7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Coordinates:511043.84N14934.28W

Stonehenge
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

StonehengeisaprehistoricmonumentinWiltshire,England,2
miles(3km)westofAmesburyand8miles(13km)northof
Salisbury.Stonehenge'sringofstandingstonesaresetwithin
earthworksinthemiddleofthemostdensecomplexofNeolithic
andBronzeAgemonumentsinEngland,includingseveral
hundredburialmounds.[1]

Stonehenge

Archaeologistsbelieveitwasconstructedfrom3000BCto2000
BC.Thesurroundingcircularearthbankandditch,which
constitutetheearliestphaseofthemonument,havebeendated
toabout3100BC.Radiocarbondatingsuggeststhatthefirst
bluestoneswereraisedbetween2400and2200BC,[2]although
theymayhavebeenatthesiteasearlyas3000BC.[3][4][5]

Stonehengein2014

StonehengehasbeenalegallyprotectedScheduledAncient
Monumentsince1882whenlegislationtoprotecthistoric
monumentswasfirstsuccessfullyintroducedinBritain.Thesite
anditssurroundingswereaddedtoUNESCO'slistofWorld
HeritageSitesin1986.StonehengeisownedbytheCrownand
managedbyEnglishHeritagethesurroundinglandisownedby
theNationalTrust.[6][7]
Stonehengecouldhavebeenaburialgroundfromitsearliest
beginnings.[8]Depositscontaininghumanbonedatefromas
earlyas3000BC,whentheditchandbankwerefirstdug,and
continuedforatleastanotherfivehundredyears.[9]
MapofWiltshireshowingthelocationof
Stonehenge

Contents
1 Etymology
2 Earlyhistory
2.1 Beforethemonument(8000BCforward)
2.2 Stonehenge1(ca.3100BC)
2.3 Stonehenge2(ca.3000BC)
2.4 Stonehenge3I(ca.2,600BC)
2.5 Stonehenge3II(2600BCto2400BC)
2.6 Stonehenge3III(2400BCto2280BC)
2.7 Stonehenge3IV(2280BCto1930BC)
2.8 Stonehenge3V(1930BCto1600BC)
2.9 Afterthemonument(1600BCon)
3 Functionandconstruction
4 Modernhistory
4.1 Folklore

Location

Coordinates 511043.84N14934.28W
UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
Official
name

Stonehenge,Aveburyand
AssociatedSites

Type

Cultural

Criteria

i,ii,iii

Designated

1986 (10thsession)

Referenceno. 373(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/37
3)
Region

4.1.1 "HeelStone,""FriarsHeel,"or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

Wiltshire,England

EuropeandNorthAmerica
1/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

5
6
7
8
9

4.1.1 "HeelStone,""FriarsHeel,"or
"SunStone"
4.1.2 Arthurianlegend
4.2 Sixteenthcenturytopresent
4.2.1 Neopaganism
4.2.2 Settingandaccess
4.2.3 StonehengeRoundtableAccess
4.3 Archaeologicalresearchandrestoration
Inpopularculture
Seealso
References
Bibliography
Externallinks

Etymology
TheOxfordEnglishDictionaryciteslfric'stenthcenturyglossary,inwhichhengecliffisgiventhemeaning
"precipice",orstone,thusthestanengesorStanheng"notfarfromSalisbury"recordedbyeleventhcenturywriters
are"supportedstones".WilliamStukeleyin1740notes,"PendulousrocksarenowcalledhengesinYorkshire...I
doubtnot,StonehengeinSaxonsignifiesthehangingstones."[10]ChristopherChippindale'sStonehengeComplete
givesthederivationofthenameStonehengeascomingfromtheOldEnglishwordsstnmeaning"stone",and
eitherhencgmeaning"hinge"(becausethestonelintelshingeontheuprightstones)orhen(c)enmeaning"hang"
or"gallows"or"instrumentoftorture"(thoughelsewhereinhisbook,Chippindalecitesthe"suspendedstones"
etymology).LikeStonehenge'strilithons,medievalgallowsconsistedoftwouprightswithalinteljoiningthem,
ratherthantheinvertedLshapemorefamiliartoday.
The"henge"portionhasgivenitsnametoaclassofmonumentsknownashenges.[10]Archaeologistsdefine
hengesasearthworksconsistingofacircularbankedenclosurewithaninternalditch.[11]Asoftenhappensin
archaeologicalterminology,thisisaholdoverfromantiquarianuse,andStonehengeisnottrulyahengesiteasits
bankisinsideitsditch.DespitebeingcontemporarywithtrueNeolithichengesandstonecircles,Stonehengeisin
manywaysatypicalforexample,atmorethan7.3metres(24ft)tall,itsextanttrilithonssupportinglintelsheldin
placewithmortiseandtenonjoints,makeitunique.[12][13]

Earlyhistory
MikeParkerPearson,leaderoftheStonehengeRiversideProjectbasedatDurringtonWalls,notedthatStonehenge
appearstohavebeenassociatedwithburialfromtheearliestperiodofitsexistence:
StonehengewasaplaceofburialfromitsbeginningtoitszenithinthemidthirdmillenniumB.C.The
cremationburialdatingtoStonehenge'ssarsenstonesphaseislikelyjustoneofmanyfromthislater
periodofthemonument'suseanddemonstratesthatitwasstillverymuchadomainofthedead.[9]
MikeParkerPearson
Stonehengeevolvedinseveralconstructionphasesspanningatleast1500years.Thereisevidenceoflargescale
constructiononandaroundthemonumentthatperhapsextendsthelandscape'stimeframeto6500years.Dating
andunderstandingthevariousphasesofactivityiscomplicatedbydisturbanceofthenaturalchalkbyperiglacial
effectsandanimalburrowing,poorqualityearlyexcavationrecords,andalackofaccurate,scientificallyverified
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

2/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

dates.Themodernphasingmostgenerallyagreedtobyarchaeologistsis
detailedbelow.Featuresmentionedinthetextarenumberedandshownon
theplan,right.

Beforethemonument(8000BCforward)
Archaeologistshavefoundfour,orpossiblyfive,largeMesolithicpostholes
(onemayhavebeenanaturaltreethrow),whichdatetoaround8000BC,
beneaththenearbymoderntouristcarpark.Theseheldpinepostsaround
0.75metres(2ft6in)indiameterwhichwereerectedandeventuallyrotted
insitu.Threeoftheposts(andpossiblyfour)wereinaneastwest
alignmentwhichmayhavehadritualsignificancenoparallelsareknown
fromBritainatthetimebutsimilarsiteshavebeenfoundinScandinavia.
PlanofStonehengein2004.After
SalisburyPlainwasthenstillwoodedbut4,000yearslater,duringthe
Clealetal.andPitts.Italicised
earlierNeolithic,peoplebuiltacausewayedenclosureatRobinHood'sBall
numbersinthetextrefertothelabels
andlongbarrowtombsinthesurroundinglandscape.Inapproximately
onthisplan.Trilithonlintelsomitted
3500BC,aStonehengeCursuswasbuilt700metres(2,300ft)northofthe
forclarity.Holesthatnolonger,or
siteasthefirstfarmersbegantoclearthetreesanddevelopthearea.A
never,containedstonesareshownas
numberofotheradjacentstoneandwoodenstructuresandburialmounds,
opencircles.Stonesvisibletodayare
[14]
showncoloured
previouslyoverlooked,maydateasfarbackas4000BC. Charcoalfrom
theBlickMeadcamp2.4kilometres(1.5mi)fromStonehenge(nearthe
Vespasian'sCampsite)hasbeendatedto4000BC.[15]TheUniversityofBuckingham'sHumanitiesResearch
InstitutebelievesthatthecommunitywhobuiltStonehengelivedhereoveraperiodofseveralmillenniamakingit
potentially"oneofthepivotalplacesinthehistoryoftheStonehengelandscape."[16]

Stonehenge1(ca.3100BC)
Thefirstmonumentconsistedofacircularbankandditchenclosuremade
ofLateCretaceous(SantonianAge)SeafordChalk,measuringabout110
metres(360ft)indiameter,withalargeentrancetothenortheastanda
smalleronetothesouth.Itstoodinopengrasslandonaslightlysloping
spot.[17]Thebuildersplacedthebonesofdeerandoxeninthebottomof
theditch,aswellassomeworkedflinttools.Theboneswereconsiderably
olderthantheantlerpicksusedtodigtheditch,andthepeoplewhoburied
themhadlookedafterthemforsometimepriortoburial.Theditchwas
continuousbuthadbeenduginsections,liketheditchesoftheearlier
causewayedenclosuresinthearea.Thechalkdugfromtheditchwaspiled
uptoformthebank.Thisfirststageisdatedtoaround3100BC,after
whichtheditchbegantosiltupnaturally.Withintheouteredgeofthe
Stonehenge1.AfterClealetal.
enclosedareaisacircleof56pits,eachaboutametre(3ft3in)in
diameter,knownastheAubreyholesafterJohnAubrey,theseventeenth
centuryantiquarianwhowasthoughttohavefirstidentifiedthem.Thepitsmayhavecontainedstandingtimbers
creatingatimbercircle,althoughthereisnoexcavatedevidenceofthem.Arecentexcavationhassuggestedthat
theAubreyHolesmayhaveoriginallybeenusedtoerectabluestonecircle.[18]Ifthiswerethecase,itwould
advancetheearliestknownstonestructureatthemonumentbysome500years.Asmallouterbankbeyondthe
ditchcouldalsodatetothisperiod.
In2013ateamofarchaeologists,ledbyMikeParkerPearson,excavatedmorethan50,000crematedbonesof63
individualsburiedatStonehenge.[3][4]TheseremainshadoriginallybeenburiedindividuallyintheAubreyholes,
exhumedduringapreviousexcavationconductedbyWilliamHawleyin1920,beenconsideredunimportantby
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

