I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

PHA CH HA CHT
I. Cc cng thc v nng :
1. Nng mol ( mol/l, M):
-

L s mol cht tan c trong mt n v th tch dung dch. Nng mol

thay i theo nhit .
s mol cht tan (n)
CM =

( n v mol/l, mmol/l )
th tch dung dch (v)

Nng molan (m):

2.
-

L s mol cht tan c trong 1 kg dung mi, khng thay i theo nhit .
s mol cht tan (g)
Cm =

s kg dung mi (kg)

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

3. Nng phn trm:

a. Nng phn trm v khi lng:
-

L khi lng cht tan (g) c trong 100g dung dch

s g cht tan (m)
C% =

100
s gam dung dch (m)

b. Nng phn trm v th tch:

-

L th tch cht tan (ml, l) c trong 100 (ml, l) dung dch.

s (ml,l)cht tan
C% =

100%

s (ml,l ) dung dch

c. Nng ppm, ppt:
Nng ppm (phn triu khi lng ):
-

Dung dch: 1ppm = 1 g/ml = mg/ l (cho dung dch long D 1)

Cht rn: 1ppm = 1 g/g = mg/kg

M nhnchai

m = C

ppm

x
M chtxcnh

100
.Vml .10 6 ( g )
P

Nng ppb (phn t khi lng):

-

ppb = 10-3 ppm = 1 g/l

ppb = 10-3 ppm = 1 g/kg

Lu : 1kg = 103 g = 109 g = 106 mg

Nng ppt (phn ngn t khi lng )
-

1 ppt = 10-3 ppb = 10-6 ppm = 10-6 mg/l

4. Nng phn mol:

Hn hp hai cu t A v B , phn mol XA l s mol ca A (nA) trn tng s
mol ca hn hp.

XA =

s mol cht A (nA)

tng s mol cht (n)
2

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

5. Nng ng lng gam hay nng ng lng:

Nng ng lng s ng lng gam cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch.
s ng lng gam cht tan (n)
CN =

s (l) dung dch (v)

Trong :
M

- n =

, vi

: L s ng lng gam v

M
Z

- Z: S electron trao i trong 1 mol, s H (OH ) hay ion tham gia phn
ng trung ho.
6. Mi lin h:
C M = C%

II.

10d
M

C N = C%

10d

CN = CM / Z

Cch pha ha cht.

1. Pha dung dch nng mol/l ( CM):

a. i vi cht rn: Lng cn cht rn cn ly pha Vml dung dch c
nng CM
m=

Vi:

C M .M .V .100
1000 .p

: khi lng cn cht rn (g)

CM

: nng mol/l (M)

: Khi lng phn t

: th tch cn pha (ml)

: tinh khit ca ho cht

b. i vi cht lng: Th tch lng m c cn dng pha (ml) dung dch

c nng CM.
V =
m=

Vi :

C M .M.V.100
1000.d.C%

C M .M .V .100
1000.C %

V : th tch dung dch m c (ml)

m: khi lng cn (g)
V : th tch dung dch cn pha (ml)
3

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

: t trng (g/ml)

C% : nng phn trm ca dung dch

2. Pha dung dch c nng ng lng (CN)
a. i vi cht rn: Lng cn cht rn cn ly pha Vml dung dch c
nng CN
m cn =

Vi :

C N ..V.100
1000.p

m : khi lng cn cht rn (g)

CN : nng ng lng dung dch cn pha
V : th tch cn pha (ml)
p : tinh khit cht rn

b. i vi cht lng: th tch cht lng m c cn dng pha V(ml)

dung dch c nng CN
Vdam dac =

Vi :

C N ..V.100
1000.d.C%

V : th tch dung dch m c (ml)

V : th tch dung dch cn pha (ml)
d : khi lng ring (t trng) ca dung dch (g/ml)
C% : nng phn trm ca dung dch m c

3. Nng phn trm khi lng:

a. Cht rn khng ngm nc: Lng cht rn cn ly pha mdd (g) dung
dch c nng C%
mct =

Vi:

C %.mdd
100. p

m : khi lng cn (g)

mdd : khi lng dung dch cn pha (g)

b. Cht rn ngm nc:

Lng cht rn cn ly pha mdd (g) c nng C%.
mct =

Vi:

C %.mdd M 1
x
100. p
M2

M1 : khi lng phn t ngm nc

M2 : Khi lng phn t khng ngm nc

4. Nng phn trm khi lng - th tch:

4

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

Cn s g cht rn bng C% mun pha pha thnh 100ml dd.

