7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Coordinates:404121N74240W

StatueofLiberty
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheStatueofLiberty(LibertyEnlighteningtheWorldFrench:La
Libertclairantlemonde)isacolossalneoclassicalsculptureon
LibertyIslandinNewYorkHarborinNewYorkCity,intheUnited
States.Thecopperstatue,designedbyFrdricAugusteBartholdi,a
Frenchsculptor,wasbuiltbyGustaveEiffelanddedicatedonOctober
28,1886.ItwasagifttotheUnitedStatesfromthepeopleofFrance.
ThestatueisofarobedfemalefigurerepresentingLibertas,theRoman
goddess,whobearsatorchandatabulaansata(atabletevokingthe
law)uponwhichisinscribedthedateoftheAmericanDeclarationof
Independence,July4,1776.Abrokenchainliesatherfeet.Thestatue
isaniconoffreedomandoftheUnitedStates,andwasawelcoming
sighttoimmigrantsarrivingfromabroad.
BartholdiwasinspiredbyFrenchlawprofessorandpoliticiandouard
RendeLaboulaye,whoissaidtohavecommentedin1865thatany
monumentraisedtoAmericanindependencewouldproperlybeajoint
projectoftheFrenchandAmericanpeoples.Hemayhavebeenminded
tohonortheUnionvictoryintheAmericanCivilWarandtheendof
slavery.DuetothepostwarinstabilityinFrance,workonthestatue
didnotcommenceuntiltheearly1870s.In1875,Laboulayeproposed
thattheFrenchfinancethestatueandtheAmericansprovidethesite
andbuildthepedestal.Bartholdicompletedtheheadandthetorch
bearingarmbeforethestatuewasfullydesigned,andthesepieceswere
exhibitedforpublicityatinternationalexpositions.
ThetorchbearingarmwasdisplayedattheCentennialExpositionin
Philadelphiain1876,andinMadisonSquareParkinManhattanfrom
1876to1882.Fundraisingproveddifficult,especiallyforthe
Americans,andby1885workonthepedestalwasthreateneddueto
lackoffunds.PublisherJosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldstarteda
drivefordonationstocompletetheprojectthatattractedmorethan
120,000contributors,mostofwhomgavelessthanadollar.Thestatue
wasconstructedinFrance,shippedoverseasincrates,andassembled
onthecompletedpedestalonwhatwasthencalledBedloe'sIsland.The
statue'scompletionwasmarkedbyNewYork'sfirsttickertapeparade
andadedicationceremonypresidedoverbyPresidentGrover
Cleveland.
ThestatuewasadministeredbytheUnitedStatesLighthouseBoard
until1901andthenbytheDepartmentofWarsince1933ithasbeen
maintainedbytheNationalParkService.Thestatuewasclosedfor
renovationformuchof1938.Intheearly1980s,itwasfoundtohave
deterioratedtosuchanextentthatamajorrestorationwasrequired.
Whilethestatuewasclosedfrom1984to1986,thetorchandalarge
partoftheinternalstructurewerereplaced.AftertheSeptember11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

StatueofLiberty
LibertyEnlighteningtheWorld

Location

LibertyIsland
Manhattan,NewYorkCity,
NewYork, [1]UnitedStates

Coordinates 404121N74240W
Height

Basetotorch:
151feet1inch(46
meters)
Groundtotorch:
305feet1inch(93
meters)

Dedicated

October28,1886

Restored

1938,19841986,2011
2012

Sculptor

FrdricAugusteBartholdi

Visitors

3.2million(in2009)[2]

Governing
body

U.S.NationalParkService

Website

StatueofLibertyNational
Monument(https://www.np
1/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

attacksin2001,itwasclosedforreasonsofsafetyandsecuritythe
pedestalreopenedin2004andthestatuein2009,withlimitsonthe
numberofvisitorsallowedtoascendtothecrown.Thestatue,
includingthepedestalandbase,wasclosedforayearuntilOctober28,
2012,sothatasecondarystaircaseandothersafetyfeaturescouldbe
installedLibertyIslandremainedopen.However,onedayafterthe
reopening,LibertyIslandclosedduetotheeffectsofHurricaneSandy
inNewYorkthestatueandislandopenedagainonJuly4,2013.
Publicaccesstothebalconysurroundingthetorchhasbeenbarredfor
safetyreasonssince1916.

Contents

s.gov/stli)
UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
Type

Cultural

Criteria

i,vi

Designated

1984 (8thsession)

Referenceno. 307(http://whc.unesco.org/e
n/list/307)
StateParty

UnitedStates

Region

EuropeandNorthAmerica
U.S.NationalMonument

1 Designandconstructionprocess
1.1 Origin
1.2 Design,style,andsymbolism
1.3 Announcementandearlywork
1.4 ConstructioninFrance
1.4.1 Design
1.4.2 Fundraising
1.4.3 Construction
1.5 Dedication
2 Afterdedication
2.1 LighthouseBoardandWarDepartment(18861933)
2.2 EarlyNationalParkServiceyears(19331982)
2.3 Renovationandrededication(19822000)
2.4 Closuresandreopening(2001present)
3 Accessandattributes
3.1 Locationandtourism
3.2 Inscriptions,plaques,anddedications
4 UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
4.1 Physicalcharacteristics
5 Depictions
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

Designated

October15,1924

Designated
by

PresidentCalvinCoolidge[3]

U.S.NationalRegisterofHistoric
Places
Officialname:StatueofLibertyNational
Monument,EllisIslandandLibertyIsland
Designated

October15,1966[4]

Referenceno. 66000058
NewJerseyRegisterofHistoricPlaces
Designated

May27,1971

Referenceno. 1535[5]
NewYorkCityLandmark
Type

Individual

Designated

September14,1976[6]

Designandconstructionprocess
Origin
AccordingtotheNationalParkService,theideafortheStatueof
LibertywasfirstproposedbydouardRendeLaboulayethepresident
oftheFrenchAntiSlaverySocietyandaprominentandimportant
politicalthinkerofhistime.Theprojectistracedtoaconversation
betweendouardRendeLaboulaye,astaunchabolitionistand
FrdricBartholdi,asculptorinmid1865.Inafterdinnerconversation
athishomenearVersailles,Laboulaye,anardentsupporterofthe
UnionintheAmericanCivilWar,issupposedtohavesaid:"Ifa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

LocationofStatueofLibertyinNew
2/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

YorkHarborinNewYorkCity
monumentshouldriseintheUnitedStates,asamemorialtotheir
independence,Ishouldthinkitonlynaturalifitwerebuiltbyunited
ShowmapofNewYorkCity
[7]
effortacommonworkofbothournations." TheNationalPark
ShowmapofNewYork
Service,ina2000report,however,deemedthisalegendtracedtoan
ShowmapofUSA
1885fundraisingpamphlet,andthatthestatuewasmostlikely
Showall
conceivedin1870.[8]Inanotheressayontheirwebsite,thePark
ServicesuggestedthatLaboulayewasmindedtohonortheUnion
victoryanditsconsequences,"WiththeabolitionofslaveryandtheUnion'svictoryintheCivilWarin1865,
Laboulaye'swishesoffreedomanddemocracywereturningintoarealityintheUnitedStates.Inordertohonor
theseachievements,LaboulayeproposedthatagiftbebuiltfortheUnitedStatesonbehalfofFrance.Laboulaye
hopedthatbycallingattentiontotherecentachievementsoftheUnitedStates,theFrenchpeoplewouldbe
inspiredtocallfortheirowndemocracyinthefaceofarepressivemonarchy."[9]

AccordingtosculptorFrdricAugusteBartholdi,wholaterrecountedthestory,
Laboulaye'scommentwasnotintendedasaproposal,butitinspiredBartholdi.[7]
GiventherepressivenatureoftheregimeofNapoleonIII,Bartholditookno
immediateactionontheideaexcepttodiscussitwithLaboulaye.Bartholdiwasin
anyeventbusywithotherpossibleprojectsinthelate1860s,heapproached
Isma'ilPasha,KhediveofEgypt,withaplantobuildahugelighthouseintheform
ofanancientEgyptianfemalefellahorpeasant,robedandholdingatorchaloft,at
thenorthernentrancetotheSuezCanalinPortSaid.Sketchesandmodelswere
madeoftheproposedwork,thoughitwasnevererected.Therewasaclassical
precedentfortheSuezproposal,theColossusofRhodes:anancientbronzestatue
oftheGreekgodofthesun,Helios.Thisstatueisbelievedtohavebeenover100
feet(30m)high,anditsimilarlystoodataharborentranceandcarriedalightto
guideships.[10]
Bartholdi'sdesignpatent

AnylargeprojectwasfurtherdelayedbytheFrancoPrussianWar,inwhich
Bartholdiservedasamajorofmilitia.Inthewar,NapoleonIIIwascapturedand
deposed.Bartholdi'shomeprovinceofAlsacewaslosttothePrussians,andamoreliberalrepublicwasinstalledin
France.[7]AsBartholdihadbeenplanningatriptotheUnitedStates,heandLaboulayedecidedthetimewasright
todiscusstheideawithinfluentialAmericans.[11]InJune1871,BartholdicrossedtheAtlantic,withlettersof
introductionsignedbyLaboulaye.[12]
ArrivingatNewYorkHarbor,BartholdifocusedonBedloe'sIslandasasiteforthestatue,struckbythefactthat
vesselsarrivinginNewYorkhadtosailpastit.HewasdelightedtolearnthattheislandwasownedbytheUnited
StatesgovernmentithadbeencededbytheNewYorkStateLegislaturein1800forharbordefense.Itwasthus,
asheputitinalettertoLaboulaye:"landcommontoallthestates."[13]AswellasmeetingmanyinfluentialNew
Yorkers,BartholdivisitedPresidentUlyssesS.Grant,whoassuredhimthatitwouldnotbedifficulttoobtainthe
siteforthestatue.[14]BartholdicrossedtheUnitedStatestwicebyrail,andmetmanyAmericanswhohethought
wouldbesympathetictotheproject.[12]Butheremainedconcernedthatpopularopiniononbothsidesofthe
Atlanticwasinsufficientlysupportiveoftheproposal,andheandLaboulayedecidedtowaitbeforemountinga
publiccampaign.[15]
Bartholdihadmadeafirstmodelofhisconceptin1870.[16]ThesonofafriendofBartholdi's,Americanartist
JohnLaFarge,latermaintainedthatBartholdimadethefirstsketchesforthestatueduringhisU.S.visitatLa
Farge'sRhodeIslandstudio.BartholdicontinuedtodeveloptheconceptfollowinghisreturntoFrance.[16]Healso
workedonanumberofsculpturesdesignedtobolsterFrenchpatriotismafterthedefeatbythePrussians.Oneof
thesewastheLionofBelfort,amonumentalsculpturecarvedinsandstonebelowthefortressofBelfort,which
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