3/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

him,andsubsequentlyreinterredtogetherinonehole,AubreyHole7,in1935.[19]Physicalandchemicalanalysis
oftheremainshasshownthatthecrematedwerealmostequallymenandwomen,andincludedsomechildren.[3][4]
Astherewasevidenceoftheunderlyingchalkbeneaththegravesbeingcrushedbysubstantialweight,theteam
concludedthatthefirstbluestonesbroughtfromWaleswereprobablyusedasgravemarkers.[3][4]Radiocarbon
datingoftheremainshasputthedateofthesite500yearsearlierthanpreviouslyestimated,toaround3000
BC.[3][4]
AnalysisofanimalteethfoundatnearbyDurringtonWalls,thoughttobethe'builderscamp',suggeststhatasmany
as4,000peoplegatheredatthesiteforthemidwinterandmidsummerfestivalstheevidenceshowedthatthe
animalshadbeenslaughteredaround9monthsor15monthsaftertheirspringbirth.Strontiumisotopeanalysisof
theanimalteethshowedthatsomehadtravelledfromasfarafieldastheScottishHighlandsforthe
celebrations.[4][5]

Stonehenge2(ca.3000BC)
Evidenceofthesecondphaseisnolongervisible.Thenumberofpostholesdatingtotheearly3rdmillenniumBC
suggestthatsomeformoftimberstructurewasbuiltwithintheenclosureduringthisperiod.Furtherstanding
timberswereplacedatthenortheastentrance,andaparallelalignmentofpostsraninwardsfromthesouthern
entrance.ThepostholesaresmallerthantheAubreyHoles,beingonlyaround0.4metres(16in)indiameter,and
aremuchlessregularlyspaced.Thebankwaspurposelyreducedinheightandtheditchcontinuedtosiltup.At
leasttwentyfiveoftheAubreyHolesareknowntohavecontainedlater,intrusive,cremationburialsdatingtothe
twocenturiesafterthemonument'sinception.Itseemsthatwhatevertheholes'initialfunction,itchangedto
becomeafuneraryoneduringPhase2.Thirtyfurthercremationswereplacedintheenclosure'sditchandatother
pointswithinthemonument,mostlyintheeasternhalf.Stonehengeisthereforeinterpretedasfunctioningasan
enclosedcremationcemeteryatthistime,theearliestknowncremationcemeteryintheBritishIsles.Fragmentsof
unburnthumanbonehavealsobeenfoundintheditchfill.DatingevidenceisprovidedbythelateNeolithic
groovedwarepotterythathasbeenfoundinconnectionwiththefeaturesfromthisphase.

Stonehenge3I(ca.2,600BC)
Archaeologicalexcavationhasindicatedthataround2600BC,thebuilders
abandonedtimberinfavourofstoneanddugtwoconcentricarraysofholes
(theQandRHoles)inthecentreofthesite.Thesestonesocketsareonly
partlyknown(henceonpresentevidencearesometimesdescribedas
forming'crescents')however,theycouldbetheremainsofadoublering.
Again,thereislittlefirmdatingevidenceforthisphase.Theholesheldup
to80standingstones(shownblueontheplan),only43ofwhichcanbe
tracedtoday.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatthebluestones(someofwhichare
madeofdolerite,anigneousrock),weretransportedbythebuildersfrom
thePreseliHills,150miles(240km)awayinmoderndayPembrokeshire
Graffitionthesarsenstonesinclude
inWales.Anothertheoryisthattheywerebroughtmuchnearertothesite
ancientcarvingsofadaggerandan
asglacialerraticsbytheIrishSeaGlacier[20]althoughthereisnoevidence
axe
ofglacialdepositionwithinsoutherncentralEngland.[21]Thelongdistance
humantransporttheorywasbolsteredin2011bythediscoveryofa
megalithicbluestonequarryatCraigRhosyfelin,nearCrymychinPembrokeshire,whichisthemostlikelyplace
forsomeofthestonestohavebeenobtained.[21]Otherstandingstonesmaywellhavebeensmallsarsens
(sandstone),usedlateraslintels.Thestones,whichweighedabouttwotons,couldhavebeenmovedbyliftingand
carryingthemonrowsofpolesandrectangularframeworksofpoles,asrecordedinChina,JapanandIndia.Itis
notknownwhetherthestonesweretakendirectlyfromtheirquarriestoSalisburyPlainorweretheresultofthe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

4/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

removalofaveneratedstonecirclefromPreselitoSalisburyPlainto"mergetwosacredcentresintoone,tounify
twopoliticallyseparateregions,ortolegitimisetheancestralidentityofmigrantsmovingfromoneregionto
another".[21]Eachmonolithmeasuresaround2metres(6.6ft)inheight,between1and1.5m(3.3and4.9ft)wide
andaround0.8metres(2.6ft)thick.WhatwastobecomeknownastheAltarStoneisalmostcertainlyderived
fromtheSenniBeds,perhapsfrom50mileseastofMynyddPreseliintheBreconBeacons.[21]
Thenortheasternentrancewaswidenedatthistime,withtheresultthatitpreciselymatchedthedirectionofthe
midsummersunriseandmidwintersunsetoftheperiod.Thisphaseofthemonumentwasabandonedunfinished,
howeverthesmallstandingstoneswereapparentlyremovedandtheQandRholespurposefullybackfilled.Even
so,themonumentappearstohaveeclipsedthesiteatAveburyinimportancetowardstheendofthisphase.
TheHeelstone,aTertiarysandstone,mayalsohavebeenerectedoutsidethenortheasternentranceduringthis
period.Itcannotbeaccuratelydatedandmayhavebeeninstalledatanytimeduringphase3.Atfirstitwas
accompaniedbyasecondstone,whichisnolongervisible.Two,orpossiblythree,largeportalstonesweresetup
justinsidethenortheasternentrance,ofwhichonlyone,thefallenSlaughterStone,4.9metres(16ft)long,now
remains.Otherfeatures,looselydatedtophase3,includethefourStationStones,twoofwhichstoodatopmounds.
Themoundsareknownas"barrows"althoughtheydonotcontainburials.StonehengeAvenue,aparallelpairof
ditchesandbanksleading2miles(3km)totheRiverAvon,wasalsoadded.TwoditchessimilartoHeelstone
DitchcirclingtheHeelstone(whichwasbythenreducedtoasinglemonolith)werelaterdugaroundtheStation
Stones.

Stonehenge3II(2600BCto2400BC)
Duringthenextmajorphaseofactivity,30enormousOligoceneMiocene
sarsenstones(showngreyontheplan)werebroughttothesite.Theymay
havecomefromaquarry,around25miles(40km)northofStonehengeon
theMarlboroughDowns,ortheymayhavebeencollectedfroma"litter"of
sarsensonthechalkdowns,closertohand.Thestonesweredressedand
fashionedwithmortiseandtenonjointsbefore30wereerectedasa33
metres(108ft)diametercircleofstandingstones,witharingof30lintel
stonesrestingontop.Thelintelswerefittedtooneanotherusinganother
woodworkingmethod,thetongueandgroovejoint.Eachstandingstone
wasaround4.1metres(13ft)high,2.1metres(6ft11in)wideand
weighedaround25tons.Eachhadclearlybeenworkedwiththefinalvisual
effectinmindtheorthostatswidenslightlytowardsthetopinorderthat
theirperspectiveremainsconstantwhenviewedfromtheground,whilethe
lintelstonescurveslightlytocontinuethecircularappearanceoftheearlier
Planofthecentralstonestructure
monument.Theinwardfacingsurfacesofthestonesaresmootherand
todayafterJohnson2008
morefinelyworkedthantheoutersurfaces.Theaveragethicknessofthe
stonesis1.1metres(3ft7in)andtheaveragedistancebetweenthemis1
metre(3ft3in).Atotalof75stoneswouldhavebeenneededtocompletethecircle(60stones)andthetrilithon
horseshoe(15stones).Itwasthoughttheringmighthavebeenleftincomplete,butanexceptionallydrysummerin
2013revealedpatchesofparchedgrasswhichmaycorrespondtothelocationofremovedsarsens.[22]Thelintel
stonesareeacharound3.2metres(10ft)long,1metre(3ft3in)wideand0.8metres(2ft7in)thick.Thetopsof
thelintelsare4.9metres(16ft)abovetheground.
Withinthiscirclestoodfivetrilithonsofdressedsarsenstonearrangedinahorseshoeshape13.7metres(45ft)
acrosswithitsopenendfacingnortheast.Thesehugestones,tenuprightsandfivelintels,weighupto50tons
each.Theywerelinkedusingcomplexjointing.Theyarearrangedsymmetrically.Thesmallestpairoftrilithons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

