in 4, D, and Z; 25, bondad, the goodness; aI, the light EXCEPTIONS ate: l derecho, the aw; f dibujo, the drawings la tierra, the earth; la PRACTICAL WORDS WHICH ARE EXCEPTIONS: eiieen ‘he pen atthe cor athe yi : nouns ending in im snd vmbre, tte; aya cra a at a a crompin, h ‘map; ef tram the tam suns coming from the Greek; asy el problema, the problems e! clima, the el poems, the poem; ef the coin, 4%; al dias, the disguises el Bar is, the varnish; el pia, el arr, the tice; el traga ‘There are a very few lel centr, the Cet theepton moron he Kee ‘ce Pomning from the | Novss, Tuein Genes, Exe, All adjectives used as nouns are neuter; alo bueno, the goals hermoso, the beautiful Suere is ad 11, HOW TO FORM THE FEMININE, 1. Change the ending O 2. Change the ending # into in some nouns whete the feminine is vied; a, monje, the monk, moni he 5. Add to adjectives of nationaliy ending in a contonay a spool, Spanish, e/parala; francés, Fret, jancetay ages Eglish 4. “Add 4 to such endings aso, on, oa, orb one who weep, | Utorona; hablader alkes,hablador, olga, lay tll, Holgarane 5. Add £84 or change into TSd and E into ES4: ax abed, abbot, abadese; bard the Baron, barontas porta, the poet poetiay donde the coun, condesa ©. ‘Change ending TOR or DOR into TRIZ; a actor, the actor actrc; adoradar, the adoter, adorati, valtadoy, the ach, Slt "Exceptions are: hablador, the tlk, habladora; canto, the singe, cantatrs; balador, the dances, blader, 7 7. Many objects have two diferent words to express gender sowibre, man, mujer, womans Padre, father, madne, moter ‘he rote, Ja gallina, the hent el bue, the o, faba, the ‘aan he NU guste mare fers he es ter, the daughtcrsn-lary ef armero, Ce tama ove, che "Some nouns use the apposite mac, male, oF embry to designate the different genders as, la licbre macho, the bi fede hembra ie teal Har: Other words Belgie ater el lefante the elepanc; la pula the flay rat, ‘topo, the moles el rurefor the nightingale; el cana, ‘lilguer, the inne ef avert, the este, UL. HOW TO FORM THE PLURAL OF 1. Add BS in the folowing css a) When the nouns end in A CONSON singenes; bol, eee, drboless marques NOTE, Words ending ia $ THE LAST SYLLABLE IS No 4; 38, mio, child, nike; seine, the __emps, compass, comparesPasronas Seat 2 i NOT stressed, they remain une ry miércoles, Wednestay, os rave he It ale anes ay eve Mada, en des - mie, dt eb chnged ino before ang 45. sh? itetaon ert IN ACCENTED VOWEL OR Y; teeny oS Baeeale Asrerives ¥ S IV Absectives 1. GENERAL RULBS (GENDER, NUMBER, POSITION). 1. All adjectives agree in gender and umber with the noun’ mify; as hombre honrado, honest man; mujer modetty madee 3. Am adjective, qualifying two or more nouns of differen is used in MASCULINE PLURAL; as, Bly ella son generoro he and she are generous, 4. Adjectives sre usually placed APTER the noun, ‘malo, grande, mucho, and other shore adjectives ate olten before the som; 8 ura buena Sora, 8 and abs macho di Adjectives expressing INHERENT QUALITIES are pl FORE the noun; a5, sagrada hasta, sacred host; la santa B Holy Bible, ; Grande, when placed BEFORE the noun, usually famous; as, un gran escrito, a famous writer. When place the noun, i¢ means very often large, big (in a big house S. Certain adjectives have one meaning when pl and another meaning when placed AFTER the ‘examples: ef pobre hombre, the poor (ial bres the poor (not sch) man; cert person, clerta, «sore thing, buona noche, 2 good neh 2 ce aes oe ee 2 ctor, 3 em a M1, APOCOPATION OF 1 weno, maloy tered, SOUN IN THE SINGULAR fed an am mal 2. ‘Thes fom the fenfaige acrag tothe mls gien above (or nouns (sce Lesion IT). By far the peste nbs Eee form for bth gendes: ay hombre © muer ena ple ako woman: we hombre fi, "una major fi 4 al ah BaPasronat Sravtstt ra AN before the names of MASCULS 2, SANTO always becomes SAN bef lo, Srint Paul; San SE Soe Pde, Sa Dini iat Domi ete cn ems of ret die thems; Seve To Tie san Doin ints where this is not done: Santo in Saint Toribius; Sento Dow i 0170 Rerames SANT before FEMININE names of Saints; as, f IM, COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. devout as Paul. it as (a better) Catholic than Mary kaapiee as” ie Purgatory is less terrible than Hell, a a = pe ‘cach member of a compa DIF. Sie annals gna A 0 te h the English THAN is rende DE LD DUR oe Abrerives Won in such cases A NOUN hast be understood in order to. complete the meaning, the English is rendered by DB, and INSITAD of the sous, THE ARTICLE, CORRESPONDING IN NUMBER AND GENDER WITH THE NOUN, iy used a5, Ha cometida ms pecados de lor que ha confesada, He hae commited more sins than (the sins) he confessed Tue Surencarivn anish Grammars distinguish two kinds of superlatives: THE SUPERLATIVE OF COMPARISON and the ABSOLUTE SU- PERLATIVE. When we compate somebody with others, and say | of him that he is for instance the vchest of them al, we have the | SUPERLATIVE OF COMPARISON. We have the ABSOLUTE 4 4 SUPERLATIVE when thete is no real comparison, but the adjective Alenotes @ supreme degree; as, God is most good, SUPERLATIVE OF COMPARISON. 1. Ics formed by placing THE DEFINITE ARTICLE before the COMPARATIVE; as, hermoro, beautiful; mds Hermoro, more besutful; of mr erat ie ae ee 2. If the superlative FOLLOWS the noun, the definite article is placed BEFORE the noun ss, La casa més hermosa, the most beau fife house, 4. "TE the noun qualified by a supertatve is IN APPOSITION. WITH ANOTHER NOUN, the article is placed NEXT 10 ‘THE SUPERLATIVE a Et Papa vie an Roma, Gade a aie de Italia, The Pope lives in Rome, the oldest city of Tal ‘ “4. The English word TN aftr the superlative is rendered by DE; 2s, Juan es el estudiante més intelgente de la clase, John is the most clever boy in the class. a ine : My Sa ae ed MOST is cana EN ae Ee neat rt de a op meee SUT TTHE NOUN 1s IN THE PLURAL, MOST vac! BY NAS he ree me de tea AeA eat ay fa he Te Suede aes a ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVES. sie the mnt ran 1 Add 1510-4 co word endingPasronat Seaton Canpisat. ax Onminat, Anjecrives al, puntualis puntval, punctua imo, b eny, fcivimo, very 3 ar VOWEL and ald ISIMO to 2 word ENDING IN A VOWEL; a, bell, beautiful, belsimo, most beautiful; grave, grieve on ay ofthese upeiaives keep THEIR LATIN ROOT; ag, fk juhfd (dels ia Latin), fdlirmo, most fithl;sebio, wine (Cplens in Lat), spentisin, most wie. ; May speraies ofthc clase keep thir LATIN ENDING} as ele lamots(cebes in Latin), celeborrims, very famous V_ Canpivat. ND OnpivaL Angecrives 1. CARDINALS, ‘ro, one; do, «ee ea besos ea ons book sc Breen ‘CIENTO becomes CHEN belore a NOUN and the word fly cien hombres, a hundeed men; cen mit Gtdicon a held Age ten; vente, ewentys elena, amber and gender; as, un libro, sand Catholic 380d eapreins ae MUY, SUMAMENTE, EN’ EXTREMO, tice sy doce elie el EN GRAN MANERA, EN ALTO GRADO are used; 2s, muy rico, cientor ies, two hundeed eben, In other words the sedge ex th sxmamete acne, very gods er alto grado peligror, Psi pcaoney amar calren In ater word, the mile Pe agene af udjective, agreeing in gender’ and number Tn familiar language even the prefixes RE of RETI ee IL ORDINALS. 15, rebueno, rete-bueno, very god. can be weed; NOTE. The altng of isimoa sometimes calls for the change of mea th spd ssn reg he i ding some consorsits. the tenths eigésimo, the twentieth centdsimo, the hundeed; mast ce bos Qu a, en, Hquing ver eh, ‘mo, the thousandth Gem os ter rte eg NOTE. 1. Use ORDINAL numbers UP 110 ELEVEN i Be es a,b, vey el és sug susan, ver iver bering books and chapters; a, libro primer, bool the first IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES, segundo, chapter the second Feesiei es vi oan os 2." Use ORDINAL numbers UP TO TWELVE with sed p ws pata 8: 8, Plo nono, Five the Ninth Plo wedécin, Pits the Ek feet mage tae, cin ser cveath a eae ae Pree ices tom twelve on use CARDINAL NUMBERS; as, Plo doce, erm, he ai : tile more lous 5 sh word THAN, ia such expres TTHAN, is rendered by DE in alfrmative sentences. sentences, both DE and QUE may be used; as, Ayer of cuenta confines, Yesterday [heard more than fi Novi mis de (que) cien eomaniones, Li not Hondred communion. ‘THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL SIG) ‘how, that ACY van kau ‘mds; a5, 45 (four pls Bie), cuatro 0 ot sy, ahough yen Gea at NEVER. 