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Differentiat
Frequency
Modulator
PM Wave
Carrier wave
Modulating
Wave
Integrator
Phase
Modulator
Carrier wave
FM Wave
Parameter/ Characteristics
Wideband FM
1.
Modulation Index
Greater than 1
2.
3.
4.
Maximum deviation
Range of modulating frequency
Bandwidth
75 KHz
30 Hz to 15 KHz
2(f + fm)
Narrowband FM
Less than (or) slightly
greater than 1
5KHz
30 Hz to 3 Khz
2fm
as a function where domain is the set of outcomes and whose range is R, is the real line.
All our random variables will be defined on finite sample spaces. The possible outcomes
for one coin toss can be described by the sample space = {heads, tails}.
13. When is a random process called deterministic?
Ans: A random process represents an ensemble of time functions, the value of which at any
given time can be pre-determined or specified thus a deterministic process.
Ex: X(t) = A cos(t + ) where A and are constant and is a random variable. Once
the parameter is determined, X(t) as a function of time is entirely specified and is
thus a deterministic process.
Parameters
1.
2.
Bandwidth
3.
Threshold effect
4,
Noise performance
AM (Envelope)
(SNR)O = ((ma2 / (2+ ma2)) *
(SNR)C)
2fm
AM exhibits a threshold
effect for low (Si / Ni)
Poor
DSBSC (Coherent)
(SNR)O=(SNR)C
2fm
No threshold effect
Better noise
performance than AM