5/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

werearound6metres(20ft)tall,thenextpairalittlehigherandthelargest,singletrilithoninthesouthwest
cornerwouldhavebeen7.3metres(24ft)tall.OnlyoneuprightfromtheGreatTrilithonstillstands,ofwhich6.7
metres(22ft)isvisibleandafurther2.4metres(7ft10in)isbelowground.
Theimagesofa'dagger'and14'axeheads'havebeencarvedononeofthesarsens,knownasstone53further
carvingsofaxeheadshavebeenseenontheouterfacesofstones3,4,and5.Thecarvingsaredifficulttodate,but
aremorphologicallysimilartolateBronzeAgeweaponsrecentlaserscanningworkonthecarvingssupportsthis
interpretation.Thepairoftrilithonsinthenortheastaresmallest,measuringaround6metres(20ft)inheightthe
largest,whichisinthesouthwestofthehorseshoe,isalmost7.5metres(25ft)tall.
Thisambitiousphasehasbeenradiocarbondatedtobetween2600and2400BC,[23]slightlyearlierthanthe
StonehengeArcher,discoveredintheouterditchofthemonumentin1978,andthetwosetsofburials,knownas
theAmesburyArcherandtheBoscombeBowmen,discovered3miles(5km)tothewest.Ataboutthesametime,
alargetimbercircleandasecondavenuewereconstructed2miles(3km)awayatDurringtonWallsoverlooking
theRiverAvon.Thetimbercirclewasorientedtowardstherisingsunonthemidwintersolstice,opposingthesolar
alignmentsatStonehenge,whilsttheavenuewasalignedwiththesettingsunonthesummersolsticeandledfrom
therivertothetimbercircle.EvidenceofhugefiresonthebanksoftheAvonbetweenthetwoavenuesalso
suggeststhatbothcircleswerelinked,andtheywereperhapsusedasaprocessionrouteonthelongestandshortest
daysoftheyear.ParkerPearsonspeculatesthatthewoodencircleatDurringtonWallswasthecentreofa'landof
theliving',whilstthestonecirclerepresenteda'landofthedead',withtheAvonservingasajourneybetweenthe
two.[24]

Stonehenge3III(2400BCto2280BC)
LaterintheBronzeAge,althoughtheexactdetailsofactivitiesduringthisperiodarestillunclear,thebluestones
appeartohavebeenreerected.Theywereplacedwithintheoutersarsencircleandmayhavebeentrimmedin
someway.Likethesarsens,afewhavetimberworkingstylecutsinthemsuggestingthat,duringthisphase,they
mayhavebeenlinkedwithlintelsandwerepartofalargerstructure.

Stonehenge3IV(2280BCto1930BC)
Thisphasesawfurtherrearrangementofthebluestones.Theywerearrangedinacirclebetweenthetworingsof
sarsensandinanovalatthecentreoftheinnerring.Somearchaeologistsarguethatsomeofthesebluestoneswere
fromasecondgroupbroughtfromWales.Allthestonesformedwellspaceduprightswithoutanyofthelinking
lintelsinferredinStonehenge3III.TheAltarStonemayhavebeenmovedwithintheovalatthistimeandre
erectedvertically.Althoughthiswouldseemthemostimpressivephaseofwork,Stonehenge3IVwasrather
shabbilybuiltcomparedtoitsimmediatepredecessors,asthenewlyreinstalledbluestoneswerenotwellfounded
andbegantofallover.However,onlyminorchangesweremadeafterthisphase.

Stonehenge3V(1930BCto1600BC)
Soonafterwards,thenortheasternsectionofthePhase3IVbluestonecirclewasremoved,creatingahorseshoe
shapedsetting(theBluestoneHorseshoe)whichmirroredtheshapeofthecentralsarsenTrilithons.Thisphaseis
contemporarywiththeSeahengesiteinNorfolk.

Afterthemonument(1600BCon)
TheYandZHolesarethelastknownconstructionatStonehenge,builtabout1600BC,andthelastusageofit
wasprobablyduringtheIronAge.Romancoinsandmedievalartefactshaveallbeenfoundinoraroundthe
monumentbutitisunknownifthemonumentwasincontinuoususethroughoutBritishprehistoryandbeyond,or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

6/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

exactlyhowitwouldhavebeenused.NotableisthemassiveIronAge
hillfortVespasian'sCampbuiltalongsidetheAvenueneartheAvon.A
decapitatedseventhcenturySaxonmanwasexcavatedfromStonehengein
1923.[25]ThesitewasknowntoscholarsduringtheMiddleAgesandsince
thenithasbeenstudiedandadoptedbynumerousgroups.

Functionandconstruction
Stonehengewasproducedbyaculturethatleftnowrittenrecords.Many
aspectsofStonehengeremainsubjecttodebate.Anumberofmyths
surroundthestones.[26]

Computerrenderingoftheoverall
site

Thesite,specificallythegreattrilithon,theencompassinghorseshoearrangementofthefivecentraltrilithons,the
heelstone,andtheembankedavenue,arealignedtothesunsetofthewintersolsticeandtheopposingsunriseof
thesummersolstice.[27][28]Anaturallandformatthemonument'slocationfollowedthisline,andmayhave
inspireditsconstruction.[29]Theexcavatedremainsofculledanimalbonessuggestthatpeoplemayhavegathered
atthesiteforthewinterratherthanthesummer.[30]Furtherastronomicalassociations,andthepreciseastronomical
significanceofthesiteforitspeople,areamatterofspeculationanddebate.
ThereislittleornodirectevidencerevealingtheconstructiontechniquesusedbytheStonehengebuilders.Over
theyears,variousauthorshavesuggestedthatsupernaturaloranachronisticmethodswereused,usuallyasserting
thatthestoneswereimpossibletomoveotherwiseduetotheirmassivesize.However,conventionaltechniques,
usingNeolithictechnologyasbasicasshearlegs,havebeendemonstrablyeffectiveatmovingandplacingstones
ofasimilarsize.Howthestonescouldbetransportedbyaprehistoricpeoplewithouttheaidofthewheelora
pulleysystemisnotknown.Themostcommontheoryofhowprehistoricpeoplemovedmegalithshasthem
creatingatrackoflogsonwhichthelargestoneswererolledalong.[31]Anothermegalithtransporttheoryinvolves
theuseofatypeofsleighrunningonatrackgreasedwithanimalfat.[31]Suchanexperimentwithasleighcarrying
a40tonslabofstonewassuccessfulnearStonehengein1995.Adedicatedteamofmorethan100workers
managedtopushandpulltheslabalongthe18milejourneyfromMarlboroughDowns.[31]Proposedfunctionsfor
thesiteincludeusageasanastronomicalobservatoryorasareligioussite.
Morerecentlytwomajornewtheorieshavebeenproposed.ProfessorGeoffreyWainwright,presidentofthe
SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon,andTimothyDarvill,ofBournemouthUniversity,havesuggestedthat
StonehengewasaplaceofhealingtheprimevalequivalentofLourdes.[32]Theyarguethatthisaccountsforthe
highnumberofburialsintheareaandfortheevidenceoftraumadeformityinsomeofthegraves.However,they
doconcedethatthesitewasprobablymultifunctionalandusedforancestorworshipaswell.[33]Isotopeanalysis
indicatesthatsomeoftheburiedindividualswerefromotherregions.Ateenageboyburiedapproximately1550
BCwasraisedneartheMediterraneanSeaametalworkerfrom2300BCdubbedthe"AmesburyArcher"grewup
nearthealpinefoothillsofGermanyandthe"BoscombeBowmen"probablyarrivedfromWalesorBrittany,
France.[34]Ontheotherhand,MikeParkerPearsonofSheffieldUniversityhassuggestedthatStonehengewaspart
ofarituallandscapeandwasjoinedtoDurringtonWallsbytheircorrespondingavenuesandtheRiverAvon.He
suggeststhattheareaaroundDurringtonWallsHengewasaplaceoftheliving,whilstStonehengewasadomain
ofthedead.AjourneyalongtheAvontoreachStonehengewaspartofaritualpassagefromlifetodeath,to
celebratepastancestorsandtherecentlydeceased.[24]Bothexplanationswerefirstmootedinthetwelfthcentury
byGeoffreyofMonmouth,whoextolledthecurativepropertiesofthestonesandwasalsothefirsttoadvancethe
ideathatStonehengewasconstructedasafunerarymonument.Whateverreligious,mysticalorspiritualelements
werecentraltoStonehenge,itsdesignincludesacelestialobservatoryfunction,whichmighthaveallowed
predictionofeclipse,solstice,equinoxandothercelestialeventsimportanttoacontemporaryreligion.[35]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

