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M AU
oi tng cua bai viet nay la chng trnh va sach giao khoa mien Nam
1954-1975, tuy nhien neu khong nhac s lai thi ky qua o trong o nen giao
duc Viet Nam chuyen t cu hoc sang tan hoc, chung ta se kho theo doi e nhan
ra mot cach ro rang nhng s thay oi cung ten goi cac cap, lp, ban hoc, cung
nh noi dung cu the cua cac chng trnh hoc mi sau nay.
Co the noi, khong ke thi ky Nho hoc ma s cao chung c anh dau
bang khoa thi Hoi cuoi cung Trung Ky vao thang 4 nam Ky Mui (1919), nen
giao duc hien ai Viet Nam ch bat au xuat hien t au the ky 20 khi ngi
Phap a cung co xong nen cai tr cua ho tai Viet Nam.
Ly do cham dt con ng hoc hanh thi c truyen thong a c vua Khai
nh a ra trong li phe t trnh cua Bo Hoc, trc khoa thi cuoi cung neu
tren: Ky thi nam nay la khoa thi cuoi cung, ng khoa c t ay dt han.
Tram ngh rang quy che cu hoc a khong con ap ng c ieu mong muon,
trong khi con ng tng lai cua tan hoc ang thenh thang m rong trc
mat (theo Khai nh chnh yeu s tap).
Trc o, ke t ao du ngay 31/5/1906, chnh phu Bao ho Phap c s
thoa thuan cua Nam trieu an nh nen hoc chnh mi thay dan cho nen giao
duc Nho hoc cu, ap dung Bac Ky va Trung Ky, theo o chia lam ba bac hoc:
1) Au hoc gom lp ong au (lp Nam), lp D b (lp T), lp S ang
(lp Ba). Chng trnh hoc gom ch Phap va ch Quoc ng; cuoi bac Au hoc (tc
lp Ba), hoc sinh phai qua mot ky thi e lay bang S hoc Yeu lc (Primaire
Elementaire).
2) Tieu hoc gom lp Nh nam th nht (Cours Moyen 1ere annee), lp
Nh nam th hai (Cours Moyen 2eme annee), va lp Nht (Cours Superieur).
Chng trnh hoc cung gom ch Phap va ch Quoc ng; cuoi cap thi lay bang
Tieu hoc Yeu lc, cung goi S ang Tieu hoc hay S hoc Phap Viet (Certificat
dEtude Primaire Franco-Indigene, tng ng bang Tieu hoc sau nay).
3) Trung hoc, gom hai cap/ ban Cao ang Tieu hoc va Tu tai: (a) Cao
ang Tieu hoc hoc u cac mon Phap van, Toan, Ly, Hoa, Van vat (Sinh vat),
S, a tng t chng trnh Phap, gom 4 nam: Nhat nien (1ere annee), Nh
nien (2eme annee), Tam nien (3eme annee), T nien (4eme annee). Tat ca eu
day bang tieng Phap, tr 2 mon Viet van va Han van; (b) Tu tai (Enseignement
secondaire, tng ng Trung hoc e nh cap hay cap III sau nay), thi gian
* Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh.
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hoc 3 nam (tng t 3 lp bac sau cung cua chng trnh Trung hoc Phap), chia
lam 3 ban Triet hoc/ Van chng, Toan va Khoa hoc, vi hoc trnh gom cac lp
e nhat nien (1ere annee secondaire, tng ng lp e tam hay lp 10 sau
nay), e nh nien (2eme annee secondaire, tng ng lp e nh hay lp 11
sau nay) va e tam nien (3eme annee secondaire, tng ng lp e nhat hay
lp 12 sau nay). Cung day toan bang tieng Phap, tr mon Viet van va Triet
hoc Trung Hoa. Ke t e nhat nien a bat au phan ban gom ban Khoa hoc
(Sciences), ban Toan (Mathematiques), ban Triet (Philosophie). Hoc sinh hoc
xong e nh nien (tng ng lp e nh hay lp 11 sau nay) thi lay bang Tu
tai I (hay Tu tai phan I), neu au mi c hoc nam cuoi cung (e tam nien,
tng ng lp e nhat hay lp 12 sau nay) e thi lay bang Tu tai II (hay Tu
tai toan phan).
Rieng Nam Ky la x thuoc a nen nen hoc chnh eu theo quy che thuoc
a, ch co chng trnh Phap, nhng vai trng (nh Chasseloup Laubat,
Petrus Ky Sai Gon) cung co day them mot so gi tieng Viet.
Bac va Trung, hai chng trnh trung hoc Phap va Phap Viet neu tren
van c ap dung cho en nam 1945 th c thay bang chng trnh toan Viet
(lay tieng Viet lam chuyen ng) ban hanh trong thi chnh phu Tran Trong
Kim bang Du so 67 ngay 03/6/1945 do Hoang e Bao ai ky va c thc thi
ngay vi khoa thi Tu tai nien khoa 1944-1945. ay la chng trnh trung hoc
Viet Nam au tien trong lch s giao duc Viet Nam hien ai, tham khao t
chng trnh Phap, quen goi Chng trnh Trung hoc Hoang Xuan Han, v
do mot nhom giao s tam huyet Ha Noi va Hue bien soan cap toc ch trong
khoang 10 ngay, di s chu tr, on oc cua Bo trng Giao duc va My thuat
Hoang Xuan Han.
Rieng Nam, en nam 1949, trong thi ky Quoc gia Viet Nam di quyen
Quoc trng Bao ai, chng trnh cu (Phap va Phap Viet) mi c thay the
bang chng trnh Hoang Xuan Han.
en thang 9/1949, hai bo Chng trnh Giao duc Viet Nam mi danh cho
bac Tieu hoc va bac Trung hoc vi mot so thay oi t chng trnh Hoang Xuan
Han a c ban hanh ch cach nhau chng tuan le, di thi Bo trng Quoc
gia Giao duc Phan Huy Quat, e ap dung chung trong nhng vung thuoc Quoc
gia Viet Nam kiem soat. c biet sau o, ca hai bo chng trnh nay con c
cai cach them lan na vao nam 1953 di thi Bo trng Quoc gia Giao duc
Nguyen Dng on.
V vay, e thay c s tien trien qua cac thi ky cua chng trnh va
sach giao khoa Viet Nam giai oan 1954-1975, chung ta khong the khong xet
qua mot so bo chng trnh giao duc cu nhng co tnh c s nh va neu tren,
trong o co Chng trnh Trung hoc Hoang Xuan Han 1945, va Chng trnh
Tieu hoc 1949, v nhng bo chng trnh Trung va Tieu khac ve sau eu da
theo 2 bo chng trnh nay e t o chnh sa va phat trien them, vi s thay
oi gan nh khong ang ke.
Hien nay, mac du ch mi sau 40 nam thay oi, viec khao sat/ nghien cu
ay u ve chng trnh va sach giao khoa mien Nam trc ay la mot viec lam
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5) The duc.- Cho nen giao duc c hoan toan, chng trnh bac tieu hoc danh mot a v
quan trong cho mon The duc. Mot tinh than manh me trong mot than the cng trang mi mong
ganh vac noi cac cong viec nang ne kien thiet quoc gia.
Ngoai ra, s chu trong ve the duc la sa soan mot so thanh nien e sau nay cung cap
cho cac trng quoc gia vo b co nhiem vu gay mot quan oi Viet Nam xng ang.
6) Ca nhac.- B quyet cua s thanh cong trong viec giao huan tre con la s hoat ong va
vui ve. V le o, nen ngay t cac lp tieu hoc, bo a e rieng mot so gi e day mon ca nhac.
Tre con thng thch hat va lai nh dai, nhng bai hat se c la chon, va se luon luon nhac
nh cho chung nhng ieu chung can biet e nuoi mot tinh than quoc gia manh me, mot long tin
vng chac.
7) Tinh than oan ket.- Mot dan toc ma ri rac th tat nhien yeu hen, khong the sinh ton
trong cai the gii hn c kem thua nay. Ngha oan ket la mot li kh toi quan trong trong s
tien trien cua mot dan toc. Hoc ng phai giai thch cho tre biet ngha hp quan. Muon cu the
hoa ngha oan ket, viec to chc tap oan se la mot ieu mi trong chng trnh bac tieu hoc.
8) Hoc ng khong co nhiem vu ch giao huan tre con, roi e mac chung t y xoay x lay.
Muon tranh nhng ket qua khong hay do s hieu lam ay gay nen, hoc ng can phai lien lac mat
thiet vi gia nh, e hng dan hoc sinh vao cac nganh chuyen mon.
e giup vao cong viec ay, se lap nhng phieu e ghi cac ieu nhan xet ve sinh ly, ve kha
nang, ve cac iem co lien can en sc nay n cua a tre ve cac phng dien.
9) Ngoai ra, neu co thuan tien, se at mot hoc xng canh moi trng hoc e hoc sinh co
the hang ngay trc tiep te nhan cac hoat ong cua mot tieu cong nghe.
Ha Noi, ngay 24 thang 8 nam 1949
Bo trng Bo Quoc gia Giao duc
PHAN HUY QUAT
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4) Neu cao ve ep cua non song Viet Nam, nhng tai nguyen phong phu cua at nc,
nhng c tnh co hu cua dan toc.
5) Duy tr ao ly co truyen va nhng thuan phong my tuc cua dan toc.
6) Gay c tnh t tn, t lap, t cng.
C.- Ren luyen tinh than dan chu va khoa hoc:
1) Triet e ap dung to chc hang oi t tr, phat trien tinh than tap the (chi tap the, lam
viec tap the) va gay y thc cong ong.
2) Ren luyen oc phe phan, tinh than trach nhiem, tinh than ky luat.
3) Kch thch tnh hieu ky cua tre, phat trien tinh than khoa hoc.
4) Bai tr d oan, me tn.
5) Thau thai tinh hoa van hoa nc ngoai song song vi viec phat huy tinh than dan toc.
III. Nhng net chnh trong viec sa oi chng trnh Tieu hoc
Chng trnh Tieu hoc ban hanh au nien hoc 1956-1957, tuy a c soan thao theo
chng trnh mi e phu hp vi tinh than oc lap cua nc nha va s tien hoa cua dan toc, nhng
sau 3 nam kinh nghiem, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc nhan thay can phai cai thien them cho thch ng
vi hoan canh va nhu cau hien tai.
Can c vao ba nguyen tac can ban cua nen giao duc Viet Nam va nhng ac tnh cua nen
Tieu hoc, viec sa oi chng trnh Tieu hoc chu trong en nhng iem sau ay:
1.- Rut nhe chng trnh
Chng trnh Tieu hoc can rut nhe e:
a) Sat vi tuoi sinh ly va tam ly cua tre, thch ng vi nhu cau thc te.
b) Tranh loi hoc nhoi so.
c) Giup cho tre phat trien ieu hoa ve moi mat: tr duc, c duc va the duc.
d) Gan lien hoc vi hanh, hoa i song cua hoc sinh vao i song cua nhan dan, khien
chung co nhieu c hoi hoc hoi nhan dan ong thi giup nhan dan.
2.- Bai bo ngoai ng: Theo chng trnh Trung hoc sa oi lai do Ngh nh so 1286 ngay
12/8/1958 th khi len e that hoc sinh mi bat au hoc ngoai ng va t do la chon mot trong hai
sinh ng: Anh van hoac Phap van. Nh vay, viec day Phap van bac Tieu hoc xet ra khong thiet
thc na, can phai bai bo, e tre em co them thi gi trau gioi ve Quoc van ma gia tr can c
nang cao tat ca cac nganh va cac bac hoc.
3.- Bai bo Ban Hng nghiep: Ban Hng nghiep thiet lap do chng trnh ban hanh au
nien hoc 1956-57 co muc ch tap cho nhng hoc sinh bat buoc phai tr ve vi cong viec ong
ang, quen va thch s sinh hoat chung quanh, e chung khoi b ng sau khi ri khoi ghe nha
trng tieu hoc.
Theo tinh than giao duc mi th khong rieng nhng tre em nay, ma tat ca cac hoc sinh
eu phai c ren luyen e co the giup ch cho i song hang ngay tuy tng a phng va tuy
theo kha nang va sc khoe cua tre. V vay, khong can chia thanh 2 ban d b trung hoc va hng
nghiep na.
IV. Phng phap s pham - Tai lieu giao khoa
Soan thao mot chng trnh ay u cha phai la hoan thanh c cong cuoc cai tien giao
duc. e at c ket qua mong muon, ieu cot yeu la phai ap dung chng trnh theo tinh than
mi, viec giang day phai theo nhng phng phap s pham mi: phng phap hoat ong, cu the,
thnh th.
Ch th ngay 24/8/1949 va Thong t so 843-GD ngay 25/2/1952 cua Bo Quoc gia Giao duc
a co noi ro ai cng ve tinh than mi phai theo va phng phap s pham mi phai ap dung
e cho viec giao duc con em c thch ng vi nhp song cua dan toc tren con ng tien hoa.
Them vao o, moi mon hoc se co ch th rieng nhan manh vao nhng ac iem cua chng trnh
cai to va dan giai nhng phng sach can thiet e trng tieu hoc co the tch cc hoat ong theo
nhng khuynh hng mi va lam tron nhiem vu cua no.
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Ngoai ra, nhng ieu giang day cho tre phai c tham nhuan tinh than giao duc mi. V
vay, viec bien soan hoac la chon tai lieu giao khoa phai triet e can c vao ba nguyen tac can
ban cua nen giao duc Viet Nam noi chung va nhng ac tnh cua nen Tieu hoc noi rieng, nhat la
ve Quoc van, Viet s, a ly, c duc, Cong dan giao duc v.v la nhng mon khong the giang day
theo nhng tai lieu loi thi, khong thch ng vi hoan canh va nhu cau Viet Nam hien tai.
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ac biet chu y ve Viet ng: nen nhe ve phan tam chng trch cu, nghe thuat v nghe thuat,
ma phai chu y e cao van e nghe thuat v nhan sinh (phuc vu cho ao c con ngi, cho hanh
phuc gia nh, cho an ninh xa hoi, cho oc lap t do).
CHNG TRNH
(Gom Ng vng-Tap oc-Hoc thuoc long-Chnh ta-Van pham-Tap viet-Tap
lam van (t lp T), nhng ay ch ghi 2 phan mon Tap oc va Hoc thuoc long,
theo Chng trnh Tieu hoc, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc xuat ban, Sai Gon, 1960)
LP NAM
Tap nhan va nh mat ch Quoc ng, oc tng tieng, tng cau ngan. Bat au na nam hoc
ve sau, hoc tro a phai biet oc tng bai ngan, lien quan vi chng trnh Ng vng. Cho hoc thuoc
long nhng cau ca dao, tuc ng, cham ngon m mau sac dan toc co y ngha luan ly hoac tng
quan vi chng trnh Ng vng nhng phai la nhng cau hay, co tnh cach thc te va va sc hieu
cua hoc tro. Trong luc hoc tro cha biet oc, cha biet chep bai, giao vien nen dung thnh giac va
tap cho hoc tro lap i lap lai nhng cau nen thuoc long (chu y en cach oc cho ung giong).
LP T
Tap oc, hoc thuoc long nhng bai (van xuoi hoac van van) hay, ngan, thiet thc co tng
quan vi chng trnh c duc va Ng vng, bai quoc ca, ca dao y v (chu y en cach phat am
va giong).
LP BA
Tap oc, hoc thuoc long nhng bai (van xuoi hoac van van) hay, ngan, thiet thc, co tng
quan vi chng trnh c duc va Ng vng (tap oc cho troi chay, t nhien, ng ea).
LP NH
Tap oc, giai ngha, hoc thuoc long nhng bai van hay va ngan, bang van xuoi hoac van
van, co tnh cach luan ly, thiet thc. Nen chon nhng bai van mi co tinh than quoc gia hay xa hoi
(tap oc cho troi chay va co y v, oc t nhien, ng ea, e y en cac nhn t), giong oc phai
thch hp vi y tng, tnh cach va tnh tiet bai oc.
LP NHAT
Tap oc, hoc thuoc long nhng bai van hay, va sc hieu biet cua hoc sinh, trch tac
pham cua cac van thi s va cac nha ch s hien ai; tap cho quen cac loi van, tap cho hoc tro phe
bnh, giai thch. oc nhng tac pham khuynh hng ve ao ly, ve chu ngha quoc gia, ve tnh cam,
ve trao phung cua cac van gia va thi gia can ai.
C DUC
LI CH DAN
Muc ch mon c duc la giup cho tre em nhng c tnh tot can thiet cho mot cong dan
cua mot nc oc lap. Vay nguyen tac cua chng trnh c duc la gay cho hoc sinh co long t
tn va tinh than t lap, co tinh than quoc gia, giau long nhan ao, bac ai, biet oan ket va hy sinh
v chnh ngha.
Muon at c muc ch noi tren, chng trnh c duc khong the la mot m bai luan ly e
nhoi vao oc tre nhng ly thuyet suong; trai lai nhng bai luan ly la nhng li huan gii, nhng cau
cham ngon hoac cach ngon ch ang, nhng nhan nh chnh xac, neu ro nhng ai y ve nhng
ngha vu chnh trong ao lam ngi. Trong khi giang giai, ong thay nen day s lc ve phan ly
thuyet va het sc cu the hoa bai hoc, ke nhng chuyen vat thong thng, nhng th du rut i
song thc te hay truyen danh nhan nc khac. Nen e cao ao c hn tai nang. o la phng
phap lam cho hoc tro nhan thay chan ly mot cach ro rang va se co cong dung la kch thch ban
nang ao ly cua a tre.
Ngoai ra, cong cuoc ren luyen tnh tnh cot s thc hanh. Bat c luc nao, thay giao phai
kiem co hanh vi, c ch hoc sinh, khong e chung sai lac ngoai loi day, gay cho chung nhng tap
quan tot, tr kh nhng thoi xau, ren luyen cho chung hang hai va qua quyet trong moi trng
hp quan trong.