5. Phn trm th tch - th tch:
C1 %.V1 = C2 %.V2

Vi :

V1

: th tch dung dch cn ly pha

V2

: th tch dung dch cn pha

C1% : nng phn trm dung dch ly pha

C2% : nng phn trm dung dch cn pha

III.

Pha dung dch c nng nh sn

Cch 1: Pha 1 th tch V1 dung dch c nng C1% t 1 dung dch c nng
C2% vi C2% > C1% c dung dch 1 v dung dch 2 tra bng.
C1.V1.d1 = C2.V2.d2
th tch dung dch C2% cn ly l:
V2 =

C1 .V1 .d 1
hay
C 2 .d 2

C1 d 2 .V2
=
C 2 d 1 .V1

Cch 2: Quy tc ng cho.

-

Nng C%:

Dung dch u
C2 %

C1 %

C1%
H2O

V
C1 %
H2O0
=
VH 2 0 C 2 % C1 %

C2 C1

Nng mol hay ng lng:

Dung dch u
C2

C1

C1

V
C1
=
VH 2 0 C 2 C1

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

H2O
IV.

C2 C1

Cch pha mt s ch th thng dng.

1. Ch th h tinh bt : Starch Soluble (C6H10O5)n

-

Pha ch th h tinh bt 1%: Ha tan 5 g trong 100 ml nc ct , khuy u,

vo becher c cha 400ml nc ct ang si. un tip n khi dung dch si
tr li, ngui nh vi git HCHO 40% bo qun h tin bt c lu hn.

2. Ch th Phenoltalein ( C20H14O4)n
-

pha ch th pp 0,1% : Ha tan 0,1 g ch th pp bng 100ml etanol 96%

3. Ch th Methyl orange ( C14H14N3NaO3S)

-

Pha ch th MO 0,04% : Ha tan 0,04g ch th MO bng 100 ml Etanol 20%

hoc 100ml nc ct.

4. Ch th Methyl red ( C15H15N3O2)

-

Pha ch th MR 0,1% : Ha tan 0,1g ch th MR trong 100ml ethanol 96%

5. Ch th Murexide ( C8H8N6O6)
-

Pha ch th Murexide c th bng nc ct, Nacl hoc ng Saccharose.

Nhng bo qun ch th trong thi gian lu hn ta dng Nacl.

Nghin 1g ch th Murexide vi 100 g Nacl c sy kh ngui.

6. Ch th Xylenol Orange (C31H28N2Na4O13S)

-

Pha ch th XO c th bng etanol 50% (0,1%) hoc bng KNO3. bo qun

ch th trong thi gian lu hn ta dng KNO3.

Nghin k 1 g ch th XO vi 100g KNO3 tinh khit.

7. Ch th Erochrome black. T ( C20H12N3NaO7S)

-

Pha ch th ETOO c th bng etanol 96% ( 0,05% 0,5%) , KCl hoc bng
saccharose.

Ta chn KCl pha ch th ETOO v n bo qun c lu hn. Nghin k 1 g

ch th ETOO vi 100g KCl tinh khit sy kh ngui.

8. Ch th IndigoCarmine ( C16H8N2Na2O8S2)
-

Pha ch th Indigocarmine 0,25% : Ha tan 0,25g Indigocarmine trong 100ml

Etanol 50%

9. Ch th Alizarin yellow ( C13H8N3NaO5)

6

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

Pha ch th Alizarin yellow 0,1% : Ha tan 0,1g ch th Alizarin vng trong 100
ml nc ct .

