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The Birth of Filipino National Consciousness

Causes of Nationalism
Spread of Liberalism

Liberal ideas from Europe filtered in when Spain gradually exposed Phil. To international
commerce.
The sons and daughters of the principalia were able to attain education, thereupon giving then
exposure to libertarian ideas.
Illustrados - Illustrados like Rizal, Del Pilar and Jaena who had their education in Europe
obtained liberal ideas on these significant events in the history of the world. They were the first
individuals realized that they need to voice out their opinion and thoughts about the exploitation
of Spanish officials and friars to the Filipinos. Though, before Rizal time revolts against
Spaniards occurred. On 1832, Apolinario de la Cruz, a religious and rebel leader, founded the
brotherhood of Confradia de San Jose, in Lukban, Quezon that fought for religious freedom. As
founder, he was given the title of hermano mayor, and thus was also known as Hermano Pule. It
simply proved that Filipinos did not like the ruling of Spaniards. Yet these revolts did not succeed
because of geographical condition of the country. We could not easily unite.

Sentiments against the Principales

Proportion of the local aristocracy to the broad masses.


inferior race, limited intelligence

Opening of Suez Canal


a. The opening of Suez Canal (1869) gave more opportunities to the illustrados and elites to
travel and gain education in different places in Europe. During this time the Philippine
economy progressed because of short time of travelling and it opens the gateway of
trading to other neighboring countries. Spanish government officials became lenient and
relaxed on their responsibilities and duties. Filipinos observed this attitude and they know
the Spanish would never achieve development in the country.
Race Prejudice against the Filipino Priests
b. Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines. These were the
regulars and the seculars. Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task
was to spread Christianity. Examples were the Franciscans, Recollects, Spanish church
in Cavite circa 1899 Dominicans, and Augustinians. Secular priests did not belong to any
religious order. They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the
supervision of the bishops.
c. Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by
regular priests. It was their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these
parishes. But the regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under the
bishops jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.

d. In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the dioceses authority over
the parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests. He assigned secular
priests to take their place. Since there were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies
the Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars. A royal decree was also
issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the
transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.
e. The regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the
priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the Filipinos brown skin, lack of education,
and inadequate experience.
f. The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits returned to the Philippines. They
had been exiled from the country because of certain policies of the order that the Spanish
authorities did not like.
g. The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards were clearly favouring their own
regular priest over Filipino priests.
The Spanish Revolution of 1868
Martyrdom of GomBurZa
h. In February 17, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora
(Gomburza), all Filipino priest, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of
subversion.
i. The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged complicity in
the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard.
j. The death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the
Filipinos.
k. They questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms.
l. The martyrdom of the three priests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the
Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of
its colonial government.
m. The death of the three priests or also known as GOMBURZA raised the consciousness of
Filipinos to revolt. The three priests were killed because they wanted reform in the
secularization.
n. Also the invention of printing press helped the propagandist express and show their
thoughts and ideas through newspaper. Because of this, Filipino masses became more
aware on the events happening around them. They recognize the importance of
expressing their self, their own nationality, and their freedom.
1. Revolt of Lakandula and Soliman (1574)

Lakandula and Soliman decided to rise in arms. They proclaimed their revolt and gathered in Navotas.
Cause: Lavezariss reversal of Legazpis policy of exempting the native rulers from tributes
2.

First Pampanga Revolt (1585)

Some brave Pampangueo leaders connived w/ the people of Manila and the Borneans. The leaders were
arrested abd executed w/out any fair trial.
Cause Abuses of the Encomenderos
3.

The Tondo/Maharlika conspiracy

(1587-88)
was a plot against Spanish colonial rule by the datus of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and
Pampanga. It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula, and his first cousin, Martin
Pangan.The uprising failed when they were denounced to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao
(Susabau) of Calamianes
Cause Regain Lost
Freedom
4.