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CHNG TRNH
(Ch trch dan chng trnh c duc cua 3 lp au Nam, T, Ba, lc bt
2 lp Nh, Nhat, theo Chng trnh Tieu hoc, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc xuat ban,
Sai Gon, 1960)
- Lp Nam (= Lp 1)
ba lp di (Nam, T, Ba), chng trnh c duc chuyen chu ve phan thc hanh. Giao
vien khong ra bai hoc, nhng van co gi nhat nh e giang giai va ke nhng chuyen ly thu e
cam hoa tre, sm gay cho chung co nhng c tnh sau ay:
1) Bon phan oi vi ban than: Sach se, an uong, th t, thanh thc, vui ve, bao dan.
2) Bon phan tre trong gia nh: Bon phan oi vi cha me, anh em, ong ba.- Cac ngay ky
niem trong gia nh.- Cach oi ai vi ngi (t te, du dang).
3) Bon phan tre hoc ng: Bon phan oi vi thay hoc: yeu men, ton trong, vang li.- Bon
phan oi vi be ban: giup lan nhau, hoa thuan nhau, thng nhau kn mieng.
4) Bon phan oi vi ngi ngoai: Le phep: Cach chao hoi, xng ho vi ke di, ngi tren
(trong nha mnh, ni nha ngi, ngoai ng).
- Lp T (Lp 2)
Khong co bai hoc, nhng van co gi giang giai nhat nh. Giang xong cho phep mot cau
quyet nh.
1) Bon phan oi vi ban than.- Phai tap the duc. Biet gang cong. Phai hoc hanh va tap ren
c tnh tot. Khi lam loi biet hoi cai. Tiet kiem. Nhun nhng.
2) Bon phan tre trong gia nh.- Nhac lai chng trnh lp Nam. Them: Gi tieng thm cho
cha me, ong ba. Bon phan oi vi ho hang.
3) Bon phan tre hoc ng: Nhac lai chng trnh lp Nam. Them: Tnh be ban.
4) Bon phan oi vi ngi ngoai.- Le phep. Ngay thang. Yeu men va giup ong bao.
- Lp Ba (Lp 3)
Khong co bai hoc, nhng co gi giang giai nhat nh. Giang xong cho chep mot cau quyet
nh hay mot cau cham ngon.
1) Nhac lai chng trnh lp T: Bon phan tre con oi vi ban than.
2) Bon phan tre oi vi gia nh: Hieu e. Bon phan lam con: a) Khi con nho; b) Khi trng
thanh; c) Khi cha me gia yeu.
3) Bon phan tre hoc ng.- Nhac qua nhng ieu a day lp Nam. Tnh be ban. Bon
phan oi vi thay va ban: a) hoc ng; b) Sau khi thoi hoc.
4) Bon phan oi vi ngi ngoai.- Nhac lai nhng ieu a day lp T. Them: Trong li
ha. Chan that. S giao tiep vi ba con, ho hang, lang xom.
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nam chau; e roi so sanh, suy ngh, ang tm cach theo kp ngi hoac vt
hn ngi, nh trong Li noi au mot cuon sach giao khoa do Bo Quoc gia Giao
duc xuat ban.
Noi dung chng trnh chuyen tai con nang ve ly thuyet, thieu thc te,
cha sat vi hoan canh va nhu cau a phng (nhat la oi vi cac dan toc thieu
so vung cao), khong thiet thc vi hien trang nc nha (xem phan uc ket cua
Tieu ban Tieu hoc trong ai hoi Giao duc Toan quoc 1964, Van hoa nguyet san,
tap XIV, Tld, tr. 593). Le ra phai co mot chng trnh hoc cu the, co tnh cach
ai chung va thc dung hn, gan vi i song thng nhat va khung canh song
cua hoc sinh, va nen phat trien bac Tieu hoc theo hng cong ong hoa, ngha
la phai lam cho chng trnh hoc thch nghi vi cong ong hoc sinh ang song,
tuy theo vung mien: thon que khac thanh th, mien rng khac mien bien Nh
moi trng nong thon th phai day mc tho s cho tre nho ve canh tac lua gao,
trong cay an trai, chan nuoi gia suc, ve sinh thng thc, kien thc ve mot hai
nganh tieu cong nghe thong thng, ve to chc xa thon va phong tuc tap quan
thon que; mien bien th nen day cho tre hieu ve nghe anh ca, lam muoi,
lam nc mam Quy tac la tre trong hoan canh nao th hoc nhieu ve hoan canh
o, con nhng hoan canh khac ch can biet qua loa, nh vay hoc roi mi co dp
hanh. Ve cac mon Toan, S, a, Viet ng, van ch nen day nhng cai thiet thc.
Chng trnh Toan ta bt i mot na cung khong hai Tre ch can lam c
nhng bai toan thng dung trong i thoi, ng bat chung lam nhng toan lat
leo ve phan so, ong t, ty trong nh hien nay (Nguyen Hien Le, Phai manh
dan cai to nen giao duc Viet Nam, Bach khoa so 130, ngay 01/6/1962, tr. 35).
Co tac gia e ngh nen tang them nhng gi am nhac, hoi hoa va thu cong,
e gay khieu tham my trong tam hon non nt cua hoc sinh, va e cac em
yeu men va ton trong cong viec lao ong, ieu can thiet trong mot xa hoi von
ch quen cai hoc t chng va sach v. (Xem Nguyen Khac Hoach, Xay dng
va phat trien van hoa giao duc, Nxb La thieng, Sai Gon, 1970, tr. 100-105).
Mot so y kien thuoc loai nh va neu tren co the c coi nh mam mong
cua chu trng cai cach giao duc theo hng cong ong hoa va a phng
hoa ma nganh giao duc VNCH a co gang thc hien nhng con dang d, trong
nhng nam cuoi cung cua che o.
3. Chng trnh Tieu hoc 1967-1968
Chng trnh Tieu hoc ap dung ke t nien khoa 1967-1968 that ra ch la
mot ban sao lai chng trnh cu (1959-1960) tren. S thay oi chut t ch c
the hien bang oi ba thong cao hoac cong van cua c quan chc nang nganh
giao duc ve viec sa oi chng trnh hoc cua mot vai mon hoc nao o trong
Chng trnh Tieu hoc cu trc, nh:
a) Thong cao so 86/SVL/GD/TTH/T ngay 22/01/1964 cua Nha Tong giam
oc Trung, Tieu hoc va Bnh dan giao duc ve viec Sa oi chng trnh c duc,
Cong dan giao duc va Quoc s lp Ba va lp Nhat.
b) Cong van so 4865/GD/HL/1 ngay 30/6/1967 cua Bo Giao duc ve viec pho
bien Chng trnh Khoa hoc bac Tieu hoc.
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c) Cong van so 5501-GD/HL/1 ngay 01/8/1967 cua Bo Giao duc ve viec pho
bien Chng trnh c duc bac Tieu hoc.
II. TAI LIEU VA SACH GIAO KHOA TIEU HOC
1. Nhng tap ch giao khoa tieu hoc
Giai oan au sach giao khoa tieu hoc con thieu, nen thi Phap thuoc va
sau o t thi ky chuyen tiep sang Quoc gia Viet Nam qua en Viet Nam Cong
hoa, nha nc va mot so t nhan a cho xuat ban nhng tap ch phuc vu cho
hoat ong giang day cac trng s ang hoac tieu hoc. Can c Muc luc bao
ch Viet ng trong 100 nam (1865-1965) cua Le Ngoc Tru (ban in roneo) va Th
tch bao ch Viet Nam cua Hoc vien Chnh tr Quoc gia TP HCM (Nxb Chnh
tr Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1998), cung mot t tai lieu hu quan con lu gi c vai
th vien, chung toi xin liet ke theo th t thi gian xuat ban, mot so tap ch
chuyen ve giao khoa nh sau:
- Hoc bao (1919-1944), Revue pedagogique a lusage des ecoles primaires
de lAnnam et du Tonkin (Tap ch S pham dung cho cac trng s ang
Trung va Bac Ky), do mot nhom giao vien bien tap di s ch ao cua S Hoc
chnh Bac Ky, Nha in Trung Bac tan van, Ha Noi (Le Ngoc Tru ghi: Nam th
nam, t so 9 en 39, nam 1924).
- S pham hoc khoa (1922-1939) (Journal des ecoles), tuan bao ra ngay
th Hai (Le Ngoc Tru ghi: So 14 en 33, nam 1923).
- Khuyen hoc (1935-1937), ban nguyet san xuat ban tai Ha Noi. Chu
nhiem: Nguyen Xuan Thai (Le Ngoc Tru ghi: Nam th 1, so 1 ngay 01/9/1935;
nh ban so 3 [bo mi] thang 4/1937).
- S hoc tuan bao (1930-1932), Revue hebdomadaire pour lenseignement
primaire/ Tuan bao dung cho giao duc s ang. Xuat ban Ha Noi, Chu nhiem
la Nguyen Xuan Mai (Le Ngoc Tru ghi: Nam th 1, so 1 ngay 29/11/1930, nh
ban so 57 ngay 22/5/1932).
- Ban tre hoc sanh (1940), ban nguyet san xuat ban tai Sai Gon. Quan ly:
oan Van Chau (Le Ngoc Tru ghi: Nam th 1, so 1, ngay 25/4/1940 nh ban).
- Giao duc tap ch (1942-1944), Revue pedagogique, publie par un groupe de
mandarins et de membres de lenseignement en Annam/ Tap ch giao duc c
xuat ban do mot nhom quan vien va thanh vien nganh giao duc Trung Ky, di
s bao tr cua Thng th Bo Hoc. Xuat ban hang thang tai Hue bang hai th
ch Viet va Phap. Chu nhiem: Nguyen Khoa Toan. (Le Ngoc Tru ghi Nam th 1,
so 1-2, thang 9-10/1942; theo Nguyen Xuan Hoa trong Lch s bao ch Hue, Nxb
Thuan Hoa, 2013 th so 1 ra thang 9-10 nam 1941, so cuoi nam 1944).
- Giao khoa tap ch do Bo Quoc gia Giao duc xuat ban trong nien hoc
1948-1949 tai Sai Gon, phuc vu cho viec giang day bac Tieu hoc. Chu but
la Nguyen Van Bng (Thanh tra Tieu hoc). Phan Phap van do H. Truchet
(Thanh tra Lien tnh) phu trach, phan tieng Viet do mot nhom giao vien Sai
Gon-Ch Ln. Moi so eu co Phan tong quat va Phan giao khoa. Phan tong
quat ang vai ba bai viet cua giao chc ve ly luan, phng phap giao duc/ day
197
hoc; Phan giao khoa chia ra: Lp Tiep lien (Tap I), Lp Nht (Tap II), Lp Nh
(Tap III), Lp Ba (Tap IV), Lp T (Tap V) va Lp Nam (Tap VI), vi u cac
mon hoc trong nha trng ng thi.
- Giao duc nguyet san (Enseignement 1ere degre/ Bac Tieu hoc) xuat ban
nam th nhat 1947, keo dai en nam 1949.
- Muon au bang tieu hoc (1953), nguyet san xuat ban tai Sai Gon. Chu
nhiem: Vu Hu Tiem. Tap 1, thang 4/1953; so cuoi cung: tap 8 thang 11/1953.
- Hieu hoc, tuan bao giao khoa xuat ban tai Ha Noi vao ngay th Nam (tap
o danh cho bac Tieu hoc). Nam th nhat 1953, keo dai en 1954. Chu nhiem:
Bui Cam Chng.
- Tieu hoc nguyet san (1955-? ), do Bo Quoc gia Giao duc Sai Gon xuat
ban, so 1-2 thang 1-2/1955. Ra eu hang thang, cung cap tai lieu giang day cho
giao vien, gom u cac mon hoc thuoc chng trnh bac Tieu hoc. Khong ro nh
ban t nam nao, nhng trong tay chung toi hien con gi c so 7 thang 2/1965
(nien khoa 1964-1965). Bo bien tap ghi: Chu but: Ong Giam oc Nha Tieu hoc
(khong ghi ro ho ten); Phu ta Chu but: Ong ang Duy Chieu, Thanh tra Tieu
hoc Trung ng, Nha Tieu hoc; Tong th ky: Ong inh Gia Dzu, Phong Hoc che
Nha Tieu hoc; Th ky: Ba Tran Th Meo, Phong Thanh tra Nha Tieu hoc
moi so Tieu hoc nguyet san, trc khi vao phan giao khoa day cac bai hoc theo
chng trnh cua bo, eu co cac phan Luan thuyet, Tap tr (ang thong tin),
Van uyen (ang th, van dch), Ngh nh (ang cac ngh nh, cong van lien
quan nganh giao duc). Phan giao khoa c s cong tac thng xuyen cua ong
ao giao vien, trong o co mot so ngi c nhieu ngi biet nh Ha Mai Anh,
Them Van at, Nguyen An Khng, Nguyen Tat Lam, Van Cong Lau, Vng
Pen Liem
- Hieu hoc, tuan bao do Nxb Song mi an hanh tai Sai Gon. Tap I en so
16 (1959).
- Cham hoc (1959), tuan bao xuat ban tai Sai Gon, ra c t tap 1 en
tap 12. Giam oc: Nguyen Van Hi.
2. Sach giao khoa tieu hoc
Sach giao khoa bac Tieu hoc viet bang tieng Viet a c biet ti t thi
Phap thuoc, xuat hien lai rai co le t sau ao du ngay 31/5/1906 an nh nen
hoc chnh mi, va nhat la sau khi Toan quyen ong Dng Albert Sarraut ban
hanh Hoc chnh tong quy nam 1917 vi s ieu chnh ieu 134 bang Ngh
nh ngay 18/9/1924 quy nh phai day bang tieng ban x cho ba lp au bac
Tieu hoc. ay cung la ly do s ra i cua bo sach giao khoa Viet Nam tieu hoc
tung th viet bang tieng Viet danh cho cac mon hoc bac Au hoc do Nha Hoc
chnh ong Phap chu trng va xuat ban.
Hien chung toi con gi c ban photo cuon Methode de Quoc ng
(illustree) day v long tieng Viet do J. C Boscq bien soan dung cho hoc sinh cac
trng hoc ong Dng, ban in lan th 13 tai Sai Gon nam 1914. Quyen nay
c ong gop chung vi quyen Morale pratique (Luan ly thc hanh) cua cung
198
tac gia vi s cong tac dch thuat cua Nguyen Van Tam, giao vien Trung hoc
My Tho. Quyen sau nay cung dung cho hoc sinh cac trng hoc ong Dng,
ban in lan th 6 nam 1926 tai Sai Gon, noi dung toan tieng Viet, day ve luan
ly, vi nhng bai hoc nh: Phong hoa, Lng tam, Than toc, Phai vang li cha
me, Anh em ch em, Huynh e hu ai, Bon phan toi t, Nha trng, Khuyen
hoc, Can hoc, Ke bieng nhac, Tnh bau ban, Phai giup nhau, Xau net het ban
Trong nhng nam 20-40 cua the ky trc, nhieu sach day tieng Viet hay
Quoc van bac Tieu hoc a ra i. c biet, hien Th vien Quoc gia (Ha Noi)
va vai t nhan van con lu gi c mot so sach giao khoa mon tieng Viet bac
Tieu hoc nh sau:
- Au hoc b the (Un peu de tout) cua Henri Le Bris, ban cai bien cua
Huynh Van Ninh e dung cho hoc tro cac trng ong Dng, in lan th 3
tai Sai Gon nam 1916, gom nhng bai tap oc bo ch ve Kien thc pho thong,
a ly, Lch s, Hanh chnh.
- Quoc-ng s hoc van tan cua Nguyen Manh Khoa, 37 trang, Nghiem
Ham an quan, Ha Noi, 1924.
- Len Sau: Sach van Quoc ng cua Nguyen Khac Hieu, 23 trang, Nghiem
Ham an quan, Ha Noi, 1924.
- Au vien tat oc cua Tran Phong Sac, tac gia t xuat ban, nam 1925.
- Methode pratique pour letude du Quoc ngu: a lusage des ecoles annamites
(Phng phap thc hanh Quoc ng dung cho cac trng Annam) cua o Than,
15 trang, Nha in Le Van Phuc in lan th 21, Ha Noi, 1926.
- Sach day van Quoc ng cua o Than, 15 trang, Nha in Le Van Phuc in
lan th 22, Ha Noi, 1927.
- Tieng mot An Nam dung cho hoc tro S ang tieu hoc do Tong Viet Toai
bien soan, Nha in ac lap, Hue, 1927. Ngoai ba ghi: Nha nc a nhan sach
nay vo ban ke nhng sach hoc trong cac trng Phap Viet coi ong Phap (Ngh
nh quan Toan quyen ngay 15 Octobre 1927).
- Tap oc va Hoc thuoc long (Lp S ang va Trung ang nam th nhat)
cua Mai Van Phng, Bui Huy Hue, 121 trang, Nha in Trung Bac tan van in
lan th 2, Ha Noi, 1937 (in lan th 3 nam 1939).
- Tan Viet van oc ban (Lp Trung ang, nam th nhat va th nh), 84
trang, nha in Legrand, Ha Noi, 1942.
Nhng ac biet, chung ta ngay nay con biet kha nhieu ti ba cuon sach
giao khoa rat noi tieng mot thi, gom Quoc van giao khoa th chia thanh 2
quyen danh cho lp S ang (= lp Ba sau nay) va lp D b (= lp T hay lp
2), Luan ly giao khoa th lp ong au (= lp Nam hay lp 1) eu cua nhom
Tran Trong Kim, Nguyen Van Ngoc bien soan trong tu sach Viet Nam tieu
hoc tung th do Nha Hoc chnh ong Phap xuat ban khoang nam 1926 va
c s dung va chnh thc va rong rai trong suot giai oan trc nam 1949.
