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Chng 1
TONG QUAN
FG
1.1. TONG QUAN VE SAN PHAM NC TNG
1.1.1. Lch s nc tng:[11]
Cac loai nc cham len men c san xuat t au nanh co mot lch s san xuat
lau i. Tat nhien nc cham len men cung c lam ra trc rat nhieu so vi cac loai
nc cham thuy phan acid. Cac tai lieu cua nhieu nc cung nh cua Trung Quoc eu
noi rang Trung Quoc a la s s au tien cua nc cham len men au nanh. T cac
nc phng ong nc cham au nanh len men lan dan en mot so nc phng
Tay. Tuy nhien ch en 1933 van e nay mi c nghien cu Lien Xo va sau o
phng phap san xuat nc cham len men t thc vat c hoan chnh va pho bien.
Viet Nam, nc cham au nanh len men, trc kia c san xuat chu yeu
mot so thanh pho ong ngi Hoa. Trc ay, e tan dung cac san pham phu cua
nganh cong nghiep cong nghiep tht, chung ta bat au san xuat maggi theo phng
phap thuy phan acid. Sau nay, ngi ta nghien cu va san xuat nc cham bang
phng phap vi sinh (len men).
Ngay nay, con ngi biet chon nhng quy trnh cong nghe san xuat nc tng
phu hp vi khau v tng vung, tng dan toc Do o ma nc tng mang nhieu ten
goi khac nhau nh maggi, x dau, nc cham len men, nc cham hoa giai
1.1.2. Gia tr thc pham cua nc tng :
Khi anh gia chat lng nc tng ve phng dien hoa hoc, trc het ngi ta
chu y en lng am toan phan v ay chnh la chat dinh dng co gia tr nhat cua
nc tng. Tiep theo can xem xet lng am amin. T hai lng am nay suy ra ty
le am amin oi vi am toan phan cho biet mc o thuy phan protein trong nc
tng, ty le nay cang cao cang tot. Trung bnh t le nay trong nc tng len men
khoang 50 - 60%. Ham lng am amin cao lam gia tr mui v nc tng c nang
len
1.1.2.1. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc tng
Chat lng nc tng thay oi tuy theo nguyen lieu, ty le phoi che, phng phap
che bien Trong nc cham len men con cha kha nhieu ng do tac dung cua men
amylase cua moc len tinh bot. Nc cham con cha mot lng chat beo, mot so
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
-3-
GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Ths. o Viet Ha
vitamin, muoi an va cac nguyen to vi lng khac. V vay, cac loai nc cham neu
c san xuat theo ung quy trnh ky thuat va c bao quan tot se co mau sac ep,
hng v thm va co v ngot cua am va ng.
Bang 1.1: Thanh phan hoa hoc trung bnh cua nc tng [14]
Thanh phan
am nit toan phan theo nit
Nit
Amoniac
ng
Lipid
Muoi an NaCl
Acid (theo acid acetic)
Chat kho
Metionin
Lyzin
Phenyalanin
Ham lng g/l

15-21.6
8.5-13
1.0-2.0
14.5-15.3
17.0-25.0
200-250
2.0-8.0
325.0-387.0
3.32
6.5
7.0
pH = 5.9 6.2, khoi lng rieng nc tng 1.01 1.04 g/mL

Ngoai ra, trong nc tng con cha mot lng nho cac vitamin nhom B, vai loai muoi
khoang.
1.1.2.2. Acid amin
Trong nc tng co nhieu acid amin nh arginin, methionin, tryptophan, tyrosin,
valin, serin, glycin, hystidin, alanin, glutamic, asparagin Nhng acid amin nay cung
vi di, tri, tetra - peptid lam cho nc tng co v ngot cua am va mui thm mui tht.
Nc tng san xuat theo phng phap len men hau nh gi c tat ca cac acid
amin co trong au nanh, con nc tng san xuat theo phng phap hoa giai th co ty
le am amin tren am toan phan cao hn nc tng len men nen mui v ngon hn.
Tuy nhien, trong nc tng hoa giai mot so acid amin b phan huy, trc het la
tryptophan sau o en lysin, cystein, arginin. Neu phan huy bang acid qua o th mot
so acid amin b phan huy thanh cac chat co mui hoi nh phenol, NH3, H2S
1.1.2.3. ng
Trong nc tng co cac loai ng glucoza, fructoza, maltoza, pentoza, dextrin.
ng co vai tro quan trong trong viec hnh thanh mau sac nc tng.
1.1.2.4. Acid hu c
Cac acid hu c co trong nc tng quan he mat thiet vi nhau tao hng v ac
trng cua nc tng. Trong o, acid lactic chiem ham lng nhieu nhat (chiem
khoang 1.6%). Acid lactic tac dung vi nc tng tao hp chat lactat nh lactat
phenol. Ngoai ra con co acid acetic 0.2%, acid sucinic 0.087 - 0.16%, acid formic
0.05%. Muoi cua cac acid nay tham gia tao v cho nc tng.
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
-4-

