Xc nh chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi khi

tnh khuch tn nhim khng kh

Cng nghip pht trin mang li s tng trng kinh t, nhng cng gy ra khng t vn
cho mi trng. ng khi t cc nh my thi kh c hi v bn vo khng kh lm nhim
mi trng khng kh, mi trng t, mi trng nc v gy nh hng trc tip n sc
kho cng ng. Trong cng tc qun l, kim sot nhim khng kh trn th gii cng nh
Vit Nam hin nay thng s dng m hnh Gauss xc nh nng cht nhim. Nng
cht nhim trn mt t t l nghch vi chiu cao hiu qu ng khi. Chiu cao hiu qu
ng khi cng cao th nng cht nhim trn mt t cng nh v ngc li. C nhiu tc
gi xut cng thc xc nh chiu cao hiu qu ng khi, nhng khi tnh theo cc cng
thc khc nhau cho ra cc gi tr rt khc nhau, thm ch c nhng phng php cho kt qu
chnh nhau n 2, 3 ln. iu ny dn n nu cc yu t kh hu nh nhau, ngun thi nh
nhau nhng s dng cng thc xc nh chiu cao hiu qu ng khi ca cc tc gi khc
nhau s n nng nhim cht c hi trn mt t khc nhau. V vy vic phn tch, so
snh v la chn cng thc tnh chiu cao hiu qu ng khi khi tnh ton khuch tn khng
kh xc nh hin trng v d bo v nhim mi trng khng kh l ht sc cn thit.
1. Xc nh nng cht nhim theo m hnh Gauss.

Cng thc xc nh nng cht nhim ti im c to x,y,z theo m hnh

Gauss nh sau:
C(x,y,z) =

y2
M
exp 2
2 .u. y z
2. y

Z H e 2
Z H e 2
3

exp
exp

, g/m
2
2
2 z
2 z

(1)

Trong :
- M: Lng cht nhim thi ra t ngun thi trong mt n v thi gian, m/s.
- u: Vn tc gi m/s.
- y , z : H s khuch tn ca kh quyn theo chiu ngang (y) v theo chiu ng (z); n
v ca y , z l h m v ph thuc vo to x ca im tnh, trng thi kh tng, gradian
nhit v vn tc gi u.
- He : Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi, m.
Khi tnh ton nng nhim trn mt t th z = 0 v cng thc (1) s tr thnh:

C(x,y,0) =

y2
M
exp 2
2 .u. y z
2. y

exp H e

2. 2
y

, g/m 3

(2)

Trng hp tnh s phn b nng trn mt t dc theo trc gi (trc x) ta cho y = 0 v thu
c:

C(x,0,0) =

H e2
M
exp
2
2 .u. y z
2. y

2. Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi

, g/m3

(3)

Ti ming ng khi, nh vn tc pht, lung khi c mt ng nng ban u lm cho lung

khi c xu hng bc thng ng ln trn. Mt khc, do nhit ca khi cao hn nhit
khng kh xung quanh, lung khi chu tc dng ca lc ni do chnh lch nhit gy ra.
Cng vi lc nng, lung khi chu tc dng ca lc gi nm ngang, do nh cao nht ca
lung khi s nm cch xa ng khi mt khong cch nht nh no xui theo chiu gi.
Khi t c cao y, tc l lc ng nng ban u ca lung khi b trit tiu v
nhit khi tr nn cn bng vi nhit ca kh quyn do kt qu ca qu trnh ho trn
vi khng kh xung quanh, lung khi s i theo phng nm ngang song song vi chiu gi.
cao gia tng ca lung khi c gi l nng cao tng cng ca lung khi do ng
nng ban u v do chnh lch nhit gia khi thi v nhit khng kh xung quanh. V
vy, khi tnh ton khuch tn nhim t cc ngun im cao, chiu cao tnh ton ca ng
khi s bng tng chiu cao hnh hc ca ng khi vi nng cao tng cng ca lung khi:
He= h+

(4)

Trong :
- He: Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi, m;
- h: chiu cao thc ca ng khi, m;
- h : nng cao tng cng ca lung khi do ng nng ban u v do chnh lch nhit ,
m.
C nhiu tc gi xut cng thc xc nh nng cao tng cng ca lung khi:
2.1. Cng thc ca W.F Davidson
Da vo kt qu thc nghim tin hnh trn ng kh ng, W.F Davidson a ra cng thc
xc nh nng tng cng ca lung khi nh sau:

h hv ht

(5)