Rieng Quoc van giao khoa th va Luan ly giao khoa th, v gia tr giao duc
199
lau ben cua chung, gan ay a c nhieu nha xuat ban (nh Tre, Thanh nien,
Van hoc) cho in lai nen co the tm oc de dang. Rieng mot mnh tac gia Tran
Trong Kim con co quyen S hoc luan ly dung cho lp S ang, xuat ban lan au
nam 1919, soan ung nh chng trnh chnh phu mi nh (Ta cua tac
gia, S hoc luan ly, Nxb Tan Viet, Sai Gon, 1950, tr. X).
Ve nhng mon hoc khac, trong bo Viet Nam Tieu hoc Tung th bang tieng
Viet do Nha Hoc chnh ong Phap chu trng xuat ban, con co: Han van tan
giao khoa th cua Le Thc va Nguyen Hiet Chi lp ong au, lp D b va lp
S ang in tng cuon rieng lan th nhat trong nam 1928; S ky giao khoa th
va Toan phap, Cach tr, a d lp ong au, Cach tr giao khoa th lp S ang
cua nhom tac gia Tran Trong Kim-Nguyen Van Ngoc; Ve sinh giao khoa th
lp ong au va lp D b cua Bac s Guillemet (Chanh S Y chnh x Ai Lao)
Mot so sach giao khoa bac Tieu hoc thi Phap thuoc.
200
- Tieu hoc Viet Nam Van pham (Giao khoa th) cua Nguyen Quang Oanh,
Bui Ky, Tran Trong Kim, 160 trang, Nha in Le Thang, Ha Noi, ban in lai cua
Nxb Xuan thu nam 1950.
- Van pham Viet Nam lp Nh va lp Nhat ban Tieu hoc cua Viet Quang,
105 trang, Nxb Nam Viet, 1951.
- Van pham Tieu hoc lp Nh va lp Nhat cua Bui Van Bao va Van Trnh,
Soan theo chng trnh cua Bo Quoc gia Giao duc, do ong bch xuat ban, in
lan th nhat tai Ha Noi nam 1952.
- Bo Viet ng oc ban 2 quyen (I & II) cua nhom Huynh Van o, Nguyen
Hu Thong, Tang Van Chng soan theo Chng trnh Tieu hoc 1949, do Nam
hng an quan xuat ban tai Sai Gon nam 1951. Li gii thieu au sach cua
Nguyen Van Trng: Quyen Viet ng oc ban nay ra i rat ung gi. Hoc tro
ban Tieu hoc can co no ang tap luyen quoc van, hau ng th vao lp e that
nien trng Trung hoc.
Ngoai ra con co: Sach hoc Quoc van lp Ba, lp T, lp Nam (in thanh
tng cuon rieng) eu do Bo Quoc gia Giao duc xuat ban trong nam 1951; Van
Viet Nam, Quoc van lp Nh (quyen I & II) cua Mot nhom giao vien, Quoc
van Toan th lp Ba cua nhom Pham Trng Xuan bien soan, eu do Nxb Viet
hng an hanh tai Sai Gon nam 1951.
- Tan quoc van lp Ba cua Tran Ngoc Chu, Hoang Quy Bnh, Hoang nh
Tuat, Nxb Nam sn, Ha Noi, 1951 (?). Gom cac mon Tap oc - Hoc thuoc long
- Chnh ta - Van pham - Tap lam van. Bo Quoc gia Giao duc a duyet y lam
sach giao khoa.
- Tan quoc van (Tap oc - Hoc thuoc long) lp Nhat cua Tran Ngoc Chu,
Hoang Quy Bnh, Hoang nh Tuat, Nxb Nam sn, In lan th t, Ha Noi, 1951.
Ve nhng mon hoc khac ngoai mon Van, chung toi ghi nhan:
- Mot so sach giao khoa do Bo Quoc gia Giao duc xuat ban: S Viet Nam
lp Nh cua Bui nh San (1950), Khoa hoc thng thc lp Ba cua Nguyen
nh Hue (1950).
- Cong dan giao duc pho thong cua Nhat Hoanh Sn, Nxb Ngay mai, Ha
Noi, 1949.
- Khoa hoc Quan sat lp Nh va lp Nht cua nhom Huynh Van o, Khoa
hoc Thc nghiem lp Nh va lp Nht, eu do Nam hng an quan xuat ban tai
Sai Gon nam 1951.
- Cach tr lp Nht va lp Nh cua Le Van Chanh, Toan phap lp Nht
cua Lam To Bong, eu do nha Minh tan xuat ban khoang 1953.
- Khoa hoc thng thc (Quan sat va Nong pho hoc) lp Ba, a d Viet
Nam lp Nh va lp Nht cua Mot nhom giao vien bien soan, eu do Nxb Viet
hng an hanh nam 1951.
en thi VNCH (1955-1975), viec xuat ban sach giao khoa Tieu hoc bat
au phat trien manh, noi chung (khong ke cap lp), do ca nha nc (Bo Quoc
gia Giao duc) lan t nhan song song thc hien.
201
Ve pha nha nc, t nam 1958, chnh phu e nhat Cong hoa cho lap
Ban Tu th thuoc Bo Quoc gia Giao duc e bien soan va in sach giao khoa cho
he thong giao duc toan quoc. Ban Tu th en nam 1965 oi thanh S Hoc lieu
(Chanh s vu au tien la ong Trnh Huy Tien, ke sau la ong Ly Chanh c), d
tru in ra 14 trieu cuon sach t lp Nam (lp 1) en lp Nhat (lp 5), en nam
1966 a in c 7 trieu cuon. S Hoc lieu sau lai oi ten thanh Trung tam Hoc
lieu, c coi nh mot nha khong co nhieu s, at di quyen cua mot Giam
oc, co mot Pho giam oc phu ta. Ngoai cac phong ban bnh thng, Trung tam
Hoc lieu con co: Van phong Uy ban Quoc gia Soan thao Danh t Chuyen mon,
Ban Tu th-Dch thuat va An loat, va nha in. Ngoai bo phan bien soan in an
sach giao khoa, trung tam nay con phu trach mot Phong Phat thanh hoc ng.
ay la mot trong nhng phong dung e thc hien mot chng trnh giao duc
ac biet di hnh thc vui chi giai tr qua ai phat thanh, khi au t nam
1966 di s tr giup cua c quan JUSPAO va cua Nhat, nham pho bien e bo
tuc mot so bai hoc dang kch ngan hoac tro vui chi sinh ong ti oi tng hoc
sinh tieu hoc tren toan quoc (phan mien Nam).
Thang 4/1974, trung tam c chnh phu chap thuan cho bien thanh mot
c s hoat ong theo c che t tr e de dang hp tac vi cac to hp an hanh
sach bao Anh Phap My hau co the in sach giao khoa vi gia re (xem Van hoa
tap san, tap XXIII, so 2 nam 1974, tr. 179). Sach ban cua Trung tam Hoc lieu
co mang li phat hanh tren toan quoc, t Hue, a Nang vao ti Ba Xuyen (Ca
Mau bay gi). Cac ai ly thuoc vung Sai Gon va tnh l Gia nh c hng
hoa hong 25%; xa hn c hng t 30% en 35%; ngi s dung co the en
mua sach ngay tai trung tam nhng phai mua t 10 cuon tr len cho moi au
sach, va c bt 10% so vi gia ba.
Tnh en nam 1972, Trung tam Hoc lieu Bo Quoc gia Giao duc a an hanh
c 40 au sach tieu hoc, khong ke khoang 50 au sach khac (phan ln loai
hoc van) danh rieng cho ong bao cac sac toc.
Co the liet ke sach cac mon hoc do Ban Tu th, S Hoc lieu va Trung tam
Hoc lieu thuoc Bo Quoc gia Giao duc a xuat ban nh sau:
- Viet ng: Em hoc van lp Mot cua nhom soan gia Van Cong Lau, xuat
ban lan th 1 nam 1963, lan th 5 nam 1971; Em hoc Viet ng lp Hai cua
nhom soan gia Van Cong Lau, xuat ban lan th 1 nam 1965, lan th 3 nam
1968; Tap oc t lp Ba ti lp Nam (moi lp mot cuon rieng) cua cac soan gia
Bui Van Bao, Nguyen Huy Con, Ha Mai Anh.
- c duc va Cong dan giao duc: Em tap tnh tot t lp Mot en lp Nam
cua cac soan gia Huynh Cong Tu, Nguyen Van Quan, Trnh Ngoc Tham, Van
Cong Lau.
- Khoa hoc thng thc: Em tm hieu khoa hoc lp Mot ti lp Nam (moi
lp mot quyen rieng) cua cac soan gia Le nh Huyen, Trng Th Tai, Ha Mai
Anh, Tran Quang Giu.
- Toan: Em hoc toan t lp Mot en lp Bon (moi lp mot cuon rieng) cua
cac soan gia Ha Mai Anh, Nguyen Huy Con; Toan phap lp Nam cua nhom
soan gia Chau Ngoc Canh.
202
203
cac nha xuat ban Song mi, Viet hng, Nam sn, Thanh am, Thai dng,
va nha Tong phat hanh Nam cng.
e hnh dung tnh cach phong phu cua mang sach giao khoa t nhan, di
ay xin ghi lai mot so ten tac gia va ten sach giao khoa tieu hoc tieu bieu c
lu hanh rong rai do t nhan bien soan, phat hanh (khong ke rat nhieu nhng
sach dung cho viec hoc them cac mon, nhat la mon Toan, cung nh nhng sach
dung e luyen thi lay bang Tieu hoc va thi tuyen vao e that trng cong).
- Viet ng:
+ Mau t Viet Nam danh cho cac em nho cua Trnh Tuan Lam, in lan th
8, nam 1967; Van Viet ng lp V long cua Tran Th Thm, Nxb Song mi,
1968; Vui hoc ABC lp Mau giao va lp 1, Em tap oc lp 1 eu cua Nguyen
Tat Lam, Nxb Nam sn, 1974.
+ Quoc van toan tap, 5 cuon, t lp Nam (lp 1) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua
Bui Van Bao va oan Xuyen, Nxb Song mi, 1957; Quoc van toan th, 5 cuon,
t lp Nam (lp 1) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua ang Duy Chieu, Nxb Song mi,
1957; Viet ng bo mi, 5 cuon, cua Them Van at-Nguyen Hu Thanh-Nguyen
Hu Bang, Nxb Nam sn, 1961; Quoc van toan th, 5 cuon, t lp Nam (lp
1) ti lp Nht (lp 5) cua Pham Trng Xuan-Yen Ha-Kinh Dng, Nxb Viet
hng, 1966; Quoc van bo mi, 5 cuon, t lp Nam ti lp Nhat cua Le Thanh
Phat-Pham Trng Thien, Nxb Viet hng; Viet van toan th 5 cuon t lp
1 ti lp 5 cua Bui Van Bao-Bui Quang Minh, Nxb Nhat Tao, 1970; Tieu hoc
Quoc van 5 cuon t lp Nam (lp 1) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua Ha Mai Anh, Nxb
Song mi, 1957; Quoc van tan bien 5 cuon t lp Nam ti lp Nhat, gom bo cu
1969 va bo mi 1972 eu do Song mi xuat ban; Viet van tan tap 5 cuon t lp
1 ti lp 5 cua ang Duy Chieu va mot nhom giao vien, Nxb Song mi, 19701973; Tan Viet van 5 cuon t lp 1 ti lp 5 cua Bui Van Bao, Nxb Song mi,
1967-1971; Viet ng toan th 5 cuon t lp 1 ti lp 5 cua Bui Van Bao-Bui
Quang Minh-Chu c Nhuan, Nxb Song mi, 1974; Tan Viet ng, 5 cuon, t
lp 1 en lp 5 cua Nguyen Tat Lam, Nxb Nam sn, 1974; Viet ng, 5 cuon, t
lp 1 ti lp 5 cua nhom La Viet, Nxb Canh hong, 1974.
+ Chnh ta Van pham, 3 cuon t lp Ba (lp 3) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua
ang Duy Chieu; Chnh ta Van pham lp Nhat cua Bui Van Bao; Chnh ta Van
pham cua Trnh Thien T, eu do Nxb Song mi, 1957.
+ Ng vng, 2 cuon, t lp Nh (lp 4) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua Bui Van
Bao-oan Xuyen-Bui Quang Kim-Trnh Ngoc Tham, Nxb Song mi, 1957.
+ Viet luan (lp Nhat, Nh tieu hoc, cac lp e That, Luc, Ngu, T - e thi
Trung hoc e nhat cap) cua Nghiem Toan, In lan 5, Nxb The gii, 1956; Viet
luan, 3 cuon, t lp Ba (lp 3) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua Bui Van Bao, Nxb Song
mi, 1957; Tap lam van lp Ba, Tap lam van lp Nh, Em luyen Viet van (165
bai luan lp Nhat) eu cua Cao Van Thai, Nxb Thanh am; Luan van lp 4,
111 bai luan mau lp 5, eu cua Nguyen Tat Lam, Nxb Nam sn, 1974.
- c duc: c duc, 5 cuon, t lp Nam (lp 1) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua
ang Duy Chieu, Nxb Song mi, 1957; c duc lp Nam va lp T (in tng cuon
rieng) cua Cao Van Thai va Hoang Kim Long, Nxb Thanh am, Sai Gon, 1959.
204
- Cong dan giao duc: Cong dan giao duc lp Ba, lp Nh va lp Nhat (in
tng cuon rieng) cua Nhat Hoanh Sn, Nxb Nguon song, Sai Gon, 1956; Cong
dan giao duc lp Nhat cua Le Nguyen Lam, Nxb Nguon song, Sai Gon, 1956;
Cong dan giao duc lp Nh va Nhat (in tng cuon rieng) cua Nguyen Hu Bang,
Nxb Thanh am, Sai Gon, 1959; Cong dan giao duc lp Nh va lp Nhat (in
tng cuon rieng) cua inh Xuan Hoa, Nxb Nam Viet, Sai Gon, 1959; Cong dan
giao duc lp Nam, lp T va lp Nhat (in rieng tng cuon) cua Phan Van Chieu,
Nxb Song mi, Sai Gon, 1959-1960; Cong dan giao duc lp Nhat cua Le nh
Huyen va Trnh Ngoc Nguyen, Nxb Nam sn, Sai Gon, 1960
- Khoa hoc thng thc: Cau hoi thng thc lp Nhat (lp 5) cua Khong
Trong Thu; Tieu hoc thng thc cam nang cua Ha Mai Anh, eu do Nxb Song
mi, 1957
- Toan: Toan phap, 5 cuon, t lp Nam (lp 1) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua
nhom Cao Van Thai-Ha Mai Anh-Vu Tien Thu-Khong Trong Thu-Nguyen Manh
Tuan; So hoc, 4 cuon, t lp T (lp 2) ti lp Nhat (lp 5), Hnh hoc o lng,
4 cuon, t lp T (lp 2) ti lp Nhat (lp 5), Quy tac cong thc toan tieu hoc cua
Khong Trong Thu; Hnh hoc lp Nh, Hnh hoc lp Nhat, 100 cau hoi toan cua
Trng Quan Liem, tat ca eu do Nxb Song mi, 1957; Toan phap, 5 cuon, t
lp Nam ti lp Nhat cua nhom Le Thuan-Vu Manh on-Nguyen Doan Khanh,
do Thai dng xuat ban, Song mi phat hanh nam 1965.
- S ky: Viet s, 3 cuon, t lp Ba ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua Bui Van Bao,
Nxb Song mi, 1957.
- a ly: a ly lp Ba cua oan Xuyen; a ly lp Nh va a ly lp Nhat
cua Hoang The My, eu do Nxb Song mi, 1957.
- Ve sinh: Ve sinh, 5 cuon, t lp Nam (lp 1) ti lp Nhat (lp 5) cua Bui
Van Bao, Nxb Song mi, 1957.
Qua s liet ke tng trng nh tren, chung ta thay ro rang sach giao khoa
tieu hoc thuoc khu vc t nhan mien Nam trc ay a that s tram hoa ua
n, tham ch tr thanh mot th trng nang ong.
Sach giao khoa noi chung va sach giao khoa tieu hoc noi rieng la mot loai
san pham van hoa ac biet hn cac loai san pham van hoa khac, a tr thanh
mon hang tinh than co mc cau rat cao gan nh cm gao vay. Trong ieu kien
canh tranh, chung phat trien phong phu a dang va cho ra nhng san pham
tot c tn nhiem. V the cho nen, mac du Bo Giao duc co yeu cau cac trng
cong lap phai dung sach do bo to chc bien soan, nhng sach giao khoa t nhan
van con mieng at mau m e song la so hoc sinh t thuc chiem 20% tong so
hoc sinh tieu hoc ca nc, tham ch con canh tranh lai vi khu vc sach giao
khoa nha nc.
Trong lnh vc mon hoc Viet ng, mot vai soan gia noi tieng (nh Bui Van
Bao, Ha Mai Anh, ang Duy Chieu) co sach pho bien rong en noi khien ta co
cam tng ca i ho ch lam viec va song bang sach giao khoa tieu hoc. Soan
sach cho t nhan tao c uy tn nhat nh mot thi gian roi, ho con c mi
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vao Ban Tu th e soan sach cho Bo Giao duc, hoac tr thanh cong tac vien
thng xuyen cho mot so tap ch giao khoa, nh t Tieu hoc nguyet san do bo
chu trng bien tap. Co tac gia (nh Bui Van Bao) co sach tai ban lien tuc,
ma nhng cuon sau ch la s cai bien, vi viec sa cha bo sung, cap nhat hoa,
phat trien len t nhng sach a c chnh mnh soan trc, nhng nh vay
ma sach c ngay cang hoan thien hn.
e canh tranh nham thuyet phuc gii chc tieu hoc chon dung sach mnh,
cac tac gia cung nha xuat ban eu ra sc cai tien ca ve hnh thc lan noi dung,
cho nhng lan xuat ban sau.
