Cc yu t nh hng n Din bin b bin

v phng n cng trnh bo v b bin

x cnh dng - qung trch - qung bnh
KS. Nguyn Vit Thanh
B mn Cng trnh Giao thng Thnh ph
Khoa Cng trnh - Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti
Tm tt: Bo co a ra cc yu t nh hng n din bin b bin v phng n cng
trnh bo v b bin x Cnh Dng, huyn Qung Trch, tnh Qung Bnh.
Summary: This report states influences of shoreline changes and a general plan of shore
protection in Canhduong commune, Quangtrach district, Quangbinh province.

1. t vn

Q, H

CT 2

X Cnh Dng, thuc Huyn Qung Trch - Tnh Qung Bnh c to a l: 17o 50'
170 52' v Bc, 106026'5'' 106027' kinh ng, vi din tch 3,0 km2 nm bn Quc l 1A, bn
b Nam sng Ron v b bin
ng; c hn 6000 dn, Cnh
Nam Lanh
Dng l mt a danh ni ting,
1A
c lch s hn 360 nm (thnh lp
10
1
nm Qu Mi 1643), Cnh Dng
Bc H
ni ting vi nhng chin cng
Rn
2
nh gic gi nc gi lng, c
3
Ch tch H Ch Minh v Nh
Sng Ron
Ca Ron
nc phong tng danh hiu "Lng
4
chin u anh dng".
III
5

X Cnh Dng

B bin pha Nam ca sng

Ron thuc x Cnh Dng t vi
chc nm li y c hin tng b
st l nghim trng trn mt chiu
di ln. Tc xi l b vng
trong nhng nm trc y kh
nhanh, c bit vo thi k c gi
ma ng - Bc, bin ng mnh,
b bin b ln dn vo t lin c
khi ln ti (1 2) m/ngy m,
hng chc mt/nm.

6
10
7
8

Ghi ch:
- Trm dng chy lin tc xa b
- Trm dng chy ven b
- Trm o mc nc
- L khoan a cht

Hnh 1. S b tr kho st khu vc ven bin x Cnh Dng

Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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37

Cn lm r cc quy lut din bin b bin khu vc x Cnh Dng, t a ra cc

phng n bo v b bin nhm hn ch him ho t bin mang ti, n nh i sng nhn
dn, pht trin kinh t - x hi.
phc v phn tch din bin b bin khu vc x Cnh Dng, tin hnh kho st a
hnh, a cht v thu hi vn ti khu vc. S b tr kho st nh hnh 1.

2. Din bin b bin khu vc x Cnh Dng

2.1. Kt qu gii on trn cc nh vin thm din bin b bin x Cnh Dng
a. Giai on 1965 1980 (hnh 2)

CT 2

Hnh 2. Bin ng ng b bin Cnh Dng giai on 1965 - 1980

Giai on ny qu trnh xi l v tch t xen k nhau. giai on ny, doi ct ni khu vc

Bc ca sng (mi Ci Vng) c hnh thnh vo nhng nm 1960 b mt i thnh mt bi
ngm vo nhng nm 1980. Khu vc b Nam ca sng thuc x Cnh Dng b xi l trn mt
chiu di c 1 km vi tc vi tc xi trung bnh l 13,1 m/nm. Tuy nhin, cng mt giai
on trn bi bin mi mn tch t b pha Nam pht trin di thm c theo hng Bc 250 m
(vi vn tc gn 14 m/nm) v rng khong 50 m.