0 ‘menos; as, 10—6 (ten minus six), dies menos riled por ay 28 times SH) fat dividide ‘por i Por cinco,Pasroran Seanisit 5 Persons Paoxouns ” VI Pensoxar Pronouns wei, ae ame. basco ona Tats; He sys Ghat e had bam X Nites, met inponble ede con tnt al Chl inet Ob Inde Ott Prepon input fr me ye Saat anc, to me af, me s, juewonal pronouns in the dative and accusative ate placed Be Pete icyus | hon BEFORE ALL TORMS ofthe verb aos but a pet OS en for them; Le mando dei, send word to him; Noe lo dna Pea PGi! wide 8 in ie oak Same inte eee ct NOTE. In the old Spanish, in Don Quijote for example, thse pronouns were usually placed 4PTER the verb; as, Difele Que We niet, I told him to come, In modern. Spanish fowever, this PLURAL rather obsolete, especially in conversation} we say: Le dje que ve w (refer) (retest) = retest) : “These pronouns howe, ate atached 70 THE INFINITIVE, S Naum extern nvuswyou Yung" THE PRESENT PARTICIOLE. THE HORTATIVE SUBJUNGE yl eerie sue Ses ton TIVE and THE IMPERATIVE, and form wih the ONE ees. Cut te om WORDS Tees esc, Se, Sel nos bueno: conch He magne me gael aes Hague teeters care a : favor, Please do me the favor. In all these eases, we ean alo says 1. GENERAL RULES GOVERNING THE USE OF THESE Lo tengo que decir; Me estaba dando unes buenos conscoes 1 | PRONOUNS But this CANNOT be done with the IMPERATIVE we must say: ding, tll me ; ". I(-WWO pronouns are the objet of ONE_ VERB, 1. Personal pronouns in the nominative (except Vd, and Vas.) as USUALLY OMITTED, The VERB ENDING is sufficient a5 120, U pray; nt: yo rez; resan, they pray; not ellos rezan : ots BEvode ects a cae LeTD ana vats; Gey roy men tee jieauitaeetentne ec nngcune Reese Rana fetes TESS a Ta patos ven cma, Pfr a aa by To DENOTE Contigker, Rts times & week The SAME RULE. hots gond when thee a fe 1 dees, €l va ace wo the INFINITIVE, te PARTICIPLE, the a ot are sleeping, he goes to Mass. i é ie oe Ce stoma ay, | MHlUSCHNR oe IMPERATIVE Be 6d nt ater mg 2)! 11 his brother and to Jon, but ny these cases, to, EXCEPT IN THE 2 3, The various uses of the di ‘an be put before the verbs as, me fo debes "hp : iP s INOUN OF THE (a nme ee el + T oth a oat fa ome mons, lu go, rtd become etaES Pastonst S The fins done for the sake of euphony the later co distingwih sf fam PL th ACCUSATIVE. (ec si) seis dead LE it ce 0 a LE ny ra ipgURAT boven mach ete win ate gir ore em a he SEALED Hon cmb f 189, atoueh He ae teers te dat, le and es rev ieee ts de herman oi ie 2 hrmana; Let Ge scthtnass ha Ses ts herman 1 ld Your st sri: a1 FORTHE SAKE OF EMPHASIS, pronouns ar sometines ADDED TO THE NOUN au A Tei fe gaecs my He I le ee Abe atresia dee vc am esi oto To Ton Si ster he pyro CON, become CONM- 60, @ONHIG0 nd CONSICO wih me ML ee wih hin Gets), better to use LOS in~ ie is still IL SPECIAL RULES TO BE APPLIED WHEN TWO OBJECT PRONOUNS OF THE SAME VERB ARE IN THE THIRD 1a hc th contd oso asl x aif To wae hh een eget eat ATIVE Cine objet, beg ft we ae, ways changed into SE, i BSS els “alba he ltoving posible conbiaons an shes Le i a SoM a , them to him, bee ikem amine iAS; tem 10 tem, comer SE LAS tem Paxson Prosous BXAMP se lo, singular; as, Selo digo, 1 tell it to him, eo her te to, plural; 28, Se lo enseho, | show ito the feminine) ngular; as, Recibl carta y se le ensen fnd I showed it to him, to bey la, plural; as, Recibi carta y se la enseR, and I showed it to them (masculine S Eu Urea a ete, 1 recived lees, Ss tem oui et). snl Igoe dem to him fobey ot sD se oy, purl; as, Tent conejo ys les Usd ab, a fove shim to them (rain of feminine ‘elu, singular a Vi ae mustangs ye lr eae 1 ‘any apples, and T showed then Mim to Bet ‘ural as, Tenta muchas esas ys oy eal, Chad many Kone, and T sold hemo thm (aasaine or fem nine). a In sch constructions a thes 1-6 et ee sian tor MASCULINE OR PDMININE PRONOUN. Me dhviy this we may ald 4 EL, 4 Elbe d ELLOS, 4 BLbdS irate wordy, we may we the FREPOSEFIONAL ‘Take one of the above examples for the singular or the plural: | Mi ibs y 1 ly entogie To vio To Re fade deat by adding to ENTREGUE the words d BL. ELLt "Take tnehet example Reh men dso Gt Again co whom? To bop orto gtk? We ste ths by is dba BLLOS or 4 FLLdS. This one ete where he bi conaice rea eta : But remember, the above constriction spplis el DIRECT OB /ECT PRONOUNS ARE OF THE 1 | SON Whenever ahve gran are of he ito ‘have to use the prepntional promau | ELLOS, They intoduced me to fem Te | t4 yb to him.Pastonat Seasisi 2 Vil Possessivs ano Dewoxsta ative PRONOUNS 1, POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. SMUG FeLaNN MAR ne 4s css, wih can ah stig, fer hue, su casa de él, de ellos; paises rina ae sw casa de lla, de ellay; su casa de Vd, de is even better to OMIT he ate instep 4 a SU altogether and use the definite Bee casa de d (de lens Ta eas ae de Wik VD, is PERQMSSIBLE mv, to ay: SU cata DE Vs bot cance TT 18 BETTER wo ay’ 8 SSPE NDE Ba PETER ARTICLD 1.0, ese arcane Possessive ano Demonstrative. Facet STANTIVELY; as, lo mio, what is mir ‘is Sipe mest, what on nr "Pouce. promot’ ae daly REPEATED EACH NOUN, uth they tte'TO THE Sate Ren OBJECT. A pate made ye Roeaee ee Xf tc, mote? nd bres ae pee a i amie'y beshedhoreeaer Nate ea tor, Mr. Alvarado, ‘3 é, In EXCLAMATIONS sn ei ee EANPHASIS, poesia ponoau Rap td ATE insti cue, ower, the LONGER FORME ae ede fis xribeme” Myson Yate fap ale few Ay oy eat a Il, DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, Este, éta, Estos, éstar, esto (this) refer to what is near to the speaker. In ENUMERATION, they represent the noun eloseit $2 th wr a Monies Salen a aguella (Maria) se quedé soltera, Mary and Josephine are sisters; the latter got marsied, the former remained single. (In English, ‘we say: the former remained single, the latter matied.). a In CONVERSATION, sto refers to what THE PERSON” SPEAKING has just ssid; as, Esto lo digo para ty Tsay this you. ADDRESSED; as, ‘Trae eva sills, Bring those eh you). IN CONVERSATION, e9 teers to what THE P WHOM we ae talling hs ot sais 8 a aa ‘ gu, aqulla, agudtor, aguas, aquell eter to MOVED ROME BOTH THE SPEAKER AND Tl WHOM HE 1S SPEAKINGs as, Estos libres 4 son pelignoso, ‘These books are good, tote Jn CONVERSATION, apuelo teers ts |G the oer is calling attention to | XEMOVED FROMTHE MIND OF +E mente, ‘That sem to be he NOTE, 1. Demonstrative pronouns, whe 4 edae Pagroran Seanist c Retarnve sv Ivremocarve Phosoung nse; esa escuela, that school have NO ACCENT; 2s, xt ava this hous alla lesa, that church over there. as rin BUSINESS LETTERS, é sometimes takes the pl . af the ord *CITY"s a leg # ta ta siete, Steve in this city this morning at seven oeloc ViII_ RELATIVE AND InTERRocaTIVE Proxouns 1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS, (ue... refers to PERSONS AND ‘TH INGS; the article fen Se ee aaa selers to PERSONS and NEVER TO ‘THINGS; Foye Ltn Cosa td a NS DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS in Spanish; as, T do not buy. ed from them that sell dear, No compro a aquéllos que venden caro, to PERSONS AND THING; as relative in aca? ONS in ARTICLE ye a PRONOUN and at the same time AN AOyECTE, ee bie fe at oh ced NLSY A te a crs, nuLes 1. Relave pronoune can NEVER be onited at 25 bo qu compra The boo Eau 2. Wick «preposion ne mun use eter QUIEN of sai NOT QUE; ss, El hombre con gle el hel Bin with whom 1 spoke 3. "In order to ald the too frauen we sometimes use el que, la que, los que, lar que, et i aes aa ony ference been ol gue ler cused more in, ORATORICAL STYLE, Snore CONVERSATIONAL, Acco tohave que retest things ane ea (0 ‘sve the purpose of tuk 4 eee | fe sentence: La hija de mi amigo Q | York, In this sentence, the relative | ise. THE DAUGHTER or _fhtte we have TWO NOUNS O ‘ tnd amiga), el que aasroKst SPANISH z p the NOUN NEAREST TO THE the game? Qvesemon saber guiém ba ganado el juego ore, tees es tc SOON SE ord |] mtg on ho on he aging HE IVER, beclote ve 7; 04 he DAUGHTER is here; All of them are used also in EXCLAMATIONS/ ap T “doe we know thatthe mel, What « cat Ome 8; QUE eth asa vei amign QUE esth aqui we want {0 hone! What s nant; (Quin ere prota Who tid Sea Gahan dof rhe DAUGHTER » ho Fg tony ae aay ieprset 7 ‘eanslated by cuyo, ewya, it feels to be here he Engh ord HOSE 1 Toma it MORE EMPHATIG, he ca exon cya nad of de vin eae) Sat cage] TOQUE: st, (Ova an het Wi a ‘ite geese, Se and number with THE THING Sor Wilt rue possessor. NI TTEH, ictring to THE WHOLE PROCEDING SE “TENCE OR IDEA. wanted by LO QUE; a, Va ha olvidado Frage de ert, qu no we csr, puesto que mca tema Saree Yau hare lxgouce te ac of consiion, « thing at Fee eet etas sacs you never ry atone. Here, LO OUE tect the mole sentence! Vhs oda eae de conta. Poss! ED, and times, the word MAS is added for the et ini ermosa', What a beau chido PPO! #5 1034 it I, INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. ‘tos Tibros?, Whose books are these? a ee Ha Ae ats ae bere?; Aqui hay cuatro libros; "quie trae terete ee Bed se rage Aint quire Vd. poe : you San? ate NU. or eta cael, How muchasronat Stasis IX Inperinire PRONOUNS hdefnine pronoun ae called thus beans they alle only Vagus types and hn The Fo nyc nai, ood ae a NOE E ae Ree ONLY ERSONS, and this IN A VERY Mien OER eas NELTHIER PLURAL. NOR een igi nce Somcee (1 do vac hwo Hail era wipe wo conc eae Alguno .. rots to PERSONS; it has PLURAL AND GEN= SONS ALONE, and has NEITE PLURA 4 GENDER; a, Nadie vio Noone hs comes ASD TANG ene Sato, PERSONS fe mae ‘houses, I have none. ‘ el wi ey TO THINGS; wads venti BITE A tc nen a AFTER Separate hes one) Nant pas sear cee testo, No one could fina it outy Nada cesta Nadie Ninguno _ lebron 5 X_ Tue Recutan Vena; Ins Coxsueanon. There 116 three conjugations of the tives end in ar, er, and ar. The follow iifferent verb formations. reauae rb, The ing examples wil 1. SIMPLE