3/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

duringthewarhadresistedaPrussiansiegeforoverthreemonths.The
defiantlion,73feet(22m)longandhalfthatinheight,displaysan
emotionalqualitycharacteristicofRomanticism,whichBartholdiwould
laterbringtotheStatueofLiberty.[17]

Design,style,andsymbolism

DetailfromafrescobyConstantino
BrumidiintheU.S.Capitolin
Washington,D.C.,showingtwoearly
symbolsofAmerica:Columbia(left)
andtheIndianprincess

BartholdiandLaboulayeconsidered
Bartholdi'sLionofBelfort
howbesttoexpresstheideaof
Americanliberty.[18]Inearly
Americanhistory,twofemalefigureswerefrequentlyusedascultural
symbolsofthenation.[19]Oneofthesesymbols,thepersonifiedColumbia,
wasseenasanembodimentoftheUnitedStatesinthemannerthat
BritanniawasidentifiedwiththeUnitedKingdomandMariannecameto
representFrance.ColumbiahadsupplantedtheearlierfigureofanIndian
princess,whichhadcometoberegardedasuncivilizedandderogatory
towardAmericans.[19]TheothersignificantfemaleiconinAmerican
culturewasarepresentationofLiberty,derivedfromLibertas,thegoddess
offreedomwidelyworshippedinancientRome,especiallyamong
emancipatedslaves.ALibertyfigureadornedmostAmericancoinsofthe
time,[18]andrepresentationsofLibertyappearedinpopularandcivicart,
includingThomasCrawford'sStatueofFreedom(1863)atopthedomeof
theUnitedStatesCapitolBuilding.[18]

Artistsofthe18thand19thcenturiesstrivingtoevokerepublicanideals
commonlyusedrepresentationsofLibertasasanallegoricalsymbol.[18]A
figureofLibertywasalsodepictedontheGreatSealofFrance.[18]
However,BartholdiandLaboulayeavoidedanimageofrevolutionary
libertysuchasthatdepictedinEugneDelacroix'sfamedLibertyLeadingthePeople(1830).Inthispainting,
whichcommemoratesFrance'sRevolutionof1830,ahalfclothedLibertyleadsanarmedmoboverthebodiesof
thefallen.[19]Laboulayehadnosympathyforrevolution,andsoBartholdi'sfigurewouldbefullydressedin
flowingrobes.[19]InsteadoftheimpressionofviolenceintheDelacroixwork,Bartholdiwishedtogivethestatuea
peacefulappearanceandchoseatorch,representingprogress,forthefiguretohold.[20]
Crawford'sstatuewasdesignedintheearly1850s.Itwasoriginallytobecrownedwithapileus,thecapgivento
emancipatedslavesinancientRome.SecretaryofWarJeffersonDavis,aSouthernerwhowouldlaterserveas
PresidentoftheConfederateStatesofAmerica,wasconcernedthatthepileuswouldbetakenasanabolitionist
symbol.Heorderedthatitbechangedtoahelmet.[21]Delacroix'sfigurewearsapileus,[19]andBartholdiatfirst
consideredplacingoneonhisfigureaswell.Instead,heusedadiadem,orcrown,totopitshead.[22]Insodoing,
heavoidedareferencetoMarianne,whoinvariablywearsapileus.[23]Thesevenraysformahalooraureole.[24]
Theyevokethesun,thesevenseas,andthesevencontinents,[25]andrepresentanothermeans,besidesthetorch,
wherebyLibertyenlightenstheworld.[20]
Bartholdi'searlymodelswereallsimilarinconcept:afemalefigureinneoclassicalstylerepresentingliberty,
wearingastolaandpella(gownandcloak,commonindepictionsofRomangoddesses)andholdingatorchaloft.
Accordingtopopularaccounts,thefacewasmodeledafterthatofCharlotteBeysserBartholdi,thesculptor's
mother,[26]butRegisHuber,thecuratoroftheBartholdiMuseumisonrecordassayingthatthis,aswellasother
similarspeculations,havenobasisinfact.[27]Hedesignedthefigurewithastrong,uncomplicatedsilhouette,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

4/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

whichwouldbesetoffwellbyitsdramaticharborplacementandallowpassengersonvesselsenteringNewYork
BaytoexperienceachangingperspectiveonthestatueastheyproceededtowardManhattan.Hegaveitbold
classicalcontoursandappliedsimplifiedmodeling,reflectingthehugescaleoftheprojectanditssolemn
purpose.[20]Bartholdiwroteofhistechnique:
Thesurfacesshouldbebroadandsimple,definedbyaboldandclear
design,accentuatedintheimportantplaces.Theenlargementofthe
detailsortheirmultiplicityistobefeared.Byexaggeratingtheforms,
inordertorenderthemmoreclearlyvisible,orbyenrichingthemwith
details,wewoulddestroytheproportionofthework.Finally,the
model,likethedesign,shouldhaveasummarizedcharacter,suchas
onewouldgivetoarapidsketch.Onlyitisnecessarythatthis
charactershouldbetheproductofvolitionandstudy,andthatthe
artist,concentratinghisknowledge,shouldfindtheformandtheline
initsgreatestsimplicity.[28]
Bartholdimadealterationsinthedesignastheprojectevolved.Bartholdi
consideredhavingLibertyholdabrokenchain,butdecidedthiswouldbetoo
divisiveinthedaysaftertheCivilWar.Theerectedstatuedoesriseoverabroken
chain,halfhiddenbyherrobesanddifficulttoseefromtheground.[22]Bartholdi
wasinitiallyuncertainofwhattoplaceinLiberty'slefthandhesettledonatabula
ansata,akeystoneshapedtablet[29]usedtoevoketheconceptoflaw.[30]Though
BartholdigreatlyadmiredtheUnitedStatesConstitution,hechosetoinscribe
"JULYIVMDCCLXXVI"onthetablet,thusassociatingthedateofthecountry's
DeclarationofIndependencewiththeconceptofliberty.[29]

ThomasCrawford'sStatueof
Freedom

Bartholdiinterestedhisfriendandmentor,architectEugneViolletleDuc,intheproject.[27]Aschiefengineer,[27]
ViolletleDucdesignedabrickpierwithinthestatue,towhichtheskinwouldbeanchored.[31]Afterconsultations
withthemetalworkfoundryGaget,Gauthier&Co.,ViolletleDucchosethemetalwhichwouldbeusedforthe
skin,coppersheets,andthemethodusedtoshapeit,repouss,inwhichthesheetswereheatedandthenstruck
withwoodenhammers.[27][32]Anadvantageofthischoicewasthattheentirestatuewouldbelightforitsvolume,
asthecopperneedbeonly0.094inches(2.4mm)thick.Bartholdihaddecidedonaheightofjustover151feet
(46m)forthestatue,doublethatofItaly'sSancarloneandtheGermanstatueofArminius,bothmadewiththe
samemethod.[33]

Announcementandearlywork
By1875,Francewasenjoyingimprovedpoliticalstabilityandarecoveringpostwareconomy.Growinginterestin
theupcomingCentennialExpositioninPhiladelphialedLaboulayetodecideitwastimetoseekpublicsupport.[34]
InSeptember1875,heannouncedtheprojectandtheformationoftheFrancoAmericanUnionasitsfundraising
arm.Withtheannouncement,thestatuewasgivenaname,LibertyEnlighteningtheWorld.[35]TheFrenchwould
financethestatueAmericanswouldbeexpectedtopayforthepedestal.[36]Theannouncementprovokeda
generallyfavorablereactioninFrance,thoughmanyFrenchmenresentedtheUnitedStatesfornotcomingtotheir
aidduringthewarwithPrussia.[35]Frenchmonarchistsopposedthestatue,iffornootherreasonthanitwas
proposedbytheliberalLaboulaye,whohadrecentlybeenelectedasenatorforlife.[36]Laboulayearrangedevents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

5/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

designedtoappealtotherichandpowerful,includingaspecialperformanceattheParisOperaonApril25,1876,
thatfeaturedanewcantatabycomposerCharlesGounod.ThepiecewastitledLaLibertclairantlemonde,the
Frenchversionofthestatue'sannouncedname.[35]
Despiteitsinitialfocusontheelites,theUnionwas
successfulinraisingfundsfromacrossFrenchsociety.
Schoolchildrenandordinarycitizensgave,asdid
181Frenchmunicipalities.Laboulaye'spoliticalallies
supportedthecall,asdiddescendantsoftheFrench
contingentintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.Less
idealistically,contributionscamefromthosewho
hopedforAmericansupportintheFrenchattemptto
buildthePanamaCanal.Thecoppermayhavecome
frommultiplesourcesandsomeofitissaidtohave
comefromamineinVisnes,Norway,[37]thoughthis
StereoscopicimageofrightarmandtorchoftheStatueof
hasnotbeenconclusivelydeterminedaftertesting
Liberty,1876CentennialExposition
samples.[38]AccordingtoCaraSutherlandinherbook
onthestatuefortheMuseumoftheCityofNewYork,90,800kilos(200,000pounds)wasneededtobuildthe
statue,andtheFrenchcopperindustrialistEugneSecrtandonated58,100kilos(128,000pounds)ofcopper.[39]
HistorianYasminKhan,inher2010bookaboutthestatue,statesthatthefirmofJapyFrres,coppermerchants,
donatedcoppervaluedat64,000francs(about$16,000atthetimeortheequivalentofUS$356,000in
2016).[40][41]
Althoughplansforthestatuehadnotbeenfinalized,Bartholdimovedforwardwithfabricationoftherightarm,
bearingthetorch,andthehead.WorkbeganattheGaget,Gauthier&Co.workshop.[42]InMay1876,Bartholdi
traveledtotheUnitedStatesasamemberofaFrenchdelegationtotheCentennialExhibition,[43]andarrangedfor
ahugepaintingofthestatuetobeshowninNewYorkaspartoftheCentennialfestivities.[44]Thearmdidnot
arriveinPhiladelphiauntilAugustbecauseofitslatearrival,itwasnotlistedintheexhibitioncatalogue,and
whilesomereportscorrectlyidentifiedthework,otherscalleditthe"ColossalArm"or"BartholdiElectricLight".
Theexhibitiongroundscontainedanumberofmonumentalartworkstocompeteforfairgoers'interest,including
anoutsizedfountaindesignedbyBartholdi.[45]Nevertheless,thearmprovedpopularintheexhibition'swaning
days,andvisitorswouldclimbuptothebalconyofthetorchtoviewthefairgrounds.[46]Aftertheexhibition
closed,thearmwastransportedtoNewYork,whereitremainedondisplayinMadisonSquareParkforseveral
yearsbeforeitwasreturnedtoFrancetojointherestofthestatue.[46]
DuringhissecondtriptotheUnitedStates,Bartholdiaddressedanumberofgroupsabouttheproject,andurged
theformationofAmericancommitteesoftheFrancoAmericanUnion.[47]Committeestoraisemoneytopayfor
thefoundationandpedestalwereformedinNewYork,Boston,andPhiladelphia.[48]TheNewYorkgroup
eventuallytookonmostoftheresponsibilityforAmericanfundraisingandisoftenreferredtoasthe"American
Committee".[49]Oneofitsmemberswas19yearoldTheodoreRoosevelt,thefuturegovernorofNewYorkand
presidentoftheUnitedStates.[47]OnMarch3,1877,onhisfinalfulldayinoffice,PresidentGrantsignedajoint
resolutionthatauthorizedthePresidenttoacceptthestatuewhenitwaspresentedbyFranceandtoselectasitefor
it.PresidentRutherfordB.Hayes,whotookofficethefollowingday,selectedtheBedloe'sIslandsitethat
Bartholdihadproposed.[50]