38

Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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Bi ny cn c hnh thnh di dng mt di hp gn 20 m ko di khong 2.5 km v

hng Nam. b Bc Ca Ron cng h thng bin ng trong giai on ny: Khu vc b bin
ko di t ca sng vo trong khong 700 m b bo mn nh vi tc trung bnh 3.2 m/nm.
Tuy nhin, on b sng tip theo vi chiu di khong 600 m li c bi vi tc trung
bnh 5,6 m/nm.
b. Giai on 1980 - 1999 (hnh 3)
Mi b Bc c bi vi tc bi t 40 m/nm. on b sng tip ni v pha thng lu
di gn 700 m b xi trung bnh 6 m/nm, on b bin tip ni v pha Bc b xi vi vn tc 2
m/nm.
Nh vy sau 19 nm t 1980 - 1999, bi bin khu vc ny b thu hp khong 15 20 m.
Ngc li vi mi pha bc, mi ct pha Nam ca Ron b bo mn v n cui nhng nm 80
u 1990 th mi ct ny mt hn, tr li v tr ca nhng nm 1965. Mt c im ni bt khu
vc ca sng ny l cc cn ct ngm (bar) pht trin mnh hn v cc doi ct ca sng km
pht trin hn, nguyn nhn do ng lc bin (thu triu, sng) chim u th hn sng.

CT 2

Hnh 3. Bin ng ng b bin Cnh Dng giai on 1965 - 1999

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39

2.2. Tnh ton chuyn ng bn ct v bi xi dc b

2.2.1. Phng php tnh ton
Trn quan im cho rng cc qu trnh vn chuyn bi tch xy ra ch yu trong i sng
. i vi s n nh ca b ct nh Cnh Dng dng bi tch dc b do sng ng mt vai
tr c bit quan trng. Tnh ton c tin hnh theo ba phng php sau:
a) Tnh theo phng php ng sut da trn gi thit: Dng bn ct t l vi chnh lch
ng sut y v ng sut ti hn cr.
b) Tnh theo phng php nng lng CERC (Coastal Engineering Research Center).
c) Tnh ton t s liu thc o.
Khu vc Cnh Dng - Ca Ron vi ng b l hai pha sng to vi hng Bc mt gc
t 2500 n 3000 v vy sng t bin khi i vo vng ny ch yu t pha ng v ng Nam.
Do khng c s liu quan trc sng nhiu nm ti mt ch, tn sut sng ch ti lu vc
nghin cu c tnh theo phng php ngoi suy trm quan trc ln cn.
2.2.2. Kt qu tnh ton
a. Kt qu tnh ton theo phng php ng sut vi ng knh ht d = 0.025 cm, dc
b i = 0.030
Dng hng Bc = 209404 m3/nm,

Dng hng Nam = - 799495 m3/nm

Dng tng cng = 1008898 m3/nm,

Dng thc (net) = - 590091 m3/nm

b. Kt qu tnh ton theo phng php nng lng vi ng knh ht d = 0.025 cm, dc
b i = 0.030
Dng hng Bc = 609983 m3/nm,

Dng hng Nam = - 2605185 m3/nm

Dng tng cng = 3215168 m3/nm,

Dng thc (net) = - 1995202 m3/nm

So vi kt qu o c bi bin Cnh Dng (1992 - 1993) ta c th nhn thy phng

php ng sut cho kt qu gn thc t hn mt phn do phng php ny tnh n yu t
khi ng ht ct v nhiu tham s ( dc bi, kch thc ht) m phng php nng lng
CERC cha cp n. Tuy nhin, v nh hng c hai phng php u cho kt qu dng
bi tch Q i v pha Nam u c ln xp x gp 3 ln dng ngc li. Kt qu lch tm ca
cn bng bn ct ti lu vc cho thy mt phn nguyn nhn xi l bn ct ti lu vc nghin
cu.
c. Tnh ton t s liu thc o
Da theo kt qu o 9 mt ct a hnh bi triu khu vc ven b bin Ca Ron - Cnh
Dng c th cho thy mt s c im ni bt nh sau:
- dc trung bnh bi tnh t b ra ca tt c cc mt ct o c u dao ng trong
phm vi i = 0,015 - 0,0. c bit c mt s mt ct (Mc6 - Mc7 - Mc9) tr s i dc hn t 3%
n 5% v tn ti y nhng mi dc dng ng gn im cch b 20 m.

