6

CHAPTER
CHAPTER

RESULTS, SALIENT FINDINGS,

DISCUSSIONS AND COMPARISIONS

6.1 DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF BIO-COMPOSITES

In this chapter, we are summarized various properties of fibre reinforced bio-composites found
by experiments and their comparisons with other bio-composites are shown.
6.1.1 Stress-strain (-) Curves of Different Bio-Composites in Tensile Test
Stress vs strain curve shows their linear behavior in initial portion of the curve, after it become
non linear as the stress increases. Tensile strength varies from 40.83 MPa which is of 35% rice,
40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25% jute fibre bio-composite to 49 MPa which is of 15% rice,
20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite.
Since, 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre biocomposite has higher tensile strength in tensile test. Thus, we see that 15% rice, 20% natural
rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite is the strongest in
tension.

6.1.2

Fig.
6.1 Comparison
among
stress-strain
(-) curves
for various bio-composites
during Tensile
Stress-strain
(-)
Curves
of Different
Bio-Composites
in Compression
Test test

Stress vs strain curve shows their non linear behavior as the stress increases. Compressive
strength varies from 40 MPa which is of 35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25% jute
fibre bio-composite to 52 MPa which is of 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy
(Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite. Since, 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex,
25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite has higher compressive strength
in compression test. Thus, we see that 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite
AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite is the strongest in compression.

Fig. 6.2 Comparison among stress-strain (-) curves for various bio-composites during Compression test

6.1.3

Load-deflection (P-) Curves of Different Bio-Composites in Bending Test

Load vs deflection curve shows their non linear behavior as the load increases. Bending strength
(Flexural strength) varies from 78.40 MPa which is of 35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103)
and 25% jute fibre bio-composite to 94.08 MPa which is of 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex,
25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite. Since, 15% rice, 20% natural
rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite has higher bending
strength (flexural strength) in bending test. Thus, we see that 15% rice, 20% natural rubber
latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite is the strongest in
bending.

Fig. 6.3 Comparison among load-deflection (P- ) curves for various bio-composites during Bending

6.1.4

Bar-charts of Different Bio-Composites in Impact Test

In impact test, no significant change in impact strength (absorbed energy) in Charpy and Izod
Tests is obtained after addition of natural rubber latex and changing the composition of rice,
epoxy and jute fibres. In impact test impact strength (absorbed energy) varies from 0.2 kg-m
which is of 35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25% jute fibre bio-composite to 0.4 kgm which is of 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute
fibre bio-composite. The specimen by decreasing rice and epoxy content and increasing jute
fibres content and also by adding the natural rubber latex has higher impact strength in impact
test. Thus, we see that 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and
40% jute fibre bio-composite is the strongest in impact.

A
B
C
D

35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25% jute fibre bio-composites
20% rice, 40% epoxy and 40% jute fibre bio-composites
15 % rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 40% epoxy and 25% jute fibre bio-composites
15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy and 40% jute fibre bio-composites
Fig. 6.4(a) Comparison among impact strength for various bio-composites during Charpy Test

A
B
C
D

35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25% jute fibre bio-composites
20% rice, 40% epoxy and 40% jute fibre bio-composites
15 % rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 40% epoxy and 25% jute fibre bio-composites
15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy and 40% jute fibre bio-composites
Fig. 6.4(b) Comparison among impact strength for various bio-composites during Izod Test

S.
No.

Types of Bio-Composites

Absorbed energy
Charpy test Izod test
(kg-m)

(kg-m)

35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25%

jute fibre bio-composites

0.2

0.2

20% rice, 40% epoxy and 40% jute fibre biocomposites

0.3

0.2

15 % rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 40% epoxy

and 25% jute fibre bio-composites

0.3

0.3

15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy

and 40% jute fibre bio-composites

0.4

0.3

Fig. 6.4 Comparison among impact strength for various bio-composites during Impact test

6.1.5

Bar-charts of Different Bio-Composites in Shore-D Hardness Test

Shore-D hardness increases after addition of natural rubber latex and changing the composition
of rice, epoxy and jute fibres. Shore-D hardness varies from 75 which is of 35% rice, 40%
epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25% jute fibre bio-composite to 92 which is of 15% rice, 20%
natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite. The
specimen by decreasing rice and epoxy content and increasing jute fibres content and also by
adding the natural rubber latex has higher shore-D hardness. Thus, we see that 15% rice, 20%
natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite is the
hardest.

35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25% jute fibre bio-composites

20% rice, 40% epoxy and 40% jute fibre bio-composites

15 % rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 40% epoxy and 25% jute fibre bio-composites

15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy and 40% jute fibre bio-composites
6.1.6

Fig. 6.5 Comparison among shore-D hardness of various bio-composites during Shore-hardness test

Water Absorption Curves of Different Bio-Composites in Water Absorption Test

The water absorption characteristics curve for bio-composites is increases at start and after some

time it becomes nearly horizontal. Because, initially it is absorbs more water. Water absorption (%
weight gain) varies from 4.131% which is of 35% rice, 40% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 25%
jute fibre bio-composite to 6.479% which is of 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy
(Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite in 120 hours (5 days). Since, 15% rice, 20%
natural rubber latex, 25% epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite has higher
water absorption (% weight gain). Thus, we see that 15% rice, 20% natural rubber latex, 25%
epoxy (Araldite AY-103) and 40% jute fibre bio-composite is absorbed more water.

Fig. 6.6 Comparison among water absorption characteristics curves for various bio-composites during Water
absorption test

6.2 RESULTS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT A GLANCE

Physical and Mechanical properties of rice-natural rubber latex-jute fibres reinforced biocomposites as found in testing are as follows

Table 6.1 Comparison of properties of various bio-composites

S.