ConstructioninFrance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

6/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

OnhisreturntoParisin1877,Bartholdiconcentratedoncompletingthe
head,whichwasexhibitedatthe1878ParisWorld'sFair.Fundraising
continued,withmodelsofthestatueputonsale.Ticketstoviewthe
constructionactivityattheGaget,Gauthier&Co.workshopwerealso
offered.[41]TheFrenchgovernmentauthorizedalotteryamongtheprizes
werevaluablesilverplateandaterracottamodelofthestatue.Bytheend
of1879,about250,000francshadbeenraised.[51]
TheheadandarmhadbeenbuiltwithassistancefromViolletleDuc,who
fellillin1879.Hesoondied,leavingnoindicationofhowheintendedto
transitionfromthecopperskintohisproposedmasonrypier.[52]The
followingyear,Bartholdiwasabletoobtaintheservicesoftheinnovative
designerandbuilderGustaveEiffel.[41]Eiffelandhisstructuralengineer,
MauriceKoechlin,decidedtoabandonthepierandinsteadbuildaniron
trusstower.Eiffeloptednottouseacompletelyrigidstructure,which
Thestatue'sheadonexhibitatthe
wouldforcestressestoaccumulateintheskinandleadeventuallyto
ParisWorld'sFair,1878
cracking.Asecondaryskeletonwasattachedtothecenterpylon,then,to
enablethestatuetomoveslightlyinthewindsofNewYorkHarborandas
themetalexpandedonhotsummerdays,helooselyconnectedthesupportstructuretotheskinusingflatiron
bars[27]whichculminatedinameshofmetalstraps,knownas"saddles",thatwererivetedtotheskin,providing
firmsupport.Inalaborintensiveprocess,eachsaddlehadtobecraftedindividually.[53][54]Topreventgalvanic
corrosionbetweenthecopperskinandtheironsupportstructure,Eiffelinsulatedtheskinwithasbestos
impregnatedwithshellac.[55]
Eiffel'sdesignmadethestatueoneoftheearliestexamplesofcurtainwallconstruction,inwhichtheexteriorof
thestructureisnotloadbearing,butisinsteadsupportedbyaninteriorframework.Heincludedtwointeriorspiral
staircases,tomakeiteasierforvisitorstoreachtheobservationpointinthecrown.[56]Accesstoanobservation
platformsurroundingthetorchwasalsoprovided,butthenarrownessofthearmallowedforonlyasingleladder,
40feet(12m)long.[57]Asthepylontowerarose,EiffelandBartholdicoordinatedtheirworkcarefullysothat
completedsegmentsofskinwouldfitexactlyonthesupportstructure.[58]Thecomponentsofthepylontowerwere
builtintheEiffelfactoryinthenearbyParisiansuburbofLevalloisPerret.[59]
ThechangeinstructuralmaterialfrommasonrytoironallowedBartholditochangehisplansforthestatue's
assembly.Hehadoriginallyexpectedtoassembletheskinonsiteasthemasonrypierwasbuiltinsteadhedecided
tobuildthestatueinFranceandhaveitdisassembledandtransportedtotheUnitedStatesforreassemblyinplace
onBedloe'sIsland.[60]
Inasymbolicact,thefirstrivetplacedintotheskin,fixingacopperplateontothestatue'sbigtoe,wasdrivenby
UnitedStatesAmbassadortoFranceLeviP.Morton.[61]Theskinwasnot,however,craftedinexactsequencefrom
lowtohighworkproceededonanumberofsegmentssimultaneouslyinamanneroftenconfusingtovisitors.[62]
SomeworkwasperformedbycontractorsoneofthefingerswasmadetoBartholdi'sexactingspecificationsbya
coppersmithinthesouthernFrenchtownofMontauban.[63]By1882,thestatuewascompleteuptothewaist,an
eventBarthodicelebratedbyinvitingreporterstolunchonaplatformbuiltwithinthestatue.[64]Laboulayediedin
1883.HewassucceededaschairmanoftheFrenchcommitteebyFerdinanddeLesseps,builderoftheSuezCanal.
ThecompletedstatuewasformallypresentedtoAmbassadorMortonataceremonyinParisonJuly4,1884,and
deLessepsannouncedthattheFrenchgovernmenthadagreedtopayforitstransporttoNewYork.[65]Thestatue
remainedintactinParispendingsufficientprogressonthepedestalbyJanuary1885,thishadoccurredandthe
statuewasdisassembledandcratedforitsoceanvoyage.[66]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

7/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThecommitteesintheUnitedStatesfacedgreatdifficultiesinobtaining
fundsfortheconstructionofthepedestal.ThePanicof1873hadledtoan
economicdepressionthatpersistedthroughmuchofthedecade.The
Libertystatueprojectwasnottheonlysuchundertakingthathaddifficulty
raisingmoney:constructionoftheobelisklaterknownastheWashington
Monumentsometimesstalledforyearsitwouldultimatelytakeoverthree
andahalfdecadestocomplete.[67]TherewascriticismbothofBartholdi's
statueandofthefactthatthegiftrequiredAmericanstofootthebillforthe
pedestal.IntheyearsfollowingtheCivilWar,mostAmericanspreferred
realisticartworksdepictingheroesandeventsfromthenation'shistory,
ratherthanallegoricalworksliketheLibertystatue.[67]Therewasalsoa
feelingthatAmericansshoulddesignAmericanpublicworksthe
selectionofItalianbornConstantinoBrumiditodecoratetheCapitolhad
provokedintensecriticism,eventhoughhewasanaturalizedU.S.
citizen.[68]Harper'sWeeklydeclareditswishthat"M.Bartholdiandour
RichardMorrisHunt'spedestalunder
Frenchcousinshad'gonethewholefigure'whiletheywereaboutit,and
constructioninJune1885
givenusstatueandpedestalatonce."[69]TheNewYorkTimesstatedthat
"notruepatriotcancountenanceanysuchexpendituresforbronzefemales
[70]
inthepresentstateofourfinances." Facedwiththesecriticisms,theAmericancommitteestooklittleactionfor
severalyears.[70]
Design
ThefoundationofBartholdi'sstatuewastobelaidinsideFortWood,a
disusedarmybaseonBedloe'sIslandconstructedbetween1807and1811.
Since1823,ithadrarelybeenused,thoughduringtheCivilWar,ithad
servedasarecruitingstation.[71]Thefortificationsofthestructurewerein
theshapeofanelevenpointstar.Thestatue'sfoundationandpedestalwere
alignedsothatitwouldfacesoutheast,greetingshipsenteringtheharbor
fromtheAtlanticOcean.[72]In1881,theNewYorkcommittee
commissionedRichardMorrisHunttodesignthepedestal.Withinmonths,
Huntsubmittedadetailedplan,indicatingthatheexpectedconstructionto
takeaboutninemonths.[73]Heproposedapedestal114feet(35m)in
heightfacedwithmoneyproblems,thecommitteereducedthatto89feet
(27m).[74]
Hunt'spedestaldesigncontainselementsofclassicalarchitecture,including
Doricportals,aswellassomeelementsinfluencedbyAztec
architecture.[27]Thelargemassisfragmentedwitharchitecturaldetail,in
ordertofocusattentiononthestatue.[74]Inform,itisatruncatedpyramid,
FrankLeslie'sIllustratedNewspaper,
62feet(19m)squareatthebaseand39.4feet(12.0m)atthetop.Thefour
June1885,showing(clockwisefrom
sidesareidenticalinappearance.Abovethedooroneachside,thereareten
left)woodcutsofthecompletedstatue
disksuponwhichBartholdiproposedtoplacethecoatsofarmsofthestates
inParis,Bartholdi,andthestatue's
(between1876and1889,therewere38U.S.states),althoughthiswasnot
interiorstructure
done.Abovethat,abalconywasplacedoneachside,framedbypillars.
Bartholdiplacedanobservationplatformnearthetopofthepedestal,above
whichthestatueitselfrises.[75]AccordingtoauthorLouisAuchincloss,thepedestal"craggilyevokesthepowerof
anancientEuropeoverwhichrisesthedominatingfigureoftheStatueofLiberty".[74]Thecommitteehiredformer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

8/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

armyGeneralCharlesPomeroyStonetooverseetheconstructionwork.[76]Constructiononthe15footdeep
(4.6m)foundationbeganin1883,andthepedestal'scornerstonewaslaidin1884.[73]InHunt'soriginal
conception,thepedestalwastohavebeenmadeofsolidgranite.Financialconcernsagainforcedhimtorevisehis
plansthefinaldesigncalledforpouredconcretewalls,upto20feet(6.1m)thick,facedwithgraniteblocks.[77][78]
ThisStonyCreekgranitecamefromtheBeattieQuarryinBranford,Connecticut.[79]Theconcretemasswasthe
largestpouredtothattime.[78]
NorwegianimmigrantcivilengineerJoachimGoschenGiverdesignedthestructuralframeworkfortheStatueof
Liberty.Hisworkinvolveddesigncomputations,detailedfabricationandconstructiondrawings,andoversightof
construction.Incompletinghisengineeringforthestatuesframe,Giverworkedfromdrawingsandsketches
producedbyGustaveEiffel.[80]
Fundraising
Fundraisingforthestatuehadbegunin1882.Thecommitteeorganizeda
largenumberofmoneyraisingevents.[81]Aspartofonesucheffort,an
auctionofartandmanuscripts,poetEmmaLazaruswasaskedtodonatean
originalwork.Sheinitiallydeclined,statingshecouldnotwriteapoem
aboutastatue.Atthetime,shewasalsoinvolvedinaidingrefugeestoNew
YorkwhohadfledantiSemiticpogromsineasternEurope.Theserefugees
wereforcedtoliveinconditionsthatthewealthyLazarushadnever
experienced.Shesawawaytoexpressherempathyfortheserefugeesin
termsofthestatue.[82]Theresultingsonnet,"TheNewColossus",
includingtheiconiclines"Givemeyourtired,yourpoor/Yourhuddled
massesyearningtobreathefree",isuniquelyidentifiedwiththeStatueof
Libertyandisinscribedonaplaqueinthemuseuminitsbase.[83]

