Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper was written and edited by Dr. Andrew Skuse of the School of
Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, with the support of Nadia Butler.
Fiona Power and Nicola Woods of the Information and Communication for
Development team within the UK’s Department for International
Development (DFID) commissioned the work and provided critical
commentary and support. Several people commented on and contributed to
the text. They include Mary Myers, Nicola Harford, Heather Budge-Reid and
Gordon Adam.
Contents
8-11 1. Introduction
34-35 7. Conclusion
44 Appendix 3: E-sources
ACRONYMS
BBC WST BBC World Service Trust NPPHCN National Progressive Primary Health
Care Network
BDO Building Digital Opportunities
PLWHA People Living With HIV/AIDS
CATIA Catalysing Access to ICTs in Africa
RFD Radio for Development
CBO Community Based Organisation
SABC South African Broadcasting
CDC Centre for Disease Control Corporation
Executive summary
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• what are the opportunities and implications for the radio sector of
the broader availability of new information communication
technologies? How can Internet and e-mail best be used to support
better health broadcasting? Will radio, as a medium of the poor,
remain relevant in the South?
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1 Introduction
1.1 Donors have a role to play in national or public, commercial and
building broadcasting sectors that international. These can be
are both sustainable and defined in the following terms:
dedicated to improving the health
of poor people. Donor interest in
the social and developmental role
• Community radio refers to radio
stations that are situated within
of radio is strong and is grounded the community, which serve the
in the recognition of the ubiquity community and which are staffed
of radio as the dominant by a broad cross-section of
communications technology that community members. Such
In Rwanda, for every 1 television there are 101 radio sets
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Douentza, MALI.
Dogon women listening to the radio as
they work.
© Rhodri Jones / Panos Pictures
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Burkina Faso.
Live debate on football and witchcraft on
Radio Vive le Paysan, based at Sapone,
40km south of the capital Ouagadougou.
This debate is the equivalent of a phone-in
except that no-one has a phone so
participants cycle in from the surrounding
area and gather in the studio. Some,
hearing the broadcast at home, turn up
during the programme wanting to take
part in the debate. The station gives a voice
to the surrounding villages, broadcasts are
in the local language.
© Crispin Hughes / Panos Pictures
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Health messages
BOX 4 BOX 5
Social change communication The Impact of Multimedia Family
2.6 Formative research and ongoing indicators Planning on the Contraceptive
evaluation help producers to Behaviour of Women in Tanzania
identify what is important to Example indicators relevant to health
communicate and how it should broadcasting include: A multimedia family planning promotion
be communicated. The health campaign conducted in Tanzania between
information contained within • expanded public and private
dialogue and debate;
1991 and 1994 aimed to increased
contraceptive use. Evaluation found a
radio broadcasting is usually
referred to as health messages. strong link between exposure to family
Health messages if well researched • increased accuracy of the information
that people share in the dialogue
planning messages in the mass media and
contraceptive use. It found that the more
and carefully produced can and
and debate; types of media that women were exposed
do contribute to better health for
to, the more likely they were to practice
poor people (CDC 1999).
• the means available that enable
people and communities to feed their
contraception. Among the different
media used in the campaign (radio,
2.7 Didactic health message-giving or voices into debate and dialogue; television, print materials and a
fear-based messages relating to promotional logo), radio was found to be
health and risk should be avoided. • increased leadership and agenda
setting role by disadvantaged people
the most popular source of family
planning information, reaching 49% of
Such messages tend to reinforce
prejudice, self and social stigma on issues of concern resonates with survey respondents. 9 out of 10
and are generally counter- the major issues of interest to respondents who recalled hearing family
people’s everyday interests; planning messages in the media cited
productive (Singhal and Rogers
radio as one of their main sources. A
2003). Early examples of public
information campaigns in the • linked people and groups with
similar interests who might otherwise
radio drama dealing with family planning
messages, Zinduka! ("Wake Up!"), was
West typify this approach, the not be in contact. assessed independently and found to
slogan promoted in the UK ‘AIDS: have been especially successful. Women
don’t die of ignorance’ provided who recalled the drama were more likely
no positive message, no informa- than others to talk about family planning
tion that could be acted upon and with their spouses, to visit health facilities
labelled people living with and to use contraceptives. Though radio
HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) as ‘ignorant’. was the most popular source of
information, the study led to the
conclusion that multiple media sources
2.8 Effective communication can help
appear to be complementary rather than
individuals and communities to
duplicative, as the more media avenues
engage in healthy and health-
that people were exposed to, the more
seeking behaviour. This can be their attitudes and behaviour were likely
achieved by positively influencing to change. It is also recommended that
variables such as self-efficacy (the regular reinforcement of messages is
confidence in one’s own ability to needed if continued use of contraceptives
perform a behaviour), outcome is to be made. Attitudinal and
expectations (the expected result behavioural change is a long-term
of performing a behaviour), process, and scattered family planning
knowledge, perceived risk and messages and short-term campaigns are
unlikely to provide adequate support to
social norms, whilst locating this
current or prospective contraceptive users.