Pons, ; Bh an INPRNITIVE MooD, ‘elevar to flebrate — promet-te 10 promise come by ful PRESENT Parnicrpta: cotebiennda eumetiond ‘ump Past PARTLOW LE e telee-ade prvi ‘cumple IyDIearnvE swoon, DRESENT A oaten romet-e osutrs elebrotis”— peamettls oe eolebi-an Drometen iMeeRFECr eviraba ramet cobras ramets iebmaba ramet ‘lebeabamos promot "elias ‘ela elt relheaste ‘ei Sela ‘eltPastonst Seats rooe-a rostae —upl-k osotros suBzUNCRIYE woop PRESB! IMPEREECY (Piet Form) ‘Tae Recutan Vena; Tra Conrvenmion 1 Sinn rons 1 1 IMIERVECY (Second Form) cetenase romeo rometésemos poms ‘cump-temos bet fee omnes mete ‘unesen vorurs cclrare rometlere ‘omplstere lereates rameters omer ‘leorare Dromet ere ‘uaniere ‘ele diremos rometiéremes cee seleeoarels rome terele “uumpirels selee-aren vuneteren ‘umpteen 11, THE comPoUND ronMs ‘The compound forms of all verbs oth regu and erga, a by ing the past partite to the resptive tense othe eb HATER, ‘ PRESENT PERRHCT ranTHOIELE Inbiendo ctesrade——ablendo romeo PRESENT PERPBCP INDICATIVE tn colerado, ete. he prometid, ete. ens etarad, te, hemo promt, ast PERFECT Inia ccebrado, ee. hain promt, ‘bios clebeado, ete, habiawss pret peer abe cetebrado, ete, hobe wines cetera, ee. atinias2 Pastors Seastsi 11 COMPOUND FORMS ‘ Sees Mrs peulay Sebenen cumple, ese corner os prnIoNAL PeRvEeT Faire promt, lata compl, ee {Nfnmctaecn, tabance promo, bbvianon campo, Smee pei a asseyr PERrHOR sUMsUNCTIVE trades bra pometine,bare cmp, ee {Ryumoretado, astm pion bape im i ae, es . PIUPEREECT SUNJUNCTIVE (Fine Form) See Sei ee me ont, we Seno can, Snir om, ite PLUPERPEC SUIIUNCTIVE (Send Form) hie celebrado, ete. tbls prometid, wie hues camplido, et, ‘domes cerada, ieee prometid,bifeanoseamotti, ae we te POTURE renrEer suBseNerVE hauler ated, eh, blere pruned, st hublre eamplid, ee, ahérenen cece, bltenes pronto, huliresos agin ‘te. ee te, da eo ge Muy the fovecing dost, you wil immediately notice wo things: then TNO HOHE to mich endings of simple conser are atuched: I as itis called in English, and’ the INGINE. ee lish, and the INFL Be a inde ee neal i cam nema ests pa, tua i te nd og verona sl CO SEA oy i (igen Pome, se FUTURE TENSE wu yall soothe THE CONDINONRE wate He de ipnenae PRSA NIGh RAINITIVE, formed he FUPURE SoM VERS fhe, shee forms were oranda ge Kms, i, a rome aya on at 2. Ivis also worthy of notice that the second and th CEPT the FIRST AND SECOND PERSON PLURAL PRESENT INDICATIVE, and the SECOND person of PERATIVE: prometemos,_ prometels; eumplinas ted, compliasronat Smanisi i XI Oermocrarme Cuaxcinc VERBS sous ost tnt te eonsonantal sound Sn cee vag the convene eer Cnges wich are indeed Mee asst te infe Sofa ri en cle so ear ctmage tbe € before ¢ nto mde This ovens tn he 1 Ver usom pete abd ithe entire resent subjunctive; ag see teagan ese algunas ts en, Norte gor change the gato qu before i ¢. ‘This acre 1 2% ert psa peer a inte elie present subjunctive; ‘Vet in cua ned he dterenis above the w before the «his Tavnen inthe tt pert pectrit and he enlire present sb ‘ees averiguny, tod ot avevigue; averighe, =e 7 aveelwes, isu. Te Asersis means, ot cours, tha the at be presumed. 4. Verte fara shang te at €tefre the leer e. This oscamy in the fin prom peel and the eaire present subjunctive! 5 shaman tn rach alee: case ee; aleaneenes, Teves the etre preset sebjamcive as. veceer, (eo {he eon eon rato al Sep “ort, a “a, egal "ah | Ye i tend ge canee tbe goto before a aint ec THE nu Sa tin perenne a the ee presen sont MLE aug ings ea Verb i aur ‘ae day AM be nto ¢tetore a and Te gccuty oe cee adele and ag ete tial ne al? {HDMETen: delinesy delay ena et elie Mr change the 1 of reset ja plural ot the preter He Ht he rand forms), and "cayenne Onricocaarite Cuaveane Ven eyérames, esis, eran Shen een ee ‘tem re 10, Verte ning in far a5 Uae tae the stent om he | tnd tg "amp al persons o he gar oa fe eg ala oth the reset dele a ed {nthe sng of eng en ge ‘eas ei, 8 erly en ta he i nance aa a NOTE. Some of the more practi verte elouging to tle sy are ee 11, Verbs ening tn Moe 8 drop the Kin ert, che entire foture subjuneive, bul co ball: tilde; bull ve Bllssten “ety “een ue ae ‘llamo erie eran pie lame ae, afer lager, sen on nabremo ere eee ae Tae ces paso ee ee Hew 8-4 sakeramon! cra mera . 1 ests endlg In ea and orwell ty 8 sone the’ Ine teoe an oro his ene be Ate nueaive an all hugh he presen nei twee: eae ene a co ioe, fame: heros fey axon Als Eeepons are: coe, (okt tae, 12 soc ttc, to tamer dee 104 Sore, At orthngeaphle changing vets ar ceed Aiden tote rear arb ZPe Seaviex Rapicay, CuAvetne Vaxns "onverte, to convert, reform: sanitleada; ‘stir enters a ea Son ‘onvirtisen: comer rey ee ean is gene; moet; meres mira ay inurl mort miner ei er: mat eve ess, ese; mutletent Murer “lec teen THIRD CLASS This class includes verbs of the THIRD CONJUGATION which fave an & in the stem. This E is changed ing J in ALL THE. FORMS we found in the SECOND CLASS. 4 fo Imp, hlndee: imped; imp, se; Impiens mpi; mpi, mpaieon: inde, es, animes, ess, ise Impl nies, “impiaieren. Yea NIL Rapicat Cuancine Verns Been pth any roi chaning ves. All SE wa FurO nue STEM VOWEL: They sre dived iagl poco FIRSTCLASS, ' To this cass belong verbs of the FIRST. AND SECOND CON- JUGATIONS, In al forms where the STEM 1S STRESSED, the Bis changed ito TE, and the 0 into UE. ‘This occurs in NINE. FORMS: the TAREE PERSONS OF THE SINGULAR AND. ‘THE THIRD PERSON OF THE PLURAL OF THE PRESENT, INDICATIVE AND THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE, and the IMPERATIVE SINGULAR. Here are some examples nega, orton to deny woes; abwieg, as, a ablegu lett“ abeleguen, amiga: evn, opt be nese, an; ace ‘Decne, 0 able: abeuc, “ea asalan ast, dds, ated: sends, os, -e; alleen; attend sta ate + allenden atin es -e} absuetven: «Timo Y, it becomes yer, comes hue, pas 4 SECOND cass, To this class belong the ye q ting an Bear cei eb of the THIRD CONJUGATION. od i te FIRST CLASS ie 2 ‘he NINE FORMS we Nec rEDY SA FORMS net at and the 0 panos WITH Ie ORO, me Be SYLLABLE BEGIN- IF OR 10, saul the PRRSTTEE! PRETERIT, snd ALL. ok AND Pr FERED FUCA Ge ISN SNC i JUNCTIVE, STHREE FORMS: OF Tae 8 SePasronat: Seats ss : XII Tae Innecurar Venss LGENERAL REARS near wa of Spainh finds the Spanish irregular ve Te ap den SP come pace les which vet fie Thee a, horeves, some racial rule wih wll Topas in aru thetnowege ofthe rela ver, ie he maneing of the Spanish anguage. We have to know Ghar te PRIMDTIVE FORMS fom which ALL THE GHNER SIMPLE TENSES of the verbs are derived, There are Sr WAINCIPAL PRIMITIVE, FORMS to hich we may tdd's FOURTH. Thee ace: the PRESENT INFINITIVE. (with fr witout ending) the FIRST PERSON SINGULAR OF THE PRESENT INDICATIVE, the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR’ of the PRETERIT INDICATIVE and also the ‘THIRD PERSON: SINGULAR cf the PRESENT INDICATIVE, Once ve know all thee forms, ne can form practically ll the others {WE PRESENT INFINEIVE ee ire oS 1 THE PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES, and THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE, by aiding er poy adage to the STEM of the we Gnlne an 96 a ene (Gr) ad ddan ada (ats et 27 FUTURE INDICATIVE sod THE. CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE yn ate hope te a chased nite andes Gos lo NOTE, 1. the APPARENT : SOME PRESENT PARTICIPLES os fa oy formation of thiendo, pudiendo, yendo, cayendcr a viendo, diciende NOW MBL Anaing Gass, ede handy ave ely ig OR ORTHOGRAPHIC AND RADICAL CHANG: ply THE’ APPLICATION OF ‘Tae Teazcuan Vern serra; saber, sabré sab ia: ales, pHE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR OF INDICATIVE oe trom Gis form is dese the PRESEN Se ‘rom odo, we fom ade ae CLPTIONS ae de fm Gu a a fom taber pe rom 1p fom beg om en a THE THIRD PERSON SINGULAR OF THE PRE INDICATIVE a From tis. are formed he TWO FORMS OF THE IMPERE sgJUNCTIVE, se the FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE fede, ondwvice, eda THE INDICATIVE ‘This form is the same as the imperative, Thus from seo; from ove, we get aye hear The oly at en, fom venir; sal, from salir; pox, from poner di, le, tom haber} has, (rom hacer; se, from iy sé, from from tener,Pastor. S 0 IRREGULAR VERBS. sr OF THE PRINCIPAL eee a wis fn the four primitive forms ace printed in NOTE vol ie nese aN0 Past PARTON Spates enato Ispiearive 00D sod sony ann eins, ae a ‘PRESENT: dirk —tidarenen caddis, asaiEat Piptece, Mh ting stse—snifenns rota cab Parsee? Sadho ann aint CoxDrmos: nt sr na tran nas a REA sty ne sne-—snten eds, anden HERP. enti tn tape : eee POTURE: tie antavn andes “autores fences 2 ab tb ate, dm Tarai AND Past Pansteieye cee Ispiearive soo FERIA: cop ce ec a, xen, Hay el abt ee ae, EERE, Sep smut ene —cginerscn a Coarse — ie a a a 8. eae, to tat PRESENT AND PAST PARTIONDE eayendo eas INDIONTIVE ooD, ‘algo, ces et6 —~ caeimag eda cae, ‘ner, ert, eterd — eaeremay exetl exes wi, eae ef — eam eaiy ean a Ws easte,eay6 — elt, etl gem, ‘ssi etl ela eae ete ern eae eae “ul puISbNT SURIUNCTIVE woop ae, eaiga — egos cael ealgn ‘ayera, clyeas, cavern — elgehum, eae ‘avese, cavencayese — eanioemen rarer ‘eee roreee fasere,engeres, eayere — eayeremas, trey 4. condi, to aaae PRESENT AND PASE PARRICIPLE ‘onducieado conde SENT: conducts ender — acs FUTURE: conducts, conduc, candied — eo PURTERIT; — conduse, conduit, ondale — eth CONDITIONAL: eanducteta, conduc onde BeERVEviE. cunduce SUBIUNCTIVE MOOD user: conden, eondusns, eon MIREKEPCT: — condjeen, condujeras. con ondnjese, contuleses. MUTCUE: ——_condere, conduseres,Pastonat Seantsit a Ranmer oy AND PASE PANTICIULE nee ae da — dames, ds dan, PRESET: 07 ars anh —~ daremos, dari darn Yor, Sie tay at — dts dba, da Pee Gases — nes dnt deren PRETERTT tias Unie arames, darts, darian EpRbrTIONAL: darn tas 8 Tee! a * semiuNerive MOOD PRESENT: dn — des i TMPBRPBETS Be de dce— acne Sens, ses creo dette deren, rorume: ho, dense ete — dei, say Hg AND Tas PARTIC INDICATIVE NODE PRESBST: py ces, dce — deinen, divs ies FUTURE: ai ara died — dive, des ied, IMPERPECE: etn deus, deca delaton, deca, dia PRETERIT: dj ast ajo — aljinon dsc dijon ONDINIONAL: ded, ita — Asam dea den arenaniy Gh ‘rel SUBIENCHIVE oo» PRESET: di, dies din ie dens digs — digs, dss, dean Speman: as das es ly deri, eran rerum: ets ie — denn, imei ise hermes aera, aieren- weer, maldecie; "Tue TaRECOLAR Vins Festa to be ENT AND FASE PARMCIEE estando "tad INDICATIVE MODE pnesex: coy, ests, enh — esting aetl eat rer ‘tana, eotan, esting — eure a TUPRPECT: colabe, cstabam etabtleg aa Pierunrr: | etuve, extuvst, ature -= went ‘stor, stars, ester tara pnw SUBIUNCTIVE moOD ment: oie cin te 4 Mienvocr: Stover stares ete 4 a 4 over, toe 4 |S ther to have PRESENT AND PASP PARTICIPLE ‘bento abide INDICATIVE OOD. ag tn — hemes, hl am abr, ts, ae — habe uespyr rere: Iuteercr Pure ospintoy a. IMPERATIVE haya hagas, hapa ha en, aera er Dublee ese, blepause peru bufiarrer ‘Coxbrnioxat: IMDRRATIVE: apse, PERC: orvne: ugsexr: ‘ureaPecr ‘Pare: ‘Coxprnioxat, Stanisit Pasroxa. tan, Mein hale, fan AES an bn, hte heron eves tra — tet ee et ri da 20 a 0 ee PRESENE AND PASE PARTICIPE hasendo tito Sab re Nl bfvene trl, le, te Se bla att lt fa Dit buy — yest eso. tna, hale oseatne, huts, hose. SUBIUNCTIVE Nop ag, bayas dasa — neyamog, hiya, haya, eta, hrs, tnyera~-hustrain, ager BAPE ‘aye, ten bugeve — hapfsmon, ues, MAE aves. bers, hapere —hngerenna, upon MiSera UL te twee PRESENT AND Past PannicieLp Peat ANIEANI¥E oon, 19) van ~ vam, se an, ei ek nese inPERFRCT FUTURE EONDITIONAL AipeRariv: ese vorune: ese rune BentrEcr: Murr. eoxpimiona. Deneve Fuse. heneeor; Teron, ‘Tae TeneovLan Vex SURIUNCTIVE atoon fer, teres fers =" feta iy acon! femme fitse = faa fheee) theres, tiene — fermen 12 ofr, to eae ONT AND PAST PARNICIPLE ‘oyento tte INDICATIVE MooD ‘igo, oes, ape — ot, 0 pe, ‘ig, oir, otré —olrenay iy lh, Sia. oft, oft — fang al tae yt 956 — ofa ott etn, lf, leas, oe — oramn ial tan, ov oa SUBJUNCTIVE Woon ii, gos ou — olamos oi as i ‘here, sheren, gene — opera 11, poder, to be abe PRESENT AND PAS? PA ‘dled edo, puedes, puede — bode, odes, pote outa, pods, yoaia — Prd” piste, pad,astorat Seantsit “ a soyn AND PASE PARTICIPLE ixpreanive NooD ERERENTS eee ee yoded — ponies, rs, onde PRETERIT: Yosh = anes, Da pm RNDIHOSAL: ros, andi, podria — pn earexerive 00D mugen: nen, pnts yoo — vezi, pots, pong, TOPSERie, Fates see “= patron, veteran ‘ican rte, pee — pocemon, pase, [FOVURR: yew, see, pore — pnfromon, ponerels Do 15 qerr to win, to want PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLE a ixpiewtive Mop SENT: glen quires, quiere — queremos, quer, quien, FUTURE: aiete, quer. querd —querremon, guerre, quest MRENEECT: Gia, dwn, queria — quevame,auefals, queria PREPERIT: que alte stso — isin, yuiltls, autre “ONDITIONAL. queria, gers, queen — queriamon, aerrtl IMPERATIVE: quere ‘duerian frame: ug, REECE 000 ‘nearer, ase gra ued qe Z ‘nuisteran. nse. ams guise — quasi, quisesta ae “ses, see, quiere ered ~uiserenmus, guaierss, ‘Tae TnKECULAN Veen 1. omen ae td ae sta: rie, sida a SURJUNCTIYE oop PRITERIT past IMPRRPE yoru. 17 saber, to kao, to nor bow PRPSEND AND PAST PARTICIPLE sablendy abide PRESENT: sé sabes sabe — seme et sabe FUTURE: sabe, sabes, sabe — steno Iypenrecr: —Sabia, sabias sabia — salam PROTERIT. Supe, supste, supe — spines CONDITION > sabia, sbrias sabria saa DIPERATIV ste SURJUNCTIVE MOOD FRESENT: sepa, sepas sepa sep, MERFECT; —Supiera, supieras, suplerd — spies, supleses,supiee — PUEURE: ——supiere, supieres stilene® ase ForUnt hurenencr PRERIY CONDIEIONAL: ypenarive arse: beser: DUPER er vorvne; (ONAL asronat SPANISH Be aliens, res, eald pr Ta a Maia ican seed slice, callers, sake PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLS leaded seri, pris, serk — seremon, etl, serdn. ste fod — fale, Flt, fueron. as, seri — serine, sera, sia, SUBIUNeTIVE woop Tie Deeecouan Vena SURIUNCTIVE MoD ‘ene tna tet — eng, s ool oe toviese, tuvleses tone — tay poruRR: —tuvlere,tuvlerey taviere — antiegg, traer, to bring PRESENT AND PAS? PANTTOIPDR ‘ayendo tale INDICATIVE mop traigo, trues tae — tratton ted, traem, FUTCHE: raeré, truer, taerd — fee Geel IPEREECT: trea, tute, eae tang lly PRETERIT: trae, tralia, trabo — tein tally oNDINIONAL “racrias, taee — tresama, IMPERFECT trajese rae, tralese — orem: trajeee tejeres tree — SENT AND PAST D me ‘valiendo, “valid: rxpreativ# Mo0D inser: algo, ves vale — vale, evrern id r ‘uPeurner; Valin, valan, alla — r Siumunrr: | Yai tallste vals all SDITTONAL: yal vain valet — ¥ een erive, s “Mose hoenrnen,0 ast pore: furennce ueven aerr fospin part parse siren nce: rorvne: vppsesr: conDInioxan- IMPERATIVE eaesxr: IMPRRTECR: vorvre, Sarin, senda vendriamos, vend Pasronat Sranist venom me aT FAgENET rypicarive sooD nce ees, iene — ian oe rt trio, ee, vn fae ew — inns ites, wn ‘ian supmuxcnive wood eng, sens, venga — Yeogames, engin eng ‘a tein ini ie THEE Hetee, inere —vialéremos,vinlerls vineren (ND PAST PANT! ‘eade ite ssproarive soon Tt etn ed em ei, ero _ ea beeiorkies vied vin an reon Teh va erm sev, vera somveriv2 woop seus ton etm yells ten {ia san vw vramos, sea, lena, Hee ie san — vison cee ‘Were, ee — isomer ere Derecrive Venas XIV. DerEemive Venss —— ce cy in he thd ponte en juactve, peca, plegue, or placea; Preteit Indeatve Sia litle soe le ole, to be accustomed ‘This verb is used ony in t be Al IpEREECL. INDICATIVE, PRESENT ere Fe eas Set oa a i yar, in Co te ote 1 coment, coe ar ote iat “oRESENT INDICATIVE coc BRISA SUGUNCTIVE, concena, enema IM SN an ‘emieron; IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, (both fomi. Prsrorat § XY Sone Gexerst Remanxs Anour Venus si ving eet! wot en te Roeser hig the rari se a ay over ero. a the sad an re seen, Yu nd Tl doy ge patti J mse come me mre obit of iret mbers,coneced by a Pee are inte at of thems 28 ee amb opie Haba mus eee setae ie er bed ded 3. Am active tron verb requires the accusative for its ob- ject an comer pan, to eat bread beber vino, to drink wine the dtect objec a person or a thing perconified or a personal protoue, the preposition « must be prefixed as, amar a Dias, to Tove Gal; Bureé « Rornau, He looked for Rocinante; Me injarid {mi He injured me 4, Verbs are ace, wansice, wrensicioe, passive, and neuter sin English. Tn Spanish, they may also be prenominal or reflexive that is they may have the same person or thing ar subject and tbc. Most ative verbs can become reflexive; as, me favo, 1 wash ryt; me rsur, I shave myself; alabore, to praise onesel. 5. Impersonal verbs are used only in the’ third person singular; aint append Maeve rd Med avon seme cen pith te relive serb is often used in place of the Th Wa Pte or ee a Sone Gevenat: Rewanxs Anour J 10, The agent in such cases is introdueed by p tod (as written by an American; El rey et temido dePasoxay Sranisn XVI How To Use Tae Dirrenent Tenses ‘anp Moons 18 SPANISH gp mis PRESENT INDICATIVE: PROMETO Fe grain king ce the ne sak eT ae ae voy Tm gg BL Ean, Tw the en 3, Neng FN evo 1am reatne te Dok, LA a thingy often: re are See dt he earth moves ard the sa Calis cia esl es fim purrs aE ato enante cs bisesto, The coming year wil Sa ae ce cniemy wl go to conteon Tyo canine the Enh Pret exreving 6 state of ext (asus 4 ae hem osLKeve ea ving Sere 2 Be eat jet aero, 5 V4, aa pepsi You te me apr Tvl woe USE THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE: PROMETIA 1. Mo uel the Lats imperfecta, amebe, 1 loved Fo sepreseat an acon as sl going on at the time spoken of 1c coreponds he Engh past descriptive ear or ere, flloed th rset partie, as, Exudiaba (extaba estdiando) cxand? tS Va, Twat wading then Jou ents. coh BF atl acon. coesponds to the English wed sel eines Cuando ct en Chicano, tha 4 Mia deo i, When ive in Chicago, wed to go to Mase sehen IBBY comtirane of acon for tome time without any SEE Dag arto or ced of the ation exrezeds de mari era nativo de San Antoni THE ee Bitte te ae amet English did, followed Tread your letter yesterday: Hoe ‘To Use te Durenoer Tega 2, Toimply « negation of something presets ay Lag an, Love vas beautiful he isnot Betula Se on ISE THE PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE: HABIA F DO e To express what is past and took place before some othe ‘clado el saa cuando Te levaron a bautizar, They ha ale ‘id him (at home) when they took him tobe baptize ISB THE PRETERIT PERFECT INDICATIVE: METIDO ‘To express a part action that took place immedi uke ation also pare. 1s always used after some: faaido, when; aii que, a8 soon as; no Bien, no 6 Tay; luego’ que, after, as soon ass despur que Apenas ube salido evando ented Su Tstisima, 1 ‘uc when His Excelleney entered, SE THE SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: 1. To express what is yet to be otto take a athe it is mentioned of not; as Se revaed ua fio del alma de Pedro Guerra, A Mass will be ‘Like soul of Peter Guerra. 