Ths. o Viet Ha
1.1.2.5. Chat mau

Mau cua nc tng chu yeu do ng ket hp vi acid amin tao nen. Mau cua
nc tng len men c hnh thanh dan dan t mau vang en mau nau nhat, cuoi
cung la nau am.
S hnh thanh mau cua nc tng phu thuoc vao nong o ng, acid amin va
nhiet o. Neu tang cng phan ng gia acid amin vi ng th khong co li v tao ra
melanoid. Melanoid la chat ma c the kho hap thu va khi nong o cua no cao se lam
giam hng v cua san pham. Mat khac, qua trnh hnh thanh san pham mau nay gay
ton that ln acid amin. e han che qua trnh nay, ta chon nguyen lieu co ham lng
ng thap, tranh nang cao nhiet o va keo dai thi gian thuy phan.
1.1.2.6. Thanh phan hng thm
Mui cua nc tng la do tong hp cua rat nhieu chat khac nhau tao thanh. Mui
cua nc tng co the phan ra acid hu c, ru, aldehyde, thanh phan hng thm co
lu huynh, phenol Cu the la cac hp chat nh acetaldehyde, propandehyde,
butadehyde, valeraldehyde, allyl mecaptan, methyel mecaptan, isobutan adehyde,
dimelthyl capmetan, etyloleat , ru ethylic, acid acetic, acid petanoic, acid propionic,
acid benzoic, benzaldehyde co hng thm ngu coc rang.
1.2. NGUYEN LIEU CHNH
1.2.1. au phong (lac)
Lac la loai nong san nhiet i, tap trung nhieu cac nc Phi chau nh : Gana,
Ghine, Cong Go, An o Viet nam, lac trong nhieu nhat Nghe An, Nam Ha, Ha
Bac
Thanh phan hoa hoc hat lac :
Bang1.2: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua hat lac[12]
Thanh phan
Nc
Protid
Lipid
Glucid
Cellulose
Tro
Vitamin PP
% Tnh theo chat kho

7.3
26.9
43.6
15.2
2.4
2.4
15.7mg
Trong protid cua hat lac th globulin la cao nhat chiem khoang 97% ham lng
protid, ngoai ra con co mot ham lng khong ang ke cac loai albumin, prolamin,
glutelin Trong lipid cua hat lac co hai loai acid beo no va khong no.
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

-5-

Ths. o Viet Ha
Bang 1.3: Loai lipid no va khong no bao gom (tnh theo % chat kho) [12]
Loai lipid
Khong no
No
Ten acid
Acid oleic
Acid linoleic
Acid linolenoic
Acid palmitic
Acid stearic
Acid arachinoic
% chat kho
50 70
13 26
13 16
6 11
26
5 -7
Khac vi au va ngu coc, lac t tinh bot.

Ngoai cac chat tren, trong lac con nhieu vitamin nhom B va vitamin E
1.2.2. Kho au phong
Hat au phong cha kha nhieu chat beo, trung bnh khoang 40 52%. V vay au
phong la nguyen lieu ep lay dau rat tot. Ngoai ra, ham lng protid trong au phong
cung cao, nhieu sinh to B & E. au phong sau khi ep lay dau, ba con lai goi la kho
dau au phong. Trong kho au phong co nguon am thc vat rat cao c dung e san
xuat nc cham.
1.2.2.1.Thanh phan hoa hoc cua kho au phong
Bang 1.4 : Thanh phan hoa hoc cua kho au phong,[12]
Thanh phan
Am
Protid tho
Lipid tho
Cellulose
Glucid
Tro
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K 2O
P2O5
% theo chat kho