7/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thereareotherhypothesesandtheories.AccordingtoateamofBritishresearchersledbyMikeParkerPearsonof
theUniversityofSheffield,Stonehengemayhavebeenbuiltasasymbolof"peaceandunity",indicatedinpartby
thefactthatatthetimeofitsconstruction,Britain'sNeolithicpeoplewereexperiencingaperiodofcultural
unification.[26][36]
Anotherideahastodowithaqualityofthestonesthemselves:ResearchersfromtheRoyalCollegeofArtin
Londonhavediscoveredthatsomeofthemonumentsstonespossess"unusualacousticproperties"whenthey
arestrucktheyrespondwitha"loudclangingnoise".AccordingtoPaulDevereux,editorofthejournalTimeand
Mind:TheJournalofArchaeology,ConsciousnessandCulture,thisideacouldexplainwhycertainbluestones
werehaulednearly200milesamajortechnicalaccomplishmentatthetime.Incertainancientculturesrocksthat
ringout,knownaslithophones,werebelievedtocontainmysticorhealingpowers,andStonehengehasahistory
ofassociationwithrituals.Thepresenceofthese"ringingrocks"seemstosupportthehypothesisthatStonehenge
wasa"placeforhealing",ashasbeenpointedoutbyBournemouthUniversityarchaeologistTimothyDarvill,who
consultedwiththeresearchers.SomeofthestonesofStonehengewerebroughtfromnearatowninWalescalled
Maenclochog,anamewhichmeans"ringingrock".[37]

Modernhistory
Folklore
"HeelStone,""FriarsHeel,"or"SunStone"
TheHeelStoneliesnortheastofthesarsencircle,besidetheendportionof
StonehengeAvenue.Itisaroughstone,16feet(4.9m)aboveground,leaning
inwardstowardsthestonecircle.Ithasbeenknownbymanynamesinthepast,
including"Friar'sHeel"and"Sunstone".[38][39]Todayitisuniformlyreferredtoas
theHeelStone.Atsummersolsticeanobserverstandingwithinthestonecircle,
lookingnortheastthroughtheentrance,wouldseetheSunriseintheapproximate
directionoftheheelstone,andthesunhasoftenbeenphotographedoverit.
Afolktale,relatestheoriginoftheFriar'sHeelreference.[40][41]

TheHeelstone

TheDevilboughtthestonesfromawomaninIreland,wrappedthemup,and
broughtthemtoSalisburyplain.OneofthestonesfellintotheAvon,therestwerecarriedtotheplain.The
Devilthencriedout,"Noonewilleverfindouthowthesestonescamehere!"Afriarreplied,"Thatswhat
youthink!",whereupontheDevilthrewoneofthestonesathimandstruckhimontheheel.Thestonestuck
inthegroundandisstillthere.[42]
Brewer'sDictionaryofPhraseandFableattributesthistaletoGeoffreyofMonmouth,butthoughbookeightof
Geoffrey'sHistoriaRegumBritanniaedoesdescribehowStonehengewasbuilt,thetwostoriesareentirely
different.
Someclaim"Friar'sHeel"isacorruptionof"Freyja'sHeol"fromtheGermanicgoddessFreyjaandtheWelsh
wordfortrack.
Thenameisnotuniquetherewasamonolithwiththesamenamerecordedinthenineteenthcenturyby
antiquarianCharlesWarneatLongBredyinDorset.[43]
Arthurianlegend
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

8/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inthetwelfthcentury,GeoffreyofMonmouthincludedafanciful
storyinhisHistoriaRegumBritanniaethatattributedthe
monument'sconstructiontoMerlin.[44]Geoffrey'sstoryspread
widely,appearinginmoreandlesselaborateforminadaptations
ofhisworksuchasWace'sNormanFrenchRomandeBrut,
Layamon'sMiddleEnglishBrut,andtheWelshBruty
Brenhinedd.
AccordingtoGeoffreytherocksofStonehengewerehealing
rocks,calledtheGiant'sdance,whichGiantshadbroughtfrom
AfricatoIrelandfortheirhealingproperties.Thefifthcentury
kingAureliusAmbrosiuswishedtoerectamemorialto3,000
noblesslaininbattleagainsttheSaxonsandburiedatSalisbury,
andatMerlin'sadvicechoseStonehenge.ThekingsentMerlin,
UtherPendragon(Arthur'sfather),and15,000knights,toremove
itfromIreland,whereithadbeenconstructedonMountKillaraus
bytheGiants.Theyslew7,000Irishbut,astheknightstriedto
movetherockswithropesandforce,theyfailed.ThenMerlin,
using"gear"andskill,easilydismantledthestonesandsentthem
overtoBritain,whereStonehengewasdedicated.Afterithad
beenrebuiltnearAmesbury,Geoffreyfurthernarrateshowfirst
AmbrosiusAurelianus,thenUtherPendragon,andfinally
ConstantineIII,wereburiedinsidethe"Giants'Ringof
Stonehenge".

AgianthelpsMerlinbuildStonehenge.Froma
manuscriptoftheRomandeBrutbyWacein
theBritishLibrary(Egerton3028).Datingback
tothesecondquarterofthe14thcentury,thisis
theoldestknowndepictionofStonehenge.

AswellastheHistoriaRegumBritanniae,thereisalsoplacenameevidencetoconnectAmbrosiuswithnearby
Amesbury.
InanotherlegendofSaxonsandBritons,in472theinvadingkingHengistinvitedBrythonicwarriorstoafeast,
buttreacherouslyorderedhismentodrawtheirweaponsfromconcealmentandfallupontheguests,killing420of
them.HengisterectedthestonemonumentStonehengeonthesitetoshowhisremorseforthedeed.[45]

Sixteenthcenturytopresent
StonehengehaschangedownershipseveraltimessinceKingHenryVIII
acquiredAmesburyAbbeyanditssurroundinglands.In1540Henrygave
theestatetotheEarlofHertford.ItsubsequentlypassedtoLordCarleton
andthentheMarquessofQueensberry.TheAntrobusfamilyofCheshire
boughttheestatein1824.DuringWorldWarIanaerodrome(RoyalFlying
Corps"No.1SchoolofAerialNavigationandBombDropping")[46]was
builtonthedownsjusttothewestofthecircleand,inthedryvalleyat
StonehengeBottom,amainroadjunctionwasbuilt,alongwithseveral
Farmcartsnearthesite,ca.1885
cottagesandacafe.TheAntrobusfamilysoldthesiteaftertheirlastheir
waskilledinthefightinginFrance.TheauctionbyKnightFrank&Rutley
estateagentsinSalisburywasheldon21September1915andincluded"Lot15.Stonehengewithabout30acres,2
rods,37perches[12.44ha]ofadjoiningdownland."[47]
CecilChubbboughtthesitefor6,600andgaveittothenationthreeyearslater.Althoughithasbeenspeculated
thathepurchaseditatthesuggestionoforevenasapresentforhiswife,infactheboughtitonawhim,ashe
believedalocalmanshouldbethenewowner.[47]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

9/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inthelate1920sanationwideappealwaslaunchedtosaveStonehenge
fromtheencroachmentofthemodernbuildingsthathadbeguntorise
aroundit.[48]By1928thelandaroundthemonumenthadbeenpurchased
withtheappealdonations,andgiventotheNationalTrusttopreserve.The
buildingswereremoved(althoughtheroadswerenot),andtheland
returnedtoagriculture.Morerecentlythelandhasbeenpartofagrassland
reversionscheme,returningthesurroundingfieldstonativechalk
grassland.[49]
Neopaganism
Duringthetwentiethcentury,Stonehengebegantoreviveasaplaceof
religioussignificance,thistimebyadherentsofNeopaganismandNew
Agebeliefs,particularlytheNeodruids.ThehistorianRonaldHutton
wouldlaterremarkthat"itwasagreat,andpotentiallyuncomfortable,
ironythatmodernDruidshadarrivedatStonehengejustasarchaeologists
wereevictingtheancientDruidsfromit."[50]ThefirstsuchNeodruidic
grouptomakeuseofthemegalithicmonumentwastheAncientOrderof
Druids,whoperformedamassinitiationceremonythereinAugust1905,in
whichtheyadmitted259newmembersintotheirorganisation.This
assemblywaslargelyridiculedinthepress,whomockedthefactthatthe
Neodruidsweredressedupincostumesconsistingofwhiterobesandfake
beards.[51]

SunriseatStonehengeonthesummer
solstice,21June2005

10thBattalion,CEFmarchespastthe
site,winter191415(WWI)
Background:Preservationworkon
stones,proppedupbytimbers

