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CHAPTER 3 NOTES
Extrema on an Interval
( )=0
( ) is undefined
Rolles Theorem
IF
f(a) = f(b)
THEN
THEN
( )=
( )
( )
Let
If
( ) is positive,
is any number on ( , ).
is increasing on [ , ].
( ) is negative,
If
If
is decreasing on [ , ].
( ) = 0,
is constant on [ , ].
If
If
When given a function and asked to sketch its derivative, consider the following,
1) Where is the function decreasing?
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AP CALCULUS AB
CHAPTER 3 NOTES
Definition of Concavity
The graph of
the interval.
is concave upward on I if
is increasing on
is decreasing
( ) = 0.
= .
Concavity Test
If
Find the second derivative of f. Find the critical values of the second derivative. Set up a number line
using these values. Your intervals I range from each critical value.
If
is positive on I,
is negative on I,
Find the second derivative of f. Plug each critical number (c) into the second derivative.
If
If
If
( ) is negative,
( ) is positive,
( ) = 0,
You must use the First Derivative Test to see if there is an extrema at ( c, f(c)).
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Horizontal Asymptotes
The line
is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of a function f if one or both of the following is true.
lim ( ) =
lim
( )=
The following are guidelines for finding limits at infinity for rational functions.
If the degree of the numerator is smaller than the degree of the denominator,
the limit is 0.
If the degree of the numerator is larger than the degree of the denominator,
When you are asked to sketch the graph of a rational function, consider the following tips.
Draw a number line that summarized everything you find in steps 1) 3).
Slant Asymptotes
A rational function has a slant asymptote if the degree of the numerator is one more than the degree of
the denominator.
Use long division to divide the numerator by the denominator.
If we call the quotient is S, then there is a slant asymptote at
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= .
AP CALCULUS AB
CHAPTER 3 NOTES
Definition of Optimization
Optimization is a common calculus application to determine maximum and minimum values, including
greatest profit
smallest cost
smallest size
largest distance
Optimization Guidelines
2) Write a primary equation. This equation is for whatever quantity is being optimized (ex: area, distance).
3) Reduce the primary equation to having a single variable through the use of a secondary equation.
4) Consider the feasible domain.
Newtons Method
Sometimes, the zeros of a function are not integers. In such cases, you can use Newtons Method to
approximate the zeros.
( ) and enter
( ) into Y2.
4) Type X Y1 / Y2 STO> X.