individual behaviour change in
the wider socio- economic and (Jato et al. 1999)
cultural environment
(Galavotti et al. 2001)
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2.9 Simulating dialogue on health 2.10 Given the widely accepted need
BOX 6
issues requires that the for detailed formative research
Principles of message design
information exchanged within it is and ongoing evaluation of impact,
Messages should be: accurate and useable. In turn, this the predefinition of health
places special emphasis on the messages in radio interventions
relevance of the health messages should be viewed with suspicion,
• well researched and evaluated;
• non-judgemental and inclusive;
non-technical and non-didactic; that lie at the heart of health especially when the intention
• gender sensitive; broadcasting. Many examples exist exists to work with vulnerable
• accurate and useable; of poorly targeted, confusing or communities and specific risk
• culturally appropriate; even detrimental messages. Key groups. This suggests assumptions
• sensitive to local needs; message issues include: have been made about what
• carefully worded to aid clarity constitutes appropriate and
• and understanding; • Sensitivity. For example, messages relevant health information.
regarding safe sex and family Examination of research and
• reinforced through multiple broadcasts. planning may be opposed in evaluation structures, as well as
certain cultural contexts; the goals defined within project
documentation will help desk
• Credible content. For example,
health messages must be
officers assess whether the
intervention is:
understandable and provide a a) taking an iterative approach to
message that a listener can community information needs and
reasonably implement in dialogue building or;
behaviour, i.e. if advocating b) a more didactic and less
condom use in poor communities, rigorous alternative.
condoms should be locally
available and cheap;
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Radio formats 2.13 The impact that specific formats though this may be increased
have from country-to-country through the charging of airtime
2.11 Identifying and understanding the varies according to the nature of fees to external agencies;
media uses and preferences of the media environment, i.e. media
groups at risk from disease and
wider radio audiences is critical to
complexity and density of radio
access and use, as well as localised
• The cost, complexity and skill
required to produce a radio soap
producing health broadcasting tastes and format preferences opera generally places it out of
that has the ability to create an (Skuse 2002). This diversity places the reach of smaller community
impact that contributes to the a critical emphasis on stations and firmly locates it
realisation of the Millennium, understanding the needs, in terms within larger, often multi-method,
Development Goals and Targets. of both health information and interventions;
Knowing what is popular, be it entertainment, of radio audiences
soap operas, comedy, phone-ins,
factual programmes and so on,
and upon formative research to
guide intervention design. The
• Availability of useful and useable
health information can also be a
enable project planners and principal radio formats used in factor in the choice of radio
producers to design health health broadcasting are formats by certain stations. For
communication strategies that elaborated in Appendix 2, along example, community radio
target a number of strategic with relevant examples. presenters may not feel confident
audiences, such as: enough, given that most have no
formal training in health
• policymakers,
legislators;
politicians or Which format? broadcasting, to address a
complex health issue such as
• general public; 2.14 Though each format example HIV/AIDS beyond providing simple
• communities.
specific risk groups and provided in Appendix 2 has been
used to good effect to address a
messages regarding safe sex and
condom use.