14.3
44.5
11.18
3.6
19.17
3.45
0.14
0.17
0.02
1.75
1.54
Thanh phan
Lysin
Tryptophan
Methionin
Cystin
Cystein
% theo chat kho

63
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.2.2.2.Thanh phan protein trong kho au phong

Bang 1.5: Thanh phan protein trong kho dau [12]
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

-6-

Ths. o Viet Ha
Protein: trong banh dau chu yeu la loai khong ben, de b bien tnh di tac dung
cua acid, nhiet o, nc. Sau khi b bien tnh, mc o hut nc, kha nang trng n,
tnh hoa tan giam, mot so protid se b bien oi thanh acid amin. Chat lng cua banh
dau tuy thuoc vao ieu kien bao quan, kh hau va che o lay dau cua au phong.
Glucid: Glucid co ban chat c ban la tinh bot va cac chat x. Glucid trong dau co
kha nang tao ra mau, mui thm va o ngot cho san pham. Thanh phan chu yeu cua
glucid la cellulose, hemicellulose la nhng polysaccarit. Ham lng tinh bot se sinh ra
mot t ng glucose va fructose sau qua trnh thuy phan.
Lipid: Ham lng lipid trong kho dau khong cao khoang 5 7%. Neu ham lng
chat beo cao se khong tot cho san pham v chat beo se chuyen thanh acid beo t do,
glycerin va cac san pham phan huy khac lam anh hng en mui v. Mat khac, trong
qua trnh bao quan san pham de b moc va h.
1.2.2.3. Yeu cau ky thuat cua kho au phong
Cam quan.
- Co mui thm ac trng cua au.
- Mau vang nau.
- Khong b moc, chua.
- Khong co oc to alflatocxin.
- Khong b con trung gam nham, can hai.
Thanh phan:
- Ham lng am
: 35 45%
- Ham lng chat beo : < 8%
- o am
: 9%
- Ham lng ng : 12%
1.2.3. au nanh
au nanh la mot trong nhng cay trong c thuan hoa va trong sm nhat cua
loai ngi. Cac nha khoa hoc a thong nhat rang au nanh co nguon goc t vung Man
Chau (Trung Quoc), t o lan truyen khap the gii, phai en sau the chien th hai
au nanh mi thc s phat trien My, Canada, Brazil Va cung t o viec dung au
nanh lam thc pham, trong chan nuoi, trong cong nghiep mi ngay cang c m rong
[27].
Dien tch va san lng au nanh ngay c tang vot va tap trung bon quoc
gia ln nh : My, Brazil, Argentina, Trung Quoc. Con Viet Nam, kh hau, at ai rat
thch hp cho viec trong au nanh ac biet la mien Nam co nhieu kha nang ay manh
san xuat au nanh [27].
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

-7-

Ths. o Viet Ha
Thanh phan hoa hoc va dinh dng cua hat au nanh

Bang 1.6: Thanh phan hoa hoc trong hat au nanh [14]
Thanh phan
Ty le
Protein (%)
Lipid (%)
Nguyen hat
Nhan (t iep)
Vo hat
Phoi
100.0
90.3
7.3
2.4
40.0
43.0
8.8
41.0
20.0
23.3
1.0
11.0
Cacbohydrate
(%)
35.0
29.0
86.0
43.0
Tro (%)
4.9
5.0
4.3
4.4
Ngoai cac thanh phan chnh la protein, lipid, glucid, hat au nanh con cha nc,
cac vitamin: A, B1, B2, B5, B6, B12, PP, C, E va muoi khoang (khoang 4.6% trong lng
hat t) nh cac nguyen to Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, Zn. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua au nanh
thay oi tuy theo giong, at ai va kh hau trong trot, ieu kien, phng phap thu
hoach va bao quan.
Protein au nanh: Protein au nanh c tao bi cac acid amin, trong o co u
cac loai acid amin khong thay the (ngoai tr ham lng methionin thap). Co the noi
protein au nanh gan giong protein cua trng va c xem nh mot trong nhng
nguyen lieu che bien cac san pham thay the protein ong vat.
- Ham lng protein tong dao ong trong hat au nanh: 29.6 50.5%, trung
bnh la 36 40%.
- Cac nhom protein n gian (% so vi tong so protein):
Albumin : 6 -8%
Globulin : 25 34%
Glutelin : 13 - 14%
Prolamin : chiem lng nho khong ang ke.
Bang 1.7: Thanh phan cac acid amin khong thay the trong au nanh va mot so thc
pham quan trong (g/100g protein) [15]
Loai
acid
amin
Leusin
Isoleusin
Lysin
Phenylalanin
Threonin
Tryptophan
Valin
Methionin
au nanh
Trng
Tht bo
Sa bo
Gao
7.84
4.48
6.40
4.96
3.84
1.28
4.80
1.28
8.32
5.60
6.24
5.12
5.12
1.76
7.52
3.20
8.00
5.12
2.12
4.48
4.64
1.21
5.28
2.72
10.24
5.60
8.16
5.44
4.96
1.44
7.36
2.88
8.26
3.84
3.68
4.80
3.36
1.28
5.76
2.08
Gia tr c e ngh
bi FAO - OMS
4.8
6.4
4.2
2.8
2.8
1.4
4.2
2.2
Chat beo au nanh: Chat beo chiem khoang 20% trong lng kho cua hat au
nanh, nam chu yeu trong phan t iep cua hat. Chat beo cha hai thanh phan chu yeu
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
-8-