Khong i mu ca ch th : pH = 10,2 pH 12,1

10. Bromthymol blue ( C27H28Br2O5S)

-

Pha ch th Bromthymol xanh 0,1% : Ho tan 0,1g ch th Bromthymol xanh

trong 100ml etanol 20%

Khong i mu ca ch th : pH 5,8 pH 7,6

11. Hydroxylammonium Chloride ( NH2OH.HCl)

Tan trong nc ct.
12. Hydroxylammonium Sulfate ( NH2OH)2.H2SO4
Tan trong nc ct
13. Ch th 1 -10 Phenanthroline ( C12H8N2.H2O )
-

Pha ch th 1-10 phenanthroline 0,1%: Cn 0,1 g ch th,ha tan trong 100ml

nc ct, khuy v gia nhit ti 800C. Khng c un si, trong trng hp
khng gia nhit th thm 2 git HCl m c khuy u n khi tan ht
( 1- 10 phenanthrolin tan ca n rt thp 3,3g/l).

14. Acid Fusinsulforo: Pha ch th acid Fusinsulfuro 1%: Cn 1g ch th cho vo

cc cha 100ml ethanol, khuy u cho tan hon ton .
15. Fluorescein (C20H12O5): Pha ch th Fluorescein 0,5%: Cn 0,5g ch th cho
vo cc cha 100ml ethanol, khuy u cho tan hon ton.
16. Dimetylglyoxin (C4H8N2O2)
Pha ch th 1% trm trong 100ml cn.
17. Ch th Ferroin
Ha tan 1,485g 1-10phenaltrolin v 0,695g FeSO4. 7H2O trong nc, thm
nc ct thnh 100 ml
18. Ch th Diphenylamin ( C12H11N)
Pha ch th C12H11N 1%, cn 1 g ch th + 100 ml H2SO4 m c
19. Ch th Tashiro.
-

Dung dch A: Ha tan 0,1g MR trong 100m ethanol tinh khit trn ni cch
thu

Dung dch B: Ho tan 0,5 g Metylen xanh trong 100ml Ethanol 50%
Khi dng pha dung dch A vi dung dch B theo t l 1:1
7

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

THUC TH C BIT DNG TRONG PTN

1. Aluminon : 1g 1l H20 ct lc mnh tan ht .
2. Thuc th Schiff : 2 g NaHSO3 + 0,2g fucsin Clohidrat v 2ml HCl c vo
100ml nc ct. Bo qun trong trai mu c nt y kn.
3. Thuc th Lucas: Ha tan 136g ZnCl2 khan trong 90ml dung dch HCl m
c cn thit phi lm lnh bn ngoi bnh khi pha.
4. Thuc th Nessler : Ha tan 50g KI trong 1 lng nc lnh t n mc c th
(khong 50ml). Thm vo dung dch HgCl bo ha (khong 22g HgCl2
trong 350ml H20) cho n khi d, iu ny c nhn bit do c kt ta xut
hin. Sau thm 200m NaOH 5N v pha long n 1l . yn ch dng
phn nc lc trong.
5. Montequi A ((NH 4 )2 [Hg(SCN )4 ])
Ho tan 20g NH4SCN trong 200ml nc ct. Trn cn thn dung dch ny vi
200ml dung dch cha 27g HgCl2 ri pha long n 1l. yn dung dch ny
2 ngy m ri lc, bo qun trong chai mu, y kn.
6. Axit Cromic : 20g K2Cr2O7 + 100 ml H2SO4 m c + 400 ml H2O
7. Thuc th -Napthylamin ( C10H9N)
Cn 0,5 g C10H9N + 1ml HCl m c, sau nh mc n 100 ml nc ct
(pha dng ngay hoc gi nhit nhp.
8. Thuc th Orcinal : Ho tan 2g orcinal trong 100ml H2SO4 30%
9. Thuc th Kaufman
Cho 0,5l metanol v 75 g NaBr vo becher ln khuy n khi bo ha. Lc,
thm vo 2,75ml brom lng. Bo qun trong chai mu ti.