Noi chung ve hnh thc, phan ln sach eu in ba 2 mau (luc nay cha
phat trien ky thuat in offset), ben trong ve nhieu hnh minh hoa net en trang,
vi mot so trang phu ban bang hnh ve net hoac hnh chup in mot mau. Giay
in sach xau hay tot, tat nhien, cung khac nhau tuy theo chu trng kinh doanh
cua tng nha xuat ban.
e tao thng hieu rieng, moi tac gia (hoac nhom tac gia) thng at
cho sach mnh bien soan mot cai ten phan biet vi tac gia, nha xuat ban khac,
bang cach, nh ta a thay, thay oi ten goi mon hoc (Viet ng, Quoc ng, Viet
van, Quoc van) roi them vao o mot so cum t nh toan th, toan tap, bo
mi, tan bien, hoac them ch tan pha trc ten mon hoc (nh Tan Quoc
van), hoac ao Quoc van Tieu hoc thanh Tieu hoc Quoc van
Cung co trng hp sach in sai chnh ta hoac xuat hien loi in (loi morasse)
nhng khong ang ke. Loi sai kien thc t khi xay ra song van co, nh trong
nhng nam 1969-1970, bao ch a tng vach loi mot cuon sach khoa hoc no a
nham lan cai han th bieu (thermometre, con goi nhiet ke hay ong thuy) vi
cai phong vu bieu (barometre, con goi kh ap ke). Do thnh thoang co s s suat
hoac cau tha nh vay trong sach giao khoa, nen co ngi luc bay gi a viet
nhac: Toi yeu cau Bo Giao duc, cac giao s, cac nha e y ve s hoc, yeu cau quy
v ngh phng thc nao e tao ra nhng sach vng chac, bao am mi mi
nh t ien Petit Larousse, nhng sach tai ban 30, 40 nam, ma uy tn the
gii nguyen ven (Van hoa tap san, tap XXIII, Tld, tr. 154).
V ly do canh tranh va cung e thu hut ngi s dung, oi khi co nhom tac
gia cho in ngay au sach bc th keu goi giao chc va cac bac phu huynh hoc
sinh chu y en sach cua mnh, bang cach mo ta chi tiet nhng iem ac sac noi
bat ve hnh thc lan noi dung, vi li le khong khoi vng chut mui quang cao:
Tom lai, Quoc van bo mi, vi s phong phu cua e tai a ghi them mot giai
oan mi va cung la mot cong trnh giao khoa ma chung toi han hanh gi en
quy ban mon qua au Nien Hoc. Chung toi inh ninh se khong phu long tn
nhiem cua quy ban ong nghiep va c mong c gop phan trong s nghiep
chung cua giao gii (trch th gi Quy v giao chc va cac bac phu huynh hoc
sinh, in au sach Quoc van bo mi lp T cua Mot nhom giao vien Viet
hng, Nxb Viet hng).
e tieu thu c nhieu sach, nhat la nhng sach mi ra lo sau, cung co
hien tng tieu cc xay ra, nh tac gia hoac nha xuat ban an canh vi cap lanh
206
207
Ve noi dung giao duc ao c trong cac bai hoc cua mon Viet ng tieu hoc,
chu yeu tap trung hai phan mon Tap oc va Hoc thuoc long, chung toi a co
lan phan tch kha ky trong mot bai viet trc, nen ay xin phep khong lap
lai dai dong (xem Tran Van Chanh, Nhng bai hoc thuoc long, mot th van
chng tieu hoc cua mien Nam trc ay, tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so
6 (95). 2012). Nhn chung, a so cac soan gia soan sach giao khoa bac Tieu hoc
eu co gang noi theo nhng ton ch a c Bo Giao duc neu ra trong nguyen
tac cua nen giao duc Viet Nam (Nhan ban, Dan toc, Khai phong) va trong
nhng li ch dan giang day cho tng mon hoc ma ho eu ghi ra au cuon
sach giao khoa Viet ng cua mnh.
B. CHNG TRNH VA SACH GIAO KHOA TRUNG HOC
I. CHNG TRNH TRUNG HOC
1. Chng trnh Trung hoc Hoang Xuan Han 1945
a. Tong quat
ay la chng trnh Trung hoc au tien cua Viet Nam dung chuyen ng
tieng Viet c mot nhom giao s da theo chng trnh Phap bien soan cap
toc ch khoang 10 ngay di s chu tr cua Bo trng Giao duc va My thuat
Hoang Xuan Han trong thi Chnh phu Tran Trong Kim. Mac du vay, chng
trnh nay a c ap dung tren toan quoc (gom ca vung quoc gia va vung khang
chien) trong thi gian t nam 1945 en nien khoa 1952-1953, ma tat ca nhng
chng trnh Trung hoc en sau eu can ban mo phong theo no, lay no lam c
s e t o bo sung, sa oi cho thch hp vi trnh o hoc sinh cung nh tnh
trang tien trien chung cua nen giao duc va khoa hoc moi thi ky khac nhau.
Ke ca oi vi nhng chng trnh mi nhat c ap dung trong thi VNCH
(1955-1975), dau an va anh hng cua chng trnh Hoang Xuan Han van con
kha sau am.
Trung hoc chia lam 2 cap: (1) Pho thong hoc 4 nam, goi la e nhat nien,
e nh nien, e tam nien, e t nien. Lai chia lam 2 ban gom: Co van (A) va
Kim van (B); (2) Chuyen khoa hoc 3 nam, goi la e nhat nien, e nh nien,
e tam nien. Lai chia lam 4 ban gom: ban Khoa hoc A (chuyen Van vat hoc,
Hoa hoc, Vat ly hoc), ban Khoa hoc B (chuyen Toan, Ly hoa), ban Sinh ng C
(chuyen Van Viet Nam, Anh, Phap van), ban Han t D (chuyen Van Viet Nam,
Han t, sinh ng Phap hoac Anh).
Cac mon hoc: Quoc van, Han, Toan, Ly hoa, Van vat, Sinh ng, Triet,
Kinh te, S, a, Ve, Thu cong, Nhac, N cong, Nuoi tre.
Do tnh cach tien phong, lch s va tam quan trong cua bo chng trnh
Trung hoc au tien nay, chung toi xin chep lai nguyen van The le bac Trung
hoc at au bo chng trnh, qua o thay c cach sap xep, phan chia cua
cac cap va cac ban:
THE LE BAC TRUNG HOC
I. Chieu theo Du so 67 ngay 30/6/1945 cua Viet Nam Hoang e [Bao ai], bat au hoc
khoa 1945-1946, se bai bo bac Cao ang Tieu hoc va bac Trung hoc to chc theo the le ban
hanh t trc.
208
II. Sau bac Tieu hoc, se to chc mot bac Trung hoc (trng hoc duy nhat). Bac Trung hoc
mi chia ra lam hai cap:
1) Cap trung hoc pho thong: Gom co bon lp: e nhat nien, e nh nien, e tam nien va e
t nien trung hoc pho thong [tng ng vi lp e that, e luc, e ngu, e t hay lp 6,7,8,9
sau nay].
Moi lp co hai ban: Ban A hay la ban Co van.
Ban B hay la ban Kim van.
Bang chia gi hang tuan va chng trnh hoc khoa nh theo ay.
Tot nghiep thi bang Trung hoc pho thong [tng ng Trung hoc e nhat cap hay cap II
sau nay].
2) Cap Trung hoc chuyen khoa: gom co ba lp: e nhat nien, e nh nien va e tam nien
trung hoc chuyen khoa [tng ng Trung hoc e nh cap hay cap III sau nay]. Moi lp co bon ban:
Ban khoa hoc A chuyen ve Van vat hoc.
Ban khoa hoc B chuyen hoc Toan phap va Ly Hoa hoc.
Ban Sinh ng chuyen khoa.
Ban Han t chuyen khoa.
Hoc sinh hai ban khoa hoc A va B, tuy theo ch hng va sc hoc, co quyen chon hoc
chng trnh Han hoc hay chng trnh mot sinh ng th hai.
III. Bat au t khai giang nien khoa 1945-46, tat ca cac trng Cao ang Tieu hoc se oi
lam trng Trung hoc pho thong, va tat ca cac trng trung hoc hien tai se oi lam trng Trung
hoc chuyen khoa.
Rieng trong nien khoa 1945-1946, se con gi lai cac lp Triet hoc van chng, Triet hoc
khoa hoc va Toan phap s ang, danh cho hoc sinh a o bang Trung hoc S cap.
IV. Theo Ngh nh so 113 ngay 3/7/1945 cua Bo trng Bo Giao duc My thuat, muon vao
lp e nhat trung hoc pho thong [tng ng e that hay lp 6 sau nay] cac trng cong, hoc
sinh phai co bang Tieu hoc va khong qua 14 tuoi chan, ke ti ngay 31 thang 12 dng lch nam
xin vao.
Muon vao lp e nhat nien trung hoc chuyen khoa [tng ng e tam hay lp 10 sau
nay] cac trng cong, hoc sinh phai co bang Trung hoc pho thong hay mot bang tng ng
(Cao ang Tieu hoc, Brevet Elementaire, Brevet denseignement primaire superieur) va khong
qua 18 tuoi chan ke ti ngay 31 thang 12 dng lch nam xin vao.
Rieng nam 1945, han tuoi thi vao hai lp ay gia them cho la 15 tuoi va 19 tuoi.
oi vi n hoc sinh, cac han tuoi tren nay eu gia them mot nam.
V. Ngay thi va so hoc sinh lay vao cac lp se do Bo Giao duc My thuat nh. Hoi ong khao
th gom hieu trng trng lam chu tch va giao s moi cap lam giam khao.
VI. Cac mon thi nh nh sau nay:
1) Thi vao e nhat pho thong [tng ng e that hay lp 6 sau nay]:
Mot bai am ta va cau hoi
1 gi
nhan so 2
Mot bai luan quoc van
1 gi
nhan so 3
Hai bai toan
1 gi 30 phut
nhan so 3
Khong thi van ap
2) Thi vao e nhat chuyen khoa [tng ng e tam hay lp 10 sau nay]:
Mot bai luan quoc van chung cho 4 ban
2 gi
nhan so 3
Mot bai toan (chung cho 2 ban khoa hoc A va B)
2 gi 30
nhan so 3
Hai bai sinh ng (rieng cho ban Sinh ng)
3 gi
nhan 2 x 2 = 4
Dch ch Han (rieng cho ban Han t)
2 gi
nhan so 4
Khong thi van ap
209
210
e nh, e nhat (tng ng lp 10, 11, 12 bay gi). Chia lam 3 ban: Khoa
hoc, Sinh ng, Co ien.
Cac mon hoc: Quoc van, Han hoc, Luan ly va Cong dan giao duc, Toan
hoc, Ly Hoa hoc, Van vat hoc, Phap ng, Anh ng, Triet hoc, S hoc, a d,
Ve, Thu cong, Am nhac, Dng nhi, Gia chanh, May.
Phat huy them mot bc t chng trnh Hoang Xuan Han, co the coi ay
la lan cai cach chng trnh quy mo va co tnh bc ngoat, phan anh tinh than
va phng phap cua nen giao duc mi trong giai oan au du nhap Viet Nam.
Nhng bo chng trnh trung hoc ve sau cua VNCH a c bien soan chu yeu
da theo chng trnh nay, ca ve noi dung lan cau ch, roi them hoac bt mot
so chi tiet cho phu hp. Di ay la nguyen van May li noi au rat tam huyet
cua Bo trng Giao duc Phan Huy Quat:
MAY LI NOI AU
Ke t nien hoc 1949-1950, mot chng trnh giao duc mi bac Trung hoc se c ap dung
trong toan quoc.
Tieu ban nghien cu chng trnh giao duc ma toi han hanh lanh trach nhiem ieu khien
trong khi tien hanh cong cuoc a chu trong en tinh than ngi cong dan Viet Nam mi, khong
han sao nhang nhng yeu to thc hien trong giai oan hien tai.
Da vao kinh nghiem trong may nam va qua, cung ket qua nhng cong trnh cac nha hoc
gia hang lu tam vi van e giao duc.
Chng trnh mi lay hai nguyen tac sau ay lam chuan ch:
- Gay dng mot tinh than quoc gia manh me va sang suot.
- Xuc tien mot nen giao duc hp vi trnh o khoa hoc hien ai.
Phng phap ap dung trong cac hoc ng se la phng phap thc nghiem muc ch e
cu the hoa cung hp ly hoa cac bai hoc.
Neu chng trnh bac Tieu hoc co tnh cach pho thong e at ti nen hoc van ai chung
cng bach, thi chng trnh bac Trung hoc phai sa soan thanh nien Viet Nam cho u kien thc
theo cac nganh hoc chuyen mon.
Bac Trung hoc nh 7 nam, sau thi gian o, hoc sinh thi Tu tai.
Tuy chng trnh c xep at ieu hoa trong thi gian o, nhng ngay trong bon nien au
(t e that nien en e t nien) [e that en e t, tc lp 6 en lp 9 sau nay], a day cho
hoc sinh nhng ieu can ban thng thc thiet yeu e mot mat co u hoc lc theo bac Trung hoc
en cung, mot mat giup cac hoc sinh luong tuoi sau 4 nien hoc co the tm viec lam hoac theo hoc
nhng trng chuyen nghiep.
V muc ch o, va lai cung muon tranh nan khoa c co khi lam km ham nang lc hoc sinh
c phat trien, nen sau 4 nien hoc au o, se ch m ky thi cot e kiem iem lai ket qua 4 nien
hoc. Nhng hoc sinh o trong thi ky nay se c Bo Quoc gia Giao duc cap cho mot chng ch
nhan a hoc qua 4 nam.
T e tam nien tr len en e nhat nien [e tam en e nhat, tc t lp 10 en lp 12
sau nay], chng trnh chu y en viec at nen mong nhng nganh ai hoc chuyen mon. Hoc sinh
theo hoc nhng ban chuyen khoa va sau ba nien hoc se thi lay bang Trung hoc tot nghiep tc la
Tu tai Viet Nam. Bang nay chia lam hai phan, phan th nhat thi vao cuoi e nh nien, phan th hai
thi vao cuoi e nhat nien.
e ieu hoa chng trnh cung trau doi kha nang va s trng hoc sinh Viet Nam, se thiet
lap nhng ban chuyen mon ngay t e that nien.
Trong 4 nam au (t e nhat nien en e t nien) se ch co 2 ban, ban A tc co ien, ban B
tc sinh ng. Theo danh hieu, hai ban ch khac nhau cho ban A thi chu trong en van chng
211
co ien nc nha va Han hoc, con ban B th cho hoc sinh tap hoc ngay nhng sinh ng chnh hien
tai. Con ve cac mon khac, ca 2 ban o van gi nguyen tnh cach pho thong nh nhau.
T e tam en e nhat nien, nguyen tac chuyen khoa can phai duy tr, nen chng trnh
co quy nh 3 ban: ban khoa hoc, ban sinh ng va co ien.
Nhng nguyen tac, cung phng phap va the thc noi tren se c ap dung mot cach hp
ly, trong tat ca cac mon hoc, tuy theo tng lp, tng ban. Theo nien o t lp di len lp tren,
gia cac ban, chng trnh mi se gii han mot... [mat may ch].
Van e chuyen ng a c giai quyet: bac Trung hoc cung nh moi bac hoc khac,
tieng Viet Nam phai la chuyen ng.
Rieng bac Trung hoc, hoc sinh se co dp trau doi can ke tieng me e trong nhng gi
giang van. Nhng ang van chng tuyet tac cung cac van gia, thi gia tr danh se c giang
tng tan qua s phan tach nhng khuynh hng trong lch s van chng nc nha.
Ngoai Quoc van lam chuyen ng, Phap van c chon lam sinh ng chnh se bat au day
lp e that nien [lp 6] ban Trung hoc.
Ve mon nay, loi hoc thu ong ap dung t xa phai bo i, e nhng cho cho phng phap
hoat ong. Nhng bai van pham se i oi vi bai ng vng hoac giang van, nh vay se them phan
linh hoat va khong mat nhieu thi gi.
Ben canh Phap ng, con co Anh ng, mot th tieng pho thong nhat tren the gii, tieng nay
se cung c day ngay t e that nien.
Ve viec day ngoai ng, mon am ng hoc [ng am hoc] se c ac biet chu y.
Cung ve phan van chng, chng trnh mi duy tr gia tr Han t, nen lap ra ban co ien.
Bai hoc ch Han se khong con la bai hoc kho khan, trai lai se hoa hp vi nhng bai giang Viet
van. Ban co ien cung nh ban sinh ng, se ao tao sau nay nhng sinh vien theo hoc van
chng trong ai hoc ng Viet Nam.
Toan hoc cung mon Vat ly Hoa [hoc], Van vat hoc trong chng trnh mi phai la phan
anh nhng s tien trien mi me nhat cua khoa hoc hien ai. Phan ly thuyet se thu hep lai trong
khuon kho nhng nguyen tac can ban, phan thc hanh trai lai se doi dao e cu the hoa cac bai
hoc. Van vat hoc day 4 ban t e tam en e nhat nien, nhng ch co trong chng trnh thi
Tu tai phan th hai.
S ky, a d cua chnh nc nha bay lau b bo ri se c at vao a v mon hoc xng
ang va trnh bay, giang day mot cach khoa hoc ngoai ca nhng thanh kien hu lau hoac nghi s.
Tuy nhien a d cung lch s cac nc tren hoan cau cung c chu trong hn na.