UnpackingoftheheadoftheStatue
ofLiberty,whichwasdeliveredon
June17,1885

Evenwiththeseefforts,fundraisinglagged.GroverCleveland,the
governorofNewYork,vetoedabilltoprovide$50,000forthestatue
projectin1884.AnattemptthenextyeartohaveCongressprovide
$100,000,sufficienttocompletetheproject,alsofailed.TheNewYork
committee,withonly$3,000inthebank,suspendedworkonthepedestal.
Withtheprojectinjeopardy,groupsfromotherAmericancities,including
BostonandPhiladelphia,offeredtopaythefullcostoferectingthestatue
inreturnforrelocatingit.[84]

JosephPulitzer,publisheroftheNewYorkWorld,aNewYorknewspaper,
announcedadrivetoraise$100,000theequivalentof$2.3million
[40]
today. Pulitzerpledgedtoprintthenameofeverycontributor,nomatterhowsmalltheamountgiven.[85]The
drivecapturedtheimaginationofNewYorkers,especiallywhenPulitzerbeganpublishingthenoteshereceived
fromcontributors."Ayounggirlaloneintheworld"donated"60cents,theresultofselfdenial."[86]Onedonor
gave"fivecentsasapoorofficeboy'smitetowardthePedestalFund."Agroupofchildrensentadollaras"the
moneywesavedtogotothecircuswith."[87]Anotherdollarwasgivenbya"lonelyandveryagedwoman."[86]
ResidentsofahomeforalcoholicsinNewYork'srivalcityofBrooklynthecitieswouldnotmergeuntil1898
donated$15otherdrinkershelpedoutthroughdonationboxesinbarsandsaloons.[88]Akindergartenclassin
Davenport,Iowa,mailedtheWorldagiftof$1.35.[86]Asthedonationsfloodedin,thecommitteeresumedworkon
thepedestal.[89]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

9/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Construction
OnJune17,1885,theFrenchsteamerIsre,ladenwiththeStatueofLiberty,reachedtheNewYorkportsafely.
NewYorkersdisplayedtheirnewfoundenthusiasmforthestatue,astheFrenchvesselarrivedwiththecrates
holdingthedisassembledstatueonboard.Twohundredthousandpeoplelinedthedocksandhundredsofboatsput
toseatowelcometheIsre.[90][91]Afterfivemonthsofdailycallstodonatetothestatuefund,onAugust11,
1885,theWorldannouncedthat$102,000hadbeenraisedfrom120,000donors,andthat80percentofthetotal
hadbeenreceivedinsumsoflessthanonedollar.[92]
Evenwiththesuccessofthefunddrive,thepedestalwasnotcompleteduntilApril1886.Immediatelythereafter,
reassemblyofthestatuebegan.Eiffel'sironframeworkwasanchoredtosteelIbeamswithintheconcretepedestal
andassembled.[93]Oncethiswasdone,thesectionsofskinwerecarefullyattached.[94]Duetothewidthofthe
pedestal,itwasnotpossibletoerectscaffolding,andworkersdangledfromropeswhileinstallingtheskinsections.
Nevertheless,noonediedduringtheconstruction.[95]Bartholdihadplannedtoputfloodlightsonthetorch's
balconytoilluminateitaweekbeforethededication,theArmyCorpsofEngineersvetoedtheproposal,fearing
thatships'pilotspassingthestatuewouldbeblinded.Instead,Bartholdicutportholesinthetorchwhichwas
coveredwithgoldleafandplacedthelightsinsidethem.[96]Apowerplantwasinstalledontheislandtolightthe
torchandforotherelectricalneeds.[97]Aftertheskinwascompleted,renownedlandscapearchitectFrederickLaw
Olmsted,codesignerofNewYork'sCentralParkandBrooklyn'sProspectPark,supervisedacleanupofBedloe's
Islandinanticipationofthededication.[98]

Dedication
AceremonyofdedicationwasheldontheafternoonofOctober28,1886.
PresidentGroverCleveland,theformerNewYorkgovernor,presidedover
theevent.[99]Onthemorningofthededication,aparadewasheldinNew
YorkCityestimatesofthenumberofpeoplewhowatcheditrangedfrom
severalhundredthousandtoamillion.PresidentClevelandheadedthe
procession,thenstoodinthereviewingstandtoseebandsandmarchers
fromacrossAmerica.GeneralStonewasthegrandmarshaloftheparade.
TheroutebeganatMadisonSquare,oncethevenueforthearm,and
proceededtoBatteryParkatthesoutherntipofManhattanbywayofFifth
AvenueandBroadway,withaslightdetoursotheparadecouldpassin
frontoftheWorldbuildingonParkRow.AstheparadepassedtheNew
YorkStockExchange,tradersthrewtickertapefromthewindows,
beginningtheNewYorktraditionofthetickertapeparade.[100]
Anauticalparadebeganat12:45p.m.,andPresidentClevelandembarked
onayachtthattookhimacrosstheharbortoBedloe'sIslandforthe
UnveilingoftheStatueofLiberty
[101]
dedication.
DeLessepsmadethefirstspeech,onbehalfoftheFrench
EnlighteningtheWorld(1886)by
committee,followedbythechairmanoftheNewYorkcommittee,Senator
EdwardMoran.Oiloncanvas.TheJ.
WilliamM.Evarts.AFrenchflagdrapedacrossthestatue'sfacewastobe
ClarenceDaviesCollection,Museum
loweredtounveilthestatueatthecloseofEvarts'sspeech,butBartholdi
oftheCityofNewYork.
mistookapauseastheconclusionandlettheflagfallprematurely.The
ensuingcheersputanendtoEvarts'saddress.[100]PresidentCleveland
spokenext,statingthatthestatue's"streamoflightshallpiercethedarknessofignoranceandman'soppression
untilLibertyenlightenstheworld".[102]Bartholdi,observednearthedais,wascalledupontospeak,butherefused.
OratorChaunceyM.Depewconcludedthespeechmakingwithalengthyaddress.[103]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

10/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Nomembersofthegeneralpublicwerepermittedontheislandduringtheceremonies,whichwerereserved
entirelyfordignitaries.TheonlyfemalesgrantedaccesswereBartholdi'swifeanddeLesseps'sgranddaughter
officialsstatedthattheyfearedwomenmightbeinjuredinthecrushofpeople.Therestrictionoffendedarea
suffragists,whocharteredaboatandgotascloseastheycouldtotheisland.Thegroup'sleadersmadespeeches
applaudingtheembodimentofLibertyasawomanandadvocatingwomen'srighttovote.[102]Ascheduled
fireworksdisplaywaspostponeduntilNovember1becauseofpoorweather.[104]
Shortlyafterthededication,TheClevelandGazette,anAfricanAmericannewspaper,suggestedthatthestatue's
torchnotbelituntiltheUnitedStatesbecameafreenation"inreality":
"Libertyenlighteningtheworld,"indeed!Theexpressionmakesussick.Thisgovernmentisahowling
farce.Itcannotorratherdoesnotprotectitscitizenswithinitsownborders.ShovetheBartholdi
statue,torchandall,intotheoceanuntilthe"liberty"ofthiscountryissuchastomakeitpossiblefor
aninoffensiveandindustriouscoloredmantoearnarespectablelivingforhimselfandfamily,without
beingkukluxed,perhapsmurdered,hisdaughterandwifeoutraged,andhispropertydestroyed.The
ideaofthe"liberty"ofthiscountry"enlighteningtheworld,"orevenPatagonia,isridiculousinthe
extreme.[105]

Afterdedication
LighthouseBoardandWarDepartment(18861933)
Whenthetorchwasilluminatedontheeveningofthestatue'sdedication,it
producedonlyafaintgleam,barelyvisiblefromManhattan.TheWorld
characterizeditas"morelikeaglowwormthanabeacon."[97]Bartholdi
suggestedgildingthestatuetoincreaseitsabilitytoreflectlight,butthis
provedtooexpensive.TheUnitedStatesLighthouseBoardtookoverthe
StatueofLibertyin1887andpledgedtoinstallequipmenttoenhancethe
torch'seffectinspiteofitsefforts,thestatueremainedvirtuallyinvisibleat
night.WhenBartholdireturnedtotheUnitedStatesin1893,hemade
additionalsuggestions,allofwhichprovedineffective.Hedidsuccessfully
lobbyforimprovedlightingwithinthestatue,allowingvisitorstobetter
StatueofLibertyca.1900
appreciateEiffel'sdesign.[97]In1901,PresidentTheodoreRoosevelt,once
amemberoftheNewYorkcommittee,orderedthestatue'stransfertothe
WarDepartment,asithadproveduselessasalighthouse.[106]AunitoftheArmySignalCorpswasstationedon
Bedloe'sIslanduntil1923,afterwhichmilitarypoliceremainedtherewhiletheislandwasundermilitary
jurisdiction.[107]
Thestatuerapidlybecamealandmark.ManyimmigrantswhoenteredthroughNewYorksawitasawelcoming
sight.OralhistoriesofimmigrantsrecordtheirfeelingsofexhilarationonfirstviewingtheStatueofLiberty.One
immigrantwhoarrivedfromGreecerecalled,
IsawtheStatueofLiberty.AndIsaidtomyself,"Lady,you'resuchabeautiful![sic]Youopenedyour
armsandyougetalltheforeignershere.GivemeachancetoprovethatIamworthit,todo
something,tobesomeoneinAmerica."Andalwaysthatstatuewasonmymind.[108]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

11/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Originally,thestatuewasadullcoppercolor,butshortlyafter1900agreen
patina,alsocalledverdigris,causedbytheoxidationofthecopperskin,
begantospread.Asearlyas1902itwasmentionedinthepressby1906it
hadentirelycoveredthestatue.[109]Believingthatthepatinawasevidence
ofcorrosion,Congressauthorized$62,800forvariousrepairs,andtopaint
thestatuebothinsideandout.[110]Therewasconsiderablepublicprotest
againsttheproposedexteriorpainting.[111]TheArmyCorpsofEngineers
studiedthepatinaforanyilleffectstothestatueandconcludedthatit
protectedtheskin,"softenedtheoutlinesoftheStatueandmadeit
beautiful."[112]Thestatuewaspaintedonlyontheinside.TheCorpsof
Engineersalsoinstalledanelevatortotakevisitorsfromthebasetothetop
ofthepedestal.[112]
OnJuly30,1916,duringWorldWarI,Germansaboteurssetoffa
disastrousexplosionontheBlackTompeninsulainJerseyCity,New
Jersey,inwhatisnowpartofLibertyStatePark,closetoBedloe'sIsland.
CarloadsofdynamiteandotherexplosivesthatwerebeingsenttoBritain
andFrancefortheirwareffortsweredetonated,andsevenpeoplewere
killed.Thestatuesustainedminordamage,mostlytothetorchbearingright
arm,andwasclosedfortendays.Thecosttorepairthestatueandbuildings
ontheislandwasabout$100,000.Thenarrowascenttothetorchwas
closedforpublicsafetyreasons,andithasremainedclosedeversince.[103]