CCH PHA DUNG DCH M BO V IN CC

1. Pha dung dch m pH = 7

Dung dch 1: Na2HPO4 cn 11,866g sau nh mc thnh 1lt.

c C = 1/15M
9

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

Dung dch 2 : KH2PO4 cn 9,073g sau nh mc thnh 1 lt

c C = 1/15M
Ly 61,2 ml dung dch 1 nh mc thnh 100ml bng dung dch 2 c
100ml dung dch bo qun in cc pH= 7
2. Pha dung dch m pH = 4

Cch 1:
-

Dung dch 1: dung dch HCl 0,1N

Dung dch 2: cn 21,014g H3C6H5O7.H2O + 200 ml NaOH 1N, sau

nh mc bng nc ct n 1lt.

(dng H3C6H5O7.H2O hoc NaH2C6H5O7 )

Ht 56 ml dung dch 2 ri nh mc thnh 100ml dung dch bng dung dch
1 c 100 ml dung dch bo qun in cc pH = 4

Cch 2:
-

Dung dch 1: Dung dch NaOH 0,1N

Dung dch 2: 40,846 g KHC8H4O4. Sau nh mc thnh 1 lt

Ht 0,8 ml dung dch 1 + 50 ml dung dch 2. Sau nh mc thnh 200ml

bng nc ct. Ta c 100ml dung dch bo qun in cc pH = 4

MT S DUNG DCH C BIT

1. Dung dch Amonicitrat 50%:Ho tan 500g acid citric trong 600ml NH4OH
25% thm nc ct n 1l, sau 24h lc.
2. Hn hp cng thu: T l 1/3, trn 1 th tch HNO3 vi 3 th tch HCl.
3. H2SO4 tc nhn: Ho tan 5,5g Ag2SO4 trong 1kg H2SO4 m c(1l=1,84kg),
1-2 ngy cho ho tan hon ton Ag2SO4.
4. Hn hp xc tc CuSO4+K2SO4: Theo t l 1:10, cn 10g CuSO4+ 100g
K2SO4. Cho vo ci s trn u, cho vo chai thu tinh s dng dn.
5. Dung dch kim Azua:
-

Ho tan 160g NaOH trong 150ml nc ct, lm lnh.

Ho tan 5g NaN3 trong 50ml nc ct.

10

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

Ho tan 300g NaI (hoc KI) trong 200ml nc ct

Trn 3 dung dch ny v thm nc ct ti 500ml. Nu c kt ta nu th phi

lc b.
6. Dung dch Kaliantimon tartrat: Ho tan 1,3715g K(SbO)C4H6O.1/2 H2O
trong 400ml nc ct, nh mc 500ml, bo qun trong chai nu.
7. Dung dch Garola A:B
-

Dung dch Garola A: 28.5g Co(NO)2+ CH3COOH + nc ct, nh

mc 500ml

Dung dch Garola B: 180g NaNO2 + nc ct thnh 500ml. ng trong

chai mu ti, khi dng trn theo t l 1:1.

8. m pH=5: Cn 68g CH3COONa ho tan trong 500ml nc ct v ht 72ml

CH3COOH 99,5%. nh mc 1lt bng nc ct.
9. m pH=10: Cn 9,14g NH4Cl ho tan trong 500ml nc ct v ht 80ml
NH4OH 25%, nh mc bng nc ct n 1l.

MT S HO CHT KHI PHA CN TM ACID

Tt c cc mui Fe khi pha lu cn phi tm ACID, tu thuc vo gc Clhay gc SO42- ta la chn ACID tm cho ng v s ml ACID cn cho vo
tu thuc lng cn nhiu hay t.

CuSO4, MnSO4, Bi(NO3)3, K2Cr2O7: Tm H2SO4 96%.

SnCl2 tm HCl 36%, un cch thu.

Hydroquinon (C6H6O2), tan trong HCl 35%.

It tan trong KI.