2. As a softened imperative in stating {ii¢l sombre de Dios en vano, Thou # oti ain; No matarr, Tho shal \ lestead of the present to expres 00 ora sera, What time eit, Antonio, They probably IvePasrorat Sraniet 6 Ie exp a anunciaron ave e. Salva Pe oa The prophets announced. that the Saviout informed me that by the time I would arrive, he would already have vwsiten the eer, USE THE SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT; PROMETA A, Toma coming acon os gong on atthe presen ox senor atom tare ties Duda ge sng, dnb where ‘wilons; Din ue me conn wh hate ave a imprint ft ad third prom, any H lave, Plc dome the favour, Vimnon Lk toe clan et man og cal fm ative in in Spanish; as, No lo hagar, Doa’t do ith Noweodigen ie, Do alto any =" Dan 0 USE TRE sUBJUNCTIV i PROMER /E IMPERPECT ruRE PERFECT INDICATIVE: HABRE ‘trea, shall have finished by the PROMETERIA, PROMETIERA, ¢aningent action that took place some time ago OF 1 ts hte me tin a ‘tompleton of an action expressed by the mate verb | so (er or, Mb ‘een for me, he would have died without ote bia 1 coud, ee (ee a ms, He eget ae {sp THE PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ROMETIDO To.espress « contingent action ay Haat ao far ps or that sill have ten place Before We em fis frre action, a», Dudo que haya eg fu ardved; Le daré su Woro cuando €l me feat fhlpive hi bis book when he wl ave given me min \sE THE PLUPERFECT PAST PERFECT: HUBIE IESE PROMETIDO ‘To describe o contingent ect Whe eam ial taken pace; a6, 8 hubiera etal polthlee lceximenes, Had he studied, he could expec sets in ‘son Ol qe uvere sabia tempo par em pool hed iaowa 4 in Cae ee {SE THE SUBJUNCTIVE FUTURE: PROME To represent @ contingent action to take lace Iss arly ss in poten Spanish and ay Be Freer o inerect subjunctive, eset een Sar lo que me dere (lo que me dee 0 1 ‘ill write to you what he tells me; Se hari cuest fost, cure), Te wll be done no mater What So dijere (dijese) que no, seria un mentiroso, Twould be a liar. {88 THE FUTURE PERFECT SUBI ROMETIDO Te ocsent contingent action de On be replaced bythe subjunetioe Past “Sb (nibiese valida) cuando Va fer dt saris, It T should Be te key with the sacistan- SETHE IMPERATIVE: PRO {command or incite. Weis the second person, TheHow To Use rae Durenase Tage reratve the gf aebias evi ear 1 dae 13), gin tn eles sem ce yt ey aan ina oa by ios, fal Ase 8) a PE te” aston Aesayer (01), 1 tie Sitar ou), tan, a tsment (2) 0 Be esorna (04) ‘ios 10) tsar (Hx). to dentate Mesteree (1205) to anew Aetromr 104), es: seat) ca ne tai 2) to aaa, ater ara (04 ss Settee (2.1, to disor : ene (Lt ape re st ee a 8 sna ete Aiverrie (0.0), to diverge, alata diverir (22); to divert aes eg Araeataae (0.4), t0 dramatize fa feear (0.2) 40 wea, rl, tata ‘dectrizar (0.4), to eledety fee (1270.0, to eet, choo emiarear 1), to embark, to sh {melee (03), to beauty ete ‘emberar (03), to mnt, oak fmbratecer (6.12). to enragh, i fmbrazr (0.4), to clagp, gras ee ‘embrutcer (0.12), to bruit, make cmpare (0), > ire oti ht cvctbear (03) th ‘caer (0. ecm, cece (1), 10 grow at fevearecer (032), to raise the pile overt et aes (0.2), to entrust, warms eenerae (012) 10 mire ‘tmeender (1.1),'to kindle, to Tega)» to Kindle, to Mab Avs exer (Te), 10 Hoek up, shnt mB seeger (0.0), to shrink, comtract ermenar (1), ¢0. recommend, adlear (Oct), to swenten, soothe dure (0.23), t0 beeen ngranecer (0.12), to stgmEnt ar (0), t0 dey, wipe off Sola to feilazar (0-4), co Ince, b tnloqueeee (0.12), to, made, ee er Insane ~s¢ o Deeome Insane colar 0.12), to pols Dlastee mmendar (ie), to. amend, 08 emcee (0.12), to mould, t9 #8 anpcer (032), to ennnble, eB tis swrplleter (0.12), to make proud ‘enguecer (0.12) 0 ele $88 cnvojecer (0:12), to tumn ze it Sronqucer (0.12), co make hones ey co bea MB ‘earonear’ (O11), to SiN, 6 ME ‘sanguentar (Zi), 10 sain i cesaberhecerse (0.12), t0 hese “neo (02) cotta fede anderatand 8 teats aero - jorx [Lier oF Vans enteecoger (0.6), to cash inteeepe fentregar (0.2), deliver sreender centretener (120), 0 entertakay unis st to amuse onset ‘entestcer (0.12), to ander, sit Se, to becone sa ‘ntronizar (04), to enthrone, exalt ‘evejeer (0-12), £0 make ol, Toe ds st to become cavine (0.11, sbi, to say late fonvllecer (0.12), to vllty; = 10 grade neselt cenwolver (Tet), to wrap, buole nivale (122), to be equate frnute cR2), Uo exec, set equivoeat (01), to mistake; £610 we mse cerrar (11), 10 miss offend: Me 10 ie mistaken 4 scant (04), 9, alte cescarmentar (1), £0 comet m6 veel cela (0.1, 0 ean Suore ik sosae. (1 nigornte se, to exert spare (0.5.0 seater, ‘spetine (00, 0 reiicar (0.1). to¢ 16 Sana 08) sin tape (00, | fet (0,0 ce ‘gnc (02) ema fg (6 ee, Sean Se (a0) wenpated 3 ‘steer (3), extn (121, 10 eta, rove Star (00), mle r fair (02), t baie, onstuc fear (03), tts, tong fale (022) aie ti Imigar (03), ain, es -, to beome tra fareecee (0.2), ttre, to tty fecunlar (04). to eeuntate, 0 tere fer (030), to sue, trade, ta. arses (012), to dower, o torn fl (00), t tw (0X) toforicia 030) ots, erie (02), tots, erg: pons > rie a ae tallonerare SE's ome en Sranisa Aeexor. 1 List or Vieas 1 ke dag juteate oe intcte"(02), to tes ges ete (0, (Nad, aten, a bear (0.1), to abeae lee (0.3), Yo ade ater ‘ndiooner (144), to alate reader ty dp ahi tay bnifear (04), » infty Ce Sndapoted FY] inatcie 2 O85, dee per u ober (21), to ale, to govern nd ° F ‘ sar (03), to wound, hart Bar (Geir Ine lsat (02), fo nels coe, seach Erte (0). rowan, cm Mover (et): shoes fram (0.1), ¢o grimt, to grunt fo Insc fnneuce Mw Framer’ (042), t0 kena fe } tinal, to sar ascot (03), te pom vate te v1 ofa aurora (G2}" 2 Sega rae (0410), ¢0 guide, lend ne (0.10), to ate oe ‘ ‘mies (02), taste indie Saar (0) a {0205089 font, ete Oa a au, al haber (18), to nave, own, posse ‘stabs ‘ln, ese acer (12) to mane toy to matter ‘nstrlr (110; 09), 9 tastrach >) yamenar (ey) a) Ilan (11), to feeses “6, cone ere (1.0), to nterdie a tere (135), die 3 ‘evcryonenee (£34), CO HtnH, £0 mtr (130), 4 aa ene (1.2), to fi, to state hetween ‘its ae ty suport cnet herr (2), fo wound, to Bue, 10 Interogar' (02), to question satire (04), tate ‘rm : ervenle (123), to Internat me maser (OA, fecha ca erat (12), to rand (cattle) iistca (01). him erie (1.3), 0 nil =se to become Intexcar (02, to pola (weal atetatnar (0) mies ‘hoppy (sea) “alls) fata (ed Coos) Nam ODT: totaal] ear 2) ine atone en eed ‘ire Intec (1). tr node pee Sa ao?) sts Inuttizar (0.4), to render sees, ferrrnie (04), wo erty vaisatle I (110;0.3)" 9 lee ehage fiver it), etait cs hamedeer (035), to aust, | Ivctgar (0.2, to eticate ir Mae Ot aera mite sat 2) 10 sa lovee (0.2), oto see (0. 4 (110), to go; esto x0 away grt (01), t0 denen, Imbulr (110; 0.9), to sme, saan J : ee | 192). sami Sool), co pete ae rare a poe ft vty cotraditon J Alfce (01), to Sty: fo vnteate onal immer), pone = Jong (012), to fee as Fenton Ince (10 ;'39), to teade Inomunicar (0,1), to isla, ‘nto solaty eondinemeat Lone far (0.4), to throw, hue, une Urea. (0.2); fo scsiPasrona F ot an mr (ou), «> mae patwear (04). 10 maturtic rasta (02), be slpwseis pnt ef ee ‘evar (BL), to snow ° Shree (1), de sbecr Sie (es ees ber (63) 6 stot to Mosk SK (10) a Feu Steer (O32) a ne fear (01), 0 daze contuse seta aes Be setts) ns oe : ilar (04) te eealee Sorat (032), ta eoset ote, ® sey me ee > Sees Bis es yr abee fo 3), ple tra pte te barat ge 1 tet op, Pea 0.) tao ele 3) tk ot Cor, eps, Pt 0) ti te aan Peete (0 tec ae ret 10), mae et a cer (0.12), to Uetone, tO orc or) (gai aes pecvertie (1.2), to pervert OU buble (1) 0 pe procaine TS) eee Heer (D), to pense, crue opine, ek, ner ‘fee (12), tn rote, to ate ‘ie Tae 8 a ‘lament, Dewdil punzar precisamentetacante a eso qe Don Peds ere hablar eo Padre? ©. LA quien qultera tener como padeon Ia sur de Pedro? 8. ha gi ‘aria eso tumblén a Don Pedro? 7. 5Qué promnta entota et Pade a Don Peto? edué lad tlene Salto? olde, ow engl Mativel? 10. Cuil esta edad que debe eer un tadrino? tt Qul de te hacer Don Pedro? 12. ia adnite ap en sguldn ule saber as "zones para eso? 13. Poe qe ex ues tan pull en ene EGY 4 Qu eemplo dn et Padce t Dott Pedro pura convene de iat ‘clra enso? 17. {Caden sam ls blignstnes de Yn padeass? 18, he ‘40 modes tamara tos padrines respecte a so aBliaden® 28, 006 see hacer los padres para sus bios? 0. Has pee que no amp. ‘om eo deberes? 