range of health issues, their choice
2.12 A broad range of radio formats are and subsequent use by
used to address an equally broad international, public and
range of health issues. Though it is community broadcasters depends
widely agreed that the most on a number of key factors:
effective health communications
are those that raise community
dialogue, i.e. through soap operas,
• Who the broadcaster intends to
target. For example, certain
magazine formats, mini-dramas, formats may be used to provide
and radio phone-ins, less target- specific information to specific
specific formats, such as routine audiences. Here, advocacy efforts
news, short spots (a simple that target policymakers and
message conveyed quickly) and legislators may require a very
slogans, can also reinforce or different approach to that of
highlight key health messages for disease prevention within specific
the general public. risk groups;
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3 Community radio:
opportunities and constraints
3.1 The important role that community 3.3 Community radio resonates to
radio plays in giving a voice to local concerns and needs, it
community issues is reflected in the broadcasts in local languages that
increasing focus of donors on are often ignored by public
strengthening the sector (Gerster broadcasters and is run by
and Zimmermann 2003). The community members. It can be
deregulation of radio has resulted in established to serve specific
the flourishing of empowered and groups, as does Radio Mineras
critical voices in places such as South (miners’ radio) in Bolivia, or it can
Africa, Nepal and Bolivia. address specific themes, as does
Furthermore, community radio plays Radio Sagarmatha which has a
a fundamental role in raising and focus on environmental
addressing community health issues. sustainability (Dagron 2001).
As such, it is placed at the vanguard
of efforts to address diseases such as 3.4 Community radio is recognised by
HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. many donors and developing
country governments as a tool for
3.2 Community radio is community- advocacy, civil society
based and is run for the benefit of strengthening, better governance
the community. It differs from local and accountability (Rodriguez
radio in as much as it is independent 2001, cited in Tacchi 2002). As
from larger state broadcasting such, community radio can be
networks, their content and thought of as a lever for the
perspective, and adheres to licensing realisation of poor peoples’ rights.
requirements concerning community Typically, poor people are exposed
participation and service. The focus to greater health risks than the
on local concerns is reflected in the non-poor by virtue of their
‘typical’ mission statement of Radio relative poverty, disempowerment
Zibonele in Cape Town, South and inability to realise their rights
Africa, which reveals both the level in a number of areas, such as
of community ownership and workers rights, rights to health
commitment to local development: services and rights to education.
“We are a group of volunteers Fundamental to each of these
with diverse skills, who have formed rights-related fields is that of the
a Community Radio Station owned, human right to freedom of
managed and programmed by the information enshrined within the
community of Khayelitsha. Our 1948 Universal Declaration of
concern is to enhance the quality of Human Rights (UDHR) that states:
life through improving the health “Everyone has the right to
standards of our people. All those freedom of opinion and
we serve are affected by poor health expression: this right includes
and poor environmental conditions. freedom to hold opinions without
Radio Zibonele is committed to interference and to seek, receive
sharing skills and information and impact information and ideas
through honest process, in the way through any media and regardless
empowering the community of of frontiers.”
Khayelitsha to have a better life.” (Quoted in Linden1999: 419)
(AMARC 2000: 26)
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Botswana.
Community radio for school children.
© Giacomo Pirozzi / Panos Pictures
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service standards and equity of the local community’ (2002: 25). tackling sensitive health issues and
access. With support and training From this perspective, we can which is often hugely popular
the community radio sector has identify both the potential locally. This is because:
the potential to become an popularity of local media and its
increasingly powerful advocate for
poor people’s rights to health
corresponding potential to
provide public health information
• community radio stations
broadcast in local languages and
services. Nonetheless, we should that has a true local flavour and accents, lending credence to their
be mindful of the potential for impact (cf. Myers 1998 on local authenticity;
community radio to be captured community engagement with
by those with vested interests, i.e.
for political purposes, religious or
local media in Mali).
• staff are embedded within the
communities they serve and are
status reasons. Community 3.10 Despite the participatory approach usually fully aware of the critical
stations can become more overtly advocated in numerous health issues and their social
music oriented as the interests of community radio charters, with ramifications, such as HIV/AIDS.
popular young presenters come to regard to the South African However, there is also the risk that
dominate station organisation. community radio sector, Fordred they may reflect the biases, mis-
and Lloyd (1998) identify that conceptions, and inequalities that
3.8 Community radio has expanded stations are often characterised by: exist within the same community;
rapidly in the South in the past
decade as deregulation has moved
• poor internal communications;
• local staff provide a continual
forward. Significant donor
investment in the sector has
• unpaid staff;
status conflicts between paid and community dialogue that allows
stations to respond quickly to
occurred in recent years via multi-
• gender inequality; community needs.
institutional programmes such as
• little or no crisis or conflict;
understaffing and overwork;
DFID’s Building Digital
• management capacity.