11

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

T TRNG CC DUNG DCH AXT TRONG NC 200C

T
trng

HCl
%

T C2H4O2 T
trng
%
trng

H2SO4
%

T
trng

HNO3
%

T
trng

H3PO4
%

1,050

10,5

1.0125

10

1,035

1,055

10

1,055

10,32

1,075

15,5

1,0195

15

1,070

10

1,115

20

1,115

20,25

1,085

17,5

1,0263

20

1,105

15

1,180

30

1,150

25,57

1,005

19,4

1,0326

25

1,140

20

1,310

50

1,185

30,65

1,100

20,4

1,0384

30

1,180

25

1,370

60

1,335

50,07

1,175

35,2

1,0438

35

1,395

50

1,395

65,8

1,425

60,29

1,180

36,2

1,0575

50

1,5

60

1,405

68,1

1,685

85,11

1.185

37,2

1,0524

99

1,8355

96

1,485

91,1

1,745

90,13

1,190

38,3

1,0498

100

1,8342

99

1,413

100

1,870

100,0

12

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

KHI LNG CA MT S HO CHT THNG DNG

TRONG PTN

H2SO4

CH3COOH

HCl

HNO3

H2 O2

NH4OH

M = 98.08

M= 60.05

M= 36.46

M= 63.01

M = 34.01

M= 17.03

C% = 96

C% = 99.5

C%= 36

C% = 68

C% = 30

C% = 25

d = 1.84

d = 1.05

d= 1.18

d = 1.4

d = 1.11

d= 0.88

EDTA.2H2O

CaCl2.2H2O

FeCl3.6H2O

SnCl2

NH4Cl

NaOH

M = 372.24

M= 147.02

M=270.3

M=225.63

M = 53.49

M= 40

P = 98%

P= 98%

P=99%

P = 98%

P = 99.5%

P = 96%

Pb(NO3)2

Na2SiO3

K2CrO4

K2Cr2O7

Ba(NO3)2

NaNO2

M=331.21

M=284.20

M=194.19

M=294.18

M=261.34

M=69.00

P=99%

P=20%

P=95.5%

P=99.8%

P=99.5%

P=99%

CdCl2.H2O

CoCl2.6H2O

NiCl2.6H2O

MnSO4.H2O

FeSO4.7H2O

Na2SO4

M= 228.35

M=237.93

M=237.70

M=169.02

M=278.02

M=142.4

P= 99%

P=99%

P=98%

P=99%

P=99%

P=99%

KCl

KMnO4

CuSO4.5H2O

MgCl2.6H2O

BaCl2

NaBr

M=74.55

M= 158.03

M=249.68

M=203.3

M=244.28

M=102.9

P=99.5%

P=99.5%

P=99%

P=98%

P=99%

P=99%

13

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

Iod

HgCl2

Na2CO3

CH3COONa

ZnCl2

KI

M=253.81

M=271.5

M=105.99

M = 16.08

M=163.3

M = 166

P=99.5%

P=99.5%

p=99%

p =99%

p=98%

p = 99%

KSCN

NH4SCN

Na2HPO4

(NH4)2C2O4

K4[Fe(CN)6] K3[Fe(CN)6]

M = 97.18

M = 76.12

M= 358.14

M= 142.11

M = 422.59

M=383.49

p = 98.5%

P = 98.5%

p = 99%

p = 99.8%

p = 99%

p = 99%

NH4SCN

AgNO3

MgSO4.7H2O

KH2PO4

NH4NO3

FeCl2.4H2O

M = 76.12

M=169.87

M= 246.47

M=136.09

M=80.04

M= 198.81

P = 98.5%

P = 99.8%

P=99%

P=99.5%

P= 99%

P= 99.5%

KNO3 (M = 101,1, p = 98,5)

C6H8O7.H2O

KOH

NaCl

KCN

M= 210.14

M=56.11

M=58.44

M = 65.15

M=126.07

M= 241.43

P= 99.5%

P=82%

P=99.5%

p = 96%

P= 99.5

P= 97%

Na2B4O7.

NH4Fe(SO4)2. (NH4)6Mo7O24.