GovernmentposterusingtheStatue
ofLibertytopromotethesaleof
LibertyBonds

Thatsameyear,RalphPulitzer,whohadsucceededhisfatherJosephaspublisheroftheWorld,beganadriveto
raise$30,000foranexteriorlightingsystemtoilluminatethestatueatnight.Heclaimedover80,000contributors
butfailedtoreachthegoal.Thedifferencewasquietlymadeupbyagiftfromawealthydonorafactthatwas
notrevealeduntil1936.Anunderwaterpowercablebroughtelectricityfromthemainlandandfloodlightswere
placedalongthewallsofFortWood.GutzonBorglum,wholatersculptedMountRushmore,redesignedthetorch,
replacingmuchoftheoriginalcopperwithstainedglass.OnDecember2,1916,PresidentWoodrowWilson
pressedthetelegraphkeythatturnedonthelights,successfullyilluminatingthestatue.[113]
AftertheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarIin1917,imagesofthestatuewereheavilyusedinbothrecruitment
postersandtheLibertyBonddrivesthaturgedAmericancitizenstosupportthewarfinancially.Thisimpressed
uponthepublicthewar'sstatedpurposetosecurelibertyandservedasareminderthatembattledFrancehad
giventheUnitedStatesthestatue.[114]
In1924,PresidentCalvinCoolidgeusedhisauthorityundertheAntiquitiesActtodeclarethestatueaNational
Monument.[106]Theonlysuccessfulsuicideinthestatue'shistoryoccurredfiveyearslater,whenamanclimbed
outofoneofthewindowsinthecrownandjumpedtohisdeath,glancingoffthestatue'sbreastandlandingonthe
base.[115]

EarlyNationalParkServiceyears(19331982)
In1933,PresidentFranklinRooseveltorderedthestatuetransferredtotheNationalParkService(NPS).In1937,
theNPSgainedjurisdictionovertherestofBedloe'sIsland.[106]WiththeArmy'sdeparture,theNPSbeganto
transformtheislandintoapark.[116]TheWorksProgressAdministration(WPA)demolishedmostoftheold
buildings,regradedandreseededtheeasternendoftheisland,andbuiltgranitestepsforanewpublicentranceto
thestatuefromitsrear.TheWPAalsocarriedoutrestorationworkwithinthestatue,temporarilyremovingtherays
fromthestatue'shalosotheirrustedsupportscouldbereplaced.Rustedcastironstepsinthepedestalwere
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

12/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

replacedwithnewonesmadeofreinforcedconcrete[117]theupperpartsof
thestairwayswithinthestatuewerereplaced,aswell.Coppersheathing
wasinstalledtopreventfurtherdamagefromrainwaterthathadbeen
seepingintothepedestal.[118]ThestatuewasclosedtothepublicfromMay
untilDecember1938.[117]

Bedloe'sIslandin1927,showingthe
statueandarmybuildings.The
elevenpointedwallsofFortWood,
whichstillformthestatue'sbase,are
visible.

DuringWorldWarII,thestatueremainedopentovisitors,althoughitwas
notilluminatedatnightduetowartimeblackouts.Itwaslitbrieflyon
December31,1943,andonDDay,June6,1944,whenitslightsflashed
"dotdotdotdash",theMorsecodeforV,forvictory.New,powerful
lightingwasinstalledin19441945,andbeginningonVEDay,thestatue
wasonceagainilluminatedaftersunset.Thelightingwasforonlyafew
hourseachevening,anditwasnotuntil1957thatthestatuewas
illuminatedeverynight,allnight.[119]In1946,theinteriorofthestatue
withinreachofvisitorswascoatedwithaspecialplasticsothatgraffiti
couldbewashedaway.[118]

In1956,anActofCongressofficiallyrenamedBedloe'sIslandasLibertyIsland,achangeadvocatedbyBartholdi
generationsearlier.TheactalsomentionedtheeffortstofoundanAmericanMuseumofImmigrationontheisland,
whichbackerstookasfederalapprovaloftheproject,thoughthegovernmentwasslowtograntfundsforit.[120]
NearbyEllisIslandwasmadepartoftheStatueofLibertyNationalMonumentbyproclamationofPresident
LyndonJohnsonin1965.[106]In1972,theimmigrationmuseum,inthestatue'sbase,wasfinallyopenedina
ceremonyledbyPresidentRichardNixon.Themuseum'sbackersneverprovideditwithanendowmenttosecure
itsfutureanditclosedin1991aftertheopeningofanimmigrationmuseumonEllisIsland.[93]
BeginningDecember26,1971,15antiVietnamwarveteransoccupiedthe
statue,flyingaUSflagupsidedownfromhercrown.TheyleftDecember
28followingaFederalCourtorder.[121]Thestatuewasalsoseveraltimes
takenoverbrieflybydemonstratorspublicizingcausessuchasPuerto
Ricanindependence,oppositiontoabortion,andoppositiontoUS
interventioninGrenada.DemonstrationswiththepermissionofthePark
ServiceincludedaGayPrideParaderallyandtheannualCaptiveBaltic
Nationsrally.[122]
ApowerfulnewlightingsystemwasinstalledinadvanceoftheAmerican
Bicentennialin1976.ThestatuewasthefocalpointforOperationSail,a
regattaoftallshipsfromallovertheworldthatenteredNewYorkHarbor
onJuly4,1976,andsailedaroundLibertyIsland.[123]Thedayconcluded
withaspectaculardisplayoffireworksnearthestatue.[124]

Renovationandrededication(19822000)

September26,1972:President
RichardNixonvisitsthestatueto
opentheAmericanMuseumof
Immigration.Thestatue'sraisedright
footisvisible,showingthatitis
depictedmovingforward.

ThestatuewasexaminedingreatdetailbyFrenchandAmericanengineers
aspartoftheplanningforitscentennialin1986.[125]In1982,itwas
announcedthatthestatuewasinneedofconsiderablerestoration.Careful
studyhadrevealedthattherightarmhadbeenimproperlyattachedtothe
mainstructure.Itwasswayingmoreandmorewhenstrongwindsblewand
therewasasignificantriskofstructuralfailure.Inaddition,theheadhadbeeninstalled2feet(0.61m)offcenter,
andoneoftherayswaswearingaholeintherightarmwhenthestatuemovedinthewind.Thearmaturestructure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

13/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

wasbadlycorroded,andabouttwopercentoftheexteriorplatesneededtobe
replaced.[126]Althoughproblemswiththearmaturehadbeenrecognizedasearlyas
1936,whencastironreplacementsforsomeofthebarshadbeeninstalled,muchof
thecorrosionhadbeenhiddenbylayersofpaintappliedovertheyears.[127]

July4,1986:FirstLady
NancyReagan(inred)
reopensthestatuetothe
public.

InMay1982,PresidentRonaldReaganannouncedtheformationoftheStatueof
LibertyEllisIslandCentennialCommission,ledbyChryslerCorporationchair
LeeIacocca,toraisethefundsneededtocompletethework.[128]Throughits
fundraisingarm,theStatueofLibertyEllisIslandFoundation,Inc.,thegroup
raisedmorethan$350millionindonations.[129]TheStatueofLibertywasoneof
theearliestbeneficiariesofacausemarketingcampaign.A1983promotion
advertisedthatforeachpurchasemadewithanAmericanExpresscard,the
companywouldcontributeonecenttotherenovationofthestatue.Thecampaign
generatedcontributionsof$1.7milliontotherestorationproject.[130]

In1984,thestatuewasclosedtothepublicforthedurationoftherenovation.
Workerserectedtheworld'slargestfreestandingscaffold,[27]whichobscuredthe
statuefromview.Liquidnitrogenwasusedtoremovelayersofpaintthathadbeen
appliedtotheinteriorofthecopperskinoverdecades,leavingtwolayersofcoal
tar,originallyappliedtoplugleaksandpreventcorrosion.Blastingwithbakingsodapowderremovedthetar
withoutfurtherdamagingthecopper.[131]Therestorers'workwashamperedbytheasbestosbasedsubstancethat
Bartholdihadusedineffectively,asinspectionsshowedtopreventgalvaniccorrosion.Workerswithinthe
statuehadtowearprotectivegear,dubbed"moonsuits",withselfcontainedbreathingcircuits.[132]Largerholesin
thecopperskinwererepaired,andnewcopperwasaddedwherenecessary.[133]Thereplacementskinwastaken
fromacopperrooftopatBellLabs,whichhadapatinathatcloselyresembledthestatue'sinexchange,the
laboratorywasprovidedsomeoftheoldcopperskinfortesting.[134]Thetorch,foundtohavebeenleakingwater
sincethe1916alterations,wasreplacedwithanexactreplicaofBartholdi'sunalteredtorch.[135]Considerationwas
giventoreplacingthearmandshouldertheNationalParkServiceinsistedthattheyberepairedinstead.[136]The
originaltorchwasremovedandreplacedin1986withthecurrentone,whoseflameiscoveredin24caratgold.[30]
Thetorchreflectsthesun'sraysindaytimeandlightedbyfloodlightsatnight.[30]
TheentirepuddledironarmaturedesignedbyGustaveEiffelwasreplaced.Lowcarboncorrosionresistant
stainlesssteelbarsthatnowholdthestaplesnexttotheskinaremadeofFerralium,analloythatbendsslightlyand
returnstoitsoriginalshapeasthestatuemoves.[137]Topreventtherayandarmmakingcontact,theraywas
realignedbyseveraldegrees.[138]Thelightingwasagainreplacednighttimeilluminationsubsequentlycame
frommetalhalidelampsthatsendbeamsoflighttoparticularpartsofthepedestalorstatue,showingoffvarious
details.[139]Accesstothepedestal,whichhadbeenthroughanondescriptentrancebuiltinthe1960s,was
renovatedtocreateawideopeningframedbyasetofmonumentalbronzedoorswithdesignssymbolicofthe
renovation.[140]Amodernelevatorwasinstalled,allowinghandicappedaccesstotheobservationareaofthe
pedestal.[141]Anemergencyelevatorwasinstalledwithinthestatue,reachinguptotheleveloftheshoulder.[142]
July36,1986,wasdesignated"LibertyWeekend",markingthecentennialofthestatueanditsreopening.
PresidentReaganpresidedovertherededication,withFrenchPresidentFranoisMitterrandinattendance.July4
sawarepriseofOperationSail,[143]andthestatuewasreopenedtothepubliconJuly5.[144]InReagan'sdedication
speech,hestated,"Wearethekeepersoftheflameoflibertyweholdithighfortheworldtosee."[143]