Trong :

hv : nng do vn tc pht ca lung khi, m

1, 4

hv D
u

(6)

1, 4

T
ht D .
u Tkhi

(7)

Trong cc cng thc trn:

- D: ng knh ming ng khi,m;
- T : Chnh lch gia khi v khng kh xung quanh, oC hoc oK;
- Tkhi : Nhit tuyt i ca khi ti ming ng khi; oK
- : Vn tc pht ca lung khi ti ming ng khi, m/s;
- u: Vn tc gi thng thng tng theo chiu cao, v thng c xc nh t tc gi o
c ct kh tng cao 10m.
Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Irwin J.S. (1979) th vn tc gi thay i theo chiu cao theo
quy lut hm s m ph thuc vo g gh ca mt t Z0 v cc cp n nh kh quyn
theo thang Pasquill - Gifford, cng thc c dng:

u ( z ) = u (10 )

Z
,m/s
10

(8)

Trong :
u (10 ) : Vn tc gi cao 10m ( cao ca tr o gi ca cc Trm quan trc kh tng);

- Z: cao cn tnh vn tc u z , m; n: h s m khng thc nguyn.

2.2. Cng thc ca J.Z Holland
J.Z Holland a ra cng thc xc nh nng tng cng ca lung khi nh sau:
h

T Txq
.D
1,5 2,68.10 3 P.D. Kh
u
TKh

, m

(9)

Trong :
- P: p sut kh quyn, milibar (1atm = 1013mbar);
i vi cc cp n nh ca kh quyn khc nhau, kt qu tnh ton theo cng thc trn c
nhn vi h s tng ng c th l:
i vi cp A, B, C nhn h s 1,1 hoc 1,2 i vi cp D, E, F nhn h s 0,8 hoc 0,9.
2.3. Cng thc ca H. Stumke
Theo H. Stumke:
T Kh T xq

TKh

1,5 D. 65 3 / 2
h
.D
u
u

1/

,m

(10)

2.4. Cng thc ca G.A Briggs

Cc Bo v mi trng M (EPA) hng dn tnh nng cao lung khi theo cng thc ca
Briggs kin ngh nm 1972. Trc tin, ta xc nh tham s nng cao lung khi nh sau:

Txq
F = g.r2. 1
Tkh

(11)

Trong :
- F: Tham s nng cao lung khi, m4/s3;
- g: Gia tc trng trng (9,8m/s2);
- r: Bn knh trong ca ming ng khi, m;
- : Tc pht ca khi thi, m/s;
- Txq ; Tkh : Nhit ca khng kh xung quanh v nhit khi thi, 0K.
i vi trng hp kh quyn trung tnh v khng n nh (cp n nh kh quyn t A D)
th cng thc xc nh nng cao lung khi c dng:
h

1,6 F 1 / 3 . X t2 / 3
,m
u

Trong :

(12)

- Xt: Khong cch t im kt thc nng trung bnh ca lung khi n chn ng khi theo
chiu gi thi, m;
- Nu F>55m4/s3 th Xf = 120.F0,4
- Nu F<55m4/s3 th Xf = 50.F5/8
i vi kh quyn n nh v c gi thi (cp n nh E v F), dng cng thc sau xc
nh nng cao ca lung khi:
1/ 3

F
h 2,4.

u.S

,m

(13)

Trong :
S=

g
Txq

dTxq

, s 2
dZ

(14)

Trong :
- : gim nhit on nhit, 0,01 0/m;
- dTxq / dZ : thay i nhit theo chiu cao thc t ca mi trng khng kh (ch n
c du dng khi nhit tng theo chiu cao).
2.5. Cng thc ca P.I. Andreep
Andreep a ra cng thc xc nh nng cao lung khi nh sau:
h

1,9.D,
,m
u

(15)

2.6. Cng thc ca M.E. Berliand

Cn c vo s liu thc nghim v so snh kt qu tnh ton nng cht nhim trn mt
t, Berliand v cng s (1964) a ra cng thc xc nh nng cao lung khi nh sau:
h 1,875.