21, eQolén debe ear oe hie en la Reine al ‘aso? 22. Puede un miso de a edad de Sanelto entender esas obliga ones? 2." etinjo Mué peendo bien eo? 24. ve pens Pda que a vaficlente para ser pada? 5, v6 muetaeho e# Manele? 2 “iene Juan in ind sofllente porn se pada? 30. EOF QUE ‘iene Pate ndline come peo? Sil ol pap de Jaan Ca itco Deno written? 32." Hu eum com of deber pasaal? 3 ‘u€ no sere mand & Sash ma doctrna? 4.2m a pene Ma Yastlin? 35. Tine Sebustin rosin on eso? 8, abe Jann el te ‘isto? Conse 6) las verdes de neste santa Rel ‘vil ce 1 Pedto al Pade tasnte tte punto? 4 4, “cPoe ut et ew Cutten? Be LO eon Pearo? ig Cree Paro yer hater? te 2 fea? 45, a aprendldy algo Don Pato bland cn el ‘we he uo en fees costs ave no deri hacer rest tonta depide ot Pade Da Poe?asronat SPaNIst vot = II Se Presentax Papninos Que No Estan Casapos A. Sox Cones 1 Jeni Vi cnn pore Iles - \ lesia. Quizds lo haré 2ENa SESOR; no coy cand por fe Ilsa. Ques To ne EROS AHORTTAY wo To po hacer (oo puedo a) SoAY pr gun? Estab Vd. asad antes {Peta no DECIRSELO, (No ier deseo 0 Vi) LSSIENTO MUCHO, prec Veet na dal seers pra er piv. GoMe parece aut Va tone dx class de ees una pa os mayen T=aQue quiere decir Vd, con eso? No le entiendo a Val 8—{Bueno, NO BAUTIZARON José Ortiz y SU SENORA el domingo pasado? 9A ver. Si, bautizaron al nifo de Podro Castro, ;Pero au ti rn eso que ver? (Para qué melo pregunta Td? 100H, NADA! Solamente sé que no estin cssadoe por la Irlesia 11—Si no estén easados por Ia Iglesia, me engaiaron, porque les regunté si estaban cxsndos por Ia Inlesia. :Qué culpa. tengo yo 4 hay gente que no tiene VERGUENZA y “ECHAN MENTIRAS” fe ta grace arunto (en cosa tan importante)? 12 dhes prequntd Vad. de veras? gles bio VA. de veras esta pregunta?) 13—Setor, no acontumbro decir mentras Siempre hago esta pre= gts. SLELLOS ME HUBIESEN DICHO Ia verdad, seguramente NO LOS HABRIA ADMETIDO como padrinos. Me alegro que Pd ‘haya dicho ta verdad y le respewo por es0; pero nosottoe lov Sacer- dotes debemos obedecer las leyes de nuestra Ilesia en este puntey ya ley muy elara: no podemos admitir como padrinen o coal ‘ues que no esté easado por la Iglesias I4Muy bien; polemos ira otro lugar donde no hacen tantas os C hacen tanta Goorantsrs Nor Mannieo ey rite Cues cunta. Naturalmente, Vd. puede decir que esté casado por ta Iglesia’ MASIADO) gt Wt ené dopa cave bet pada B, No Puroes Casanse 16—gEsté Vd casado por Ia Iglesia? Digame la verdad, I7.—No, Padre, no estoy casada por fa Iglesia ni puedo casarme: porque mi esposa habia estado easada con otto hombre por la Iplesa, Pero, ¢podria-yo zenir solo, © podria mi esposa yeni sela? 18.—No, lo siento mucho; pero eso no cambiaria la stuacion, Tedos aqui saben que V ‘ds, no estan casados por Ia Telesia,y por eso habria escéndalo AUNQUE si Vd, 0 au esposa VINIERAN tolos Pero aunque la geate no lo supiera, yo loxé ahora y debo obedecer las teyes de ia Islesia. Pero rezaré por Vids. para que pueden eoloer (para que 2uctvan) al cumplimiento de sus deberes (a cumplir con Mr debere) . Conan ©. Quirness Casanse vox 10 Toutsin 19.—Buenas tardes, sedor. :Cémo esti Vd. de salud? 20—Me siento perfectamente bueno, :Céavo est Vk? 21—Muy bien, gracias, He venido 4 informarme DE, CHER cosa, 22—Rueno. De dinde viene Vi? No recendo su nombre 24—Vivo AQUI MISMO en el pushlo y me tlamo Catloy Mee A Mason Waves To Be Goorariten us IV Un Masox Quiere Sen Papaino {ywense andes, soot, Qué deses Vd? Qué ae te frce 2:—He venido a darle todos los nombr. es para un bautisme que 100 que Vi i % saga (administre) masana por la tarde —Muy bien, :seré Vd, el padrino? Si, sion, me invitaron a mf y @ ai expose ; Dénde vive Va? —Aiqut mismo en el pueblo. 6-—No conozco su cara. :Viene Vd, a Mita los domingos? 7.—No, es que siempre ANDO MUY OCUPADO, pero eo no importa (pero no le hace), pienso muy a menudo en mi Dios due rante el dia y eso es muy Juficiente (om eso basta), 8.—1Com se llama Vd.?....—Me llamo Carlos Pruneda, Carlos Pruneda ... A ver, Carlos Pruneda? {Oigal :Ne ES VD. MASON? No hay muchos mexicanos que sein masones «quien el pueblo y naturalmente, como parroco de esta iglesia, tengo ‘mucho interés en conocer fos nombres de los mexicanos que pertene- cena dicha sociedad, 10—gPor qué tiene Va, tanto inter no son alos, Los FRANCMASONES 1h —Puode se, Le dicé que muchos de mis amigos pstenecn 3 este sociedad; MAS NINGUNO DE ELLOS ES CATOLICO, 12—Para que cea Vd que tengo razén cuando digo que los max sone no Jom ferte maa : IS.—Pero Val dee saber ue la sociedad de Tos masons ciedad protibida porta Teena. Nig Cato puede pee esta social y ser ben Catico, : 14—Bueno sefor, si Vd. quiete sabe, soy masén 9 sola en rea. Lin masones ayaan a Tos pobres 9a te Iason, CUANDO vm tarda ESTE en teed o note Inj, fs dems masones fe ayudan lo ual (lo que) 0 lo Caicos 5B: pore y no lo wiego, pero en 0 ea 16 Bueno, entonces de qué se tata? Coil esPastonas, Spas 16 Be raed SER UN BUEN FADRINO de nce Tee ao or EL SER MASON c Religién Calica. Fd, no le importa qué opiniones polticas tenga yo toque pueda pensar de muchas otras cosas, ;Por qué entonces debe Fis Vd. interesarse en lo que pienso de LA ORDEN fraternal de Tes masones? Pies in del eval cada indiy fico jes luo es al aque eo er eg Pe Bin 4 od dient tay wa grnn de vera, pa dete ender ben (pr uno dab fomprndei en). ba teonramo gure pari glen l ful Wi, gence, come torr een cos del Ips, yor Gero, peoioe a His fosdemigos modar tt hos 8 une ces len ek tne ana enifa olde decrees ek ses opie pala, Poe 1 inl Aca eta cos, prgue ale ta Korda Ua Une ence A TROMUGIDONG os ies OU PERTENECIENAN a ean de ln mane: ea gece ioc slo. Ela abe may ben LO QUE ES [A NASOMERIAG ts serdasumeteaucl e copings a acta cence sc de ea Toveled trees ten cen Gimenes(ordnai) no ben de aoe ta «her onlonneiy iy inpradee a cnr (ES fecal qe Is maser eS isay Ty peters, Es do sitrpre cones a Pertencer a ea scien desu derecho en sur 2 ibertad de sep as steero, er decir de ln ileia Lego el deher sara de mucho decile gue Vd. no ES ¥ POF eo viento, Puede ser padring.” pete cis daira ME CONVENCERE Sa oe su JAMIAS Gedo, ty me! gt cm er sie ae rs ana nm ie Sapte ‘ezala Religiin de sus padres,” PM# QUE pueda volver otra oe A Masox Wass To Br Goorm GRAMMATICAL NoTES ANDO Muy ocuPADO. use as a copulatve ver ike estary ag muy ceupados ando muy cansade for . NO ES VD. MASON . .. Remeber the rule 69 OHeOIIaa ‘otten by the American student thatthe indefinite article, mitted when unmodified names of aden, profesion, a and so on are used as, Soy masén, I am a Freemason SOF econ, Tam a doctor. For other examples see Short Grammar page 8 1a. FRANCMASON . . . Note the © in the wotd, Thete ie ons porace NOSE EL CREDO EE 3 Beta ae Sncpes ie ie cess cone am Puss bin, digo conmigo eens, (RBA EL CREDO. fa Padre low dros? CON EL PADRE) des ne no in a a (Antes de ungi Ia ritara) a —Desabrochen Vas, 10s sertdor de 1s mes (bebites). pata toner Tos 6leos en la expalday en el pecho, (Coando va a bautiar) 8 Quite Va. el gortito de las el favor de tocar la caer de la to serdpadsine, 9:—Pero Pade, ya LE HEMOS ECHADO EL AGUA a ls 10—gDe serait « 5 i I rit MUY KIALA y el doctor pentaba que no iba a oir tiempo, La seora Ferns extuvo presente ¥ ela" cna frente de la etatu 12.Yo estuve presente. 13.—Si; ella ech el agua sobre la frente maria, te 14.—;PERO HOMBRE!) es Vamos a bouts132 Pasrorat. Spanien The ADstNIsTERse oF 4 Barrie (Ab calire de Ia isesia.) ; Todas estas ceremonias son muy bonitas, Pai 15,—Pade, no VALIA EL BAUTISMO de Ia sefiora Fernand i icara Vd. un sermén sobre todo exo unos de en Serle sumatente prdctie, 6—No; asi no se bsutiza. Cuando uno bautiza, uno echa e agua tabi es sin er baud, no bubiera podido entrar en a die No, mochiimase goes Moe ciclo, y,¢qun hubiera tendo la culpa? Aquella persona que no sabia 17.—gDeberfamos usar agua bendita 1. HAY ALGUN NINO. . . Hay isthe third person of the gue bendita, pods ater agua oriinaria COMO VIENE DE TA sad meant there. This word anslates the Eaglihs there wee SNORIAY (6 mana), Peo a etal debs. dec, “Juan cil be, there may be, and in ths eating i nays stands ble ‘Maris yo te bautizo en el hombre del Padre y del Hijo y del Rspirita the noun; as, Hay mucha gente en la iglesia, There are many people Santo,” ;Sabéis shor cémo hacerlo? in the church, Te a Yaa Ws lo cro, Padre, Oia, zhubiers sido necessrio waer a Taxtead of hay we can use he, especially in eprestions of Ja eitura I ila ia sea Femndnder Io hnbiece esha alt ‘ime: as, Otince afin item yan aga. Nove tat oo 20—Si; fro o a bauer, SINO A SUPLIR las demi ecremo: nhrase ie stands atthe nd ofthe sentences Noe the expres vias que nase podan hacer ea cua re hay por aud therein mo reason fry ay que rear, payer 21.