Closuresandreopening(2001present)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

14/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

FollowingtheSeptember11attacks,thestatueandLiberty
Islandwereimmediatelyclosedtothepublic.Theisland
reopenedattheendof2001,whilethepedestalandstatue
remainedofflimits.ThepedestalreopenedinAugust2004,[144]
buttheNationalParkServiceannouncedthatvisitorscouldnot
safelybegivenaccesstothestatueduetothedifficultyof
evacuationinanemergency.TheParkServiceadheredtothat
positionthroughtheremainderoftheBushadministration.[145]
NewYorkCongressmanAnthonyWeinermadethestatue's
reopeningapersonalcrusade.[146]OnMay17,2009,President
BarackObama'sSecretaryoftheInterior,KenSalazar,
announcedthatasa"specialgift"toAmerica,thestatuewould
bereopenedtothepublicasofJuly4,butthatonlyalimited
numberofpeoplewouldbepermittedtoascendtothecrown
eachday.[145]

TheStatueofLibertyonSeptember11,2001as
theTwinTowersoftheWorldTradeCenterburn
inthebackground

Thestatue,includingthepedestalandbase,closedonOctober
29,2011forinstallationofnewelevatorsandstaircasesandtobringotherfacilities,suchasrestrooms,uptocode.
ThestatuewasclosedtothepublicuntilOctober28,2012.[1][147][148]Adayafterthereopening,thestatueclosed
againduetoHurricaneSandy.[149]Althoughthestormdidnotharmthestatue,itdestroyedsomeofthe
infrastructureonbothLibertyIslandandEllisIsland,severelydamagingthedockusedbytheferriesbearing
visitorstothestatue.OnNovember8,2012,aParkServicespokespersonannouncedthatbothislandswould
remainclosedforanindefiniteperiodforrepairstobedone.[150]DuetolackofelectricityonLibertyIsland,a
generatorwasinstalledtopowertemporaryfloodlightstoilluminatethestatueatnight.Thesuperintendentof
StatueofLibertyNationalMonument,DavidLuchsinger,whosehomeontheislandwasseverelydamaged,stated
thatitwouldbe"optimistically...months"beforetheislandwasreopenedtothepublic.[151]ThestatueandLiberty
IslandreopenedtothepubliconJuly4,2013.[152]EllisIslandremainedclosedforrepairsforseveralmoremonths
butreopenedinlateOctober2013.[153]ForpartofOctober2013,LibertyIslandwasclosedtothepublicduetothe
UnitedStatesfederalgovernmentshutdownof2013,alongwithotherfederallyfundedmuseums,parks,
monuments,constructionprojectsandbuildings.[154]

Accessandattributes
Locationandtourism
ThestatueissituatedinUpperNewYorkBayonLibertyIslandsouthof
EllisIsland,whichtogethercomprisetheStatueofLibertyNational
Monument.BothislandswerecededbyNewYorktothefederal
governmentin1800.[155]Asagreedinan1834compactbetweenNew
YorkandNewJerseythatsetthestateborderatthebay'smidpoint,the
originalislandsremainNewYorkterritorydespitetheirlocationonthe
NewJerseysideofthestateline.LibertyIslandisoneoftheislandsthat
arepartoftheboroughofManhattaninNewYork.Landcreatedby
reclamationaddedtothe2.3acres(0.93ha)originalislandatEllis
IslandisNewJerseyterritory.[156]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

TouristsaboardaCircleLineferry
arrivingatLibertyIsland,June1973

15/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Nochargeismadeforentrancetothenationalmonument,butthereisacostfortheferryservicethatallvisitors
mustuse,asprivateboatsmaynotdockattheisland.Aconcessionwasgrantedin2007toStatueCruisesto
operatethetransportationandticketingfacilities,replacingCircleLine,whichhadoperatedtheservicesince
1953.[157]Theferries,whichdepartfromLibertyStateParkinJerseyCityandBatteryParkinLowerManhattan,
alsostopatEllisIslandwhenitisopentothepublic,makingacombinedtrippossible.[158]Allferryridersare
subjecttosecurityscreening,similartoairportprocedures,priortoboarding.[159]Visitorsintendingtoenterthe
statue'sbaseandpedestalmustobtainacomplimentarymuseum/pedestalticketalongwiththeirferryticket.[160]
Thosewishingtoclimbthestaircasewithinthestatuetothecrownpurchaseaspecialticket,whichmaybe
reserveduptoayearinadvance.Atotalof240peopleperdayarepermittedtoascend:tenpergroup,threegroups
perhour.Climbersmaybringonlymedicationandcameraslockersareprovidedforotheritemsandmust
undergoasecondsecurityscreening.[161]

Inscriptions,plaques,anddedications
ThereareseveralplaquesanddedicatorytabletsonorneartheStatueof
Liberty.
Aplaqueonthecopperjustunderthefigureinfrontdeclaresthatitisa
colossalstatuerepresentingLiberty,designedbyBartholdiandbuiltby
theParisfirmofGaget,GauthieretCie(CieistheFrenchabbreviation
analogoustoCo.).
Apresentationtablet,alsobearingBartholdi'sname,declaresthestatue
isagiftfromthepeopleoftheRepublicofFrancethathonors"the
AllianceofthetwoNationsinachievingtheIndependenceoftheUnited
TheStatueofLibertystandsonLiberty
StatesofAmericaandatteststheirabidingfriendship."[162]
Island.
AtabletplacedbytheNewYorkcommitteecommemoratesthe
fundraisingdonetobuildthepedestal.[162]
ThecornerstonebearsaplaqueplacedbytheFreemasons.[162]
In1903,abronzetabletthatbearsthetextofEmmaLazarus'ssonnet,"TheNewColossus"(1883),was
presentedbyfriendsofthepoet.Untilthe1986renovation,itwasmountedinsidethepedestaltodayit
residesintheStatueofLibertyMuseum,inthebase.[162]
"TheNewColossus"tabletisaccompaniedbyatabletgivenbytheEmmaLazarusCommemorative
Committeein1977,celebratingthepoet'slife.[162]
Agroupofstatuesstandsatthewesternendoftheisland,honoringthosecloselyassociatedwiththeStatueof
Liberty.TwoAmericansPulitzerandLazarusandthreeFrenchmenBartholdi,Eiffel,andLaboulayeare
depicted.TheyaretheworkofMarylandsculptorPhillipRatner.[163]

UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
In1984,theStatueofLibertywasdesignatedaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.TheUNESCO"Statementof
Significance"describesthestatueasa"masterpieceofthehumanspirit"that"enduresasahighlypotentsymbol
inspiringcontemplation,debateandprotestofidealssuchasliberty,peace,humanrights,abolitionofslavery,
democracyandopportunity."[164]

Physicalcharacteristics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

16/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AsviewedfromthegroundonLiberty
Island

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

17/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Feature[72]
Heightofcopperstatue

U.S.

Metric

151ft1in

46m

Foundationofpedestal(groundlevel)totipoftorch 305ft1in

93m

Heeltotopofhead

111ft1in

34m

Heightofhand

16ft5in

5m

Indexfinger

8ft1in

2.44m

Circumferenceatsecondjoint

3ft6in

1.07m

Headfromchintocranium

17ft3in

5.26m

Headthicknessfromeartoear

10ft0in

3.05m

Distanceacrosstheeye

2ft6in

0.76m

Lengthofnose

4ft6in

1.48m

Rightarmlength

42ft0in

12.8m

Rightarmgreatestthickness

12ft0in

3.66m

Thicknessofwaist

35ft0in

10.67m

Widthofmouth

3ft0in

0.91m

Tablet,length

23ft7in

7.19m

Tablet,width

13ft7in

4.14m

Tablet,thickness

2ft0in

0.61m

Heightofpedestal

89ft0in

27.13m

Heightoffoundation

65ft0in

19.81m

Weightofcopperusedinstatue

60,000pounds 27.22tonnes

Weightofsteelusedinstatue

250,000pounds 113.4tonnes

Totalweightofstatue

450,000pounds 204.1tonnes

Thicknessofcoppersheeting

3/32ofaninch 2.4mm

Depictions

AreplicaoftheStatueofLibertyformspart
oftheexteriordecorattheNewYorkNew
YorkHotelandCasinoontheLasVegas
Strip

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

HundredsofreplicasoftheStatueofLibertyaredisplayed
worldwide.[165]Asmallerversionofthestatue,onefourththeheight
oftheoriginal,wasgivenbytheAmericancommunityinParisto
thatcity.ItnowstandsontheleauxCygnes,facingwesttowardher
largersister.[165]Areplica30feet(9.1m)tallstoodatoptheLiberty
WarehouseonWest64thStreetinManhattanformanyyears[165]it
nowresidesattheBrooklynMuseum.[166]Inapatriotictribute,the
BoyScoutsofAmerica,aspartoftheirStrengthentheArmof
Libertycampaignin19491952,donatedabouttwohundredreplicas
ofthestatue,madeofstampedcopperand100inches(2,500mm)in
height,tostatesandmunicipalitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.[167]
Thoughnotatruereplica,thestatueknownastheGoddessof
DemocracytemporarilyerectedduringtheTiananmenSquare
protestsof1989wassimilarlyinspiredbyFrenchdemocratic
18/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

traditionsthesculptorstookcaretoavoidadirectimitationoftheStatueofLiberty.[168]Amongotherrecreations
ofNewYorkCitystructures,areplicaofthestatueispartoftheexterioroftheNewYorkNewYorkHoteland
CasinoinLasVegas.[169]
AsanAmericanicon,theStatueofLibertyhasbeendepictedonthecountry's
coinageandstamps.Itappearedoncommemorativecoinsissuedtomarkits1986
centennial,andonNewYork's2001entryinthestatequartersseries.[170]Animage
ofthestatuewaschosenfortheAmericanEagleplatinumbullioncoinsin1997,
anditwasplacedonthereverse,ortails,sideofthePresidentialDollarseriesof
circulatingcoins.[25]Twoimagesofthestatue'storchappearonthecurrentten
dollarbill.[171]Thestatue'sintendedphotographicdepictionona2010forever
stampprovedinsteadtobeofthereplicaattheLasVegascasino.[172]
Depictionsofthestatuehavebeenusedbymanyregionalinstitutions.Between
1986and2000,NewYorkStateissuedlicenseplatesfeaturingthestatue.[173][174]
TheWomen'sNationalBasketballAssociation'sNewYorkLibertyuseboththe
statue'snameanditsimageintheirlogo,inwhichthetorch'sflamedoublesasa
basketball.[175]TheNewYorkRangersoftheNationalHockeyLeaguedepictedthe
statue'sheadontheirthirdjersey,beginningin1997.[176]TheNationalCollegiate
AthleticAssociation's1996Men'sBasketballFinalFour,playedatNewJersey's
MeadowlandsSportsComplex,featuredthestatueinitslogo.[177]TheLibertarian
PartyoftheUnitedStatesusesthestatueinitsemblem.[178]