D.
g .L.T
1,6 3
,m
u10
u10 .Txq

(16)

Trong :
- L: Lu lng khi thi m3/s
2.7. Cc nhn xt
Cc cng thc xc nh nng tng cng ca lung kh h nu trn ph thuc vo nhiu
tham s, nhng ch yu l cc tham s nh sau:
+ Vn tc khi pht ra ming ng khi , m/s;
+ Nhit khi thi Tkh, 0k;
+ ng knh ng khi D, m;
+ Vn tc gi ti ming ng khi u, m/s; hay gin tip qua chiu cao hnh hc ca ng khi h,
vn tc gi ti a phng u10, cp n nh kh quyn v g gh b mt ti ni tnh ton.
Tuy nhin, mc nh hng nhiu hay t cn ph thuc vo tng trng hp c th, chng
ta s xt trong cc trng hp c th di y.
3. Tnh ton, so snh cc phng php xc nh chiu cao hiu qu He

Mt nh my t nhin liu l than. ng khi c chiu cao hnh hc h = 30m. Nhit khng
kh xung quanh l 29 0C, gradian nhit theo chiu cao 1 0C/100m. Sau y chng ta s xt
s nh hng ca cc tham s n chiu cao hiu qu ng khi.
3.1. nh hng tc pht ca lung khi.
Gi nguyn cc thng s: ng knh ng khi D= 1m, nhit khi Tkh = 2000C, vn tc gi
u10 = 2.5m/s, n nh khi quyn cp C, g gh b mt Zo = 1m. Cho vn tc khi ti
ming ng khi ( ) thay i t 6.5 m/s n 20 m/s, ta thu c chiu cao hiu qu He nh
sau:

Vn tc khi

Davidson Holland Stumke Briggs Andreep Berliand

(m/s)
6.5

33.53

34.89

48.26

54.35

33.75

37.75

34.72

36.02

48.94

58.44

34.62

39.54

9.5

36.00

37.15

49.63

62.35

35.49

41.33

11

37.37

38.28

50.31

66.11

36.35

43.12

12.5

38.81

39.41

51.00

69.74

37.22

44.91

14

40.32

40.53

51.68

73.26

38.08

46.69

15.5

41.90

41.66

52.36

76.69

38.95

48.48

17

43.55

42.79

53.05

80.03

39.82

50.27

18.5

45.25

43.92

53.73

83.31

40.68

52.06

20

47.01

45.05

54.41

95.86

41.55

53.85

Nhn xt: Ta thy cc cng thc ca Davidsion, Holland, Stumke, Andreep, Berliand cho kt
qu l tng ng nhau, chiu cao hiu qu He so vi chiu cao hnh hc ca ng khi dao
ng t 1.4 - 1.8 ln v iu ny kh ph hp vi thc t. Duy ch c cng thc ca Briggs
cho kt qu qu ln, He = 95.86 m, gp 3.2 ln so vi chiu cao hnh hc ca ng khi, iu
ny cho thy cng thc ca Briggs sai kh nhiu so vi cc cng thc khc.
3.2. nh hng ca nhit khi
Gi nguyn cc thng s: c hnh ng khi D = 1m, vn tc khi = 15m/s, vn tc gi
u10 = 2.5 m/s, n nh kh quyn cp C, g gh b mt Zo = 1m. Cho nhit khi ti
ming ng khi thay i t 3030K (300C) n 483 0K (2100C) ta thu c cc kt qu nh sau:

Nhit khi
(0K)