Ths. o Viet Ha
la triglycerid (chiem 96% lng chat beo tho) va lecithine (chiem 2% chat beo tho).
Ngoai ra, con co khoang 0,5% acid beo t do va mot lng nho carotenoid.
Carbohydrates: Chiem khoang 34% trong lng hat au nanh, gom hai nhom:
ng tan (ln hn 10%) va ng khong tan (20%).
Bang 1.8: Thanh phan carbohydrates[15]
Carbohydrate
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Stachyose
Rafinose
Saccarose
Cac loai ng khac
Ham lng(%)
4.0
15.0
3.8
1.1
5.0
5.1
Khoang: chiem ty le thap (khoang 5% trong lng hat kho)

Bang 1.9: Thanh phan khoang trong au nanh [15]
Thanh phan
Ca
P
Mn
Zn
Fe
T le (%)
0.16 0.17
0.41 -0.82
0.22 0.44
37mg/kg
90-150mg/kg
Bang 1.10: Tnh theo % chat kho toan bo hat th thanh phan khoang [15]
Khoang
P2O5
K 2O
CaO
MgO
SO3
Na2O
Cl
Chat khac
Ham lng(%)
0.6 2.18%
1.91 -2.64%
0.26 0.63%
0.22 0.55%
0.41 0.44%
0.38%
0.025%
1.17%
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

-9-

Ths. o Viet Ha
Vitamin :
Bang1.11: Thanh phan vitamin trong hat au nanh [15]
Vitamin
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pyridoxine
Biotin
Acid tantothenic
Acid folic
Inositol
Carotene
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Thiamine
Ham lng
11.017.5 g/g
3.43.6
g/g
21.423.0 g/g
7.112.0 g/g
0.8
g/g
13.021.5 g/g
1.9
g/g
2300
g/g
0.183.42 g/g
1.4
g/g
1.9
g/g
11.017.5 g/g
Cac enzyme: Ureaza, Lipoxygenase, -Amylase.

Bang 1.12: Mot so enzymes trong au nanh [15]
Enzymes
Allantoinase
Amylase
Asxorbicase
Chalcone-flevone isomerase
Coenzyme Q
Cytochrome C
Glycosyltranferase
Hexokinase
Mannosidase
Lipase
Allantoinase
Enzymes
Lipoperoxidase
Lypoxygenase
Malic dehydrogenase
Lactic dehydrogenase
Peroxidase
Phosphorylase
Phosphorylase
Transaminase
Urease
Uricase
Lipoperoxidase
Cac chat khong co gia tr dinh dng trong au nanh :

Protein au nanh co cha hai thanh phan khong mong muon la :
Trypsin Inhibitors: c che enzyme tryptosin, la loai endoprotese e tieu hoa
protein ong vat, can phai loai bo trong qua trnh che bien.
Hemagglutinies: la protein co kha nang ket hp vi hemoglobine va lam giam
hoat tnh cua hemoglobin
Trong au nanh con co ng raffinose va stachyose khong c tieu hoa bi
enzyme tieu hoa nhng b len men bi vi sinh vat trong ruot tao ra kh, gay hien tng
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
- 10 -