Between1972and1984,StonehengewasthesiteoftheStonehengeFreeFestival.AftertheBattleoftheBeanfield
in1985,thisuseofthesitewasstoppedforseveralyearsandritualuseofStonehengeisnowheavilyrestricted.[52]
SomeDruidshavearrangedanassemblingofmonumentsstyledonStonehengeinotherpartsoftheworldasa
formofDruidistworship.[53]
Settingandaccess
WhenStonehengewasfirstopenedtothepublicitwaspossibletowalkamongandevenclimbonthestones,but
thestoneswereropedoffin1977asaresultofseriouserosion.[54]Visitorsarenolongerpermittedtotouchthe
stones,butareabletowalkaroundthemonumentfromashortdistanceaway.EnglishHeritagedoes,however,
permitaccessduringthesummerandwintersolstice,andthespringandautumnequinox.Additionally,visitorscan
makespecialbookingstoaccessthestonesthroughouttheyear.[55]
Theaccesssituationandtheproximityofthetworoadshasdrawnwidespreadcriticism,highlightedbya2006
NationalGeographicsurvey.Inthesurveyofconditionsat94leadingWorldHeritageSites,400conservationand
tourismexpertsrankedStonehenge75thinthelistofdestinations,declaringittobe"inmoderatetrouble".[56]
Asmotorisedtrafficincreased,thesettingofthemonumentbegantobeaffectedbytheproximityofthetworoads
oneithersidetheA344toShrewtononthenorthside,andtheA303toWinterbourneStoketothesouth.Plansto
upgradetheA303andclosetheA344torestorethevistafromthestoneshavebeenconsideredsincethe
monumentbecameaWorldHeritageSite.However,thecontroversysurroundingexpensivereroutingoftheroads
hasledtotheschemebeingcancelledonmultipleoccasions.On6December2007,itwasannouncedthat
extensiveplanstobuildStonehengeroadtunnelunderthelandscapeandcreateapermanentvisitors'centrehad
beencancelled.[57]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

10/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

On13May2009,thegovernmentgaveapprovalfora25millionscheme
tocreateasmallervisitors'centreandclosetheA344,althoughthiswas
dependentonfundingandlocalauthorityplanningconsent.[58]On20
January2010WiltshireCouncilgrantedplanningpermissionforacentre
2.4km(1.5miles)tothewestandEnglishHeritageconfirmedthatfundsto
builditwouldbeavailable,supportedbya10mgrantfromtheHeritage
LotteryFund.[59]On23June2013theA344wasclosedtobeginthework
ofremovingthesectionofroadandreplacingitwithgrass.[60][61]The
centre,designedbyDentonCorkerMarshall,openedtothepublicon18
December2013.[62]

Anewvisitorcentreopenedin
December2013,morethan2kmwest
ofthemonument,justofftheA360
roadinWiltshire

StonehengeRoundtableAccess
In1985,duringtheyearoftheBattleoftheBeanfield,noaccesswas
allowedintothestonesatStonehengeforanyreligiousreason.This
'exclusionzone'policycontinuedforalmostfifteenyearsanduntiljust
beforethearrivalofthetwentyfirstcentury,visitorswerenotallowedtogo
intothestonesattimesofreligioussignificance:thetwoSolstices(Winter
andSummer)andtwoEquinoxes(VernalandAutumnal).

Thecompletedvisitorscentreat
Stonehenge.

However,nowduetotheRoundtableprocessandthe'CourtofHuman
Rights'rulingsgainedbypicketingbycampaignerssuchasBrian
"Viziondanz"FelsteinandKingArthurPendragon,someaccesshad
beengainedfourtimesayear.The'CourtofHumanRights'rulings
recognisesthatmembersofanygenuinereligionhavearightto
worshipintheirownchurch,andStonehengeisaplaceofworshipto
NeoDruids,Pagansandother'Earthbased'or'old'religions.
TheRoundtablemeetingsincludemembersoftheWiltshirePolice
force,NationalTrust,EnglishHeritage,Pagans,Druids,Spiritualists
andothers.
AttheSummerSolstice2003whichfelloveraweekendover30,000
peopleattendedagatheringatandinthestones.The2004gathering
wassmaller(around21,000people).

Dancinginsidethestones,1984
Stonehengefreefestival.

TheearlierritualswereaugmentedbytheStonehengefreefestival,heldbetween1972and1984,andloosely
organisedbythePolitantricCircle.However,in1985thesitewasclosedtofestivalgoersbyEnglishHeritageand
theNationalTrustbywhichtimethenumberofmidsummervisitorshadrisenfrom500to30,000.Aconsequence
oftheendofthefestivalwastheviolentconfrontationbetweenthepoliceandNewAgetravellersthatbecame
knownastheBattleoftheBeanfieldwhenpoliceblockadedaconvoyoftravellerstopreventthemfrom
approachingStonehenge.Therewasthennomidsummeraccessforalmostfifteenyearsuntillimitedopeningwas
negotiatedin2000.

Archaeologicalresearchandrestoration
ThroughoutrecordedhistoryStonehengeanditssurroundingmonumentshaveattractedattentionfrom
antiquariansandarchaeologists.JohnAubreywasoneofthefirsttoexaminethesitewithascientificeyein1666,
andrecordedinhisplanofthemonumentthepitsthatnowbearhisname.WilliamStukeleycontinuedAubreys
workintheearlyeighteenthcentury,buttookaninterestinthesurroundingmonumentsaswell,identifying
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

11/19

7/3/2016

Seventeenthcenturydepictionof
Stonehenge

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

(somewhatincorrectly)theCursusand
theAvenue.Healsobeganthe
{{{annotations}}}
excavationofmanyofthebarrowsin
thearea,anditwashisinterpretationof
thelandscapethatassociateditwiththe
Druids.[63]Stukeleywassofascinated
withDruidsthatheoriginallynamed
DiscBarrowsasDruids'Barrows.The
mostaccurateearlyplanofStonehenge
PostWorldWarIaerial
wasthatmadebyBatharchitectJohn
photograph
Woodin1740.[64]Hisoriginal
annotatedsurveyhasrecentlybeen
computerredrawnandpublished.[65]ImportantlyWoodsplanwasmade
beforethecollapseofthesouthwesttrilithon,whichfellin1797andwas

restoredin1958.
WilliamCunningtonwasthenexttotackletheareaintheearlynineteenthcentury.Heexcavatedsome24barrows
beforedigginginandaroundthestonesanddiscoveredcharredwood,animalbones,potteryandurns.Healso
identifiedtheholeinwhichtheSlaughterStoneoncestood.RichardColtHoaresupportedCunnington'sworkand
excavatedsome379barrowsonSalisburyPlainincludingonsome200intheareaaroundtheStones,some
excavatedinconjunctionwithWilliamCoxe.Toalertfuturediggerstotheirworktheywerecarefultoleave
initialledmetaltokensineachbarrowtheyopened.Cunnington'sfindsaredisplayedattheWiltshireMuseum.In
1877CharlesDarwindabbledinarchaeologyatthestones,experimentingwiththerateatwhichremainssinkinto
theearthforhisbookTheFormationofVegetableMouldThroughtheActionofWorms.
WilliamGowlandoversawthefirstmajorrestorationofthemonumentin
1901whichinvolvedthestraighteningandconcretesettingofsarsenstone
number56whichwasindangeroffalling.Instraighteningthestonehe
moveditabouthalfametrefromitsoriginalposition.[65]Gowlandalso
tooktheopportunitytofurtherexcavatethemonumentinwhatwasthe
mostscientificdigtodate,revealingmoreabouttheerectionofthestones
thantheprevious100yearsofworkhaddone.Duringthe1920restoration
WilliamHawley,whohadexcavatednearbyOldSarum,excavatedthebase
ofsixstonesandtheouterditch.Healsolocatedabottleofportinthe
SlaughterStonesocketleftbyCunnington,helpedtorediscoverAubrey's
pitsinsidethebankandlocatedtheconcentriccircularholesoutsidethe
SarsenCirclecalledtheYandZHoles.[66]

AnearlyphotographofStonehenge
takenJuly1877

RichardAtkinson,StuartPiggottandJohnF.S.Stonereexcavatedmuch
ofHawley'sworkinthe1940sand1950s,anddiscoveredthecarvedaxes
anddaggersontheSarsenStones.Atkinson'sworkwasinstrumentalin
furtheringtheunderstandingofthethreemajorphasesofthemonument's
construction.
In1958thestoneswererestoredagain,whenthreeofthestandingsarsens
Themonumentfromasimilarangle
werereerectedandsetinconcretebases.Thelastrestorationwascarried
in2008showingtheextentof
outin1963afterstone23oftheSarsenCirclefellover.Itwasagainre
reconstruction
erected,andtheopportunitywastakentoconcretethreemorestones.Later
archaeologists,includingChristopherChippindaleoftheMuseumof
ArchaeologyandAnthropology,UniversityofCambridgeandBrianEdwardsoftheUniversityoftheWestof
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