Opportunities (BDO) and the new
Catalysing Access to ICTs in Africa
•
(CATIA) initiative, both of which Moreover, community radio may:
recognise convergence of new
technologies (such as the Internet)
with existing technologies (such as
• bepolarisation;
subject to politicisation and
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International 4.10 Compare this with Afghanistan 4.12 It is easy to dismiss international
broadcasting and a very different picture broadcasting as politically driven,
emerges. With the complete overtly propagandist, foreign
4.8 Like public radio, international breakdown of national media policy driven or of little practical
health broadcasting plays an often infrastructure during the 1990s, use to Southern national capacity
critical role in reaching rural and the BBC World Service emerged as building efforts within the media
remote populations, as well as the dominant broadcaster in the sector. However, international
populations experiencing some Persian and Pashtu languages, and broadcasters are starting to
form of social dislocation. had, through various health- engage in capacity building and
International broadcasters such as related broadcast formats a skills transference work with
the BBC World Service, Voice of significant impact on health, risk national public broadcasting
America or Radio Netherlands avoidance and health seeking counterparts. The BBC World
have a long history of involve- behaviour (Skuse 2002a). Service Trust (BBC WST) and BBC
ment in health broadcasting Afghan Education Projects (BBC
targeting developing countries. 4.11 International broadcasting, AEP) represent two extremely
Outputs such as the BBC’s multi- especially when working with local positive examples of the way in
language Sexwise series examine a counterparts, can often play a which skills and capacity can be
range of sexual health issues in vanguard role in addressing built in the South for health
detail, whilst an array of other sensitive issues such as HIV or birth broadcasting. The BBC WST, a
English and non-English language control, especially where local charitable trust run within the
programmes and programme taboos and conservative or BBC World Service, specialises in
material similarly address health unhelpful broadcasting developing the broadcast skills of
issues from within formats as conventions constrain the public developing world counterparts
varied as news and soap opera. information environment. For and is actively engaged in a
example, Health Unlimited’s number of ‘cutting edge’ multi-
4.9 Continuing with the example of project Urunana has built the media health promotion
the BBC World Service, each of capacity of a local production campaigns in contexts such as
their language services, such as team to make international India, Nepal and Cambodia.
Hindi, Swahili, Mandarin or standard local language radio soap
Persian broadcasts health-related operas in Rwanda. The production 4.13 Likewise, the BBC AEP has taken
content that is generally of high focuses on sexual reproductive the issue of production and skills
quality, in both technical and health, is broadcast on the BBC development directly to the area
informational terms, but which is World Service’s Great Lakes Lifeline in which it works, namely Pakistan
broadcast in substantially Service (GLLS) and studies and Afghanistan. Drawing on the
different media environments. identified it as one of the most talent of local broadcasters, the
Taking China as an example, popular edutainment programmes locally sited production unit is cost
television represents the dominant in Rwanda. This is despite it’s very effective, works in partnership
medium and the Chinese media sensitive content and the direct with local NGOs and engages
environment is also extremely approach that is uses to raise more effectively with local
dense, therefore international issues affecting youth and women. audiences through systematic
health broadcasting such as that research and evaluation work.
broadcast by the BBC may not
achieve a significant audience and 4.14 Such capacity building projects,
is therefore unlikely to have the where they link to local
desired impact on poor people’s broadcasters and partner with the
health in China. local community of civil society
organisations and international
NGO’s can result in significant
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e ourselve
chang s by
them rel
ke yin
a g
m on
an
c o
e
ur
tw
ow
ha
n
dt
ab
an
ilit
ge
ies’
‘Thanks to the radio, we’ve found out that there are many things that can chan
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• empower women; useful and cost effective mechanism the programme and to respond actively
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6.3 Much of the developing world, 6.5 The example cited above indicates
BOX 14
Africa in particular, is stereotyped the need to work closely with risk
Countering negative stereotypes -
as overly promiscuous within groups and the need to enhance
Sathi Sanga Maka Kura (Chatting
western national and health information flows to key
with My Best Friend) Radio Nepal
international media (Lupton 1994: information providers such as
18). However, such media radio stations. It also highlights ‘Chatting with My Best Friend’ is a
coverage tends to ignore: (i) the the need for simple, but sound, magazine format radio programme,
socio-economic dimensions of the formative research amongst the broadcast nationally, that is focused on
disease; (ii) the inability of many target audience prior to youth and seeks to inspire interaction
poor people to have STIs treated, broadcasting. Adam and Harford and communication regarding HIV/AIDS.