Mon Triet day cac lp e nhat nien cac ban, th nhat la ban co ien. Hoc sinh se tap
suy luan trong nhng buoi am thuyet hng dan. Hn na t tng cac triet gia Au My se c
nghien cu ben canh cac hoc thuyet A ong.
Ngoai cac mon hoc chnh ke tren, chng trnh Trung hoc mi con chu y en phan c
duc va the duc hoc sinh. Luan ly va Cong dan giao duc trong bon nam au day cho hoc sinh, qua
nhng bai hoc thc te, bon phan lam ngi, lam cong dan trong mot nc.
Bai hoc the duc t nay se c boi bo them bang nhng buoi tap vo b.
Tom lai, ai cng chng trnh giao duc bac Trung hoc mi da tren quan niem to chc
mot nen giao duc quoc gia trong mot nc oc lap.
Ve phng dien ca nhan hoc sinh, nguyen tac tong hp c ap dung, va e cac kha
nang hoc sinh t do nay n, va ch huy nhng mon hoc thiet yeu can trau doi.
Ve phng dien gia tr tong quat, chng trnh mi nay se phoi hp c nhng s tien
trien mi me vi nhng ac iem van hoa thuan tuy Viet Nam. Nh vay oi chieu vi van bang
ngoai quoc, th nhat la bang Tu tai Phap, gia tr chac chan cua van bang Viet Nam se la am bao
cho cac sinh vien Viet Nam tong hoc bat c trng ai hoc nao, trong nc hoac ngoai quoc.
Sau cung, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc thay can phai noi ro them ve viec thi hanh chng trnh
mi, v vi thi gian thi hanh, mi thay ro them cac ac iem cung khuyet iem. Toi rat mong cac
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giao s, lau dan vi kinh nghiem thu lm trong khi day hoc, se vach ro quan niem rieng, e nh
chnh nhng cho sai, tha hoac thieu, nh vay chng trnh se them phan hoan hao.
Ha Noi, ngay 30 thang 8 nam 1949
Bo trng Bo Quoc gia Giao duc
PHAN HUY QUAT
213
chng trnh Trung hoc tren toan coi Viet Nam (tc toan coi mien Nam Viet
Nam luc bay gi). ay la bo chng trnh c ap dung xuyen suot thi ky
VNCH, ma nhng chng trnh cap nhat hoa en sau eu can c vao vi s
thay oi chut t mot vai chi tiet nho khong ang ke.
Hoc trnh gom 4 nam Trung hoc e nhat cap (e that, e luc, e ngu, e
t, tng ng cac lp 6, 7, 8, 9) va 3 nam Trung hoc e nh cap (e tam, e
nh, e nhat, tng ng cac lp 10, 11, 12).
Cac mon hoc: Quoc van, Han t, S a, Cong dan giao duc, Sinh ng, Van
vat, Ly hoa, Toan, Triet hoc (ch co lp e nhat), Ve, Am nhac, The duc, Thu
cong (danh cho nam sinh), N cong Gia chanh Dng nhi (danh cho n sinh).
Tuy cung ch cai bien t nhng chng trnh a co trc, bo chng trnh
Trung hoc mi nay a to ra co nhieu iem tien bo, c bien soan co quy cu va
cong phu hn. V vay, bi tam quan trong cua no, e lam tai lieu tham khao
cho nen giao duc mien Nam trc 1975, di ay xin chep lai nguyen van
bai Nguyen tac cai to Chng trnh Trung hoc at au sach Chng trnh
Trung hoc do Bo Quoc gia Giao duc Sai Gon xuat ban nam 1960:
NGUYEN TAC CAI TO CHNG TRNH TRUNG HOC
I. Nguyen tac can ban cua nen giao duc Viet Nam
(Lc bo bt, v ch nhac lai y nh Chng trnh Tieu hoc 1959-1960 a gii thieu phan tren)
II. Nguyen tac ai cng cho viec soan thao chng trnh Trung hoc
Can c vao ba nguyen tac can ban cua nen giao duc Viet Nam a c an nh, bac Trung
hoc co muc ch:
- Hun uc tam hon va tnh kh,
- M mang kien thc pho thong,
- Ren luyen phng phap suy tng va hanh ong, e chuan b hoc sinh co u kha nang ra
i hay chuyen sang va cac nganh ky thuat chuyen nghiep hoac tien len bac ai hoc.
Do o, chng trnh Trung hoc:
- Chu trong ao tao con ngi quan bnh ve hai phng dien ca biet va cong ong.
- Va phai thch ng vi nhng hoan canh thc te hien tai, va co tnh cach trng cu.
- Can c gian d hoa, tranh loi nhoi so, nhng van co gang a moi van e hoc tap en
cho chnh xac tinh tng.
III. Nhng tng quan gia Trung hoc va ai hoc
a) Tng quan ve tong quat:
e cho co s noi tiep hp ly gia cac cap bac hoc ng, chng trnh giao duc Trung
hoc cung nh ai hoc can phai sa oi lai cho phu hp vi nhng nguyen tac can ban cua nen
giao duc Viet Nam ma Hoi ngh a an nh trong ban quyet ngh au tien:
b) Tng quan ve Sinh ng:
1) Sinh ng bac Trung hoc:
- e nhat cap: ch hoc mot sinh ng.
- e nh cap: hoc hai sinh ng (mot sinh ng chnh va mot sinh ng phu).
2) Chuyen ng bac ai hoc:
(a) Se tien ti viec dung tieng Viet lam chuyen ng bac ai hoc, nhng viec nay phai
c chuan b ngay t bay gi bang:
- Viec ao tao giao s ai hoc.
214
(1)
1. Quoc van
2. S a
3. Cong dan giao duc
(ly thuyet va thc hanh)
4. Triet hoc
5. Sinh ng 1
6. Sinh ng 2
7. Co ng
(Han van hoac Latin)
KHOA HOC
KHOA HOC
TOAN
THC NGHIEM
III
II
I
III
II
I
(8)
(9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
3
3
0
3
3
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
6
6
0
6
6
9
6
6
0
6
0
0
6
0
9
6
0
0
4
4
0
4
4
3
3
3
0
4
4
0
4
4
4
3
3
215
(1)
8. Ly hoa
9. Toan
10. Van vat
Cong
The duc (1)
Nam hoc sinh
N hoc sinh
N cong Gia chanh
Dng nhi
Tong cong
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
1
1
1
24
1
1
1
24
1
1
1
27
1
1
1
24
1
1
1
24
1
1
1
27
4
6
1
26
4
6
1
26
4
4
3
26
4
4
3
26
6
4
4
27
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
27
va
28
27
va
28
30
27
va
28
27
va
28
30
29
va
30
29
va
30
30
29
va
30
29
va
30
30
(1) Khi co u phng tien va huan luyen vien, so gi the duc co the tang len ti 6 gi moi tuan.
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
a so y kien eu cho rang chng trnh ch cai bien, phat trien len t
Chng trnh Trung hoc Hoang Xuan Han (1945) von a lac hau vi thi the
v chu anh hng cua chng trnh Phap cu, va nang ne va qua thien ve ly
thuyet, khong hp vi hoan canh Viet Nam, thieu thc te, con nhieu phan loi
thi vo dung (xem phan uc ket cua Tieu ban Trung hoc trong ai hoi Giao duc
Toan quoc 1964, Van hoa nguyet san, tap XIV, Tld, tr. 598), thieu cai tien cap
nhat theo a phat trien cua khoa hoc, t chu trong hng nghiep, vi cai hoc
t chng e phuc vu thi c hn la hng ti nhng mon hoc thc dung can ch
cho xa hoi hien ai ang can nhieu hn ve cac nganh khoa hoc-ky thuat. Cac
nha bien soan chng trnh a co qua nhieu tham vong, nen a ra nhieu yeu
cau cao hn so vi tuoi tac va trnh o thc te cua hoc sinh, dng nh muon
bien hoc sinh trung hoc tr thanh nhng con ngi va hoan thien ve nhan
cach va bac hoc a nang ve tri thc, hoc van.
Ngoai nhng nguyen tac can ban (Nhan ban, Dan toc, Khai phong, ap
dung chung cho ca bac Tieu hoc), Bo Giao duc con a ra nhng nguyen tac
ai cng cho viec soan thao chng trnh vi qua nhieu cao vong, oi hoi mot
cach lang man ve nhng muc ch cao ep can phai at, nen a thiet lap mot
chng trnh hoc qua nang qua cao, ma theo ong Nguyen Hien Le, neu oc het
ca chng trnh moi mon t Viet van, Han van, Phap van, Anh van en Toan,
Ly hoa, Triet hoc, Am nhac, ngi ta cang phai than phuc rang hoc sinh
trung hoc Viet Nam co mot trnh o vt het ca cac hoc sinh trung hoc the gii
(Phai manh bao cai to nen giao duc Viet Nam, bai 1 trong loat 5 bai, tap ch
Bach khoa, so 128, Tld, tr. 15). Roi tac gia bai viet phe phan xuong tng mon,
ve Viet van, Sinh ng, Khoa hoc (Toan, Ly, Hoa, Van vat), ma mon nao cung
nang hn trc khi cai to may nam, ac biet hai mon Triet hoc va Am nhac.
Mot cau hoi khac c tac gia at ra la gia nh Bo Quoc gia Giao duc co kha
nang lam cho hoc sinh trung hoc co c trnh o hoc thc tong quat va quang
bac nh bo muon i na, th lieu khi hoc het trung hoc ho co lam c viec g
khong, co u kha nang ra i khong, hay ch lam c cai viec cao giay? Y tac
gia muon noi rang Chng trnh Trung hoc 1958-1959 cai to roi van con nang
ne kho theo, kho thc hien hieu qua va nhat la thieu han tnh thc dung so vi
hoan canh thc te at nc.
Trong bai Gop y kien Chng trnh Trung hoc (Bach khoa, so 184, ngay
01/9/1964), ong oan Them cung cho rang chng trnh hoc van con qua nang.
Mon Triet qua kho hieu oi vi hang thieu nien 17, 18 tuoi, ma chnh ong oc
con khong hieu, e ngh ch nen gi lai phan mon Luan ly hoc v mon nay i
oi vi khoa hoc cung toan hoc ma tre a quen thuoc trong nhieu nam; ban
Toan (B) va ban Van vat (A), so gi Viet van qua nhieu trong khi so gi Sinh
ng qua t; mon Thu cong e nhat cap day qua ve cac nghe moc, ren, han
nhng sao khong day trong cay, trong rau, nuoi gia suc mot x canh nong,
hoac co day nhng lai liet vao chng trnh kinh te gia nh (lp e ngu) danh
cho con gai; mon Am nhac th chng trnh phong phu qua the, oc qua chac
ai cung tng lac vao mot Vien Am nhac; mon Cong dan giao duc th can phan
phoi lai v mot muc co khi c ghi nhieu lan cac lp khac nhau, lai cung
nang ve phan chnh tr va kinh te con phan xa hoi ch lt qua
223
Chng trnh Trung hoc ay nhng khuyet iem khong the ke xiet. ang
le Chng trnh Trung hoc phai la mot chng trnh sa soan cho tre vao i,
ngi ta lai quy cho chung mot muc ch sai lam la hoc e thi. V the nhng
mon can thiet cho mot thanh nien ra i a b xem nhe nh S a, Cong
dan, Sinh ng va nhat la cac mon day cho con ngi song xng ang la con
ngi; o la mon c duc hay la ao c Chung ta th hoi vi cai kien thc
pho thong, nhng kien thc ve khoa hoc, ve toan hoc trung hoc, chung ta co
the dung vao c viec chi Vi nhng mon hoc khac cung vay Ve Sinh ng,
chng trnh th qua nang ma hoc sinh th lai cang ngay cang kem (Ha Van
Ky, Giao duc trong chieu hng phat trien quoc gia, tap san Minh c, so
1&2, thang 6-7/1972, tr. 166-167).
Chng trnh lai ri rac, thieu tnh lien ket chat che thanh he thong, nh
co ngi nhan nh: Khong ai thay ro chu iem cua giao duc hien tai xuyen
qua cai chng trnh ang c ap dung, hoac gia ngi ta ngup lan trong tng
phan chuyen mon ri rac, khong co mot s ket hp chat che e ong quy ve
mot chu iem duy nhat. Chnh v the ma giao duc ch ong vai tro tch tu kien
thc gop nhat t moi pha, con cai trong trach phat huy kien thc mot cach
sau rong theo mot chieu hng nao o, quy ve mot chu ch, hau at en mot
ng hng chung e thong nhat t tng va hanh ong cua quan chung, a
khong c e y en (Quang Minh, Vai tro cua giao duc trong s phat trien
xa hoi, Giao duc nguyet san, so 53, thang 12/1971, tr. 2).
(2) Nhan nh ve chng trnh Viet ng
Chng trnh Trung hoc Pho thong 1958-1959 noi chung va chng trnh
Viet ng noi rieng tuy co c cap nhat hoa vai lan vao nhng nam 19701971, 1971-1972 nhng hau nh khong co g thay oi (nh chung toi se trnh
bay ngay oan tiep sau), nen nhng nhan nh sap neu ra di ay ve chng
trnh Viet ng du co c phat bieu sau o 10 nam la noi chung va phu hp cho
ca nhieu bo chng trnh t chng trnh 1958-1959 nay tr i cho en luc che
o VNCH cao chung thang 4/1975.
Trc het, theo anh gia cua ong Nguyen Hien Le (Tld, tr. 15), chng
trnh mon Viet ng (cung quen goi Viet van, Quoc van) nam 1958-1959 la qua
cao, hn ca chng trnh cua Phap: bat nhng hoc sinh 14, 15 tuoi cua ta lp
e ngu, e t phai hoc cach nghien cu than the va thi ai tac gia t Le
Thanh Ton en Pham Quynh, Khai Hng, roi lai phai hoc ngh luan tong
quat, ngh luan luan ly, ngh luan van chng na, trong khi nhng hoc sinh
cung tuoi o cac trng ben Phap con ng hoc lam bai mieu ta va t s.
Th en, co y kien cho rang chng trnh Viet ng trong suot 10 nam hau
nh khong thay oi, van rm ra giam chan len nhau gia lp e ngu (lp 8)
va e tam (lp 10), lp e t (lp 9) va e nh (lp 11), lam nh khong co g
ang e hoc them; no lai c sap xep theo lch s van hoc ma khong e y
s phat trien tam hon hoc sinh, nh mot hoc sinh lp 7 lai bat hoc nhng t
tng uy m, t at trong Bch Cau ky ngo. Them vao o la s vang bong cua
nhng nha th yeu nc, nhat la trong thi khang Phap. Cuoi cung Viet van
cung ch la mot mon c day cho co ma khong nham mot muc ch nao het ca
(Ha Van Ky, Tld, tr. 168).
224
Trong bai viet Nhan nh ve chng trnh Viet van bac Trung hoc cua
Bao C (Giao duc nguyet san, so 57-58, thang 4-5/1972, tr. 38-65), tac gia con
phe phan manh me hn, trong muc so 2 Nhng iem phan ong va sai lam
trong noi dung hoc trnh, do thieu mot nh hng va nhng muc ch ro ret.
Co the tom tat thanh mot so iem chnh nh sau:
- Tnh cach thoai hoa va phan dan toc. Tac gia trch lai mot so y kien cua
GS Nguyen Van Trung ang tren tap ch T quyet (so 4, thang 11/1970), ai
khai: (a) Chng trnh Viet van bo quen khong cho hoc van chng ch Han
va ch Nom cua nhng phong trao nha van cach mang chong Phap, hoac co
nhng rat t (lp 9 ch nhac en Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh). Trong khi
o lai hoc trung nhau qua nhieu ve Nguyen Cong Tr, Cao Ba Quat, Nguyen
Khuyen ( lp 9 roi lai lp 11), ve oan trng tan thanh ( lp 9 roi lai lp
10); cho hoc Chinh phu ngam khuc ma khong cho hoc 2 bai thien co hung
van la Bnh Ngo ai cao va Hch tng s van (vi 2 ban dch tieng Viet
hay noi tieng, eu cua Bui Ky va Tran Trong Kim) kheu gi long yeu nc, y
ch chong giac ngoai xam.
- Trong chng trnh lp 11, ve T lc van oan hoc en 3 tac gia Nhat
Linh, Khai Hng, Hoang ao ma lai bo quen nhng tac gia hien thc xa hoi
nh Vu Trong Phung, Nguyen Hong, Nam Cao trong khi van chng tien
chien khong phai ch co T lc van oan
- Ngi soan chng trnh a miet th va khong hieu c gia tr cua
van chng truyen khau, qua viec bo phan giang van ve van chng truyen
khau e tam (lp 10), ch hoc khai quat trong phan Van hoc s, nh the suot
7 nam Trung hoc hoc sinh ch c hoc van chng bnh dan truyen khau von
rat phong phu lp e that (lp 6), nen s hieu biet ve tuc ng, ca dao, truyen
co cua hoc sinh rat khiem khuyet.
Roi tac gia bai viet a ra ket luan bang nhng li le nang ne (cung chu
yeu da theo y kien cua Nguyen Van Trung): Chng trnh Viet van hien tai
bac Trung hoc co tnh cach thoai hoa, phan dan toc va do o phan giao duc.
Chng trnh o ch nham ao tao mot so ngi cau an, au hang, hen nhat,
khuat phuc ngoai bang. No phai c phe phan va sa oi tan goc re Khong
the ch day Van hoc mot cach thng ngoan hay vi thai o vo thng vo phat,
nham cung cap mot vai kien thc e thi c, nhng phai coi Van hoc nh mot
phng tien giao duc kheu gi, nuoi dng long yeu nc, y ch quat cng,
truyen thong bat khuat cua dan toc qua viec khai thac, e cao van chng cach
mang va nhng viec to cao, phi bay tnh chat phan dan toc, thoai hoa cua van
chng cong khai tay sai ong loa (tr. 52-53).