H3PO4

10H2O

12H2O

H2 O

M=97.994

M= 381.37

M= 482.2

M=1235.86

C% = 85

P=99.5

P= 99%

p = 99%

d=1.69

Ca(NO3)2.

K2HPO4.

Cu(NO3)2.

4H2O

3H2O

3H2O

M= 236.15

M= 228.22

M= 241.60

P= 99%

P= 99%

P= 99.5%

H2C2O4. 2H2O AlCl3.6H2O

Na2S2O3. 5H2O
M=248.18
P=99%

Al(NO3)3.

14

9H2O

Ca(OH)2

M= 375.13

M= 74.09

P= 99%

P= 90%

Cr2(SO4)3.
6H2O
M= 500.26
P=50%
Mui
Morh.6H2O
M=392.14
P=99.5%

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

MT S IU CN LU KHI PHA CH HO CHT

-

i vi acid Nitric: Acid nitric gy phng nng. Kh nu NO2 thot ra t

acid lm tn thng ng h hp v mt. Acid ny cn c th gy n khi
tip xc vi cc cht kh nh H2S, ru. Khi tip xc vi nhng chy c
th c th bc chy sinh ra kh NO2. V vy khi cha chy phi cn eo mt
n chng c. trong trng hp b ng c khi ht phi kh NO2 th ta phi
cho nn nhn th bng kh oxy v nm yn.

i vi acid H2SO4: Gy phng nng khi tip xc vi da. Trong trng hp

acid ri vo ngi th ta phi nhanh chng ra bng dung dch kim nh nh
NaHCO3 2%...sau ra li bng nc.

i vi acid HF: Acid v hi u v cng c, lm tn thng da, mt v

ng h hp. Acid ny c th ph hu thu tinh v nhiu cht khc. Nu
trong trng hp b chy ta c th dng nc dp tt. Nu trong khng
kh c HF th ta phi eo mt n chng c cch ly.

i vi acid Acetic: lm phng nng da, hi acid lm tn thng nng nim

mc. Nguy him khi tip xc vi Ahydric cromic, Natri peroxyt v acid
nitric v c th bc chy. Dp tt bng nc.

i vi acid HCl: Lm phng da. Hi acid lm tn thng mnh n mng

nim mc mt v mi. Khi tip xc vi nhiu kim loi lm thot kh H2 to
nn hn hp n vi khng kh. Trong trng hp b chy th phi dp tt
bng nc, Na2CO3, vi. Khi lm vic, chng ta phi mang khu trang hot
tnh , vic pha ch phi tuyt i c tin hnh trong t ht.

15

I HC CNG NGH NG NAI

CCH PHA MT S CHT C NNG BO HA

NaOH bo ha 1090g/l

KMnO4 bo ho 64g/l

NaCl bo ha 358g/l

Ag2SO4 bo ho 8g/l

Ca(OH)2 bo ha 1.7g/l

AgNO3 bo ho 2160g/l

Na2SO4 bo ha 160g/l

CH3COONa. 3H2O bo ho
613g/l

I2 bo ha 0.29g/l
NaHSO3 bo ha

NaBr bo ho 905g/l

Na2CO3 bo ha 220g/l

EDTA bo ho 100g/l

Ca(NO3)2. 4H2O bo ho

NaF bo ho 42g/l

1470g/l

Na2SO3 bo ho 220g/l

CaO bo ho 1.65g/l

Na2B4O7 bo ho 25.6g/l

CaSO4. 4H2O bo ho 2g/l

(NH4)Fe(SO4)2.12H2O bo
ho 1240g/l

K2CO3 bo ho 1120g/l

(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O bo

KCl bo ho 330g/l

ho 269g/l

K2HPO4 bo ho 1600g/l
KOH bo ho 1130g/l

NH4NO3 bo ho 1920g/l

KIO3 bo ho 47g/l

NH4NO3 bo ho 1920g/l

KI bo ho 1430g/l

(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O bo
ha 400g/l

KIO4 bo ho 7g/l

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