Davidson

Holland

Stumke

Briggs

Andreep

Berliand

303

38.36

36.84

36.84

30.00

38.66

41.25

323

38.88

37.60

46.69

42.20

38.66

42.03

343

39.34

38.28

48.38

49.60

38.66

42.81

363

39.75

38.88

49.44

55.46

38.66

43.59

383

40.11

39.42

50.19

60.33

38.66

44.37

403

40.44

39.91

50.78

64.51

38.66

45.15

423

40.74

40.35

51.26

68.16

38.66

45.93

443

41.01

40.75

51.65

71.37

38.66

46.72

463

41.25

41.12

51.99

74.23

38.66

47.50

483

41.48

41.45

52.27

76.81

38.66

48.28

Nhn xt: Ta thy cc cng thc ca Davidsion, Holland, Stumke, Berliand cho kt qu l
tng ng nhau, chiu cao hiu qu He so vi chiu cao hnh hc ca ng khi dao ng t
1.4 - 1.8 ln. Cng thc ca Briggs cho kt qu t 30m n 76.81m, chiu cao hiu qu He
ln hn chiu cao hnh hc 2.6 ln. Duy ch c cng thc ca Andreep cho kt qu l khng
thay i, He = 38.66m, iu ny cho thy cng thc ca Andreep khng tnh n s nh
hng ca nhit khi.
3.3. nh hng ca ng knh ng khi.
Gi nguyn cc thng s: nhit khi Tkh = 4830K, vn tc khi = 15m/s, vn tc gi u10
= 2.5 m/s, n nh kh quyn cp C, g gh b mt Z0 = 1m. Cho ng knh trong ca
ng khi thay i t 1m n 3.7 m , ta thu c cc kt qu nh sau:

ng knh
ng khi
(m)

Davidson Holland Stumke Briggs Andreep Berliand

41.48

41.45

52.27

76.81

38.66

48.28

1.3

44.93

46.69

61.77

99.35

41.26

56.50

1.6

48.37

52.75

72.18

124.67

43.86

65.99

1.9

51.81

59.64

83.42

152.47

46.46

76.74

2.2

55.26

67.37

95.41

175.77

49.06

88.76

2.5

58.70

75.92

108.11

199.91

51.66

102.04

2.8

62.15

85.31

121.47

224.63

54.25

116.59

3.1

65.59

95.53

135.45

249.89

56.85

132.40

3.4

69.04

106.57

150.02

275.64

59.45

149.48

3.7

72.48

118.45

165.16

301.85

62.05

167.82

Nhn xt: Ta thy cc cng thc ca Holland, Stumke v Berliand cho kt qu rt cao, chiu
cao hiu qu He cao hn chiu cao hnh hc ca ng khi dao ng t 4 - 6 ln v iu ny
kh xy ra trong thc t. Cng thc ca Davidson cho kt qu kh hp l, chiu cao hiu qu
He cao hn chiu cao hnh hc ca ng khi dao ng t 1.38 - 2.4 ln.
4. Nhn xt v kt lun

Cc cng thc tnh chiu cao hiu qu ng khi He v nng tng cng ca lung khi h
nu trn ph thuc vo nhiu tham s:
+ T l thun vi vn tc khi pht ra ming ng khi , m/s;
+ T l thun vi nhit khi thi Tkh , 0K;
+ T l thun vi ng knh ng khi D, m;
+ T l nghch vi vn tc gi u, m/s;
+ Ph thuc vo cp n nh kh quyn,
Ta thy nhng cng thc xc nh chiu cao hiu qu ng khi ca mt s tc gi nu trn
xt n cc yu t nh hng , nhng nh hng nhiu hay t cn ph thuc vo tng
trng hp c th. Qua cc v d trn ta thy kt qu tnh ton chiu cao hiu qu He v
nng cao tng cng lung khi h tnh theo cc cng thc khc nhau l rt khc nhau. Song
trong cc v d trn ch c cng thc ca Davidson l cho kt qu kh n nh.
Kt qu nghin cu ca GS.TS Trn ngc Chn, Trng i hc Xy dng (HXD) cho thy
khi s dng cng thc tnh chiu cao hiu qu ca W.F Davidson trong m hnh Gauss xc
nh nng nhim kh c hi, bi trn mt t cho kt qu gn vi kt qu nng ca
kh c hi, bi trn mt t khi tnh ton theo phng php ca M.E. Berliand. GS.TS Trn
Ngc Chn v PGS TS Bi S L, Trng HXD cng dng cng thc tnh chiu cao
hiu qu ca W.F Davidson trong m hnh Gauss xc nh nng nhim kh c hi,
bi trn mt t khu cng nghip Minh Khai - Vnh Tuy v so vi kt qu kho st thc t
ti hin trng l ph hp.
T nhng phn tch v so snh trn, chng ti kin ngh nn dng cng thc ca W.F
Davidson xc nh chiu cao hiu qu ng khi khi tnh ton khuch tn cc cht nhim
khng kh v n tng i n gin v cho kt qu tnh ton tin cy.
Ngun: TC Xy dng, s 7/2008