- Tnh cach m ho va co tac dung nguy hiem: ca phan kim van va co
van cua cac lp e nhat cap (t e that en e t/ lp 6 en lp 9), Bo Giao
duc ch neu gi y chung chung ma khong xac nh can trch nhng bai van, th
nao cu the. Ngoai ra, con thieu sach giao khoa chnh thc do bo bien soan e
cu the hoa, thong nhat hoa va hu hieu hoa mon Van, keo no ve vi thc tai,
tan dung nang lc, phat huy tnh chat phuc vu ch thc (tr. 53-56).
225
226
triet pham bang cach nh ra moi tuan mot gi oc sach co ch dan (lecture
dirigee) cho lp e nhat (lp 12).
Cuoi bai viet, tac gia con Th phac hoa vai net ve chng trnh mi da
tren 4 nguyen tac a e ra, nhng thiet tng khong can thiet gii thieu, v
ay ch la mot e xuat co tnh ca nhan cha tng c chnh thc cong nhan
va ap dung.
4. Chng trnh Trung hoc Pho thong Cap nhat hoa 1970-1971
a. c ban hanh theo Ngh nh so 1152A-GD/KHPC/HV/N ngay
26/6/1970, hp thc hoa chng trnh Trung hoc a cap nhat hoa e ap dung
t ngay khai giang nien hoc 1970-1971, do Pho Thu tng kiem Tong trng
Bo Giao duc Nguyen Lu Vien ky, di thi e nh Cong hoa.
Chng trnh nay c cap nhat hoa t Chng trnh Trung hoc 19581959 sau khi a lan lt ban hanh mot so van kien gom ngh nh, thong t sa
oi chng trnh mot so mon hoc trong khoang thi gian t 1959 en 1966
vi vai chi tiet sa oi khong ang ke, vi Li noi au neu ro:
Mac du vay, trc s tien bo khong ngng cua t tng va khoa hoc, viec
cai tien giao duc phai c coi la mot cong tac thng xuyen.
Do o bo a trieu tap Hoi ong Chng trnh gom mot so giao chc ai
hoc, Trung hoc cong lap va t thuc e: (1) Cap nhat hoa chng trnh cho nien
khoa 1970-1971, va (2) Chuan b cai to toan bo chng trnh vao nien hoc 19721973 ti ay.
Hoi ong a thc hien xong nhiem vu th nhat va Bo Giao duc chap thuan
cho ap dung chng trnh nh kem ke t nien hoc 1970-1971 (theo Chng
trnh Trung hoc Pho thong Cap nhat hoa, Bo Giao duc, Sai Gon, 1970).
b. So sanh vi chng trnh cu 1958-1959, ta thay ve ten goi cac cap, lp,
chng trnh mi 1970-1971 a oi goi theo Sac lenh 660/TT/SL do Tong thong
VNCH ky ngay 01/12/1969 quy nh he thong giao duc mi duy nhat gom 12
nam hoc chia thanh hai cap: cap 1 t lp 1 en lp 5 (bac Tieu hoc), cap 2 t
lp 6 en lp 12 (tc la t e that en e nhat he thong cu) (xem Giao duc
nguyet san, so 37, thang 3/1970, tr. 22-23).
Ve noi dung chng trnh cu the, 3 mon Quoc van, Cong dan giao duc
va Triet hoc, ta nhan thay co vai thay oi nho nh sau:
- Viet ng:
Lp 6, phan trch giang van van bo bt Luc suc tranh cong; Lp 7, phan
trch giang van van bo bt Gia huan ca; Lp 8, phan trch giang van van bo
bt Chinh phu ngam, Chu Manh Trinh; Lp 9, phan trch giang van van bo
bt Cung oan ngam khuc; Lp 10 ban C, D (e tam van chng Sinh ng va
Co ng), phan trch giang van van bo Tuc ng, ca dao, thay vao vai bai hat boi
trch trong cac v Kim thach ky duyen, ch Thanh ly han, Tng ky kh xa;
Lp 10 ban A, B (e tam khoa hoc Toan va Thc nghiem) khong thay oi; Lp
11 ban C, D (e nh van chng Sinh ng va Co ng), Van hoc s bo bt Gii
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thieu nhng tac pham bang Han van do ngi Viet sang tac, phan trch giang
van van va van xuoi bo bt Dng Khue, T tnh khuc, nhom ong Dng tap
ch bo Nguyen Van Vnh; Lp 11 ban A, B (e nh khoa hoc Toan va Thc
nghiem), khong thay oi.
- Cong dan giao duc:
Lp 6 (e that), bo i song tai hoc ng, thay vao bang Luat i ng;
Lp 7 (e luc), bo i song trong xa hoi, Bon phan oi vi xa hoi, thay vao
bang To chc hoc ng va Bon phan cua hoc sinh; Lp 8 (e ngu), thay To
chc cong quyen Viet Nam bang: i song trong xa hoi, Bon phan oi vi xa
hoi, i song ton giao; Lp 9 (e t), bo Quoc gia, Quyen li va nhiem vu cong
dan, thay bang: Nhan quyen (Ban tuyen ngon quoc te nhan quyen), Cong dan
quyen, Quyen t do ca nhan, Quyen t do t tng, Quyen kinh te xa hoi, Bon
phan cong dan; Lp 10 (e tam), bo Khai lc ve chnh tr, thay bang: Quoc
gia (Yeu to cau thanh quoc gia, Quoc gia oc lap, Giao dch quoc te, Can ban to
chc va ieu hanh cong quyen, To chc cong quyen- lay th du tai VNCH), Xa
hoi (Giao te xa hoi, Van e thieu nhi pham phap); Lp 11 (e nh), Khai lc
ve kinh te oi thanh Kinh te pho thong, vi nhng tiet muc gan nh tng t.
Nhn chung, mon Cong dan giao duc qua chng trnh cap nhat hoa 19701971 co s thay oi kha nhieu, co phan sat thc te hn, e cap nhat kien thc
vi nhng bien chuyen mi ve chnh tr, xa hoi trong nc va the gii.
- Triet hoc:
Lp 12 ban Van chng Sinh ng va Co ng, phan mon ao c hoc bo ca
oan chng trnh t ao c va kinh te en het Bon phan oi vi nhan loai.
Lp 12 ban Khoa hoc Thc nghiem A, phan mon Luan ly hoc van nh
ban Van chng, nhng bo: - Mot vai th du ve nhng thuyet ln thuoc Vat ly
hoc, Hoa hoc va Sinh ly hoc hien ai.- Khoa hoc nhan van: Tam ly hoc, S ky
va Xa hoi hoc.
Lp 12 ban Khoa hoc Toan B (ban khoa hoc Toan), 2 phan mon Luan ly
hoc va ao c hoc, thay v nh ban Van chng th oi thanh nh ban Khoa
hoc Thc nghiem.
5. Chng trnh Trung hoc (Cap nhat hoa) 1971-1972
Ban hanh theo Ngh nh so 1867-GD/KHPC/HV/N ngay 04/10/1971
ban hanh Chng trnh cap nhat hoa ap dung t nien khoa 1971-1972, di
thi Tong trng Bo Giao duc Ngo Khac Tnh. Chng trnh nay thc te ch la
ban sao chep lai gan nguyen xi Chng trnh Trung hoc Pho thong Cap nhat
hoa 1970-1971 va gii thieu tren, ch bien tap cau ch, xao tron trat t trnh
bay vi vai chi tiet sa oi khong ang ke mot so mon hoc.
Ch rieng mon Triet hoc lp 12 la co thay oi kha nhieu theo hng tinh
gon, giam nhe chng trnh: oi goi phan mon Triet hoc tong quat thanh Sieu
hnh hoc; bo bt Triet hoc ong phng va Tac pham triet hoc. Ch con lai 4
phan mon: Tam ly hoc, ao c hoc, Luan ly hoc, Sieu hnh hoc. Cu the nh sau:
228
Kem pha sau noi dung chng trnh con co mot PHU BAN ve phan phoi
gi va ve chng trnh. Rieng phu ban ve chng trnh ghi ro cac tieu tiet cho
tng bai hoc, nen xem cung giong nh bang muc luc sach giao khoa danh cho
tng phan mon cua moi ban.
c biet, sau Chng trnh 1971-1972, Bo Van hoa Giao duc va Thanh
nien con cho ra them Chng trnh Trung hoc 1972-1973 vi t nhieu sa oi
nhng khong ang ke. ai khai, nh loai bo mon Han van ra khoi Trung hoc
e nhat cap va 3 ban A, B, C cua Trung hoc e nh cap, ch con gi lai mon
nay Ban Van chng Co ng D vi so gi hoc moi tuan c giam bt
6. Chng trnh Trung hoc Tong hp
Co the noi, Chng trnh Trung hoc Tong hp la ket qua cua s tiep thu
ay thien ch cua Bo Giao duc trc nhng y kien ong gop t nhieu gii trong
229
nhieu nam ve nhng khuyet tat can ban cua giao duc pho thong nham chuyen
nen giao duc nang tnh cach t chng/ thi c nay sang hng ai chung va
thc dung, chu trong en kha canh hng nghiep, kha d mang lai li ch thiet
thc cho ban than i song cua moi hoc sinh sau khi ri khoi bac Trung hoc.
c biet, Chng trnh Trung hoc Tong hp Viet Nam a c em
ra th nghiem va thc hien tai Viet Nam t nam 1964 la nam thanh lap cac
trng Kieu mau au tien Thu c va Hue.
Trong qua trnh thc hien nhng con dang d, a co 2 ban chng trnh
Trung hoc Tong hp c bien soan, mot cua Trng Trung hoc Kieu mau Thu
c (khi thao t nam 1965; trng khai giang lan au ngay 11/10/1965) e
ap dung th iem, va mot cua Bo Giao duc (khi thao t nam 1970) ban hanh
e ap dung tai cac trng Trung hoc Tong hp tren toan quoc, theo Ngh nh
2346/GD/TTHBD/HV/N ngay 10/12/1971 cho e nhat cap va Ngh nh 5770/
GD/THH/HV/N ngay 22/6/1972 cho e nh cap.
Chng trnh Trung hoc Tong hp cua Trng Trung hoc Kieu mau Thu
c co may ac iem ang chu y nh: co chng trnh hng dan hoc sinh, co
them nhng mon hoc thc nghiem, ngoai cac mon hoc bat buoc con co mot he
thong cac mon hoc nhiem y (tuy chon).
Chng trnh cua Bo Giao duc c soan thao kha voi va va cha hoan
chnh, bang cach pha tron, ghep phan pho thong cua chng trnh trung hoc
pho thong vi phan chuyen nghiep cua chng trnh Trung hoc Kieu mau Thu
c, nen no cung co chng trnh hng dan, co them nhng mon hoc mi va
nhng mon nhiem y mi. Do cha c hoan chnh nen sau o, vao cuoi nam
1972, Bo Giao duc con to chc them vai cuoc hoi thao na e nghien cu, chnh
ly bo sung cho chng trnh nhng ket qua van tiep tuc dang d.
Cac mon hoc trong Chng trnh Trung hoc Tong hp e nhat cap (lp 6
en lp 9) cua Bo Giao duc gom co nhng mon hoc bat buoc va nhng mon hoc
nhiem y.
- Mon bat buoc gom: Quoc van, S a, Cong dan, Sinh ng, Toan, Ly
Hoa, Van vat, Am nhac, Hoi hoa, Cong-Ky-Nghe (Nam), Kinh te gia nh (N),
Doanh thng, Canh nong, Hng dan, The duc.
- Mon nhiem y, cung bat buoc hoc nhng hoc sinh c tuy chon 2 mon
trong so nhng mon: Hoi hoa, Am nhac, Cong-Ky-Nghe (Nam), Kinh te gia
nh (N), Canh nong, Doanh thng, vi so gi hoc au cap (lp 6) tong cong
30 hoac 31 gi tuy theo nam, n.
Chng trnh e nh cap (lp 10 en 12) chia lam ti 8 ban cho ca 3 cap
lp 10, 11, 12, gom: Ban A Khoa hoc Thc nghiem, Ban B Khoa hoc Toan, Ban
C Van chng Sinh ng, Ban D Van chng Co ng, Ban E Kinh te gia nh,
Ban F Doanh thng, Ban G Cong-Ky-Nghe, Ban H Canh nong. Con cac mon
hoc th cung tng t nh chng trnh e nhat cap nhng co them Sinh ng
II (hoac Co ng), Triet, vi so gi hoc au cap (lp 10) tong cong 33,5 hoac 34,5
gi tuy theo nam, n.
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231
- Tap sach hong, Luyen thi Trung hoc e nhat cap, danh cho lp e t. Bo
A tap 1 en tap 7 (15/3/1957 en 01/6/1957). Do Nxb Thang Long chu trng,
a ra t tap 1 en tap 26.
- Tap sach xanh, Luyen thi Tu tai phan I, danh cho lp e nh. Do Nxb
Thang Long chu trng, a ra t tap 1 en tap 24.
- Giao khoa Trung hoc (1959), do Thanh quang xuat ban khong nh ky
tai Sai Gon. Tap 1-tap 5 (1959).
- Hieu hoc (1959), tuan bao do Nxb Song mi phat hanh tai Sai Gon. Tap
1 en 16 (1959).
- Sieng hoc (1959-1962), tuan bao xuat ban tai Sai Gon. Chu nhiem: Trnh
Van Thanh (Le Ngoc Tru ghi: Tap 1 en tap 21, nien khoa 1959-1960, va cac
tap ve nien khoa 1960-1962).
- Cham hoc (1959), tuan bao xuat ban tai Sai Gon do Nguyen Van Hi lam
Giam oc. Tap 1 en tap 12.
- Luyen thi Trung hoc e nhat cap (1959), ban nguyet san do Nxb Van
hao phat hanh tai Sai Gon. So 1 thang 3/1959 en so 5 thang 5/1959.
- Khuyen hoc (1959), tap ch khong nh ky tai Sai Gon do Viet Nam tu
th cuoc chu trng. Tap 1 en tap 5 (1959).
- Hoc bao Anh ng (1959-1960), moi thang 3 so tai Sai Gon do Le Ba
Kong lam Giam oc. So 1 nam 1959, xuat ban en nam 1960.
- Hoc bao dan giai (1961-1962), tuan bao xuat ban tai Sai Gon do Liem
Huyen Vu chu trng, Phan Van S lam Giam oc. So 1 khong e ngay, so 3
ngay 15/10/1961 en so 17 ngay 30/7/1962.
- Hoc hoi (1964), Trung hoc e nhat cap, tuan san xuat ban tai Sai Gon.
So 1 ngay 27/5/1964, en so 10 th nh ban.
2. Sach giao khoa trung hoc
au nhng nam 50 cua the ky trc, trong thi ky Quoc gia Viet Nam
(1949-1954), sach giao khoa cac mon hoc bac Trung hoc lay tieng Viet lam
chuyen ng a bat au xuat hien lan lan.
Nam 1951, nha xuat ban Tan Viet (Sai Gon) cho in sach Viet Nam thi
van giang luan (2 quyen) cua GS Ha Nh Chi (Quoc hoc Hue), bien soan rat
cong phu, c coi la bo sach giao khoa tien phong quy mo nhat, ay u nhat
ve mon giang van/ van hoc trch giang dung cho giao chc day Quoc van cac
trng trung hoc. Trc o chung ta con c biet en cuon Giang van Chinh
phu ngam cua ang Thai Mai xuat ban nam 1950
Cung khoang nam 1951, nha xuat ban The gii (Ha Noi) do ong Nguyen
Van Hi lam Giam oc a bat au cho ra nhieu sach giao khoa thuoc u cac
mon hoc, nh Giang van e that va e luc cua GS Le Hu Thu, S Viet Nam
e t cua Le Hu Thu, Luan van th pham (e thi Trung hoc Pho thong va Tu
tai) cua GS Nghiem Toan, a ly t e that en e t cua GS Bui nh Tan,
232
e hieu ro meo tieng Phap (bac Trung va Tieu hoc) cua GS Nguyen Van Dung,
Toan phap e that va e tam cua GS Ngo Duy Cau, Tnh ai so, So hoc, Hnh
hoc, Vat ly, Hoa hoc cua GS Ngo Ngoc Bch, Toan ly hoa e ngu va e t cua
GS ao Van Dng, Ban ke so (table de logarithme) cua Nguyen Dng on
Nha xuat ban Trng Thi, hoat ong t hoi con Ha Noi, sau nam 1954
di c vao Nam, tiep tuc in cac loai t ien (Han Viet t ien cua ao Duy Anh,
Danh t khoa hoc cua Hoang Xuan Han, Chanh ta Viet ng cua Le Ngoc Tru),
sach tham khao van hoc (ai Nam quoc s dien ca, Mai nh mong ky), va
cho ra nhng sach giao khoa ve Van, Toan, Thien van, Ly Hoa cua mot so tac
gia noi tieng (nh Khao luan ve Khai Hng cua Le Hu Muc, Thien van hoc
cua Nguyen Xuan Vinh).
