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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to the
people who have helped & supported me throughout
y project. I m grateful to Sir Francis Xavier for his
continuous support for the project, from initial
advice & encouragement to this day.
Special thanks of mine goes to my colleague
who helped me in completing the project by giving
interesting ideas, thoughts & made this project easy
and accurate.
I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided
support & interest who inspired me & encouraged
me to go my own way, without which I would be
unable to complete my project. At last but not the
least I want to thanks my friends who appreciated
me for my work & motivated me and finally to God
who made all the things possible...
CONTENTS
S. no.
Conten
INTROD
EXPERI
EXPERI
BIBLIOG
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like
stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or
unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20
carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional group.
A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends
have different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain
that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil
soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and grease.
Long Hydrocarbon Chain Hydrophobic end
Hydrophilic end
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+
This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium
Carbonate.
Ca2++ Na2CO3
Mg2++ Na2CO3
Aim:
Apparatus:
Materials
Required:
Theory:
Procedure:
CaCO3 + 2Na+
MgCO3
+ 2Na+
Observation:
Conclusions:
Aim:
Apparatus:
Materials
Required:
Theory:
Procedure:
Observation:
Conclusions:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet :
www.wikipedia.co.in
www.google.co.in
www.icbse.com
Books :
Comprehensive Practical Chemistry