12/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

England,campaignedtogivethepublicmoreknowledgeofthevarious
restorationsandin2004EnglishHeritageincludedpicturesoftheworkin
progressinitsbookStonehenge:AHistoryinPhotographs.[67][68][69]
In1966and1967,inadvanceofanewcarparkbeingbuiltatthesite,the
areaoflandimmediatelynorthwestofthestoneswasexcavatedbyFaith
Acontemporarynewspaperdepiction
andLanceVatcher.TheydiscoveredtheMesolithicpostholesdatingfrom
ofthe1920restoration
between7000and8000BC,aswellasa10metre(33ft)lengthofa
palisadeditchaVcutditchintowhichtimberpostshadbeeninsertedthat
remainedthereuntiltheyrottedaway.Subsequentaerialarchaeologysuggeststhatthisditchrunsfromthewestto
thenorthofStonehenge,neartheavenue.[66]
Excavationswereonceagaincarriedoutin1978byAtkinsonandJohnEvansduringwhichtheydiscoveredthe
remainsoftheStonehengeArcherintheouterditch,[70]andin1979rescuearchaeologywasneededalongsidethe
HeelStoneafteracablelayingditchwasmistakenlydugontheroadside,revealinganewstoneholenexttothe
HeelStone.
Intheearly1980sJulianRichardsledtheStonehengeEnvironsProject,adetailedstudyofthesurrounding
landscape.TheprojectwasabletosuccessfullydatesuchfeaturesastheLesserCursus,Coneyburyhengeand
severalothersmallerfeatures.
In1993thewaythatStonehengewaspresentedtothepublicwascalled'anationaldisgrace'bytheHouseof
CommonsPublicAccountsCommittee.PartofEnglishHeritage'sresponsetothiscriticismwastocommission
researchtocollateandbringtogetherallthearchaeologicalworkconductedatthemonumentuptothisdate.This
twoyearresearchprojectresultedinthepublicationin1995ofthemonographStonehengeinitslandscape,which
wasthefirstpublicationpresentingthecomplexstratigraphyandthefindsrecoveredfromthesite.Itpresenteda
rephasingofthemonument.[71]
Morerecentexcavationsincludeaseriesofdigsheldbetween2003and2008knownastheStonehengeRiverside
Project,ledbyMikeParkerPearson.Thisprojectmainlyinvestigatedothermonumentsinthelandscapeandtheir
relationshiptothestonesnotablyDurringtonWalls,whereanother"Avenue"leadingtotheRiverAvonwas
discovered.ThepointwheretheStonehengeAvenuemeetstheriverwasalsoexcavated,andrevealedapreviously
unknowncircularareawhichprobablyhousedfourfurtherstones,mostlikelyasamarkerforthestartingpointof
theavenue.InApril2008TimDarvilloftheUniversityofBournemouthandGeoffWainwrightoftheSocietyof
Antiquaries,begananotherdiginsidethestonecircletoretrievedateablefragmentsoftheoriginalbluestone
pillars.Theywereabletodatetheerectionofsomebluestonesto2300BC,[2]althoughthismaynotreflectthe
earliesterectionofstonesatStonehenge.Theyalsodiscoveredorganicmaterialfrom7000BC,which,alongwith
theMesolithicpostholes,addssupportforthesitehavingbeeninuseatleast4,000yearsbeforeStonehengewas
started.InAugustandSeptember2008,aspartoftheRiversideProject,JulianRichardsandMikePittsexcavated
AubreyHole7,removingthecrematedremainsfromseveralAubreyHolesthathadbeenexcavatedbyHawleyin
the1920s,andreinterredin1935.[19]AlicencefortheremovalofhumanremainsatStonehengehadbeengranted
bytheMinistryofJusticeinMay2008,inaccordancewiththeStatementonburiallawandarchaeologyissuedin
May2008.Oneoftheconditionsofthelicencewasthattheremainsshouldbereinterredwithintwoyearsandthat
intheinterveningperiodtheyshouldbekeptsafely,privatelyanddecently.[72][73]
AnewlandscapeinvestigationwasconductedinApril2009.Ashallowmound,risingtoabout40cm(16inches)
wasidentifiedbetweenstones54(innercircle)and10(outercircle),clearlyseparatedfromthenaturalslope.Ithas
notbeendatedbutspeculationthatitrepresentscarelessbackfillingfollowingearlierexcavationsseemsdisproved
byitsrepresentationineighteenthandnineteenthcenturyillustrations.Indeed,thereissomeevidencethat,asan
uncommongeologicalfeature,itcouldhavebeendeliberatelyincorporatedintothemonumentattheoutset.[17]A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

13/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

circular,shallowbank,littlemorethan10cm(4inches)high,wasfoundbetweentheYandZholecircles,witha
furtherbanklyinginsidethe"Z"circle.TheseareinterpretedasthespreadofspoilfromtheoriginalYandZ
holes,ormorespeculativelyashedgebanksfromvegetationdeliberatelyplantedtoscreentheactivitieswithin.[17]
InJuly2010,theStonehengeHiddenLandscapeProjectdiscovereda"hengelike"monumentlessthan1km(0.62
miles)awayfromthemainsite.[74]Thisnewhengiformmonumentwassubsequentlyrevealedtobelocated"atthe
siteofAmesbury50",aroundbarrowintheCursusBarrowsgroup.[75]
On26November2011,archaeologistsfromUniversityofBirminghamannouncedthediscoveryofevidenceof
twohugepitspositionedwithintheStonehengeCursuspathway,alignedincelestialpositiontowardsmidsummer
sunriseandsunsetwhenviewedfromtheHeelStone.[76][77]ThenewdiscoveryispartoftheStonehengeHidden
LandscapeProjectwhichbeganinthesummerof2010.[78]Theprojectusesnoninvasivegeophysicalimaging
techniquetorevealandvisuallyrecreatethelandscape.AccordingtoteamleaderVinceGaffney,thisdiscovery
mayprovideadirectlinkbetweentheritualsandastronomicaleventstoactivitieswithintheCursusat
Stonehenge.[77]
On18December2011,geologistsfromUniversityofLeicesterandtheNationalMuseumofWalesannouncedthe
discoveryoftheexactsourceofsomeoftherhyolitefragmentsfoundintheStonehengedebitage.Thesefragments
donotseemtomatchanyofthestandingstonesorbluestonestumps.Theresearchershaveidentifiedthesourceas
a70metre(230ft)longrockoutcropcalledCraigRhosyFelin(515930.07N44440.85W),nearPontSaeson
innorthPembrokeshire,located220kilometres(140mi)fromStonehenge.[79][80]
On10September2014theUniversityofBirminghamannouncedfindingsincludingevidenceofadjacentstone
andwoodenstructuresandburialmounds,overlookedpreviously,thatmaydateasfarbackas4000BC.[14]An
areaextendingto12squarekilometres(1,200ha)wasstudiedtoadepthofthreemetreswithgroundpenetrating
radarequipment.Asmanyasseventeennewmonuments,revealednearby,maybeLateNeolithicmonumentsthat
resembleStonehenge.Theinterpretationsuggestsacomplexofnumerousrelatedmonuments.Alsoincludedinthe
discoveryisthatthecursustrackisterminatedbytwofivemeterwideextremelydeeppits,[81]whosepurposeis
stillamystery.

Inpopularculture
"Stonehenge(song)"fromthecomedyfilmThisisSpinalTap
"Stonehenge",a2013songbyYlvis[82]

Seealso
Historicalcontext
PrehistoricBritain
OthermonumentsintheStonehengeritual
landscape
Bluestonehenge
BushBarrow
NormantonDownBarrows
Woodhenge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

Similarsites
AlmendresCromlech
Arkaim
Cahokia
Carhenge
Goloring
Goseckcircle
Listoflargestmonolithsintheworld
MaryhillStonehenge
Medicinewheel
14/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AboutStonehengeandreplicasofStonehenge
ArchaeoastronomyandStonehenge
CulturaldepictionsofStonehenge
ExcavationsatStonehenge
Manhattanhenge
Stonehengereplicasandderivatives
StonehengeFreeFestival
StonehengeLandscape

Newgrange
RingofBrodgar
ZoratsKarer
MuseumswithcollectionsfromtheWorld
HeritageSite
SalisburyandSouthWiltshireMuseum
WiltshireMuseum

Fiction
Stonehenge(novel)

References
1.ChristopherYoung,AmandaChadburn,IsabelleBedu(July2008)."StonehengeWorldHeritageSiteManagementPlan".
UNESCO:18.
2.Morgan,James(21September2008)."DigpinpointsStonehengeorigins".BBC.Retrieved22September2008.
3.Kennedy,Maev(9March2013)."StonehengemayhavebeenburialsiteforStoneAgeelite,sayarchaeologists".The
Guardian(London:GuardianNewsandMediaLimited).Retrieved11March2013.
4.Legge,James(9March2012)."Stonehenge:newstudysuggestslandmarkstartedlifeasagraveyardforthe'prehistoric
elite' ".TheIndependent(London).Retrieved11March2013.
5."Stonehengebuilderstravelledfromfar,sayresearchers".BBCNews.9March2013.Retrieved11March2013.
6."HistoryofStonehenge".EnglishHeritage.Retrieved20160607."Themonumentremainedinprivateownershipuntil
1918whenCecilChubb,alocalmanwhohadpurchasedStonehengefromtheAtrobusfamilyatanauctionthreeyears
previously,gaveittothenation.Thereafter,thedutytoconservethemonumentfelltothestate,todayaroleperformed
onitsbehalfbyEnglishHeritage."
7."Ancientceremoniallandscapeofgreatarchaeologicalandwildlifeinterest".StonehengeLandscape.NationalTrust.
Retrieved17December2007.
8.Pitts,Mike(8August2008)."Stonehenge:oneofourlargestexcavationsdrawstoaclose".BritishArchaeology(York,
England:CouncilforBritishArchaeology)(102):13.ISSN13574442.
9.Schmid,RandolphE.(29May2008)."Study:Stonehengewasaburialsiteforcenturies".AssociatedPress.Retrieved
2August2015.
10."Stonehengehenge2".OxfordEnglishDictionary(2ed.).Oxford,England:OxfordUniversityPress.1989.
11.SeetheEnglishHeritagedefinition(http://www.engh.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/henges1.htm).
12.Anon."Stonehenge:WiltshireEnglandWhatisit?".MegalithicEurope.TheBradshawFoundation.Archivedfromthe
originalon30May2009.Retrieved6November2009.
13.Alexander,Caroline."IftheStonesCouldSpeak:SearchingfortheMeaningofStonehenge".NationalGeographic
Magazine.NationalGeographicSociety.Retrieved6November2009.
14.Siciliano,Leonetal.(10September2014)."Technologyunearths17newmonumentsatStonehenge".telegraph.co.uk.
Retrieved20May2015.
15.SarahKnapton(19December2014)."StonehengediscoverycouldrewriteBritishprehistory".DailyTelegraph.
Retrieved19December2014.
16."TheNewDiscoveriesatBlickMead:theKeytotheStonehengeLandscape".UniversityofBuckingham.Retrieved
26December2014.
17.Field,Davidetal.(March2010)."IntroducingStonehedge".BritishArchaeology(York,England:CouncilforBritish
Archaeology)(111):3235.ISSN13574442.
18.ParkerPearson,MikeRichards,JulianPitts,Mike(9October2008)."Stonehenge'olderthanbelieved' ".BBCNews.
Retrieved14October2008.
19.MikeParkerPearson(20August2008)."TheStonehengeRiversideProject".SheffieldUniversity.Archivedfromthe
originalon26October2008.Retrieved22September2008.
20.John,Brian(26February2011)."Stonehenge:glacialtransportofbluestonesnowconfirmed?"(PDF)(Pressrelease).
UniversityofLeicester.Retrieved22June2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

