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ABSTRACT
The paper discusses t h e advantages and disadvantages of using numerical
models t o simulate hydrau1.i~p h e n m n a , i n p a r t i c u l a r when they are ccsnpared
t o physical models. When ithe s p e c i f i c application of modelling i s t h e
design of s e d h e n t control structures, it appears that t h e advantages of
numerical modelling then d ~ m i n a t e . The paper o u t l i n e s t h e d e v e l o p n t of
numerical models t o a i d t h e design of (i)s l u i c e d s e t t l i n g basins, and (ii)
intakes and t h e i r sediment excluders. A d i f f e r e n t approach i s required f o r
each application but i n both cases very good agreement is found between t h e
numerical model's predictions and f i e l d o r laboratory observations. The
paper concludes that numer.ica1 m d e l l i n g techniques w i l l b e c m mre
widespread i n t h e f i e l d of design simulations f o r sediment control
structures.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Numerical modelling techniques are challenging physical modelling a s
t h e established methc~di n m y areas of hydraulics. Potentially,
numerical modelling i s very a t t r a c t i v e because:
(i)
(ii)
the use of mdels to aid the design of intake structures and settling
basins.
2.
3.
Deposition wdel
The performance of a s e t t l i n g basin during t h e deposition phase i s
predicted using t h e rnodel described by Atkinson (1986a) . The b a s i c
s t r u c t u r e of t h e mdel i s s i m i l a r t o t h e m n y one-dimensional r i v e r
rnodels t h a t are available and includes t h e key a s s q t i o n that t h e
water flow and sediment t r a n s p o r t ccanputations can be d.e-coupled,
Figure 1. However, t h e rnodel a l s o includes t h e e f f e c t s of turbulent
diffusion of sediment t o and from t h e bed. The turbulent diffusion
equation i s solved a n a l y t i c a l l y by assuming a uniform velocity p r o f i l e ,
and then t h e l o c a l distance s c a l e i s t r a n s f o m d t o correct f o r t h e
data s e t ) .
SluicingmDdel
A second m d e l has been developed t o describe t h e s l u i c i n g phase of
) 1st s l u i c i n g
) 2nd s l u i c i n g
Observed
s l u i c i n g the
(hs)
1.3
0.6
Predicted
s l u i c i n g the
(hs)
1.6
2 .O
S e t t l i n g basin
i n China
Sluicing channel
i n Thailand
This good agreement between a numerical d e l and f i e l d measurements
has again been achieved without t h e a i d of any mdel ca:libration.
4.
4.1 B d e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e ~
The purpose of t h e mdel i s t o enable t h e designers of (an intake t o
test a set of proposed designs, i n each case predicting t h e sediment
concentration abstracted by t h e intake.
The d e l uses a computational f l u i d dynamics carputer code t o solve
t h e Navier-Stokes equations f o r t h e region close t o an intake.
Typically a short r i v e r reach both upstream and downstream of t h e
intake i s simulated, together with t h e intake and a short section of
canal. The code p r e d i c t s t h e flow f i e l d in this region and then
"traces" t h e sediment concentrations through t h e flow f i e l d . Hence t h e
sediment concentrations entering t h e intake can be predicted.
Turbulence and i t s e f f e c t s are simulated using t h e k-E two equation
turbulence mdel; this turbulence d e l has been widely applied i n flow
simulations i n c i v i l engineering and other f i e l d s .
(1989) .
4.2
CONCLUSIONS
Numerical d e l s now enjoy widespread use i n r m y areas of hydraulics
due t o e i t h e r t h e i r superior accuracy o r lower cost when compared t o
equivalent physical d e l s . The t r e n d seems c e r t a i n t o continue a s new
numerical d e l l i n g techniques are developed and computers becom rnore
powerful.
I n t h e f i e l d of sediment control t h r e e numerical m d e l s are being
developed by hydraulic:^ Research; they s h l a t e (i)deposition i n
s e t t l i n g basins, (ii)s l u i c i n g i n s e t t l i n g basins, and (iii)water and
sedinaent flow a t intakes. The paper has described t h e physical b a s i s
f o r each mdel and has presented comparisons between t h e m d e l s r
predictions and f i e l d o r laboratory observations. I n each case t h e
agrement between preciiction and observation has been very encouraging,
no "calibration" was used. It appears t h a t t h e t r e n d of increased use
of numerical models i n hydraulics generally w i l l a l s o be reflected i n
t h e p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d of sediment control.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was prepared i n t h e s e d h e n t c o n t r o l sectiorl o f t h e Overseas
U n i t of Hydraulics Research, headed by D r K Sanmuganathan. The work
described w a s supported by t h e Overseas D e v e l o p n t Administration of
t h e B r i t i s h Foreign and C m n w e a l t h O f f i c e .
REFERENCES
P r e d i c t i n g t h e performance of s e d i m n t c o n t r o l
Hydraulics Research Technical Note ODTN 41.
MacMillan P r e s s Ltd,
FIGURES.
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