T thi e nhat Cong hoa (1955-1963) tr i, sach giao khoa trung hoc u
loai cua cac nha xuat ban t nhan tram hoa ua n. Phai noi ve mat nay nha
nc khong theo kp t nhan, phan v so hoc sinh trung hoc t thuc chiem en
hn 65% tong so hoc sinh trung hoc toan mien Nam (xem H.G.C., T thuc Viet
Nam, Giao duc nguyet san, so 25, thang 12/1968, tr. 11), phan v nha nc lo
khong xue, lai phai tap trung u tien m trng, in sach, thc hien chnh sach
cng bach giao duc cho bac Tieu hoc. Khoang thi gian nay, trong ieu kien t
do bao ch-xuat ban, hang chuc nha xuat ban ra i, canh tranh nhau in sach
giao khoa. Khong t nha noi tieng nh Tan Viet, Bon phng, Tao an, Song
mi, A Chau, Van hao, Khai tr, Tr ang, Tr dung, Han Thuyen, Yem Yem th
quan. Sang thi e nh Cong hoa (1967-1975), trong lo la chien tranh ac liet,
viec hoc hanh thi c tr nen voi va va cang nhon nhp hn (vi mot phan muc
ch thi au Tu tai e c len ai hoc va c hoan dch hoc van), mang li
trng t thuc va cac lp luyen thi phat trien manh, khong t nha xuat ban mi
c lap ra ch e in sach giao khoa, nh Sieng hoc, Yen Sn, Thang Long, Ban
tre, Hoc ng, ang ang, Giao duc nguyet san (ten goi nha xuat ban), Alpha
233
- Ve mon Quoc van cap 2 co the ke tieu bieu mot so tac gia quen thuoc
c tin cay nh Phan Ngo, o Van Tu, Vu Khac Khoan, To ang, Pham Xuan
Thu; cap 3 co Pham The Ngu, Trnh Van Thanh, Tran Trong San, Nguyen Sy
Te, Nguyen Duy Dien, Vu Ky, Ta Ky, L Ho, Nguyen Van Hiep, Nguyen Tang
Chng, Vo Thu Tnh, Hoang Khoi, Cao Ba Vu, Ha Khai Hoan Cac sach giang
luan/ luan e van chng danh rieng cho tng tac gia co trong chng trnh hoc
(nh Nguyen Cong Tr, Nguyen nh Chieu, Cao Ba Quat, Nguyen Khuyen,
Nguyen Khac Hieu, Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh) e luyen thi mon
ngh luan van chng c xuat ban hang loat, phan nhieu do nha xuat ban
Thang Long, nh nhng sach cua Bui Giang, Nguyen Sy Te, Vu Khac Khoan,
Ta Van Ru, Kiem at
- Ve mon Cong dan giao duc, t nam 1956 tr i co en hang chuc tac
gia: Tran Mong Chu, Pham Th T, Le Xuan Khoa, Le Thai At, Nguyen Quy
Bnh, Nguyen Huy Con, Ngo nh o, Pham Gia Hng, Tran c Long, Cao
Van Luan, Nguyen Van Trung, Nguyen Ba Lng, Le Kim Ngan, am Sy Hien,
Nguyen Vu Khng, Nguyen Ba Kim, Vu Huy Chan
- Sach Triet lp 12, co ve t ngi tham gia v bien soan khong n gian,
va phan ln la cua nhng tac gia tng i du hoc nc ngoai ve. ang ke co:
Nguyen Van Trung (Luan ly hoc, ao c hoc), Cao Van Luan (ao c hoc,
Luan ly hoc, Tam ly hoc), Tran Van Hien Minh (Tam ly hoc, Luan ly hoc, ao
c hoc, Triet hoc tong quat), Pham Manh Cng, Tran Bch Lan (Luan ly hoc,
Tam ly hoc), Tran Xuan Tien (Luan ly hoc, ao c hoc, Tam ly hoc), Vnh
e (Tam ly hoc, Luan ly hoc, ao c hoc, Sieu hnh hoc), Nguyen ang Thuc
(Triet hoc ong phng) Vao nhng nam cuoi cua che o Cong hoa, bo sach
Triet lp 12 cua Vnh e c nhieu ngi chon dung v bien soan gon gang,
de hieu, va lai kp cap nhat hoa theo chng trnh mi.
- Phap van: Vu Quy Mao, oan Rang, Tran Nh Thuan, Ngo c Knh,
Roch Cng, Vu Ngoc Anh
- Anh van: Le Ba Kong, Nguyen Van Khon, Vu Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Van
Tao, Tran Van ien, o Khanh Hoan, Ha Van Bu, ac Sn, Le Van Rue
- S, a: Tang Xuan An, Tran Hu Quang, Bang Phong, Nguyen Trong
Phong, Bui Tan, Le Nh Dc, ang c Kim
- Toan: ang Van Nhan, ang Sy Hy, Nguyen nh Chung Song, Nguyen
Van Ky Cng, inh c Mau, Nguyen Van Phu, Nguyen Ta, Nguyen Phng
Cac, Tran Kim Quy, oan Van Phi Long
- Ly Hoa: Bui Phng Ch, Pham nh Ai, Tran Thng Thu, Ha Van
Dng, Nguyen Ngoc Huan, Nguyen nh Phu, Nguyen Hu Tai, Nguyen Thanh
Khuyen, Nguyen Manh Ha, Le Khac Huy, Vu Van Tien, Tran Xuan Hai, Chu
Pham Ngoc Sn, Cao Huy Tan, Bui Quang Han.
- Van vat hoc: o c Cong, Nguyen Nhuan, Nguyen c Thnh, Vu Van
Tuyen, Nguyen Ngoc Nam, o c Thnh, Chu Ngoc Thuy, Phung Thanh Loan
234
Rieng sach giao khoa trung hoc cua Trung tam Hoc lieu Bo Giao duc xuat
ban tng oi t, tnh en nam 1972 co the ke:
- Quoc van: Viet van oc ban lp 10 (in lan th 6) va lp 11 (in lan th
7) cua Tran Trong San, Phng phap lam bai ngh luan cua Thuan Phong Ngo
Van Phat (in lan th nhat, 1968), Van pham gian d va thc dung (dung chung
cho giao chc Trung, Tieu hoc) cua Bui c Tnh (in lan th hai, 1972).
- Han van: Han van giao khoa th lp 6 va lp 7 cua Vo Nh NguyenNguyen Hong Giao (in lan th nhat, 1964).
- S: The gii s lp 12 cua Tang Xuan An (in lan th 5 nam 1964).
- Anh ng: Anh ng lp 6 (in lan 1 nam 1962) va lp 7 (in lan 1 nam 1964)
cua Nguyen nh Hoa.
- Toan, Ly, Hoa: ai so hoc lp 12 cua Nguyen Ba Cng (in lan 1, nam?),
Lng giac hoc lp 12 B cua Nguyen Xuan Vinh (in lan th nhat, 1962), Hnh
hoc hoa hnh lp 12 B (in lan th nhat, 1960), So hoc lp 12 A, B (in lan th
nam, 1968), Thien van hoc lp 12 A, B (in lan th hai, 1960) cua ang Van
Nhan; Vat ly hoc lp 10 A, B (in lan th ba, 1964), Vat ly thc hanh lp 10 A,
B (in lan th nhat, 1960), Vat ly quang hoc lp 11 A, B (in lan th nhat, 1962),
Thc tap vat ly lp 11 A, B (in lan th nhat, 1962) cua Bui Phng Ch; C hoc
lp 12 cua Nguyen Xuan Vinh (in lan th hai, 1967); Hoa hoc lp 10 (in lan th
bay, 1968), lp 11 (in lan th sau, 1970) va lp 12 (in lan th sau, 1970) cua
Pham nh Ai.
- Thu cong: Thu cong Trung hoc lp 6 cua Le Xuan Thuy (in lan th
nhat, 1963).
Nhng co le quan trong va co y ngha hn het la viec Trung tam Hoc lieu
a cho tai ban c mot so sach tham khao rat co gia tr ve Van, S nh: Viet
Nam van hoc s yeu (in lan 10 nam 1968), Viet Nam thi van hp tuyen (in lan
9 nam 1968), Van hoc Viet Nam (in lan 4 nam 1968) cua Dng Quang Ham;
Thng Chi van tap cua Pham Quynh (5 tap, in lan th nhat, 1962), N thi
hao Viet Nam cua Pham Xuan o (in lan th hai, 1970), Viet Nam s lc (2
quyen) va Nho giao (2 quyen) cua Tran Trong Kim.
Ve noi dung, cung nh nhng cap/ bac hoc khac, sach giao khoa trung
hoc mien Nam trc 1975 bien soan theo chng trnh quy nh cua Bo Quoc
gia Giao duc, nhng c tuy nghi van dung theo s kien rieng cua tng soan
gia. Giao vien ng lp, con co the t do hn na, v khong bat buoc phai dung
han mot cuon sach giao khoa duy nhat nao, ma ho c day theo s tam ac
ve mon hoc do mnh phu trach. Ho co the dan mot oan van hay bai toan nao
o, khong co trong bat ky sach giao khoa chnh thc nao, e giang cho hoc tro.
Rieng phan kim van (tc van hoc hien ai) cua mon Quoc van, trch giang ay
u cac tac gia khong phan biet nhan than, xu hng chnh tr hay y thc he, v
the hau het nhng tac gia la nha van, nha th, nha nghien cu ly luan phe bnh
van hoc ang song, lam viec cho pha oi khang ben kia dong Ben Hai eu
235
c a vao sach giao khoa e giang day, nh Nguyen Hong, To Hoai, Tran
Tieu, Nguyen Tuan, Nguyen Lan, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, Che Lan Vien, khong
ke nhng tac gia mien Bac khac vao luc o a qua co.
Ve hnh thc, sach giao khoa trung hoc phan ln in ba 2 mau, ruot sach
in en trang. Ch vao khoang au nhng nam 70, nha xuat ban Alpha Sai
Gon do ong Ly Thai Thuan lam Giam oc mi bat au co sang kien cho ra
nhng sach in mau ca ba lan ruot theo ky thuat in offset hien ai, cho nhng
sach ve cac mon khoa hoc t nhien nh Toan, Ly Hoa, Van vat, va a kha
thanh cong, v lan au tien Viet Nam sach ch Viet co mau me ep, thu hut
c s chu y cua giao chc va hoc sinh trung hoc thi o.
C. S LC CHNG TRNH VA SACH GIAO KHOA AI HOC
Bac ai hoc pho thong (Van khoa, Luat khoa) va chuyen nghiep (Y,
Dc, S pham) cua mien Nam trc 1975 ao tao c nhan, cao hoc va tien
s. He thong ai hoc c t tr ve hoc vu va chuyen mon theo quy nh cua
Hien phap 1967, khong le thuoc Bo Giao duc, cung khong co c quan chu quan
(tr trng Y Dc thuoc Bo Y te chu quan), v the chng trnh hoc va sach
giao khoa cung c t do, phan ln ch tuy thuoc giao s phu trach giang
day bo mon di s chap thuan cua Hoi ong Khoa va Khoa trng cua moi
nha trng rieng biet.
Noi chung, chng trnh hoc trong cac c s giao duc ai hoc mien Nam
c chia lam ba cap. Cap 1 hoc 4 nam, neu theo hng cac nganh nhan van,
khoa hoc th lay bang c nhan (nh c nhan Triet, c nhan Van chng,
Toan); neu theo hng cac nganh chuyen nghiep th laybang tot nghiep(nh
bang tot nghiep ai hoc S pham, bang tot nghiep Hoc vien Quoc gia Hanh
chanh) haybang ky s(th du ky s ien, ky s Cong chanh). Cap 2, hoc them
1-2 nam se thi laybang cao hochaytien s e tam cap(tieng Phap:docteur
de troisieme cycle, tng ng thac sbay gi). Cap 3, hoc them 2-3 nam co
the lam luan an e laybang tien s(tng ng vi bang Ph. D cua Hoa Ky).
Rieng nganh Y, v phai co thi gian thc tap benh vien nen sau khi hoc xong
chng trnh d b y khoa phai hoc them 6 nam hay lau hn mi hoan tat
chng trnh ai hoc.
V he thong ai hoc rong ln phc tap, tri thc ai hoc lai qua menh mong,
nen tai ay, ch xin noi lt qua rieng ve chng trnh hoc cua cac trng ai
hoc-cao ang s pham, va ve tnh hnh chung cua sach giao khoa cac trng ai
hoc, cao ang, giai oan 1955-1975.
Thi VNCH, co nhieu trng s pham ao tao giao vien tieu hoc va giao
hoc bo tuc nh Quoc gia S pham (Sai Gon), S pham Long An, S pham Vnh
Long, S pham Quy Nhn, S pham Ban Me Thuot (Buon Ma Thuot), hoac cac
trng s pham ao tao giao s Trung hoc e nhat cap, e nh cap nh Cao
ang S pham sau oi thanh ai hoc S pham (Sai Gon, Hue, a Lat). Co ai
hoc S pham 1 nam ao tao giao s Trung hoc e nhat cap; 3 nam ao tao giao
s Trung hoc e nh cap. Noi chung, loai trng nao cung gom nhieu ban nh
236
Viet van, Triet, S a, Phap van, Anh van, Toan, Ly Hoa, Van vat tng ng
vi cac mon se day khi ra trng, va giup cac giao sinh cung co, m rong kien
thc chuyen mon (hoc ve noi dung cac mon mnh se day), va ao tao kha nang
chuyen nghiep cho ho ve khoa s pham ca ly thuyet lan thc hanh.
Lay ai hoc S pham Sai Gon (thuoc Vien ai hoc Sai Gon) lam tieu bieu.
Chng trnh hoc tai ay thay oi tuy theo nganh ma giao sinh c la chon.
Nh nganh e nhat cap hoc trong 2 nam vi quyen chon mot trong 4 ban: Viet
van, Anh van, Toan, Ly Hoa. Nganh e nh cap hoc 4 nam, chon mot trong 4
ban: Anh van, Phap van, Toan, Ly Hoa. Neu a co san Chng ch D b ai
hoc cua trng khac, giao sinh c mien hoc nam D b S pham va ch phai
hoc 3 nam nganh e nh cap, vi tat ca 7 ban c la chon, gom: Viet Han,
S a, Anh van, Phap van, Toan, Ly Hoa, Van vat. Rieng nganh e nh cap
cap toc, giao sinh ch hoc 1 nam.
Cac mon hoc thay oi tuy theo tng ban. Th du ban Viet Han, phai hoc
cac phan Viet hoc, Co hoc, Han van va ngoai ng (Anh hoac Phap); ban Sinh
ng phai hoc ve Van hoa, Van chng, Van pham thc hanh va mot ngoai ng
khac vi sinh ng a chon
Ve chuyen mon, phai hoc mot so mon nh: Lch s giao duc Viet Nam va
ong phng, Tam ly giao duc, Giao duc hng dan, Giao duc oi chieu, Phng
phap day hoc, Luan ly chc nghiep, Van e giao duc, Quan tr hoc ng.
Trc nam 1975, a thay co nhng sach tieng Viet xuat ban phuc vu cho
chuyen nganh s pham nh sau:
- S pham khoa gian yeu cua Pham Xuan o va Ngo c Knh, tac gia
xuat ban tai Sai Gon nam 1957.
- Tam ly hoc ng dung cua Pham Xuan o, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc in lan
th nhat nam 1958, lan th 3 nam 1970.
- S pham ly thuyet cua Tran Van Que, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc in lan th
nhat nam 1964, lan th 2 nam 1968.
- S pham thc hanh cua Tran Van Que, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc in lan th
nhat nam 1964, lan th 2 nam 1969.
- S pham chuyen biet cua Ho Van Huyen, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc in lan
th nhat nam 1969.
- Phng phap day hoc cua Mai Tam va Long ien, do Giao duc nguyet
san xuat ban.
- Nghe thuat day hoc cua S huynh Mai Tam, do Giao duc nguyet san xuat
ban, in lan th 2 nam 1969.
- So tay s pham cua S huynh Mai Tam, do Giao duc nguyet san xuat ban.
- Tam ly giao duc cua S huynh Mai Tam, do Giao duc nguyet san xuat ban.
- Tam ly thanh thieu nien cua S huynh Mai Tam, do Giao duc nguyet
san xuat ban.
237
- Triet ly giao duc cua Mai Tam, do Giao duc nguyet san xuat ban.
- Luan ly chc nghiep nha giao cua Nguyen Gia Tng, Bo Quoc gia Giao
duc in lan th nhat nam 1968.
- Luan ly chc nghiep cua Le Thanh Hoang Dan-Nguyen Hoa Lac, do Tre
xuat ban tai Sai Gon nam 1971.
- Tac phong nha giao, dch cua H. Simon, do Giao duc nguyet san xuat ban.
- Lch s giao duc cua Nguyen Van Ke, do Giao duc nguyet san xuat ban.
- Cac van e giao duc (2 tap) cua nhom Le Thanh Hoang Dan, Tran Hu
c, do Tre xuat ban tai Sai Gon nam 1971.
- Van e giao duc cua Nguyen Ho D va Tran Doan c, Van khoa xuat
ban nam 1971.
- Quan tr hoc ng cua Tran Van Que-Ngo Kim Xan-Vu Nam Viet, Bo
Quoc gia Giao duc in lan th nhat nam 1964.
- Quan tr va thanh tra hoc ng cua nhom Le Thanh Hoang Dan, Tran
Hu c, Tre xuat ban tai Sai Gon nam 1972.
Ngoai ra, ang chu y co nhng dch pham dung tham khao cho nganh s
pham cua nha xuat ban Tre (phan biet vi Nxb Tre TPHCM bay gi) do Tran
Hu c va Le Thanh Hoang Dan chu bien. a dch c mot so cuon nh:
Lch s giao duc, Triet ly giao duc, Kinh nghiem nha giao, Giao duc mi, Tam
ly nhi ong, Tam ly giao duc, Phai n, Phng phap s pham, Tam ly tnh
cam, Tanh tnh va giao duc, Tre kho day... Tat ca eu a c xuat ban trong
khoang nhng nam 1970-1971.
Sach ban ve nghe giao, nha giao co 3 cuon ang chu y: Vai y ngh cua
giao Mu cua Vu Ngo Mu do Nhom Thien ch xuat ban, Sai Gon, 1965 (day 84
trang, gom 7 chng, neu nhng kinh nghiem, nhng nhan xet cua tac gia ve
mot vai van e day hoc e gi ti ong nghiep bon phng); Cau chuyen thay
tro cua Huynh Phan (Nguyen Hien Le e ta, Nxb Tr ang, 1970; tap hp cac
cau chuyen nho va nhng bai thao luan ve tnh ngha thay tro va quan he gia
thay va tro); Nha giao cua Nguyen Van Y (Nxb Nam Ha, Sai Gon, 1973).