due to lack of health services or (1999), with reference to HIV/AIDS UNICEF and FHI Nepal identified young
their cost; (iii) the relatively low broadcasting, suggest that people under the age of 15 as being at
especially high risk from HIV and
levels of public information broadcasting should primarily
therefore sought to support a lively and
available to the poor; and (iv) the respond to the critical health
entertaining programme that would
broad range of contextual drivers information needs of the poor.
capture the attention of young radio
of the disease, such as the They identify a number of areas listeners. Young people were involved
disempowering and endemic relevant to the strengthening of throughout the design and
levels of violence against women health broadcasting. implementation of the project, from
that occurs in Southern Africa or research phase to production. The aim
the significant volume of 6.6 Obtaining a flow of accurate, of the programme is to enhance life
economic migration that occurs in useful and useable health-related skills, reduce stigma and strengthen
the region (UNIFEM 2000). information and support material, prevention. In Nepal self and social-
combined with a community-led stigma regarding HIV/AIDS is widespread
and the programme, which designs
6.4 Importantly, radio can help to approach, remains the
discussion points and stories drawn from
counter negative and harmful cornerstones of better health
real life scenarios, aims to bring
stereotypes and promote positive broadcasting and here,
HIV/AIDS in to the public arena for
community dialogue concerning governments have a clear role to discussion, and to openly address issues
health. However, with respect to play. Rather than seeing the non- relating to sex, peer pressure, stigma,
HIV/AIDS many countries still have state radio sector as a critic and relationships and discrimination. The
a long way to go in coming to competitor there is clear scope to hour-long programme features drama,
terms with its social, economic work in partnership with the music and chat and a listeners’ letters
and political implications. In expanding community and slot. Up to 500 listeners’ letters are
China, for example, denial of the commercial sectors for the benefit received each week. The programme’s
scale of the HIV/AIDS problem has of public health. Increasingly, stance is non-judgemental, supportive
and positive.
resulted in a weak national project partnerships are drawing
response and paucity of targeted broadcasters into close cooperation (http://www.unicef.org)
health promotion activities. In with NGOs in particular.
such contexts the public radio
response tends to be moralistic,
didactic and over-technical,
leading to concerns regarding the
usefulness of such broadcasting
for the poor
(Skuse, Slavin and Adam 2002).
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Zimbabwe.
Villagers gathered around listening to the
radio outside a hut adorned with an
AIDS emblem.
© Chris Sattlberger / Panos Pictures
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to multiple messages with the • can help radio reach people to whom it
has previously been difficult to
taking the course of work, complete a
companion workbook. The programmes
involvement of the ministries,
broadcast, for example, the Worldspace are syndicated to local radio stations that
serves to reinforce the overall initiative is using satellite technology to also supply workbooks to those listening.
impact of health campaigning. broadcast radio programmes and Healthworks has joined forces with
Single radio-based interventions material to listeners and receiving OneWorld Radio to aid dissemination of
that are not linked to other stations across Africa. The potential to the resource and the training course is
communication (i.e. TV, video, tap this resource for improved health available to download online.
theatre) and education efforts information flows is significant, though
(i.e. peer, life skills), services (i.e. whether the initiative will be either
counselling, vaccination) or sustainable or affordable in the long-
term remains in question;
commodity provision (i.e.