—Hablando de ceremonias, le puedo hacer a Vd. una pre= porte 4 guns! VA VAN TRES VECES que Soy padrine y cada ver tala 2._ EN EL PRIMER LUGAR . Primes bongo» number Henin de pregunta al Pad lo que Sian ly dieremes Mf cives whieh dope the ial © befoe a maven oo cerenaias del Batic Pr ejemlo, jor gud vopla Va. tes ets Apesopation of adjectives in Short Grammar, page 13, Mk. pes eres, 4. MAS RECIO . . . Recio means strong; mds recio, sen planes sobre Ia cratura porque queremor echat suongly, thesfore louder. ‘Tiss aaother intanes wets mi fuera al diablo, Seplamos tres veces porque pensamos en las (65 fies an adverb. According to the Grammar of the Spa ftonas dels Santina Trinidad. Cnnds el Pade hace sxe it chs seem to be admiable, We eam for inane 8 ‘Slat ctr dager Epi Santo. Dips pe a beter : a Teng de a riatura, La sales simbolo de la 5. NO SE EL CREDO DE MEMORIAG Iressions as they differ from the Enalish: saber de m know by heart; eprender de memoria, to learn by h 6. REZA EL CREDO CON EL PADRE... To is wanslaced with rezar, especially when there is Prayers tobe read or to be said from memory; as Re etc ‘Te word sich ce a ee frequently for mental prayer. Do no14 Pastosat, Spans context, this applies to baptism at home, in ease of necessity. 10. ESTABA MUY MALA . .. Bitar is used to express state of | health; a, Exoy uy bueno, I am very well; Estoy enfeemo, Tam sick: Ser malo means to be bad (character). See Short Grammar poses 6 and 65 for rules concerning the wses of ser and estan Th PERO HOMBRE! Tee the word hombre i wed ak sin lp apn’ at an Te ete ete tet cares wae i pa tallaown Thee Sosetny, Hombre! rut wre oma foo mach He cr Engine Guy har do you ean Unie a fel at yor may cls many hi fica ae, avid he home Is bees toe afr wihthe Lani sacs ne fee Velo Mac Win dp ou east ie Ween We Shea beter tome Don with he gen names se Don Poy Bas re 1S. VALIA EL paUTisuo Piety ivorh wiles ms ta el tr ge Bend at TK. COMO VIENE. DE LA Nori si meanea wl cpl th i 28 SINO‘A SUPLIR..n Spas we have dee conjunc janine te Either BE Pn he conjunations serene wer mua be ate" Ma! 0, Th far and pero join two clauses of which t ie first one may be” Sree aa TSka longa foe oe Sho Egat Be may ve he anf GE Oe Bas Sr ater samc toh caae Ta fo folowing examples will make ths aeorg the cp a) ak eB nx ‘enti then; Neer ia a es ft Quite few practical phrases toler. Note the following! vale la pena it sale, iis beter; salina, it would be betters inca, beter late than never; jedlgame Diath, Strictly speaking, no: oper word for well i Tne Avauisistenisa oF 4 Barrisa l pecador mismo; Its not God who seeks the d but the sinner himself Que is added to sino (but NOT 1 pero) when the vets of ot when the same er epee Ba toe ale del pecador tm ged pectoris fe al ee tot withdraw ffom the sinner, Bo te snes hese fae He \c times the meaning of sino is emphasized by adding: al rear, onthe contrary; ty Diao se alge dal pean is a coun, peeaice eae Somctmes ino vig crete lene eam us, Nadie sabe Ta hore dea eis Dios Ooh aise Ga Gai no one except Gol) kone Coen pa Sino mst not be cone wit SY NO; st No cme sno aba, He does note He doe he WOM Bf NOR tiie, He doe a ai. YA VAN TRES VICES... Jee meme Wnt Re there practi phrases fa sey atone agen ey meine ‘nora in fs (het) cur «pee ccna gc Goce in ht; de uh el a ots oes Si, Se ate El ‘es: masbe,pebaps tle las ce a le ae eS 2. VELA ARDIENDO sent paricple Wo ened : 2. ¥ COMER “CAKE”... Ths a Non ele ay Mesa ka Smid Dictionary which ed tha word rite gnu ie ea eae ite the English word and given ica Mest dis a wed "rue wack; chin, ses citer, Boag woe, fos ee ihe proper word for eke in Spanish to be the translation of the Engsh word: pie or! for other expresiny ana few more a0 aye ie a linge bts ox perp the fami expe Cami de cangs fr haan opti ‘entavos; for dipo . . . estacién (de fe fet Tr choc atc) © Irencs; for stora (starter) ora {Yor velaardienda, because the p"hu Anunteanne ora Barra 4 Pastonat, Spans 136 VERBS ent po ust GE thee te ww boy wat = 500 may ean ty STEN sxe enka ee ecm eg eh ie ei (128) ape Lt; ens (1.20); veer (D5 a or aus 00 "5 oo tbe oe ce 3h ier (4D dee (6) CL), er (9) | ee ses ae wea Tepe bara ae, cic oom Sees oa ae ue sign ol olor suave Ge til ‘hat H¢ may follow De nel ee RADICAL CHANGING VERBS pensar (R.1); poder (R2); querer (R.2); See Short Grame rman pase 36, ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGING VERBS boautizat (4); legar (02); rexar (0.4); ungir (0.6); ton ‘ae (O11); nacer (0.12); crer (09); sigaiiear (01); vencer (05)5 next tothe boy Nite tater ‘See Short Grammar, page 34. = wou 2 a : th pogo mie reso ensarme please exeuse me ae ‘eno emgs eras 4,00 ko coed by ba 1. ut preantn ol Eure cna y varas att Sein arin eitey (ME HU fsnet. "or qu dete humbre pretreat en a Tl {lhe phetiery ton the 1 GMM lous dcben rcae 9p tae ag eeu | iteaor? “5. “lan pan (etc) algunas vce * ‘ve hagan to paring anes de he Monge that s¢ would not ne J Tospalatras que teaducen al expel a pala esa segs on ile estas tres palabras usa mis Ia gente mexicana? 9, tone ra carne mes ate fe oti a fie Ee ate i ai eee cee ‘we aviten toy does de bes Pease aeeee cme aM ee pier en ac wise 1340 debe asa alae iene tt ta a ayers 10 Que lee et ican eeu sata be 2 bi teen ot He ‘spat cdot Bees mate anne Salt twa hopin MME goa mie 10 dite no rear ninguna. sen, mien ae my portante cel cate a,Pasronat Seanisie e Barrisa oF « Stex Cute ar Home ests bootleade extatul tee a ec a Catstco sep bag ‘mare gt be VIL Bavrismo DE uN Nifo Exrermo en Casa I.—Buenas noches, Padres (Qué calentio et apul! 2 oe Beas noche, Jum, Oude a gue cnt 24 seat Do = 1248 eo gue le tae for ape eee ey A tn’ ie pete sor zo ernera Gag ior de La noche» conan filo tan aba BOF ates el Tock Sa ae elera ms trie iat ibe MAE alo, Ovieve que venga V4. fumediatameute™s Wonenin ter el padron? 4, eChintan voces a 4—:Deade curindo ha estado enfermo el so? ENTIENDO (me. i ented Yo ve sgnitcaban 4 rece 0 creo) QUE EL NINO NACIO YA HACE ALGUNAS Si tee sobee tn erate | S1ANAS Fete at iro a 5.—Si, os verdad; pero ha estado enfermo desde el primer dia de fea mal que el Padre pone sobee la lengua dag < aciiento y esta mafana se puso peop Ilana? 40. Por qv torso Pare com al ‘as mah fot i bo ste 6.—Bueno, entonees, gpor qué mo me llamaron durante el dia ex “ia UNI ger decor hee hos dance Tene es le ae net ree ete thas Cinco aie ot Pate oon ae verdad es (lo cierto es que. . . el hecho es que) que ful See" ce ae ia tac te wo deg och ep ce hr ream ba et Getafe Sant! Sey onde greets muy cae rare age aa et al 48. {Qué selen hacer fos padrinos después del Bantam ¥ me dijcron que no, Entonces les dije que lamatia yo eon todo ta ol padinn al Pudee? a. ePoea toa) Sacordote SMa hecho Vd. muy bien, Joan (ino V8, muy bien) Pero seguro que llamaron al doctor: er que nolo oeidarom Peto, 90 aut no bousien Val al nifod Lo Mabiera podida hacer muy Bien ‘aso de peligro CUALQUIERA PUEDE BAUTIZAR. PS, lo sabins pono pensaba que V, loodia hacer ue af mismo tiempo PODIA. esse sobre (ENSALMAR) CRINTURA" y' dar a Pero a ru semore anos buenos ienso que todavia no estén etados por 10.—Bieno, vaya Vs ahora y digles que lo prepare todo en uuos eeinte minor 3 M—iVan a necesitar padsinos? ¥ si es gue sh db 12Siseno es sufciente; pero pueden tener dos si '5—Pero, Padre, ef padvino que han escorido ( ado) no exté aga, vive en San Antoni. 20 }4.—Bueno, si acaro no puedan ouvir a la “crintura” sin tener140 Pastonas, Sranisi Barris or 4 Siex Cuno ar Howe a ‘ACIO YA HACE ALGU. eel, cate cremecies Ve. ve we De ‘A PUEDE BAUTIZAR . Before « noun, cualguies drops the) as, evaluier libro, any bask Gur Meseage at simcs vse tin the plural, when the single shold Be was op Ecco un libro culesquer; coretys escoje un libeoeualntone 18. Bueno, Pa ir inmatistamente (en squid). Tam choosing any book (dsr ardeen aca de io enfermo) PODRIA ENSALMAR LA CRIATURA.. This is « word 16—Buenasnoches, :Dénde et la nia enferma you wil hear very often. The people brig you a dk peron alt z Jou: Padrecito, quero que Va, ensalme sti ito" They wi H7—Aqu, Padre; es vio... —Déndeesté el paring? yes, Madice, gute que V4 eran ita, hey wh ou 1&—Juan ceri el padino ... Dime UN POCO DE AGUA BENDITA, W.—Pero, Pade, no tenemos aga benita en casa poms om poco de uguu COMO SALE DI ).—2Qué nombre quiere Vi, poner al nif? « Beatoma. Lay crs (emis) ceremonas que precedn al Baxtomg eben hacerse mis tade aqui en ls iglesia. Pero es mejor que se saya Va. ahora. The origin of this expression is superstitious: to eure a person (supersttiously) by saying certain prayets, Note also the expression: por ensalo, suddenly, all of a 20 —Ronoee “GRIFO™ (de as —Pedto, de 4. QUE PASA CON VD, ... Literally: bue what happens youd; what about you? Note these expressions: Qué he pas 21-—Bueno, Joan, coja (tenga) ol nifo y lo bautizaré en segui What happened?; 2Qué le pasa?, What isthe mater with you? TAAL, se me ha olvidado traer el algedn! {Tens algo en casa 18 UN POCO DE AGUA . «Poco, 4s an adjective sane ge 2—Aqui hay an poquito de alodén ways before a noun; 2, pooor hombres, few men. But when a 23—DEME UNA “MECHA” iso when auch 9 CERI PARI cones Detacen the ‘woth and he od ele ggesnder (PRENDER) LA VELA (Dopo edo derstood, poco ean stand after the noun, a Soldados habia wea Agnes wm aus0 Citic ent mundo, Peo no | “0 sts pou, here nee many a Ibiron dete rprr tant temps pss Key: PO ‘When ured. as as sabatenie i aes tate sabenios cuindo morirenos. Siete nlp hibits nic cS dle In our example here poco it uted as a subrtatioe ima no bsbiera polid entrar en el cite, Ahora a seans so a fore must have the masculine article. Our people often say: ite telganmeo sl iglesia a aia a de agua, but this is incorrect; it should bes un is ceremonae 7A propel ‘eevee shed sys Hey post agua la ater in the well: 20. COMO SALE DEL GRIFO.