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Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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CT 2

- So vi kt qu o trong iu kin ma h (8/1992) cc mt ct o c trong thi k

12/1992 u b xi. Xt v hnh dng c th xi c th thy hu ht cc bi u b h thp
trong thi k t thng 8 - 12/1992 c dng ph bin l cc mm cao c trng cho cc mt ct
ma h u b ct. Dng bi xi xen k dc theo hng b ra bin ch thy xy ra cc mt ct
nm pha Bc Ca Ron.
- Thi k t thng 12/1992 n thng 8/1993 ti hu ht cc mt ct bi c bi trng
hp xi ch xy ra mt s phn st b thuc mt ct bi pha Bc Ca Ron.
- Dng bi xi xen k theo hng b ra bin ch thy xy ra ti mt mt ct pha Bc Ca
Ron (Mc1) trong thi k t thng 8/92 n thng 12/92. T y c th thy quy lut l trong
thi gian trn dng bi tch vn chuyn theo hng dc b l chnh cn hng vung gc vi b
l rt yu.
- Khi lng bi xi bi c tnh cho kt qu bng 1.
Bng 1
3

Bng tnh khi lng bi xi Q(m ) bi bin Cnh Dng - Qung Bnh

Thi k v v tr bi

CT 2

Thi k ma ng

Thi k t

Tnh cho c nm

8/1992 - 12/1992

12/1992 - 8/1993

8/1992 - 8/1993

Bc ca Ron (m/c 1 - 3)

- 269.361

- 126.603

- 395.965

Nam Ca Ron (m/c 4 - 9)

- 109.716

+ 730.883

+ 621.167

Chung ton bi (t m/c 1 - 9)

- 172.994

+ 551.766

+ 78.772

Ch thch

Q +: bi; Q -: xi

- Kt qu tnh bi xi cho thy tnh chung c nm 8/1992 - 8/1993 ton bi bin c bi

78.772 m3. Tuy nhin, phn bi pha Bc Ca Ron b xi m pha Nam Ca Ron c bi. Bi
b xi mnh trong thi k ma bo v gi ng Bc 8/1992 - 12/1992.
- Kt qu trn cng cho thy bi pha Nam Ca Ron - Cnh Dng ch b xi bi iu kin
thi tit c bit (gi ma mnh, bo) cn trong iu kin thi tit bnh thng - bin ng bi
pha Nam Ca Ron - Cnh Dng khng ln.

3. Cc yu t nh hng n din bin b bin x Cnh Dng

3.1. nh hng ca ca sng Ron
Da trn phn tch bin i hnh thi ca sng thi k 1965 - 1990, c th thy rng do h
thng sng Ron phn ln nm trong vng vi nn kh nng xm thc nh, lng ph sa
mang ra bin hng nm nh (0.035 triu tn/nm) c bnh qun 75 g/cm3. Kt lun trn
cng ph hp vi s liu o trong thi k 1990 - 1993. Thi gian xi l ton bi xy ra thng t
thng 7 n thng 12 dng lch, trong thi gian ny h Vc Trn hu nh x ht nc v h
lu. iu chng t vic xy dng h Vc Trn hu nh khng nh hng ti vic xi l ti
Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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41