HeadofLiberty,U.S.
airmailstamp,1971issue

ReversesideofaPresidential
Dollarcoin

Thestatueisafrequentsubjectinpopularculture.Inmusic,ithasbeenevokedto
indicatesupportforAmericanpolicies,asinTobyKeith'ssong"Courtesyofthe
Red,WhiteandBlue(TheAngryAmerican)",andinopposition,appearingonthecoveroftheDeadKennedys'
albumBedtimeforDemocracy,whichprotestedtheReaganadministration.[179]Infilm,thetorchisthesettingfor
theclimaxofdirectorAlfredHitchcock's1942movieSaboteur.[180]Thestatuemakesoneofitsmostfamous
cinematicappearancesinthe1968picturePlanetoftheApes,inwhichitisseenhalfburiedinsand.[179][181]Itis
knockedoverinthesciencefictionfilmIndependenceDay[182]andinCloverfieldtheheadisrippedoff.[183]In
JackFinney'stimetravelnovelTimeandAgain,therightarmofthestatue,ondisplayintheearly1880sin
MadisonSquarePark,playsacrucialrole.[184]RobertHoldstock,consultingeditorofTheEncyclopediaofScience
Fiction,wonderedin1979,
WherewouldsciencefictionbewithouttheStatueofLiberty?Fordecadesithastoweredorcrumbled
abovethewastelandsofdeserted[E]arthgiantshaveuprootedit,alienshavefounditcurious...the
symbolofLiberty,ofoptimism,hasbecomeasymbolofsciencefiction'spessimisticviewofthe
future."[185]

Seealso
ListofthetalleststatuesintheUnitedStates
PlacedestatsUnis,inParis,France
TheStatueofLiberty,1985KenBurnsdocumentaryfilm
StatuesandsculpturesinNewYorkCity
Listofstatuesbyheight
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

19/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Approximateheightsofvariousnotable
statues:
1.SpringTempleBuddha153m(incl.25
mpedestaland20mthrone)
2.StatueofLiberty93m(incl.47m
pedestal)
3.TheMotherlandCalls91m(excl.
pedestal)
4.ChristtheRedeemer38m(incl.8m
pedestal)
5.StatueofDavid5.17m(excl.2.5m
pedestal)

References
Notes
1."StatueofLibertyNationalMonument".NationalParkService.December31,2007.RetrievedOctober12,2011.
2.Schneiderman,R.M.(June28,2010)."Fortourists,StatueofLibertyisnice,butnoForever21".TheWallStreet
Journal.RetrievedOctober12,2011.
3."NationalMonumentProclamationsundertheAntiquitiesAct".NationalParkService.January16,2003.Archivedfrom
theoriginalon20111025.RetrievedOctober12,2011.
4.NationalParkService(1994).NationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces,19661994:CumulativeListThroughJanuary1,
1994.WashingtonDC:NationalParkService.p.502.ISBN9780891332541.
5."NewJerseyandNationalRegistersofHistoricPlacesHudsonCounty".NewJerseyDepartmentofEnvironmental
ProtectionHistoricPreservationOffice.RetrievedAugust2,2014.
6."StatueofLibertyNationalMonument"(PDF).NewYorkCityLandmarksPreservationCommission.September14,
1976.RetrievedOctober12,2011.
7.Harris1985,pp.79.
8.Joseph,RebeccaM.BrookeRosenblattCarolynKinebrew(September2000)."TheBlackStatueofLibertyRumor".
NationalParkService.RetrievedJuly31,2012.
9."Abolition".NationalParkService.RetrievedJuly7,2014.
10.Harris1985,pp.78.
11.Khan2010,pp.6061.
12.Moreno2000,pp.3940.
13.Harris1985,pp.1213.
14.Khan2010,pp.102103.
15.Harris1985,pp.1617.
16.Khan2010,p.85.
17.Harris1985,pp.1011.
18.Sutherland2003,pp.1719.
19.Bodnar,John(2006)."MonumentsandMorals:TheNationalizationofCivicInstruction".InWarren,DonaldR.Patrick,
JohnJ.CivicandMoralLearninginAmerica.NewYork:Macmillan.pp.212214.ISBN9781403973962.
20.Turner,Jane(2000).TheGroveDictionaryofArt:FromMonettoCzanne:Late19thcenturyFrenchArtists.New
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

20/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

York:OxfordUniversityPressUS.p.10.ISBN9780312229719.
21.Khan2010,pp.9697.
22.Khan2010,pp.105108.
23.Blume,Mary(July16,2004)."TheFrenchiconMariannelamode".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedOctober12,2011.
24."GettheFacts(FrequentlyAskedQuestionsabouttheStatueofLiberty)".StatueofLiberty.NationalParkService.
RetrievedOctober19,2011.
25."LadyLibertyReverseStatueofLiberty(1886)".Presidential$1coin.UnitedStatesMint.RetrievedJuly29,2010.
26.Moreno2000,pp.5253,55,87.
27.InterviewedforWatson,Corin.StatueofLiberty:BuildingaColossus(TVdocumentary,2001)
28.Bartholdi,Frdric(1885).TheStatueofLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld.NorthAmericanReview(NewYork).p.42.
29.Khan2010,pp.108111.
30."Frequentlyaskedquestions".StatueofLibertyNationalMonument.NationalParkService.RetrievedAugust10,2010.
31.Khan2010,p.120.
32.Khan2010,pp.118,125.
33.Harris1985,p.26.
34.Khan2010,p.121.
35.Khan2010,pp.123125.
36.Harris1985,pp.4445.
37."NewsofNorway".1999.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20110916.RetrievedJuly29,2010.
38."AnswersabouttheStatueofLiberty,Part2".TheNewYorkTimes.July2,2009.RetrievedOctober12,2011.
39.Sutherland2003,p.36.
40."SevenWaystoComputetheRelativeValueofaU.S.DollarAmount,1774toPresent/".MeasuringWorth.Retrieved
October20,2011.(Consumerpriceindex)
41.Khan2010,p.137.
42.Khan2010,pp.126128.
43.Bell&Abrams1984,p.25.
44.Bell&Abrams1984,p.26.
45.Khan2010,p.130.
46.Harris1985,p.49.
47.Khan2010,p.134.
48.Bell&Abrams1984,p.30.
49.Moreno2000,p.94.
50.Khan2010,p.135.
51.Bell&Abrams1984,p.32.
52.Khan2010,pp.136137.
53.Moreno2000,p.22.
54.Khan2010,pp.139143.
55.Harris1985,p.30.
56.Harris1985,p.33.
57.Harris1985,p.32.
58.Harris1985,p.34.
59."LatouravulejourLevallois".LeParisien(inFrench).April30,2004.RetrievedDecember8,2012.
60.Khan2010,p.144.
61."StatueofLiberty".pbs.org.RetrievedOctober19,2011.
62.Harris1985,pp.3638.
63.Harris1985,p.39.
64.Harris1985,p.38.
65.Bell&Abrams1984,p.37.
66.Bell&Abrams1984,p.38.
67.Khan2010,pp.159160.
68.Khan2010,p.163.
69.Khan2010,p.161.
70.Khan2010,p.160.
71.Moreno2000,p.91.
72."Statistics".StatueofLiberty.NationalParkService.August16,2006.RetrievedOctober19,2011.
73.Khan2010,p.169.
74.Auchincloss,Louis(May12,1986)."Liberty:BuildingonthePast".NewYork:87.RetrievedOctober19,2011.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

21/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

75.Bartholdi,Frdric(1885).TheStatueofLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld.NorthAmericanReview(NewYork).p.62.
76.Harris1985,pp.7172.
77.Sutherland2003,pp.4950.
78.Moreno2000,pp.184186.
79."BranfordsHistoryIsSetinStone".ConnecticutHumanities.
80.STRUCTUREmagStructuralEngineeringMagazine,Tradeshow:JoachimGotscheGiaver(https://web.archive.org/web/
20121127045537/http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1484)
81.Khan2010,pp.163164.
82.Khan2010,pp.165166.
83.Moreno2000,pp.172175.
84.Levine,BenjaminStory,IsabelleF.(1961)."StatueofLiberty".NationalParkService.RetrievedOctober19,2011.
85.Bell&Abrams1984,pp.4041.
86.Harris1985,p.105.
87.Sutherland2003,p.51.
88.Harris1985,p.107.
89.Harris1985,pp.110111.
90.Harris1985,p.112.
91."TheIsereBartholdiGiftReachestheHorsehoeSafely"(PDF).TheEveningPost.June17,1885.RetrievedFebruary11,
2013.
92.Harris1985,p.114.
93.Moreno2000,p.19.
94.Bell&Abrams1984,p.49.
95.Moreno2000,p.64.
96.Hayden&Despont1986,p.36.
97.Harris1985,pp.133134.
98.Moreno2000,p.65.
99.Khan2010,p.176.
100.Khan2010,pp.177178.
101.Bell&Abrams1984,p.52.
102.Harris1985,p.127.
103.Moreno2000,p.71.
104.Harris1985,p.128.
105."PostponingBartholdi'sstatueuntilthereislibertyforcoloredaswell".TheClevelandGazette(Cleveland,Ohio).
November27,1886.p.2.
106.Moreno2000,p.41.
107.Moreno2000,p.24.
108.Sutherland2003,p.78.
109."AnswersabouttheStatueofLiberty".TheNewYorkTimes.July1,2009.RetrievedOctober19,2011.
110."TopaintMissLiberty".TheNewYorkTimes.July19,1906.p.1.RetrievedOctober19,2011.
111."Howshall"MissLiberty"'stoiletbemade?".TheNewYorkTimes.July29,1906.pp.SM2.RetrievedOctober19,
2011.
112.Harris1985,p.168.
113.Harris1985,pp.136139.
114.Moreno2000,pp.148151.
115.Harris1985,p.147.
116.Moreno2000,p.136.
117.Moreno2000,p.202.
118.Harris1985,p.169.
119.Harris1985,pp.141143.
120.Moreno2000,pp.147148.
121.1973WorldAlmanacandBookofFacts,p.996.
122.Moreno2000,pp.7273.
123.Harris1985,p.143.
124.Moreno2000,p.20.
125.Harris1985,p.165.
126.Harris1985,pp.169171.
127.Hayden&Despont1986,p.38.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