Ths. o Viet Ha
b soi bung. Tuy nhien, nhng chat nay b phan huy bi nhiet. Do o ta co the x ly
bang cach xay au vi nc hay nau chn vi nc hay nh tac dung cua acid, base,
NaHCO3 ieu kien nhiet o la 105 -1100C. Thi gian la 10-30phut.
Ngoai ra con hai yeu to gay roi loan va d ng la conglycin va glycerin. Hai
yeu to nay khong b mat tac dung khi qua che bien nhiet ma ch co the giam hoat tnh
bang con nong.
Trong san xuat nc tng, ngoai au nanh, lac, kho au nanh, kho lac th
ngi ta con dung mot so loai nguyen lieu khac nh : au xanh, au trng cuoc, au
Ha Lan, au trang, au en, kho hat bong, kho vng, keo ngo, keo da
Bang 1.13: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mot so loai au[12]
Thanh phan
Loai au
au xanh
au trng cuoc
au Ha Lan
au trang
au en
Glucid (%)
Protid (%)
Lipid (%)
44.2
35.2
53.4
5.2
44.3
35.1
26.8
21.8
21.9
22.1
1.1
2.1
1.2
1.75
1.86
Bang 1.14: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mot so kho hat [15]
Thanh phan
Kho hat
Kho hat rau
Kho hat bong
Kho vng
Keo ngo
KHo da
Am (%)
Protid (%)
8.8
11.12
10.96
10.4
8.45
36.9
40.32
48.24
39.7
21.75
Lipid (%) Hydratcarbon

(%)
3.45
30.2
4.52
27.96
5.92
26.42
--36.42
7.96
26.5
Tro (%)
7.12
6.54
11.42
11.12
4.9
1.2.4. Kho au nanh

Kho au nanh hay con goi ba au nanh la nguyen lieu san xuat nc tng c
tao thanh sau khi ep lay dau au nanh nguyen hat. Trong nhieu c s san xuat nc
tng kho au nanh thng khong la nguyen lieu san xuat chnh ma dung lam nguyen
lieu thay the cho kho au phong bi kho au nanh che bien nc cham tao san pham
khong ngon bang kho au phong.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua kho au nanh:
- Chat beo : 0.1 1.2%
- Chat am : 35 40%
- Chat x : 5 6%
- o am
: 7 10%
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
- 11 -

Ths. o Viet Ha
Do gia thanh va s khan hiem cac loai nguyen lieu trong san xuat nc tng
ngi ta thng chon cac loai nguyen lieu re va co nhieu tren th trng nh au
nanh, au phong, kho lac, kho au nanh
1.3. NGUYEN LIEU PHU
1.3.1. Acid chlohydric (HCl), [12]
Acid chlohydric c dung trong san xuat nc cham e thuy phan banh dau v
no co nong o cao va o thuan khiet cao. Yeu cau cua acid chlohydric la khong co
kim loai nang e tranh gay nhiem oc cho c the.
Ben canh o, acid chlohydric co kha nang tao ra mot ham lng muoi an cho san
pham khi trung hoa. Acid nay khong ton tai sau qua trnh che bien, no ch la mot chat
ho tr ky thuat.
Nong o acid chlohydric thng s dung trong san xuat nc tng vao khoang
18 190Be. Neu acid co nong o cao se boc khoi ra nhieu va mau trang. Con acid co
nong o thap se khong u tac dung e phan giai het lng am trong banh dau lam
cho san pham mau hong.
1.3.2. Natri cacbonat (Na2CO3), [12]
Trong cong nghe san xuat nc tng tac nhan trung hoa la natri cacbonat.
Natri cacbonat co dang la tinh the mau trang, mn va xop e trung hoa lng acid con
d trong dch phan giai. Mat khac natri cacbonat se lam cho chat dau co trong dch
phan giai se noi len tren mat e de dang loai bo ra khoi san pham.
Yeu cau ve chat lng natri cacbonat: o thuan khiet tren 95%; Khong b von
cuc; Ham lng Fe va nhng chat hoa tan phai rat t.
1.3.3. Nc
Nc la nguyen lieu c ban nhat, khong the thay the c trong san xuat nc
cham. Nc chiem khoang 70 80% trong lng nc cham thanh pham.
Thanh phan hoa hoc va chat lng cua nc anh hng trc tiep en toan bo qua
trnh ky thuat san xuat va ac biet anh hng rat ln en ac iem, tnh chat va chat
lng thanh pham.
Nc gi vai tro quan trong trong viec hnh thanh v cua san pham. V the, nc
a vao san xuat nc cham luon c kiem tra chat lng, thanh phan hoa hoc cua
nc phai on nh va khong b o nhiem.
1.3.3.1. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc:
Nc thc chat la dung dch loang cua cac muoi dang ion.
Cac cation: Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, H+, Na+
Cac anion: OH -, HCO-3, Cl-, NO-3, NO-2 , SO42-, SiO42-
Trong o Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ gay o cng cho nc.
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
- 12 -