vng ven bin Ca Ron - Cnh Dng. Vng ca Ron nm trong vng c ch nht triu
khng u bin triu dao ng t 1,8 2,0 m. Do dc dng sng ln, nm vng ni
gip vi bin nn gii hn truyn triu vo sng khng ln (nh hn 10 km).
3.2. nh hng ca dng bi tch do sng
Da trn kt qu phn tch ch sng v tnh ton dng bi tch ta thy ti khu vc
nghin cu tn ti dng bi tch ln v c s mt cn bng bn ct. Dng bi tch i v hng
Nam (Qrt) ln gp ba ln dng ngc li (Qlt). S mt cn bng ny l nguyn nhn gy xi l
nht l khi c mt nhn t no lm tc nghn dng Qrt t Bc Ca Ron xung: nh mi b
Bc Ca Ron c bi phn lm tc nghn dng bi tch i t pha Bc xung khu vc Cnh
Dng.
3.3. nh hng ca thi tit c bit
Theo s liu o c kho st v thng k cho thy cng xi l ln, bi khu vc bin
ng mnh ch xut hin vi iu kin thi tit c bit: Gi ma ng Bc mnh, bo mnh
b vo lu vc (ng k nht trong nhng nm gn y l cn bo CECIL 16/10/1985 - tc
gi cc i gn tm bo > 40 m/s cp 13, gy nc dng ti ca Gianh lc 8 h ngy
16/10/1985, HND 1.5 m. Nc bin dng cao to iu kin cho sng nh hng st b gy
st l bi rt nghim trng. Trong iu kin thi tit khng din bin phc tp bi bin ti y
khng c bin ng ng k trong chu k 1 nm (ti liu kho st nm 1992 - 1993).
S dng phng php tnh mc nc cc tr tun theo hm phn b Gumbell loi 1 tnh
c cc tr dao ng mc nc triu vi cc chu k lp khc nhau nh bng 2 th hin.
CT 2

Bng 2
Mc nc triu vi cc chu k lp khc nhau
Chu k lp [nm]

10

20

30

50

75

100

Cc i thy triu [cm]

101

104

106

108

110

111

112

3.4. nh hng ca dng chy

Dng chy ven do sng ch yu sinh bi nng lng sng, thng c vn tc kh ln,
chng cn chu nh hng ca t hp: sng dng triu, dng chy gi xy ra ngay vng st b,
bi bin.
Ti bi bin Cnh Dng tin hnh 3 t o dng chy ven loi ny nhm xc nh tr
tuyt i ca chng trong nhng iu kin v sng, gi, a hnh, c th. Cc kt qu trn s
phc v tnh ton gi tr cc tr ca chng khi c iu kin thi tit c bit nh gi ma mnh,
bo. Thi k thng 8/1992, di tc ng ca gi nh chiu cao sng H1/3 = 0,6 m, tc dng
ny o c Vmax = 14 cm/s. Trong t gi ma ng Bc ngy 15 - 16/12/1992 vi cc tham s
Wgi = 5.4 m/s, H1/3 = 1.43 m tr s dng chy ven t xp x 30 cm/s. Cc t o tip theo thng
8/1993 rt ra mt quy lut l: vi cng mt iu kin bin kh tng nh nhau dng chy loi
ny c xu th nh dn t ca sng xung pha Nam (cui lng Cnh Dng).

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Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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Da trn cc kt qu o thu c ta c th nhn thy dng chy ven dc b lu vc ch

c ngha ng k trong vic vn chuyn bn ct dc b ch trong cc tnh th thi tit c bit:
bo hoc gi ma ng Bc mnh.
Kt qu phn tch nh vin thm, hng khng trong nhng nm gn y cho thy doi ct
pha Nam ca sng Ron b xi v hu nh mt hn, trong khi mi b Bc c bi ko di v
pha Nam. Thc trng hnh thi ca ca Ron ti bnh o nm 8/1993 ca Vin Khoa hc
Thu li Quc Gia. B rng lch ca Ron thu hp v nng dn, trc y su khong 3.0 m,
nhng hin nay lc nc nng c th li c. Theo nhn dn, lch ph xut hin sau cn bo
8/1987, hin nay lch ph ny c mc nc su hn lch chnh. Theo s liu trm lin tc ti
ca sng 8/1993: Khi triu xung hng chy 900, vn tc 140 cm/s thc thng ra theo lch ph
vo sng (hng 2000 - 2100) vn tc 80 cm/s. Bi ct ni 3 hnh thnh hng nm. Dng chy
c xu hng p mnh v b pha Nam pht trin theo lch ph, chnh ng lc ny lm xi
bi lng Cnh Dng.