Composites

NO.
Property

35% rice, 40% 20% rice, 40%

15% rice, 20%
15% rice, 20%
epoxy (Araldite epoxy and 40% natural rubber latex, natural rubber latex,
AY-103) and 25%
jute fibre
40% epoxy and
25% epoxy and
jute fibre
bio-composite
25% jute fibre
40% jute fibre
bio-composite
bio-composite
bio-composite
(R35E40JF25)

(R20E40JF40)

1. Specific Density

1.1422

1.3424

0.9980

1.0162

2. Tensile Strength

40.83

45.73

42.47

49.00

35.75

34.07

42.56

48.22

2.9614

2.8766

3.6591

3.5125

2.5927

2.1429

3.6664

3.4565

1.8460

2.3760

1.9380

2.1900

0.3488

0.3442

0.3592

0.3672

40

45

42

52

35.02

33.52

42.08

51.17

78.40

86.24

83.63

94.08

11. Specific Bending

68.64

64.24

83.79

92.58

12. Shore D Hardness

75

77

87

92

13. Impact

Izod Test

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

Charpy Test

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

4.131

4.357

5.087

6.479

(MPa)

3.

Specific Tensile Strength

(MPa/kg-m3)

4. Tensile Modulus
(GPa)

5.

Specific Tensile Modulus

(GPa/kg-m3)

6. Tensile Strain at
Fracture (%)

7. Poissons Ratio
8. Compressive
Strength
(MPa)

9. Specific Compressive
10.

Strength
(MPa/kg-m3)
Bending
Strength (MPa)
Strength (MPa)

Strength
(kg-m)

14. Water

Absorption (% wt. gain)

6.3

(R15NRL20E40JF25) (R15NRL20E25JF40)

DISCUSSION

Tensile strength of higher percentage of natural rubber latex and jute fibres based bio-composite
has increased. Compressive strength of higher percentage of natural rubber latex and jute fibres

based bio-composite has increased. Bending strength of higher percentage of natural rubber latex
and jute fibres based bio-composite has increased. Impact strength shows no significant change
after addition of rice and natural rubber latex but with higher percentage of natural rubber latex
and jute fibres based bio-composite has increased the impact strength bio-composites.

6.4 COMPARISON WITH OTHER WORKS

Table 6.1 Comparison of properties of various bio-composites

S.

Composites

NO.
Property

35% rice, 40% 20% rice, 40%

15% rice, 20%
15% rice, 20%
epoxy (Araldite epoxy and 40% natural rubber latex, natural rubber latex,
AY-103) and 25%
jute fibre
40% epoxy and
25% epoxy and
jute fibre
bio-composite
25% jute fibre
40% jute fibre
bio-composite
bio-composite
bio-composite
(R35E40JF25)

(R20E40JF40)

1. Specific Density

1.1422

1.3424

0.9980

1.0162

2. Tensile Strength

40.83

45.73

42.47

49.00

35.75

34.07

42.56

48.22

2.9614

2.8766

3.6591

3.5125

2.5927

2.1429

3.6664

3.4565

1.8460

2.3760

1.9380

2.1900

0.3488

0.3442

0.3592

0.3672

40

45

42

52

35.02

33.52

42.08

51.17

78.40

86.24

83.63

94.08

11. Specific Bending

68.64

64.24

83.79

92.58

12. Shore D Hardness

75

77

87

92

13. Impact

Izod Test

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

Charpy Test

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

5.359

5.786

6.722

8.707

(MPa)

3.

Specific Tensile Strength

(MPa/kg-m3)

4. Tensile Modulus
(GPa)

5.

Specific Tensile Modulus

(GPa/kg-m3)

6. Tensile Strain at
Fracture (%)

7. Poissons Ratio
8. Compressive
Strength
(MPa)

9. Specific Compressive
10.

Strength
(MPa/kg-m3)
Bending
Strength (MPa)
Strength (MPa)

Strength
(kg-m)

14. Water

Absorption (% wt. gain)

(R15NRL20E40JF25) (R15NRL20E25JF40)

Composites

Property

75% epoxy 15% jackfruit 30% jackfruit

15% jackfruit
30% potato
25% jute
latex, 60%
latex, 45% latex, 15 % potato starch, 45%
fibre
epoxy and 25% epoxy and 25% starch, 45% epoxy epoxy and 25%
composite jute fibre bio- jute fibre bio- and 25% jute fibre jute fibre biohybrid
hybrid
bio-hybrid
hybrid
composite
composite
composite
composite
(E75J25)
(Jl15E60J25)
(Jl30E45J25)
(Jl15S15E45J25)
(S30E45J25)

Specific Density

1.1520

1.1140

1.0758

1.0359

0.999

Tensile strength
(MPa)

37.57

40.83

44.10

36.75

34.30

Specific Tensile
strength
(MPa/kg-m3)

32.61

36.65

40.99

35.48

34.33

Tensile Modulus
(GPa)

17.84

16.83

18.11

17.36

15.81

Specific Tensile
Modulus
(MPa/kg-m3)

15.49

15.10

16.83

16.75

15.83

Tensile strain at
fracture (%)

0.362

0.395

0.378

0.319

0.378

Poissons ratio

0.316

0.358

0.333

0.362

0.322

Compressive
strength (MPa)

47

45

45

54

58

40.80

36.65

41.83

52.13

58.06

88.85

104.53

120.21

94.08

83.37

Specific Bending
strength (MPa)

77.13

93.83

111.74

90.82

83.45

Shore D hardness

11

12

0.3
0.4

0.3
0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.2
0.3

1.210

5.090

6.238

5.291

6.615

Specific
Compressive
strength
(MPa/kg-m3)
Bending
strength (MPa)

Impact
(kg-m)

Izod
Charpy

Water
absorption (wt. %)