15/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

21.ParkerPearson,Michaeletal.(December2015)."CraigRhosyfelin:aWelshbluestonemegalithquarryfor
Stonehenge".Antiquity(AntiquityPublicationsLtd,)89(348):13311352.doi:10.15184/aqy.2015.177.Retrieved
15December2015.
22.Banton,SimonBowden,MarkDaw,TimGrady,DamianSoutar,Sharon(July2013)."PatchmarksatStonehenge".
Antiquity88(341):733739.
23.Pearson,MikeCleal,RosMarshall,PeterNeedham,StuartPollard,JoshRichards,ColinRuggles,CliveSheridan,
AlisonThomas,JulianTilley,ChrisWelham,KateChamberlain,AndrewChenery,CarolynEvans,JaneKnsel,
Chris(September2007)."TheAgeofStonehenge".Antiquity811(313):617639.
24.M.ParkerPearson.BronzeAgeBritain.2005.p6367.ISBN0713488492
25."SkeletonunearthedatStonehengewasdecapitated"(http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/000109.html),BBC
News(9June2000),ABCENews(13June2000),FoxNews(14June2000),NewScientist(17June2000),Archeo
News(2July2000)
26."Stonehengeamonumenttounity,newtheoryclaimsCBSNews".CBSNews.
27."UnderstandingStonehenge:TwoExplanations".DNews.Retrieved27September2015.
28.Schombert."Stonehengerevealed:WhyStonesWerea"SpecialPlace" ".UniversityofOregon.
29.Alberge,Dalya(8September2013)."Stonehengewasbuiltonsolsticeaxis,digconfirms".TheGuardian.
30.Pearson."Stonehenge".
31.Authornotlisted(2003)."Stonehenge".GaleEncyclopediaoftheUnusualandUnexplained(USA).Retrieved
11November2015.
32.Satter,Raphael(20080927)."UKexpertssayStonehengewasplaceofhealing".USAToday.Retrieved20151001.
33.MaevKennedy(23September2008)."ThemagicofStonehenge:newdigfindscluestopowerofbluestones".Guardian
(UK).Retrieved1May2011.
34."Stonehengeboy'wasfromtheMed' ".BBCNews.28September2010.Retrieved28August2010.
35.Hawkins,GS(1966).StonehengeDecoded.ISBN9780880291477.
36.Williams,ThomasKoriech,Hana(2012)."InterviewwithMikeParkerPearson".PapersfromtheInstituteof
Archaeology22:3947.doi:10.5334/pia.401.
37.Quenqua,Douglas."OlderthantheRollingStones."TheNewYorkTimes.17June2014.[1](http://www.nytimes.com/20
14/06/17/science/olderthantherollingstones.html?_r=0)
38.Stevens,Edward(July1866)."StonehengeandAbury".TheGentleman'sMagazineandHistoricalReview(London:
Bradbury,Evans&Co)11:69.Retrieved5March2015.
39.MeasuringTime:Teacher'sGuide.Burlington,NC:NationalAcademyofSciences.1994.p.173.ISBN0892787074.
Retrieved5March2015.
40.AndrewOliver,ed.(1972)."July1776".TheJournalofSamuelCurwen,loyalist1.HarvardUniversityPress,.p.190.
ISBN0674483804.Retrieved6March2015.
41."JefferyofMonmouth'sAccountofStonehenge".ADescriptionofStonehengeonSalisburyPlain.Salisbury:JEaston.
1809.p.5.Retrieved6March2015.
42.Brewer,EbenezerCobham.Brewer'sDictionaryofPhraseandFable.NewYork:HarperandBrothers.p.380.Retrieved
5March2015.
43.Warne,Charles,1872,AncientDorset.Bournemouth.
44.HistoriaRegumBritanniae,Book8,ch.10.
45.DrawingonthewritingsofNennius,thetaleisnotedinSpenser'sFaerieQueene,andgivenfurthercirculationin
WilliamDugdale'sMonasticonAnglicanumof1655.Source:TheillustratedguidetoOldSarumandStonehenge.
Salisbury,England:BrownandCompany.1868.pp.3539.OCLC181860648.
46.FrancisStewartBriggs,S.H.Harris,"JoysticksandFiddlesticks:(theUnofficialHistoryofaFlyingKangaroo)Or,The
FlyingKangaroo"(https://books.google.com/books/about/Joysticks_and_Fiddlesticks.html?id=KyNXNQAACAAJ&redir
_esc=y),Hutchinson&CompanyLimited,1938.Retrieved11June2014.
47.Heffernan,T.H.J."ThemanwhoboughtStonehenge".ThisisAmesbury.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25June2009.
48.TheLondonMercuryVol.XVIINo.981927
49."TheFutureofStonehenge:Publicconsultation"(PDF).EnglishHeritage.2008.p.2.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on
2December2011.Retrieved18July2011.
50.Hutton2009.p.323.
51.Hutton2009.p.321322.
52.MacLeod,NicolaE.Aitchison,CaraShaw,StephenJoseph(2000).Leisureandtourismlandscapes:socialandcultural
geographies.NewYork:Routledge.pp.103104.ISBN0415271665.
53.LAairforcepagans(http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/26/nation/lanaairforcepagans20111127)retrieved12
October2012
54.ProposalsforatunnelatStonehenge:anassessmentofthealternatives(http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/sit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

16/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

e/news_rece_ston.php).TheWorldArchaeologicalCongress
55.PlanningYourVisittoStonehenge(http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.877).EnglishHeritage
56.Milmo,Cahal(3November2006)."TroubledStonehenge'lacksmagic' ".TheIndependent(UK).Retrieved11April
2009.
57.A303StonehengeRoadScheme(http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm071206/debtext/71206
0003.htm#07120645000002)HansardreportofproceedingsintheHouseofCommons6December2007
58."StonehengeCentregetsGoAhead".BBCNews.13May2009.Retrieved19March2010.
59.Morris,Steven(19November2010)."Stonehengedevelopmentsavedbylotterys10m".TheGuardian(UK).p.14.
60."Stonehengepermanentroadclosureworkbegins".UK:BBC.24June2013.Retrieved24June2013.
61."EndinsightafterdecadesofditheringasGovernmentstepsintohelpsecurefutureforStonehenge"(Pressrelease).
DepartmentofCulture,MediaandSport.4April2011.Retrieved5April2011.
62."StonehengeVisitorCentrebyDentonCorkerMarshallopenstomorrow".dezeen.17December2013.Retrieved
18December2013.
63.Stukeley,William,1740,StonehengeATempleRestor'dtotheBritishDruids.London
64.Wood,John,1747,ChoirGuare,VulgarlycalledStonehenge,onSalisburyPlain.Oxford
65.Johnson,Anthony,SolvingStonehenge:TheNewKeytoanAncientEnigma.(Thames&Hudson,2008)ISBN9780
500051559
66.Cleal,Rosamundetal.(1995)."YandZholes".ArchaeometryandStonehenge.EnglishHeritage.Archivedfromthe
originalon28February2009.Retrieved4April2008.
67.Young,Emma."ConcreteEvidence".NewScientist(9January2001).Retrieved3March2008.
68.Taverner,Roger(8January2001)."HowtheyrebuiltStonehenge".WesternDailyPress,quotedinCosmicConspiracies:
HowtheyrebuiltStonehenge.Retrieved3March2008.
69.Richards,JulianC.(2004).Stonehenge:AHistoryinPhotographs.London:EnglishHeritage.ISBN1850748950.
70."Stonehengeexecutionrevealed".BBCNews.9June2000.Retrieved4April2008.
71.Whittle,Alasdair(1996)."Eternalstones:Stonehengecompleted".Antiquity(70):463465.
72.Anon(29September2009)."StonehengeBonesepetitionresponse".Theprimeminister'sofficeepetitions.Crown
copyright:MinistryofJustice.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2October2009.Retrieved6November2009.
73.Anon(April2008)."Statementonburiallawandarchaeology"(PDF).ReviewofBurialLegislation.Crown
copyright:MinistryofJustice.Retrieved6November2009.
74."AnewhengediscoveredatStonehenge".UniversityofBirmingham.22July2010.Retrieved22July2010.
75.Gaffney,C.Gaffney,V.Neubauer,W.Baldwin,E.Chapman,H.Garwood,P.Moulden,H.Sparrow,T.Bates,R.
Lcker,K.Hinterleitner,A.Trinks,I.Nau,E.Zitz,T.Floery,S.Verhoeven,G.Doneus,M.(2012)."The
StonehengeHiddenLandscapesProject".ArchaeologicalProspection19(2):147.doi:10.1002/arp.1422.
76.Boyle,Alan,PitsAddtoStonehgengeMystery(http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/28/9074269pitsaddto
stonehengemystery),msnbc.comCosmicLog,28November2011
77.DiscoveriesProvideEvidenceofaCelestialProcessionatStonehenge(http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2011/1
1/25NovDiscoveriesprovideevidenceofacelestialprocessionatStonehenge.aspx),UniversityofBirminghamPress
Release,26November2011
78.BirminghamArchaeologistsTurnBackClockatStonehenge(http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2010/07/5julyhen
gesearch.aspx),UniversityofBirminghamPressRelease,5July2010
79.Keys,David(18December2011)."ScientistsdiscoversourceofrockusedinStonehenge'sfirstcircle".TheIndependent
(London).Retrieved20December2011.
80."NewDiscoveryinStonehengeBluestoneMystery".NationalMuseumofWales.
81."WhatLiesBeneathStonehenge?".Smithsonianmag.com.Retrieved20October2014.
82.Stonehenge(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbyzgeee2mg)onYouTube,13December2013