22/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

128.Moreno2000,pp.204205.
129.Moreno2000,pp.216218.
130.Daw,Jocelyne(March2006).CauseMarketingforNonprofits:PartnerforPurpose,Passion,andProfits.Hoboken,
NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons.p.4.ISBN9780471717508.
131.Hayden&Despont1986,p.81.
132.Hayden&Despont1986,p.76.
133.Hayden&Despont1986,p.55.
134.Harris1985,p.172.
135.Hayden&Despont1986,p.153.
136.Hayden&Despont1986,p.75.
137.Hayden&Despont1986,pp.7476.
138.Hayden&Despont1986,p.57.
139.Moreno2000,p.153.
140.Hayden&Despont1986,p.71.
141.Hayden&Despont1986,p.84.
142.Hayden&Despont1986,p.88.
143.Sutherland2003,p.106.
144."HistoryandCulture".StatueofLiberty.NationalParkService.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
145.Chan,Sewell(May8,2009)."StatueofLiberty'sCrownWillReopenJuly4".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved
October20,2011.
146.Neuman,William(July5,2007)."CongresstoAskWhyMissLiberty'sCrownisStillClosedtoVisitors".TheNew
YorkTimes.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
147.Raja,Nina(August10,2010)."LibertyIslandtoremainopenduringstatue'srenovation".CNN.RetrievedOctober20,
2011.
148."StatueofLibertyinteriortoreopennextmonth".APviaFoxNews.September11,2012.RetrievedMay6,2016.
149.Powlowski,A.(November2,2012)."StatueofLibertyclosedfor'foreseeablefuture' ".NBCNews.Archivedfromthe
originalon20121102.RetrievedNovember2,2012.
150.Mcgeehan,Patrick(November8,2012)."StormleavesStatueofLibertyandEllisIslandcutofffromvisitors".TheNew
YorkTimes.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
151.Barron,James(November30,2012)."StatueofLibertywasunscathedbyhurricane,butitshometookabeating".The
NewYorkTimes.RetrievedDecember1,2012.
152.Long,Colleen(July4,2013)."StatueofLibertyreopensasUSmarksJulyFourth".Yahoo!News.RetrievedJuly4,
2013.
153.Foderaro,Lisa(October28,2013)."EllisIslandWelcomingVisitorsOnceAgain,butRepairsContinue".TheNewYork
Times.RetrievedOctober19,2014.
154.Armaghan,Sarah(October1,2013)."StatueofLibertyClosedinShutdown".WallStreetJournal.
155."EarlyHistoryofBedloe'sIsland".StatueofLibertyHistoricalHandbook.NationalParkService.Archivedfromthe
originalon20111021.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
156."NEWJERSEYv.NEWYORK523U.S.767".SupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.1998.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
157.Ramirez,Anthony(June29,2007)."CircleLineLosesPactforFerriestoLibertyIsland".NewYorkTimes.Retrieved
October20,2011.
158."NPS:LibertyandEllisIslandferrymap".FerryMap.NationalParkService.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
159."ForYourSafetyandSecurity".StatueofLiberty.NationalParkService.RetrievedAugust30,2011.
160."FrequentlyAskedQuestions".StatueofLiberty.NationalParkService.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
161."Frequentlyaskedquestions:Reservingticketstovisitthecrown".StatueofLiberty.NationalParkService.Retrieved
October20,2011.
162.Moreno2000,pp.222223.
163.Harris1985,p.163.
164."StatueofLiberty".WorldHeritage.UNESCO.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
165.Moreno2000,pp.200201.
166."Collections:AmericanArt:ReplicaoftheStatueofLiberty,fromLibertyStorage&Warehouse,4347West64th
Street,NYC".BrooklynMuseum.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
167.Attoun,Marti(October2007)."LittleSistersofLiberty".Scouting.RetrievedAugust1,2010.
168.Moreno2000,pp.103104.
169.Goldberger,Paul(January15,1997)."NewYorkNewYork,it'saLasVegastown".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved
October20,2011.
170."StatueofLibertypostagestamps".StatueofLibertyEllisIslandFoundation,Inc.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

23/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

171."Theredesigned$10note".newmoney.gov.BureauofEngravingandPrinting.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
172.Severson,KimHealey,Matthew(April14,2011)."ThisLadyLibertyisaLasVegasteenager".TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedOctober20,2011.
173."StatetostartissuingnewlicenseplatesJuly1".TheNewYorkTimes.January24,1986.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
174."Statelicenseplatestogetnewlook".TheNewYorkTimes.January11,2000.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
175." 'Liberty'forNewYorkclub".TheNewYorkTimes.February14,1997.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
176.Lapointe,Joe(January12,1997)."LadyLibertylacesupattheGarden".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedOctober20,
2011.
177.Sandomir,Richard(March29,1996)."FinalFour:Statesputasidetheirrivalryandtryalittlecooperation".TheNew
YorkTimes.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
178.Axinn,Mark(October28,2011)."TheStatueofLibertyafter125yearsbyLPNYChairMarkAxinn".Libertarian
PartyoftheUnitedStates.RetrievedNovember19,2012.
179.Morris,TracyS."TheStatueofLibertyinPopularCulture".USAToday.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
180.Spoto,Donald(1983).TheDarkSideofGenius:TheLifeofAlfredHitchcock.NewYork:Ballantine.pp.262263.
ISBN9780345314628.
181.Greene,EricSlotkin,Richard(1998).PlanetoftheApesasAmericanmyth:race,politics,andpopularculture.
Middletown,Connecticut:WesleyanUniversityPress.p.52.ISBN9780819563293.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
182.10MoviesThatHatedTheStatueOfLiberty>>Page6of10(https://web.archive.org/web/20140324010619/http://whatc
ulture.com/film/10movieshatedstatueliberty.php/6)attheWaybackMachine(archivedMarch24,2014)
183.'Cloverfield'ReleaseWillBeTestofOnlineHype:NPR(https://web.archive.org/web/20080414143708/http://www.npr.o
rg/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18028350)attheWaybackMachine(archivedApril14,2008)
184.Darrach,Brad(June26,1970)."Thespywhocameinfrom1882".Life(NewYork).p.16.RetrievedOctober20,2011.
185.Nicholls,Peter(1979).TheEncyclopediaofScienceFiction.StAlbans,Herts,UK:GranadaPublishingLtd.p.14.
ISBN9780586053805.

Bibliography
Bell,JamesB.Abrams,RichardL.(1984).InSearchofLiberty:TheStoryoftheStatueofLibertyandEllisIsland.
GardenCity,NewYork:Doubleday&Co.ISBN9780385196246.
Harris,Jonathan(1985).AStatueforAmerica:TheFirst100YearsoftheStatueofLiberty.NewYorkCity:FourWinds
Press(adivisionofMacmillanPublishingCompany).ISBN9780027427301.
Hayden,RichardSethDespont,ThierryW.(1986).RestoringtheStatueofLiberty.NewYorkCity:McGrawHillBook
Company.ISBN9780070273269.
Khan,YasminSabina(2010).EnlighteningtheWorld:TheCreationoftheStatueofLiberty.Ithaca,NewYork:Cornell
UniversityPress.ISBN9780801448515.
Moreno,Barry(2000).TheStatueofLibertyEncyclopedia.NewYorkCity:Simon&Schuster.ISBN978073853689
7.
Sutherland,CaraA.(2003).TheStatueofLiberty.NewYorkCity:Barnes&NobleBooks.ISBN9780760738900.

Externallinks
StatueofLibertyNationalMonument(http://www.nps.gov/stli/index.
Wikiquotehasquotations
htm)
relatedto:StatueofLiberty
StatueofLibertyEllisIslandFoundation(http://statueofliberty.org/)
SoleiaCompany(http://Soleia.com/)Preservedandrepurposes
WikimediaCommonshas
artifactsfromthecentennialrestorationoftheStatueofLiberty
mediarelatedtoStatueof
NationalMonument.
Liberty.
"AGiant'sTaskCleaningStatueofLiberty",PopularMechanics
(February1932)(https://books.google.com/books?id=4EDAAAAM
BAJ&pg=PA203&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&hl=en&ei=cLsATbqFMZTjnQf3tNzlDQ&sa=X&
oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEQQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Mechanics%2
01931%20curtiss&f=true)
ViewsfromthewebcamsaffixedtotheStatueofLiberty(http://www.earthcam.com/usa/newyork/statueoflib
erty/?cam=liberty_hd)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

24/25

7/3/2016

StatueofLibertyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

MadeinParisTheStatueofLiberty18771885(http://www.messynessychic.com/2012/06/22/madeinparis
thestatueofliberty18771885/?fb_comment_id=fbc_10150968235258286_24897548_101513230599682
86#f1babebb28)manyhistoricalphotographs
StatueofLiberty(http://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000068)atStructurae
HistoricAmericanEngineeringRecord(HAER)No.NY138,"StatueofLiberty,LibertyIsland,Manhattan,
NewYork,NewYorkCounty,NY(https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ny1251)",404photos,59color
transparencies,41measureddrawings,10datapages,33photocaptionpages
HAERNo.NY138A,"StatueofLiberty,AdministrationBuilding(https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ny2026)",
6photos,6measureddrawings,1photocaptionpage
HAERNo.NY138B,"StatueofLiberty,ConcessionsBuilding(https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ny2027)",
12photos,6measureddrawings,1photocaptionpage

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=727635525"
Categories: WikipediaarticleswithBNFidentifiers StatueofLiberty 1886sculptures
1886ininternationalrelations 1886intheUnitedStates Allegoricalsculptures
ArtworksinthecollectionoftheNationalParkService Buildingsandstructurescompletedin1886
Colossalstatues CoppersculpturesintheUnitedStates FranceUnitedStatesrelations Frencharchitecture
HistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordinNewYork HistoricCivilEngineeringLandmarks
HistorymuseumsinNewYorkCity SymbolsofNewYorkCity FrenchThirdRepublic
HistoryofimmigrationtotheUnitedStates LandmarksinManhattan Libertysymbols
LighthousesontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesinNewYork MuseumsinManhattan
NationalParkServiceNationalMonumentsinNewYork Nationalpersonifications
NationalsymbolsoftheUnitedStates OutdoorsculpturesinNewYorkCity
PortofNewYorkandNewJersey RichardMorrisHuntbuildings SculpturesbyFrdricAugusteBartholdi
VisitorattractionsinManhattan WorldHeritageSitesintheUnitedStates
NationalParkServiceareasinNewYork NewJerseyRegisterofHistoricPlaces Diplomaticgifts
NationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesinManhattan
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon30June2016,at07:24.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.
Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregisteredtrademark
oftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

25/25