Neu tnh chung ve sach giao khoa ai hoc cac nganh (ngoai nganh s
pham) th co the noi sinh vien trc ay phan ln eu hoc theo giao trnh
(cours) do cac giao s, giang vien ai hoc t bien soan cho mon hoc mnh phu
trach, phan ln in roneo, mot so khac c in typo vi ky thuat n gian, t chu
trong hnh thc. Ty nh ai hoc Luat khoa Sai Gon, khi ghi ten theo hoc, ngay
au nam phai ong luon tien mua sach vi gia kha cao, cho 9 mon hoc cua nam
th I (goi la C nhan I): Kinh te hoc, Luat hien phap, Dan luat, Co luat, Phap
che s, Quoc te cong phap, Dien tien kinh te xa hoi, Danh t kinh te, Luat oi
chieu. Nhng sach nay thng co ghi dong ch ngoai ba: Giang van dung cho
cac sinh vien, cam ban tai cac hieu sach, hoac Sach nay ch an hanh rat han
che e dung trong pham vi trng Luat V sinh vien nam th I ong (khoang
tren di 20 ngan) nen sach giao khoa cung tr thanh mot nguon li kiem
them cua mot so giao s ai hoc Luat.
238
ai hoc Van khoa Sai Gon, viec pho bien sach giao khoa cho sinh vien
xem ra co ve van nghe va phong khoang hn. Phan ln giao s ch nh
cho to chc sinh vien trong nha trng quay roneo bai giang vi gia re; mot
so khac day cac mon Van, S, Triet thng co sach va e hoc trong trng
va tieu thu ra ngoai nh moi sach oc pho thong khac (nh cua cac tac gia
Thanh Lang, Pham Van Dieu, Le Ngoc Tru, Nguyen The Anh, Kim nh,
Nguyen Van Trung, Le Ton Nghiem, Nguyen Duy Can), thng in ep.
Ngoai sach th vien (vi khoang 20.000 sach va 200 cho ngoi) ma sinh vien
c s dung, cac giao s cung thng e ngh sinh vien quay roneo them
tai lieu tham khao, ac biet la oi vi nhng sach co, sach cu quy hiem (nh
Kinh Thi cua Tan a [dch], ng thi trch dch cua Bui Khanh an), sach
cua cac tac gia mien Bac.
Mot so sach giao khoa dung chung cho nhieu trng ai hoc hoac co oi
tng s dung rong a c Trung tam Hoc lieu Bo Giao duc xuat ban, nh Cay
co mien Nam Viet Nam (in lan 2 nam 1970), Sinh hoc thc vat (in lan 3 nam
1972), Tao hoc (in lan 2 nam 1972), Hien hoa b t (in lan 1 nam 1968), Rong
bien Viet Nam (in lan 1 nam 1968), cua Pham Hoang Ho; Nong hoc ai cng
cua Ton That Trnh (in lan 1 nam 1967); San khoa cua BS ang Hoa Long
(in lan 1 nam 1968); Giao thoa (in lan 1 nam 1969), Nhieu xa (in lan 1 nam
1969), Phan cc (in lan 1 nam 1971), Pho hoc (in lan 1 nam 1971) cua Nguyen
Chung Tu; ien hoc cua Vo c Dien (in lan 1 nam 1970); Viet Nam Dan luat
khai luan (1961), Viet Nam Dan luat lc khao (1962) cua Vu Van Mau; Luat
Thng mai toat yeu cua Le Tai Trien (in lan 1 nam 1959); Nhap mon Triet
hoc An o cua Le Xuan Khoa (in lan 2 nam 1972); Lc khao van hoc I, II cua
Nguyen Van Trung (in lan 1 nam 1968); Luan ly Toan hoc ai cng cua Le
Thanh Tr (in lan 1 nam 1972); Lch s Triet hoc ong phng cua Nguyen
ang Thuc (in lan 2 nam 1968); T ien ch Nom cua Nguyen Quang Xy-Vu
Van Knh (in lan 1 nam 1971).
Ngoai ra, con co nhng sach ve danh t chuyen mon do Uy ban Soan thao
Danh t Khoa hoc cua Khoa hoc ai hoc ng (nam 1967 oi thanh Uy ban
Quoc gia Soan thao Danh t Chuyen mon) bien soan, nh Danh t Toan hoc
Phap Viet, Danh t Hoa hoc Phap Viet, Danh t Thc vat Phap Viet, Danh t
ong vat Phap Viet, Danh t My thuat Phap Viet
Cung co trng ai hoc lap c Ban Tu th, nh Vien ai hoc Hue,
nhng ch in c le te vai sach tham khao. oi khi cung co mot nha xuat ban
t nhan nao o chu nhan in sach cho giao s ai hoc, chac do co s quen biet,
nhng trng hp nay hiem, va thng th tac gia phai t lo xuat ban lay.
Viec in sach giao khoa bac ai hoc do t nhan phu trach co le ch bat au
phat trien va thanh nep kha hn ke t nam 1969 khi co s tham gia cua nha
xuat ban La thieng, xuat ban tong hp nhieu th sach nhng chu yeu nham
vao sach giao khoa ai hoc hoac sach tham khao cho trnh o tng ng
ai hoc. ay la mot nha xuat ban t nhan co quy mo hoat ong ln, ch trong
vong 5 nam, tnh en nam 1974, a xuat ban c khoang 130 au sach, thuoc
u cac bo mon khoa hoc. Co the ke vai cuon trong so o nh: Dan so hoc cua
239
Lam Thanh Liem (1969), Ban ao An o (T khi thuy en the ky XVI) cua
Pham Cao Dng (1970), Viet Nam di thi Phap o ho cua Nguyen The Anh
(1970), Tho nhng hoc ai cng cua Thai Cong Tung (1970), Nhan chung
hoc va lc khao than toc hoc cua Bu Lch (1971), Phng phap ngh luan va
phan tch van chng cua Nguyen Thien Thu (1971), Can ban a chat hoc cua
Tran Kim Thach (1971), Kh tng canh nong cua Nguyen Kim Mon (1972),
a chan hoc nhap mon cua Nguyen Hai, Phap van tuyen dch cua Le Trung
Nhien (1972), Van chng Nam Bo va cuoc khang Phap 1945-1950 cua Nguyen
Van Sam (1972), Triet hoc va Khoa hoc cua ang Phung Quan (1972), Sat thep
the gii cua Sn Hong c (1972), Hnh luat tong quat cua Nguyen Quang
Quynh (1973), C cau Viet ng cua Tran Ngoc Ninh (1973), Lch s cac hoc
thuyet chanh tr cua Nguyen Ngoc Huy (nam 1973), Han van tan khoa ban cua
Nguyen Khue (1973), Dan so the gii cua Ngo Van Lam (1973), Nham thach
thong thng cua Lieu Kim Sanh (1973), Van hoc va Ng hoc cua Bui c Tnh
(1974), Thong ke thc dung cua Chau Nguyet Hong (1974)
TAM KET
Qua s tong hp t lieu va phan tch, nhan nh cho tng phan nh tren,
chung ta nhan thay chng trnh hoc va sach giao khoa mien Nam trc nam
1975 co ca nhng mat u iem lan khuyet iem. Nhat la ve chng trnh, mat
khuyet iem ton tai kha nhieu, b khong t nha giao duc len an, ai khai cho
rang con qua nang ma lai thien ve cai hoc t chng khoa c thoat ly thc
te cuoc song, von chu anh hng chng trnh hoc cu cua thi phong kien va
cua Phap. Tuy nhien, cac nha chc trach giao duc noi chung a rat co thien
ch biet lang nghe d luan cua cac gii quan tam, nen qua nhieu lan sa oi,
chng trnh hoc cung ngay cang nhe i, nhat la nganh giao duc nhng nam
cuoi cung cua che o a tch cc hng sang chng trnh giao duc Tieu hoc
Cong ong bang viec cong ong hoa 100% cac trng tieu hoc (theo Ngh nh
so 2463-GD/PC/N ngay 25/11/1969), cung nh a khi ong tren thc te
chng trnh Trung hoc Tong hp vi noi dung giang day sat vi i song hn
qua viec th nghiem Trng Trung hoc Kieu mau Thu c va mot so trng
khac cac tnh.
Khi nghe li phe bnh gay gat cua cac nha hu tam vi giao duc, chung ta
de co cam giac nh the tat ca cac bo chng trnh Trung, Tieu hoc do Bo Giao
duc soan ra eu hong bet het ca nhng thc te chac khong phai vay. Viec i
cung nh viec tr nc thong qua cong trnh to chc giao duc quoc dan, bao gi
cung co hai mat, neu nhan ban, dan toc, khai phong qua cung chet, con nh
ngc lai, c qua a chay theo khoa hoc-ky thuat thc dung e cong nghiep hoa
hien ai hoa at nc nh bay gi ngi ta hay noi cung co cho khong on. V
phat trien khoa hoc-ky thuat hng ti thc dung ma khong da tren nen tang
triet ly giao duc nhan ban th tat yeu cung se sinh ra nhieu ieu tai hai, ve moi
quan he gia ngi vi ngi trong xa hoi cung nh gia con ngi vi thien
nhien, ma hau qua la s tha hoa con ngi va pha huy moi trng song, vo
phng cu cha, nh trng hp Trung Quoc hien nay sau may mi nam ai
nhay vot ma nha cam quyen Trung Quoc t hao la thanh cong nhng chnh ho
cung ang phai xet lai nhieu mat.
240
Cho nen bnh tnh ma xet, co le chung ta cung nen cam thong sau sac vi
nhng nha soan thao chng trnh thi o: nam quyen nh oat giao duc
trong tay vi chut t quan lieu chu ngha, phan ln ho eu c ao tao trong
thi Phap thuoc, a quen vi nhng bo chng trnh hoc nang ne day cop ay
ly thuyet cua Phap, nen tuy co thc tam cai cach ho van kho thay oi t duy
nhanh chong trong mot sm mot chieu; mat khac, ho cung co phan hi hao
hng, lang man, ly tng cho oi hoi no lc hoc tap qua nhieu con em mnh,
cung nh a qua chu muc theo uoi triet ly giao duc nhan ban, nen de thoat
ly thc te. Tuy nhien, neu chon mot ng loi chiet trung nao o th co le hay
hn, bi mot phan neu hoc hanh theo loi cua ho ben canh cai d cung co nhieu
ieu bo ch, tren thc te a ao tao nen mot the he thanh nien tng oi tot ve
chat lng hoc van, nhat la cho ho khong bao gi quen phai giao duc nhan
cach con ngi va long nhan ai qua nhng bai hoc cua cac mon Van, S, c
duc, Cong dan giao duc, tren tinh than luon khong hoan toan ong thuan vi
moi s kch ong ve long cam thu gia ong bao va ong loai.
Con ve sach giao khoa, chng trnh hoc nh ra the nao th sach giao
khoa cung nh the ay. Noi chung, ve noi dung bien soan tot theo chng trnh
quy nh cua Bo Giao duc, theo ung triet ly nhan ban, dan toc, khai phong
nhng mon khoa hoc nhan van, va nh tnh canh tranh trong quyen c t
do bien soan cua t nhan va quyen chon cua ngi s dung nen phong phu a
dang va ngay cang c cai tien tot hn.
27/10/2014
TVC
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Giao duc My thuat Bo, Chng trnh Trung hoc, in lai trong La Sn Yen Ho Hoang Xuan Han,
Tap I, Nxb Giao duc, 1998.
2. Bo Quoc gia Giao duc Viet Nam, Chng trnh giao duc (Bac Tieu hoc va Trung hoc), Nha in
cac Cong bao, Sai Gon, 1953.
3. Chng trnh Tieu hoc, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc, Sai Gon, 1960.
4. Chng trnh Tieu hoc (ap dung ke t nien khoa 1967-1968), Trung tam Hoc lieu, Sai
Gon, 1968.
5. Chng trnh Trung hoc, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc, Sai Gon, 1960.
6. Bo Quoc gia Giao duc Viet Nam Cong hoa, Chng trnh Trung hoc Pho thong (Cap nhat
hoa), Sai Gon, 1970.
7. Bo Giao duc, Chng trnh Trung hoc, Sai Gon, 1971.
8. Tran Thai Hong, Khao sat hien trang Giao duc Trung hoc Tong hp, Tieu luan e trnh Hoi
ong Cao hoc Giao duc Trng ai hoc S pham, Vien ai hoc S pham, Vien ai hoc Sai
Gon, 8/1973.
9. Nguyen Khac Hoach, Xay dng & phat trien van hoa giao duc, La thieng, Sai Gon, 1970.
10. Le Thanh Hoang Dan (Chu bien), Cac van e giao duc I, II, Tre xuat ban, Sai Gon, 1971.
11. Nguyen Ho D-Tran Doan c, Van e giao duc, Van khoa xuat ban, 1971.
12. Phong Tam ly va Hng nghiep ac Lo, Ch nam giao duc cao ang Viet Nam, Sai
Gon, 1974.
13. Van hoa tap san so XIII, Nha Van hoa, Bo Quoc gia Giao duc, Sai Gon, 1974.
14. Tap san Minh c, so ra mat (ac biet ve Phat trien & Giao duc), Sai Gon, thang 6 & 7, 1972.
15. Giao duc nguyet san, cac so 28 (12/1968), 49 (5/1971), 53 (12/1971), 54 (1/1972), 59-60
(6-7/1972).
241
16. Bach khoa, cac so 128, 129, 130, 131 (t 1/5/1962 en 1/6/1962), va 184 (01/9/1964).
17. Le Ngoc Tru, Muc luc bao ch Viet ng trong 100 nam (1865-1965), ban in roneo, Sai Gon, 1966.
18. Hoc vien Chnh tr Quoc gia Ho Ch Minh, Th tch bao ch Viet Nam, Nxb Chnh tr Quoc gia,
Ha Noi, 1998.
19. Nguyen Hung Cng, Th tch ve khoa hoc xa hoi tai Viet Nam, Phu Quoc vu khanh ac
trach van hoa, Sai Gon, 1970.
20. Nguyen Q. Thang, Khoa c va giao duc Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoa, 1998.
21. Tran Van Que, S pham thc hanh, Bo Van hoa Giao Duc, in lan th nhat, Sai Gon, 1964.
22. Nguyen Phu Phong, Quoc ng trong chng trnh tieu hoc thi Phap thuoc, T ong sang
Tay, Cao Huy Thuan, Nguyen Tung, Tran Hai Hac, Vnh Snh (chu bien), Nxb a Nang, 2005.
23. Le Thanh Hoang Dan (Chu bien), Quan tr va thanh tra hoc ng, Tre xuat ban, Sai
Gon, 1972.
24. Sach giao khoa thu xa (hnh chup cac ba sach), https://www.facebook.com/media/set
24. Sach giao khoa cac thi ky (hnh chup cac ba sach), thuongmaitruongxua.vn
25. Th muc 1972 Trung tam Hoc lieu Bo Giao duc, Sai Gon, 1972.
26. Mot so sach day Van bac Tieu hoc t lp Nam ti lp Nhat (Lp 1 ti lp 5) xuat ban trc
nam 1975.
TOM TAT
Bai viet trnh bay dien tien cua chng trnh giao duc (tieu hoc va trung hoc) va he thong
sach giao khoa (t tieu hoc en ai hoc) mien Nam thi Viet Nam Cong hoa. Qua o, co the nhan
thay chng trnh hoc va sach giao khoa thi ky nay co ca nhng mat u iem lan khuyet iem.
Ve chng trnh hoc, mat khuyet iem ton tai kha nhieu, b nhieu ngi phe phan, cho la
con chu anh hng cua chng trnh hoc cu (thi phong kien va thi Phap thuoc) nen con qua
nang ma lai thien ve thi c, thoat ly khoi thc te cuoc song. Tuy nhien, cac nha chc trach giao
duc thi ay a biet lang nghe va tiep thu cac y kien phe phan, nen qua nhieu lan sa oi, chng
trnh hoc ngay cang nhe i, noi dung giang day cung sat vi thc te hn, bieu hien qua cac
chng trnh giao duc Tieu hoc Cong ong va Trung hoc Tong hp.
Ve sach giao khoa, ngoai Bo Giao duc, t nhan co quyen t do bien soan va xuat ban sach
giao khoa da theo chng trnh quy nh cua nha nc. Nh tnh canh tranh trong quyen t do
bien soan va xuat ban cua t nhan va quyen chon la cua ngi s dung nen sach giao khoa
thi ky nay rat phong phu, chat lng ngay cang c cai tien tot hn e ap ng nhu cau cua
ngi hoc.
ABSTRACT
EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND TEXTBOOKS IN THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
The paper presents the progress of education program (primary and secondary) and
textbook system (from primary to higher education) in the Republic of Vietnam. From the
information in the article, it can be said that the curriculum and textbooks during that period had
both advantages and disadvantages.
About the national curriculum, there were still shortcomings; simultaneously, it was criticized
for being influenced by outdated curriculums (under the colonial and feudal regime), which were
so heavy and attached importance to examinations, escaping from the reality of life. However,
the education authorities at that time listened to critical opinions and absorbed new ideas and, as
a result, after some amendments, the curriculum was not so heavy and syllabus contents were
closer to reality, which were represented by educational programs of Community Primary and
Comprehensive High School.
Apart from the Ministry of Education, private sectors had the right to compile and publish
textbooks in conformity with the education program regulations of the government. Thanks to the
competition in textbook compilation and publishing of private sectors and the option of the users,
there were a lot of diverse textbooks with well-improved quality to meet the needs of learners.