4. Phng n cng trnh bo v b bin x Cnh Dng

4.1. Phn tch chung

CT 2

Do i tng bo v c tm quan trng va phi, kh c th cho php thit k nhng cng

trnh i hi mc u t qu ln. Nhng hiu qu k thut chng xi l l phi bo m. V
vy, quy hoch tng th cn xt ton din, c phng n tng i hon chnh, nhng thng
qua s dng vt t, cng ngh thch hp vi iu kin kinh t hn ch, v phn k, phn on
u t hp l bo m tnh kh thi.
bo v chng xi l cho b bin x Cnh Dng cn kt hp gia "th" v "cng": iu
chnh dng chy, gim sng t xa v.v...
Da trn nguyn tc lm vic ca cc loi gim sng, m hn, phc hp la chn
cc s b tr ph hp vi a hnh v iu kin ng lc trong khu vc.
4.2. Cc tham s thit k
1. Cp cng trnh: Cp III (theo cp bin).
2. Mc nc cao thit k:
Z5% = + 1,06 m (h cao HN-72);
Mc nc thp thit k:
Z90% = - 0,50 m (h cao HN-72);
3. Sng thit k cng trnh:
Hs1/3 = 2,88 m;
4. Nc dng Hnd = 1,10 m

Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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43

5. Vn tc cc i dng chy trong sng: 2,0 m/s;

6. Vn tc cc i dng chy dc b bin: 1,4 m/s;
7. Tuyn chnh tr: Vch bm theo ng b hin nay, c iu chnh hp l.
4.3. B tr tng th cng trnh phng n 1 (hnh 4)

R50

Trn ton b chiu di 1950 m t ca Ron xung pha Nam x Cnh Dng, b tr
cng trnh bo v b bin. Dc tuyn cng trnh xen gia nhng tuyn thng c cch 250 m b
tr tuyn k na hnh trn c bn knh 50 m vi mc ch cng trnh lm vic nh mt m hn to
nn s n nh ca ng b. Phng n ny c tnh cht "ch th" i vi bin.

50

100

Rng phi lao

Tuyn k bn nguyt
Mt

ct

dc

50

K1

R50

200

100

R50

250
t ct
M

dc

Tuyn k thng

CT 2

100

R50

250

x cnh dng
100

R5
0

250

Mt ct

dc

Ng xm

15

92.2

bng thng k cc hng mc cng trnh

cng trnh

phn on cng trnh chiu di (m)

ab

150.00

bc

118.00

cd

250.00

de

158.00

Bn knh (m)

ghi ch
Tuyn k thng

50.00
Tuyn k thng

Mt

x cnh dng

ef

250.00

fg

158.00

gh

250.00

hk

158.00

kl

250.00

lm

158.00

mn

50.00

50.00
Tuyn k thng
50.00
Tuyn k thng
50.00
Tuyn k thng
50.00
Tuyn k thng

Hnh 4. B tr tng th cng trnh phng n 1

4.4. B tr tng th cng trnh phng n 2 (hnh 5)

Bao gm:
- K bo v b bin A-B-C di 258,0 m;
- K bo v b CDEFGHK di 1442,0 m;
- M hn dng T1 v T2 c thn k 150 m v cnh k di 250 m;

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Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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- ngn ct gim sng L1 v L2 c chiu di 250 m;

- Tuyn cng trnh c da trn ng ng mc - 2,00 m.
y l phng n b tr "cng", "th" ton din.

4.5. Tiu chun la chn phng n cng trnh bo v b bin x Cnh Dng
1. Tnh tng th, ng b trong gii php.
2. Tnh ph hp vi iu kin c th v a hnh, a cht, thy hi vn.
3. Kinh nghim xy dng ca a phng.
4. Tnh tn to cnh quan.
5. Kinh ph r hn.
6. Ph hp quy hoch trong tng lai ca x Cnh Dng.

0
250.
150

6
266.

0
250.

CT 2

Mt

0
125.

250.

233.

ct

dc

249.
125.

Rng phi lao

0
125.