condoms) are unlikely to have a
significant impact. • can improve information flows to
stations in the form of completed and
packaged health programmes on
given issues, or materials that can be
easily adapted and ‘localised’ for
community broadcast;
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7 Conclusion
7.1 This paper has provided a broad
overview of health broadcasting at
• efforts should be made to
enhance health information flows
multiple levels. It has highlighted, to radio stations at national and
through case study material and community levels to ensure that
analysis, the different qualities and health broadcasts are built upon
approaches of community, public accurate and useable information;
and international radio stations to
health broadcasting and
investigated a range of linkage and
• coordination efforts need to be
enhanced so that the radio sector
mobilisation issues that could help is drawn in to partnership with
to strengthen health broadcasting specialist health NGOs, CBOs, UN
and access to health information for bodies and government ministries
the poor more broadly. The key who can provide the specialist
conclusions to emerge from the information they need in an
discussion include: accessible form. In this respect,
work undertaken at ministry level
• radio interventions work best
when integrated into long-term
to enhance the usability of their
health information outputs is
and multi-media health critically important;
promotion campaigns that address
a broad spectrum of constraints,
issues and spheres (socio-cultural,
• new technology has provided a
means of providing such
political, economic, policy); information flows and the
integration of new technologies
• radio formats that support and
create community dialogue, such
into the radio sector should
be expanded;
as soap operas and mini-dramas,
are especially relevant to
addressing complex health issues
• support for the establishment and
maintenance of national and local
and should be broadly supported; health information
‘clearinghouses’ or ‘content banks’
• support for community radio
should not disadvantage national
for health broadcasting/mass
media that can be accessed
public service radio, which remains through Internet or CD-ROM and
a key health information lifeline which contain information, scripts,
for rural populations in particular; audio clips and radio production
guidance for health broadcasting,
• efforts should be made to
enhance access to radio and social
the development of new formats
and techniques (e.g. ‘Health-e’
mobilisation, through support of in S. Africa);
radio listening clubs and the
provision of radio sets for
communal listening;
• radio staff require training in
broadcasting for health and in
formative research and impact
evaluation that is in line with the
scale of their programme
initiatives. There is the
corresponding need to build
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• are Local;
• little capacity to produce more complex programme formats such as soap opera;
• budget constraints which similarly impact on the type of programming they can
realistically produce and upon station sustainability overall;
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• itself
able to broadcast to mass audiences and are usually popular, therefore lending
to the broad dissemination of general health messages, such as spots and
slogans;
• able to produce programmes that reach multiple audiences, such as policy makers,
government officials and employees and poor people;
• better equipped and often well funded and are able to produce programming of a
more technical and complex nature, such as national news, ongoing soap operas or
magazine-format programmes;
• able to work in partnership with relevant ministries and NGOs to gain access
to expert opinion and advice;
• often the only source of health information, news and entertainment at the local
and national broadcast levels for the rural poor, due to the relative absence of
community stations in such areas;
• usually able to undertake basic audience evaluation as limited research and
evaluation capacity often exists within public broadcasters;
• increasingly able to link to national and international health content providers.
• reduces
an overt political stance and broadcast propagandist or inflammatory material that
the willingness of donors to get involved in supporting radio sector
• funding crises that impact upon the quality of its health broadcasting, the quantity of
strengthening at this level;
• such broadcasting and its ability to maintain essential production and transmission
equipment;
• difficulties engaging with NGOs and CBOs and may have a tradition of producing
• research and evaluation units that are often chronically under funded;
didactic and unengaging health programming;
• difficulty retaining their most innovative and creative staff as the commercial and
community sectors start to develop;
staff that want to be more creative and innovative, but who require training in
health broadcasting, message development and creative formats.
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Appendix E-sources
3AMARC A site dedicated to community radio that features useful references, addresses a range of
www.amarc.org project interventions, connects to Internet-based audio features and news items, as well
as listing member radio stations from around the world.
BBC World Service Trust A site highlighting the work of the Trust across a range of sectors, civil society, training
www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/trust and health, that also provides details of its current project activities.
Biodesign A site examining cheap solar panels used to convert radios into more affordable
www.biodesign.org.uk commodities for poor people.
Commonwealth of Learning A site that examines the use of radio in education with a focus on community radio and
www.col.org empowerment. Also details of the COL ‘suitcase radios’ are provided.
Communication Initiative A communication for development-dedicated site that covers mass and participatory
www.comminit.com media, social change and planning models and has a separate themed section on radio.
Digital Opportunity Channel A site examining the role of new communication technologies and convergence issues in
www.digitalopportunity.org development, with useful research reports and features.
Freeplay Foundation A site dedicated to promoting ‘clockwork’ radios, which have been used extensively in
www.freeplayfoundation.org humanitarian relief efforts to increase information flows to displaced people.
OneWorld Radio A site focusing explicitly on radio, deregulation, research and containing downloadable
http://radio.oneworld.net audio features.