-- Pero hay otra cona que debe Pie trom which water flows, thereforePastonat, SPaNisi Ww Tied optic an esl, ie fuse. Accordibg to the same Rete (120); salir (148) See Shore Grammar page 4 poner (R.2)5 Barris oF a Stex Cito ar Hoste Vocarvnany 1 terdad es (lo lero et) Te pesunt st yu eta bund ne aleron que no Iw nantes podldn hacer tay Bien cto de peligro cotter pe roteae Yio pala nacer mesor Via tempo pote casa ts he tte Beno consefos & Pt Palos que sf bamtank une 1 miding han eco. tee aed hones ‘otro aaa tote tener 1 pndsine ‘tern Vi pudeing uh, debt ‘ie cuando smi tarde azn ‘eatin ala isles ow warm bre ‘what beings ou Bee a th owe ‘tthe nia fn sah terry ok mentee 4 punt oo come et a "ebay as brn severe dks ‘ns toring tase worse osteo waiting unl thle boar ‘othe nah 1 guess te Gut eat (i thle hea) {o'aee how the bd wa geting stone ake HC 1 had ae ‘ru eo do i tar te sine tie $ou oould eay ‘rer the tld soit Ret i ese so thon to ge versie al'be tere i Bae2iiopsi Darts oF 4 Sex Guna ar Hate a Pirate! aie eden bi sPara qué nccesita el padre algodéa® a7. eParn ust pide et stm mech? 28. Puede ‘Td. dete. atts alti te! ‘ainno? #9, Coil do estas palabras es que at eh wi tae ex melon au ae sya hore ae far wean’ 0. st a oe So ee Si ara eatin, ee ie es of ca rit 12 (Culndo_ debra ee ti an on hm ae i ois ma ty re ese al aot cali bas a a usenta one Men Una dela when ou con ely cal Mn Gti xEReIse 1. {Como esta wh euaro ust Paste? 2 QUE tiempo hace afuern? 4. Pam qué nda Pedko Librado a an ser al Pade? 4. {Cala ‘ulere Pro que ce elPadee# {Dale can habla eiado eae fa rata? tho se pnso pear? 7 Sern Tuy cel ex ‘xi por é Pedro wo san at Fader §. Caine habia ido Joa € Went de Petro? 2. Por qué taba echo Juan eta vista? 10, ‘mo ents Jain a la vata? 11, see preptatsen otto? 12. SG queria Ince eaunten Ivan? TS Le paren Faire to qve bala co Jouu? 14. Gut ine bebo mcr ks pres deb rlatueaenferat 1 Podet sua aber bate ‘ado evatra ene casa? 16, iPr qué no Io haha bechot IC sm conn sl Jah qe voila aber eco el Pe Sendo old de Heasor 38 Aud lee dect'w aloes “esl, COM educa TA. Ja fre Inlet “to eve sod advice’? ,ovdi eo i Aitereatn que bas ere ta frase eatu'y a apes, Se 2. “Cui peta el Pate leone 2. Colinton yatino van a aes ae ule aan ead hs pare 2 gga +28. “Lau pregunta eater et Pade 0 See Tenn eens eh oe fen pean ao ‘te atin ye 3 a ace en Ho eaten cts 5200 ween tae ae Bos16 pesrorss tare Conrimatation Account 40 Oto Costone VII Coxrmwactoy ex Usa Diocests Dope cso debe vno juzgar cada caso en particua q Creo que en el a Topavia sé Conrinwan Los Criqurros ‘ mewn de ctor (eh muchos cab) day stones Bate grapes srs per adr om pian aapgee hips Gs eae a Hla! Miguel {QUE LE PASO EL, DOMINGO PASEO Si nav haa tid pans de que no lo of en la Mira? q 10.—Bueno, Padre. Entonces invitaré a Don Marcial, Ayer ya me Re regis fieeatn camo comporcr vn motor, Por eam Ne, Silay fee pude (PODIA) VENIR a Misa, Pero me dijo Clarita que el Seon Aobispo iba a venir a confirmar a los witos de esta parroqua is verdad? (es cierto 0 as es?) IL-1 derecho eanénico dice que uno o alo ms dov ation toy gue fade ina i pain, Peto eh Wa 4S, Migo) as es, Vendré DE ESTE DOMINGO QUE IES Taro para sacar tor boleroy se al eee. aked ANOS NE ex cuatro Semana. Hie el arancio con mucha antipaéa @] CIENTOS DE. CONFIRMACIONES. Por te ol ahite utes pata tenet tasane tempo de peptarlo colo Cuardno erp pucietene dos o mde alton St omboigs mee beta fasta clakina momento, onda no demasiado apurado, YES PARAM] In de costo, pues eo demadiada dich ewe patton w ta MATARSE, dm meget der fos los yo mismo, porque COMM macnn pueda ocean eat 12.—Hablando de los boetos, Padre gedato (qué tanto) von a 13 CUATRO REALES, Pero no deben Wds, usar Ta palabra dre eer Lode a gente Hicera ty que deberta hacer, HOM “cobrar”. Vas. saben muy bien que na ve puede Comprar ot Saeae MALO ES QUE, como siempre, esperan hasta el timo. momenta tvento de In Confirm ey a dd Bait ea ne Paste asst) LOS BOLETOS. a propisit, Miguel, 4@ | que debemos hacer un donation o dar una limoona de cuatro reer, fine Fa. que conlitmar dos de su) chamarot? 14.—2Que otra cosa vamos a necesita? Clara me djo que Va. $4 Patie; TENGO A MARIA Y A JOSE, Pensaba yo invlat |] habia dicho on'la iglesia que for padrinor deben preseatane doe Aliandro para que fuera padino de Jone. Qué te parece d FALITA con la fe (el eertificado) del bouts, TBs ug , 15.—Si, es muy importante, Nos ayuda macho, Debemos dea Jamas vse’, jai e0. V4. sabe muy bien que Don Alea 4a fecha de la confirmacion en los libros de les bantimos, dew ro amis viene 2 Misa, aca se confiea: exo est no cn Catlil secs pierde uno mucho tempo (bastante tempo) bussando 4. Serin para Vd, unas semenar ocupadlrimas (semanas de mie sho trabajo). : uve un hombre (scfor) que de serar 4] bre del aif, ‘Teaiendo el eerlfeado (Ia fe) del baum, pe tarde oy ls Jt eds cepa y donde puedes AMM use ne eerie eso c ivi pacing MO Aleuas veces Ia) gente se avila] Shcontrar el bauiguma, Ya. puede ver que eso bard mur Sati MAES th ncn cade, fr fe Ie 9 Imucho dn fae, Naoraliente, puede ocuri algunas a enemas no es est thaae ayn pada |r impose cone erica del bunny em ee og,tat mai cen sepsis hea i in informamos biew donde y cuando se basticé Ta BOX RRL ctaha tic dare. Ta ‘or eel bode oom. Habis qtidg ube ta j Tosa Pare, uno de mis als 9 en padton de pa deg MB vale 4 Don Marcil, pero ud es necesatio que se confiese antes de recibir Ia 9-—Bueno. Es verdad gue op sie pl aa la Cinta debe Me cso sea porble,8 Pastonat, Srasisit mbm tiempo uno mince sabe. Por eta razén voy a hacer un emai De eteteine detads cus vor « oper CNA HORA, TODOS LOS DIAS durante unig ea fara gsr as pinwscofedén; CREO GUS NOTIN SUCH Frum enirgs, bs pace deberen poner a Geis artemis put que Pei poo eco os todavia hay en el pueblo, 18 Ya veo yo, Pade, que durante Ia ltima semana estard Va muy ecupado dando boletes y preparando 4 e confesién. Seguramente le gustaria mucho que vinisen a tiempo para Ioawtizar a las craturas que todacia no estén bauticadas. Don Ignae Gio me hablé ayer para que fuera padrino de uno de sus hijon 19-—Va lo creo, Miguel; véngase uno de estos dias. Que no spere hasta el tltimo momento, Lor del pueblo debertan venir di ante estas dos semanas a bautizar y a arseglar sus boleton, Hoy ‘mache gente que vie en los alrededoresen los ranchon, y yo quisety dejar os timos die para exta gente 20—Pare,squi viene Don Pablo, hublaron algunos pars ave fuera pa il Oialé gue no. La vex pusada me ayudé mucho a guardar orden et Ia iglesia. Espero que también eito vex lo dejanin ex pat bare.que pueds VOLVER A HACER LO MISMO. Boenss tordeh, Jumito, Hay algo de nuevo? ade ntrettl as tay et vamen « tener confiemacionesi Sei combrometerme a ser podria, quero eater if Va eG ios ala primets 20ué querré 1? Quizds ya le 2.—iQut bocto!fustioeaba yo i b 1 eitaba yo hablando de eso con Miguel, oe eek quiero que me ayude Vd. como ire atl 7 Fin Vt Pb Coca 25—Todavis no 48; pro pienso qu ‘evcenion cncenta los ts gue we fag see dowcenos 26—Espero que no haga mucho calor a 4 Toe ay Beh como wudames lama at tt, Todavin me ce tanas cerradas, ion les gmertae geal 21-—Pero,:Por Qué cerraton tas poe, 25--Hlay eran muy exelent nan Means? aveles que legan tarde, buscan ta ea, 22 Si uno no te trae aun desp ae Conrnaarion Aceon x0 Ora Cuero cue Sir Arobip ba comes a rte Es pap tien devo de nn dae th eee eal Meee Setor debe ence eae \RAbIE EAAR ea dea ae Sec se RMT ¢ ahiado FSTABA AFUERA y elpadine sl padeePaag i ea, Hote quiero pasar ta ae py nae pe dil al padrino que esa dene de ch eee or srvbipo’ esas uniedo a aiauan Rehan ine ice cided, Por cro ce amon ete gn Pade espero que Va. haf fetta pag ely ode es mets cae 23,—Era ies muy buera, ead sae fimadeees are ean Ca ae gee tras pequcfas en ts Broo, eed aches mie Stray estoy sire sue lor pads que later ea Cg Be eae 4-Que no xe olviderecdate « er tee eae projec S1_-N rants; oy « ada oe Tenino fos padins el bolt pope de eda cau tlese bah cc mis orden y nose piste tant amps Cleo que inet foe tar dso orden de xtra yr Formamas ds iat ena pal {cn medlo coment dene el comuigen ae am ites YENDO por ws lade confemanes ange & LA VUELTA lel or Ino, Loy que eta ya eienalee fe gi BANCAS (or bance) 9 lay pals lee, a dan (Sn a ut a oh ya a sees lor adrincy verse eu emg ‘oe halo muy bles pope tnema pase de en mo empl 22S), Pade; la vex pane ee non habe aogn desea Or ace Fate Ls vee pasta i if 4 habia ‘lgunos que declan que so fen Co Qué letos; y otros que levaban dos © tres ahijados, ire va ebaj 33—Si; a mi jane ‘me lo dijeron. Pues: wl pudo hacer slo peo gies mre "eno me yen alma yng 0) "a me las manden a mf, Puede s i. 6 eee