Magalats Revolt, Cagayan (1596)

led by Magalat, a Filipino rebel from Cagayan. He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion
against the Spanish. He was later released after some urging by some Dominican priests, and returned to
Cagayan. Together with his brother, he urged the entire country to revolt.The Spanish Governor-General
Francisco de Tello de Guzmn sent Pedro de Chaves from Manila with Spanish and Filipino colonial
troops. They fought successfully against the rebels, and captured and executed several leaders under
Magalat. Magalat himself was assassinated within his fortified headquarters by his own men
Cause Unjust Tax
5. Revolt of the Igorots ( 1601)
Spaniards were determined to proselytize the Igorots. An expedition was sent to stop them from resisting
to colonial subjugation.
Cause Refusal to Accept new religion
6. Revolt of the Irrayas, N Isabela in Cagayan Valley (1621)
After the missionaries had left,led by Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, the Irrayas killed their encomenderos
and burned their houses. FR. Santo Tomas returned and promised them that the govt. would pardon them
and remedy their grievances. The revolt ended w/out a fight.
Cause Oppression of Spanish Officilas
7. Revolt of Tamblot, Bohol (1621-22)
Tamblot, a babaylan,, persuaded the natives to abandon Catholicism and rise against the Spaniards. They
began their revolt when the most of the Jesuits were away attending the beatification of St. francis Xavier
in Cebu. They burned the villages as well as the churches.

Cause Return to Native Religion


8.

Bancao Revolt, Leyte (1622)

was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Bancao, the datu of Carigara , in the presentday Carigara Philippine province of Leyte.
Cause Return to Native Religion
9.

Ladia Revolt (1643)

Ladia was a Bornean and a descendant of Lakandula who came to Malolos in 1643.Upon his capture, he
was brought to Manila where he was executed.
Cause Spanish oppression
10.

Revolt of Dabao (1650s)

Cause Controversial Decree to send Carpenters to the Cavite shipyard


The rebels who surrendered, who were promised to be pardoned, were either hanged or enslaved.
11.

Sumuroy Revolt, Samar (1649-50)

Cause Forced labor


In the today the town of Palapag in Northern Samar, Juan Ponce Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his
followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo system being undertaken in Samar.
12.

Maniago Revolt, Pampanga (1660)

Causes Frequent Recruitment of Men to Cut timber in the Mts. And Bandala.
led by Don Francisco Maniago, initially caused by natives' protest against the polo and bandala, later
became a struggle to free the natives from Spanish rule. The rebels were weakened by Gov. de Lara's
cooperation of Arayat chief Macapagal.
13.

Malong Revolt, Pangasinan (1660-61)

Causes Spanish Oppression & the desire to Replace Spanish Rulers.


who led some natives in Pangasinan to take up arms against the Spanish government and proclaimed
himself King of Pangasinan. However his kingdom was short-lived and soon most of his forces
abandoned him, enabling the Spanish forces to capture him and subsequently executed him. Later, Juan
dela Cruz Palaris, a native of Binalatongan, led a renewal of the revolt. The Spanish authorities reviewed
the demands of the natives and required the alcalde-mayor of Pangasinan to resign. The people of
Pangasinan continued their resistance nonetheless, but they finally defeated in March, 1764.
14.

Revolt of Gumapos (1661)

Continuation of Malongs Revolt


Pedro Gumapos and his troop of Zambals killed many Spaniards in Ilocos. 400 rebels were slain and
Gumapos himself was hanged in Vigan.
15.

Almazan Revolt (January 1661)

Cause Personal ambitions


led by Don Pedro Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The
letters sent by Don Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his
area and urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the
revolt, Don Pedro Almazan auto-proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and
executed.
16.

Revolt of Tapar, Panay (1663)

Cause Found a New Religion under a Native Supervision


Tapar attracted many followers w/ his stories about his frequent conversations w/ a demon. They were
killed in a bloody fught against the Spanish.
17.

Revolt of Dagohoy, Bohol (1744-1849)

Cause Refusal to give his brother a Christian burial


-

Bcoz he died in a duel

No proper limosnas, church offerings

Body was left decompoding for 3 days

18.

Revolt of Silang (1762-63)

Causes his imprisonment, abusive govt. officials, heavy taxation


Silang was killed by Vicos. Gabriella,his wife, continued the fight. She and her companions were
executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.
19.

Palariss Revolt (1762-65)

Causes Tribute, Spains Loss of Prestige due to the British Occupation of Manila
Palaris urged the people to fight since the Spanish were very weak. Palaris was publicly hanged.
20.

Basi Revolt (1807)

Cause wine Monopoly of 1786


Ilocanos were prohibited to drink homemade basi. They were compelled to buy wine from the govt.
stores.

21.

Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution

Cause Abolition of the Liberal Spanish constitution


Upon knowing this, an explosion of violence in the country against the principales took place.
22.

Revolt of the Bayot Bros.

Cause Feeling of Distrust b/w the peninsulares and the creoles


the insulares resented the extra privillages given to the penisulares.
3 Bayot bros. Manuel, Jose, Juaquin
Their plan was discovered. They were imprisoned after the trial.

23.

Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-41)

Cause Religious Freedom


Hermano Pule was not able to pursue his priestly vocation. He was not accepted bcoz he was an indio.
He founded Cofradia de San Jose.
He sought recognition of his religious brotherhood, but his confraternity was banned. But he still
continued the brotherhood. He was captured and his chopped body was paraded from Tayabas to nearby
Lucban.

24.

MUSLIM WARS

The Spaniards made attempts to subdue the inhabitants of Mindanao by deploying its military forces in
the South.
Reasons:

Spanish Invasion of Mindanao and Sulu

Preservation of Islam, and

The love of adventure brought about by spoils of wars.

Gov. Francisco de Sande sent forces to Jolo, led by Capt. Esteban Figuerosa. Sultan Pangiran Budiman
resisted the attack. But Sulu fell into the Spanish hands. Pearls-tribute.
The Moros avenged by plundering coastal towns under Spanish dominion. Sirungan and Salikala
prepared a stronger force of 70 vessels and 4000 warriors, but they were repulsed with heavy losses at
Iloilo province by 1000 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arquebusiers under Don Juan Garcia de Sierra.

June/23/1635 A stone fort was built in Zamboanga led by Fr. Melchor de Verea w/ 1000 Visayans.
March/13/1637 Gov. Corcuerra led his troop at the mouth of Rio grande de Mindanao. Next day, they
had Lamitan, Sultan Kudarats capital in Cotabato.
After nursing his bullet wound in one arm, Sultan Kudarat later mounted raids on Spanish settlements in
Luzon and Visayas. In 1645, Tausugs finally liberated Jolo. In 1749, Sultan Alimud I was deposed by his
bro. Bantilan of his friendship w/ the Spaniards. In 1751, Gov. Gen. de Obando wanted Alimud Din I to
regain his throne in Jolo. The Sultan left Manila and stopped at Zamboanga. The Spanish commander
claimed to have intercepted a letter from Alimud din I to a sultan in Mindanao, w/c was allegedly
treasonable. He was shipped back to Manila and later imprisoned at Fort Santiago. Gov. Gen. de Arandia
later released him and granted him royal privillages. In 1762, he was rescued by the British and restored
his throne in Jolo.
The height of the Moro Wars occurred in the second half of the 18th cen. In the closing of the 19th cen.
The Moro power declined. In 1848, Gov. Gen. de Urbiztondo attacked the Samals at Balanguingui.
Dec/11/1850 Gov. Gen. de Urbiztondo left Manila to subjugate Muslims of Sulu. The next month, he
attacked Jolo. The natives lost over 100 men. In 1861, the sultan in Maguindanao finally recognized
Spanish sovereignity. However, resistance cont. under Datu Ugto in upper Pulangi. In 1874, Gov. Gen.
Jose Malcampo prepared a mighty armada for the invasion of Jolo. It lasted for 1 day and on March 1
/1876, Sultan Jamalul Alam worked for peace w/ the Spanish. He transferred his capital to Maimbung.
The Sultanate of Sulu,being a sovereign govt. was able to lease Sabah ( N. Borneo) to a British company,
that on Jan. 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul Alam leased Sabah to Mr. Alfred Dent,Englishman, and to Baron
Gustavus Von Overbeck.
In 1886, Gov. Gen. Terrero led the invasion to Cotabato. They destroyed some forts of Datu Utto but
failed to crush Uttos fighters. In 1891, Gov. Gen. Weyler, invaded Lanao, that in Aug. 21, 1891 he won
the first battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake. Datu Amai Pakpak, the defender of Marawi, was able to escape.
He recruited more warriors to fight against the Spanish. However, he was overpowered by Datu Ali
Jimbangan and his fierce krismen.
In 1895, Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco invaded Lanao Lake region. He attacked Marawi on March 10, 1895
where Datu amai Pakpak died http://www.google.comaction. The Muslim warriors declared a jihad,
forcing Blanco and his troop to return to Manila.
Paris Treaty - Ang Kasunduan sa Paris, na nilagdaan noong Disyembre 10, 1898, ay ang nagpatapos ng
Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano. Nasasaad sa kasunduan ang pagpapalaya sa bansang Cuba, ang
paglilipat ng pamumuno sa Estados Unidos sa mga bansang Puerto Rico at Guam, at ang pagbili sa
Pilipinas mula sa Espanya sa halagang $20,000,000 ng Estados Unidos, w/ ended the Spanish domination
in the Philippines.
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed on December 10, 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War,
and came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the ratifications were exchanged.The Treaty signaled the
end of the Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific Ocean and marked the beginning of an age of
United States colonial power.

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