Bibliography
Atkinson,RJC,Stonehenge(PenguinBooks,1956)
Bender,B,Stonehenge:MakingSpace(BergPublishers,1998)
Burl,A,GreatStoneCircles(YaleUniversityPress,1999)
AubreyBurl,PrehistoricStoneCircles(Shire,2001)(InBurl'sStonehenge(Constable,2006),henotes,cf.themeaning
ofthenameinparagraphtwoabove,that"theSaxonscalledthering'thehangingstones',asthoughtheyweregibbets.")
Chippindale,C,StonehengeComplete(ThamesandHudson,London,2004)ISBN0500284679
Chippindale,C,etal.,WhoownsStonehenge?(BTBatsfordLtd,1990)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

17/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Cleal,R.M.J.,Walker,K.E.&Montague,R.,Stonehengeinitslandscape(EnglishHeritage,London,1995)
Cunliffe,B,&Renfrew,C,ScienceandStonehenge(TheBritishAcademy92,OxfordUniversityPress,1997)
Godsell,Andrew"Stonehenge:OlderThantheCenturies"in"LegendsofBritishHistory"(2008)
Hall,R,Leather,K,&Dobson,G,StonehengeAotearoa(AwaPress,2005)
Hawley,LtColW,TheExcavationsatStonehenge.(TheAntiquariesJournal1,OxfordUniversityPress,1941).1921.
Hawley,LtColW,SecondReportontheExcavationsatStonehenge.(TheAntiquariesJournal2,OxfordUniversity
Press,1922)
Hawley,LtColW,ThirdReportontheExcavationsatStonehenge.(TheAntiquariesJournal3,OxfordUniversityPress,
1923)
Hawley,LtColW,FourthReportontheExcavationsatStonehenge.(TheAntiquariesJournal4,OxfordUniversity
Press,1923)
Hawley,LtColW,ReportontheExcavationsatStonehengeduringtheseasonof1923.(TheAntiquariesJournal5,
OxfordUniversityPress,1925)
Hawley,LtColW,ReportontheExcavationsatStonehengeduringtheseasonof1924.(TheAntiquariesJournal6,
OxfordUniversityPress,1926)
Hawley,LtColW,ReportontheExcavationsatStonehengeduring1925and1926.(TheAntiquariesJournal8,Oxford
UniversityPress,1928)
Hutton,R,FromUniversalBondtoPublicFreeForAll(BritishArchaeology83,2005)
John,Brian,"TheBluestoneEnigma:Stonehenge,PreseliandtheIceAge"(GreencroftBooks,2008)ISBN9780
905559896
Johnson,Anthony,SolvingStonehenge:TheNewKeytoanAncientEnigma(Thames&Hudson,2008)ISBN9780500
051559
Legg,Rodney,"StonehengeAntiquaries"(DorsetPublishingCompany,1986)
Mooney,J,EncyclopediaoftheBizarre(BlackDog&LeventhalPublishers,2002)
Newall,RS,Stonehenge,WiltshireAncientmonumentsandhistoricbuildings(HerMajesty'sStationeryOffice,
London,1959)
North,J,Stonehenge:RitualOriginsandAstronomy(HarperCollins,1997)
Pitts,M,Hengeworld(Arrow,London,2001)
Pitts,MW,OntheRoadtoStonehenge:ReportonInvestigationsbesidetheA344in1968,1979and1980(Proceedings
ofthePrehistoricSociety48,1982)
Richards,J,EnglishHeritageBookofStonehenge(BTBatsfordLtd,1991)
JulianRichardsStonehenge:AHistoryinPhotographs(EnglishHeritage,London,2004)
Stone,JFS,WessexBeforetheCelts(FrederickAPraegerPublishers,1958)
Worthington,A,Stonehenge:CelebrationandSubversion(AlternativeAlbion,2004)
EnglishHeritage:Stonehenge:HistoricalBackground

Externallinks
Stonehenge(http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/stonehenge)English
Heritageofficialsite:accessandvisitinginformationresearch
futureplans
360panoramic(http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/daysout/properti
es/stonehenge/worldheritagesite/map/panoramic/)EnglishHeritage:
Astunninginteractiveviewfromthecenter.
StonehengeLandscape(https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stonehengel
andscape)TheNationalTrustInformationaboutthesurrounding
area.
StonehengeTodayandYesterday(http://www.gutenberg.org/files/191
30/19130h/19130h.htm)ByFrankStevens,atProjectGutenberg.
TheHistoryofStonehenge(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur
e/7322444.stm)BBCanimationofthemonument'sconstruction.
Stonehenge,aTempleRestor'dtotheBritishDruids(http://www.sacr
edtexts.com/neu/eng/str/index.htm)ByWilliamStukeley,atSacred
Texts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedto
Stonehenge.
Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:Stonehenge
Wikisourcehasthetextof
TheNewStudent's
ReferenceWorkarticle
Stonehenge.
Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforStonehenge.

18/19

7/3/2016

StonehengeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Stonehenge,andOtherBritishMonumentsAstronomicallyConsidered(http://www.sacredtexts.com/neu/en
g/sac/index.htm)ByNormanLockyer,atSacredTexts.
StonehengeLaserScans(http://research.historicengland.org.uk/redirect.aspx?id%3D6075%257CStoneheng
e%2520Laser%2520Scan:%2520Archaeological%2520Analysis&usg=AFQjCNGgTHvprVvjYcMscBBqQ
ChhV9B_Dg&sig2=bp2yc2AdBdDAEAOqbtkJJA&cad=rja)EnglishHeritagereportabouttheevidenceof
stoneworkingandcarvingsrevealedafterscanningofthestones.
GlaciersandthebluestonesofWales(http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45int.html)BritishArchaeology
essayaboutthebluestonesasglacialdeposits.
StonehengeTwentiethCenturyExcavationsDatabases(http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/archive/stonehenge_e
h_2005/)AnEnglishHeritagecommissionedreportbyWessexArchaeologyonthetwentiethcentury
excavations.
Stonehenge:Stonesbeingrepositionedduringrestorationworkin1914(http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//
BHC_RTV/1914/01/01/BGT407040340/)
Reconstructionworkinthe1950s(http://www.amazfacts.com/2013/01/stonehengeconstructionin1954108
pics.html)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stonehenge&oldid=726270071"
Categories: Stonehenge 4thmillenniumBCarchitecture
Buildingsandstructurescompletedinthe26thcenturyBC LocationsassociatedwithArthurianlegend
BronzeAgesitesinEngland BuildingsandstructuresinWiltshire EnglishHeritagesitesinWiltshire
Henges HistoryofWiltshire LocationsinCelticmythology MegalithicmonumentsinEngland
NationalTrustpropertiesinWiltshire RuinsinWiltshire StoneAgesitesinEngland
VisitorattractionsinWiltshire WorldHeritageSitesinEngland ArchaeologicalsitesinWiltshire
StonecirclesinEngland BronzeAgesitesinWiltshire
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon21June2016,at04:07.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.
Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregisteredtrademark
oftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

19/19