9
t ct
M

dc

250.0

x cnh dng

250

150

250

162

138

bng thng k cc hng mc cng trnh

Ng xm

Mt ct

dc

12

cng trnh

x cnh dng

phn on cng trnh chiu di (m)

ghi ch

ab

150.00

Tuyn k thng pha bc

bc

138.00

Ngn ct gim sng T1 di 258.0m

cd

162.00

de

250.00

ef

250.00

fg

250.00

gh

233.40

hk
t1

Tuyn k thng pha nam

ngn ct gim sng T1 di 1442.0m

266.60
150.00 + 250.00

ch T c thn di 150.00m, cnh di 250.00m

l1

250.00

tuyn thng di 250.0m

l2

250.00

tuyn thng di 250.0m

t2

150.00 + 250.00

ch T c thn di 150.00m, cnh di 250.00m

Hnh 5. B tr tng th cng trnh phng n 2

4.7. Kt qu la chn
Da vo cc tiu chun la chn phng n trn, t phn tch, nh gi cc u nhc
im, xem xt mi tng quan gia c im kinh t - k thut ca tng phng n c th nhn
xt nh sau:
Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti

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- C hai phng n b tr u c tnh kh thi cao, u p ng c cc tiu chun la

chn nu, mi phng n li c u, nhc im ring thch hp trong nhng hon cnh khc
nhau.
- Phng n b tr th nht tuy c kinh ph ph hp hn nhng mi ch mang tnh cht bo
v, trnh cc tc ng trc tip trc mt.
- Phng n th hai c tnh cht "cng", "th" ton din nhng kinh ph li tng i cao,
kh c th p ng c khi i tng bo v c tm quan trng va phi.
- Phng n th nht l phng n a ra gii php iu chnh ng b. Xu hng ca
tuyn b tr cng trnh l lm cho bi bin c xu th ln bin. Kt cu cc cng trnh khng qu
phc tp, c th tn dng cc vt liu a phng v u c ng dng thc t Vit Nam
cho kt qu kh quan. Phng n ny c kinh ph va phi, c th chp nhn c.
Do vy, chn phng n 1 lm phng n xy dng cng trnh.

5. Kt lun
1. Khu vc ca Ron, b bin Cnh Dng, Qung Bnh tht s cp thit c mt thit k
quy hoch tng th khai thc tng hp tt nht, lu di nhm pht huy cc thun li c,
khc phc v hn ch cc kh khn v ang xy ra, phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi.
2. iu kin t nhin vng d n phc tp, yu t l sng, v sng bin u rt c lit, cn
c nhng gii php cng trnh c thit k trn c s khoa hc chc chn, s liu c tin cy
cao, nu khng s c th gy phn tc dng hoc lng ph u t.
3. Din bin b bin vng d n xy ra vi s khc bit ln c v lng v v cht theo
thi gian v khng gian, cn nghin cu da theo th sng, th bin, b tr cng trnh hp l,
tc ng vo thi k thch hp to ra hiu qu k thut v kinh t tt nht.
4. Yu t sng trong gi ma ng Bc, tc ng vung gc vi b l yu t quan trng
nht trong ng thi vng ca sng ven bin Cnh Dng. Bn ct c c di chuyn dc b, c
c di chuyn vung gc vi b, trong lng bn ct chuyn ng dc b ln hn.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Phm Vn Gip, Lng Phng Hu. Chnh tr ca sng ven bin. Nh xut bn Xy dng, 1996.
[2] Lng Phng Hu (ch bin), Hong Xun Lng, Nguyn S Nui, Lng Giang V. Cng trnh bo
v b bin v Hi o. Nh xut bn Xy dng, 2001.
[3] Vin Khoa hc Thu li. D n kh thi Cng trnh chng xi l khu vc x Hi Trch, huyn B Trch,
tnh Qung Bnh. 2002.
[4] Vin Khoa hc Thu li. D n iu tra c bn bin ng hnh thi di ven bin Bc B v Trung B.
1999-2004.
[5] Dike and Revetments - Edited by K. W. Pilarczyk - Delft Hydraulics, 1998

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CT 2