Panos Institute A site featuring policy and research papers contained within a themed section on
http://panos.org HIV/AIDS. Other relevant sections include ICT and oral testimony.
Rockefeller Foundation A site featuring useful publications relating to the Foundation’s work in communications
www.rockfound.org for social change.
Soul City A site tracing the history and activities of the Soul City multi-media health education
www.soulcity.org.za vehicle used extensively in Southern Africa to address a range of health and community
issues from HIV/AIDS to domestic violence.
UNAIDS The site of the joint UN programme on HIV/AIDS which features numerous publications
www.unaids.org on every aspect of HIV/AIDS, from social dimensions to specific publications on formal
education, peer education and mass media.
UNDP The site for the UN Development Programme with specific subsections on the Millennium
www.undp.org Development Goals and Targets and the 2003 Human Development Report.
UNESCO A site that features a wealth of publications relating to all aspects of communication for
www.unesco.org development, both formal and informal.
World Radio Network A site that focuses exclusively on radio and which contains downloadable audio material
www.wrn.org from over 200 radio public radio stations spread throughout the globe.
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Appendix References
4
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Workers and Donors. UNAIDS Publications, Geneva, Switzerland.
AMARC. 2000. The African Community Radio Manager’s Handbook: A Guide to Sustainable Radio.
AMARC Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Aw, W. 1992a. Lessons from a Little-known Experience. In B. Girard (ed.). A Passion for Radio. Black
Rose Books, Montréal, Canada.
Aw, W. 1992b. Pluralist Responses for Africa. In B. Girard (ed.). A Passion for Radio. Black Rose
Books, Montréal, Canada.
Buckley, S. 2000. Community Radio: the New Tree of Speech. Unpublished paper.
Centre for Development Half Yearly Report of CDC. Report. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Communication (Nepal). 2000.
Centre for Disease Control. 1999. Scientific and Technical Information: Simply Put. CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Dagron, A. 2001. Making Waves: Participatory Communication for Social Change. Rockefeller
Foundation, New York, USA.
David, MJR. 1992. Mahaweli Community Radio. In B. Girard (ed.). A Passion for Radio. Black Rose
Books, Montréal, Canada.
De Fossard, E. 1997. How to Write a Radio Serial Drama for Social Development: A script Writer’s
Manual. Population Communication Services, Centre for Communications Programs,
Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
DFID. 2000a. Ndizathuzomwe Radio Project Review. DFID Central Africa & Social Development
Department report. Unpublished report.
DFID. 2000b. Working With the Media in Conflicts and Other Emergencies. DFID Social
Development Department & Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department
Issues Paper.
Eastwood, B., Head, R. & Skuse, A. A media campaign to combat HIV/AIDS in Cambodia. UK Department for
2001. International Development & BBC World Service Trust (WST) feasibility study
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Fordred, L. and Lloyd, F. 1998. Unriddling the Myths: A study of Community Radio Health programmes in South
Africa. In A. Skuse (ed.). Media in Development: Towards a Toolkit of
Communication Monitoring and Impact Assessment Methodologies. Consultancy
report to DFID.
Galavotti, et al. 2001. Modelling and Reinforcement to Combat HIV: the MARCH approach to behaviour
change. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 91, No. 10.
Geraghty, C. 1991. Women and Soap Opera: A Study of Prime Time Soaps. Polity Press, Cambridge.
Gerster, R. and Zimmermann, S. 2003. Information and Communication technologies (ICTs) and Poverty reduction in Sub-
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Kim, Y. et al. 2001. Promoting Sexual Responsibility Among Young People in Zimbabwe. International
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Marcelle, G. 2000. Transforming Information and Communications Technologies for Gender Equity.
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Myers, M. 1998. Mali: it’s on the radio so it must be true: using radio to promote reafforestation.
Rural Extension Bulletin, University of Reading Agricultural Extension and Rural
Development Department, Reading, UK.
Myers, M., Harford, N. & Skuse, A. Evaluation of the BBC Great Lakes Lifeline Service. Africa Greater Horn Department,
2000. DFID, UK.
Panos Institute. 2002. Critical Challenges in HIV Communication: A Perspective from the Panos Institute.
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Porras, L. 1998. Toolkit for development of Evaluation Strategies for Radio Producers. In A. Skuse
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