Ths. o Viet Ha
1.3.3.2. Yeu cau ky thuat cua nc trong san xuat:

Ch tieu hoa ly:
Bang 1.15: Ch tieu hoa ly cua nc [11]
Ch tieu
o uc
Mau
Mui v
o pH
o cng
Lng oxi tieu thu
Ham lng NH3
Ham lng nitrit
Ham lng nitrat
Chlo
Sulfat
Mangan (Mn)
Sat (Fe)
Mc
< 2NTV
<15TCV
Khong co
6.5 8.5
< 300mg/L
< 2 mg/L
< 1.5 mg/L
< 3 mg/L
< 50 mg/L
< 250 mg/L
< 250 mg/L
< 0.5 mg/L
< 0.5 mg/L
Ch tieu vi sinh:
Bang 1.16: Ch tieu vi sinh cua nc [11]
Ch tieu
Tong so VSV k kh sinh H2S
Tong so E.coli
Tong so Colifom
Tat ca cac VSV khac
Mc
< 104 khuan lac/mL
< 20 khuan lac/L H2O
< 3 khuan lac/L H2O
Khong vt qua gii han cho phep cua bo y te.
1.3.4. Muoi (NaCl)

Muoi cung la mot nguyen lieu cho san xuat nc cham. Ngoai viec am bao o
man cho nc cham muoi con co tac dung han che hoat ong cua vi sinh vat gay chua
va gay moc giup cho nc cham co the bao quan lau.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua muoi
Muoi dung trong san xuat la muoi hat. Thanh phan chu yeu cua muoi hat la
NaCl, nc, chat hoa tan va chat khong tan.
Bang 1.17: Ch tieu cua muoi [12]
Ch tieu
o am
NaCl
Tap chat khong tan
Tap chat hoa tan
Mc
7%
90%
0.05%
2.5%
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Cac chat hoa tan: CaSO4, MgSO4, MgCl2 lam cho muoi co v chat nhng cang
e lau th tnh chat cang mat v Mg2+, Ca2+ de hap thu hi nc co trong khong kh lam
cho chung hoa tan va chay i.
Tnh hut nc va tac dung chong moc cua muoi
Do muoi co tnh hut nc vi moi trng xung quanh, nen khi o am khong kh
ln hn 75% muoi se hut nc va tr nen am t. Khi o am khong kh nho hn 70%
muoi se mat nc va kho lai. ong thi vi qua trnh bay hi nc no se mang theo
mot so chat nh: Mg2+ (lam chat muoi), Ca2+ (lam ang muoi).
S hoa tan va nong o muoi s dung
Thong thng 14g muoi hoa tan trong 1L H2O nhiet o thng se tng ng
0
10 Be tc tng ng 1% NaCl trong 1L dung dch.
Bang 1.18: S tng quan gia nong o muoi va oBe [12]
o Bome (Be)
Ty trong (d)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1.1
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
So (g) muoi hoa tan % NaCl

trong 1L H2O
177
15
205
16
220
17
236
18
250
19
266
20
282
21
299
22
Nc muoi s dung co nong o vao khoang 17 180Be. Tuy theo o am cua

cac san pham ma lng nc muoi cho vao se khac nhau. Muoi hat nhap ve se em i
ngam nc va cho lang, thong thng s dung 2 - 3kg Na2CO3 cho 1000L nc muoi,
nh vay nc muoi se trong va khong b chat.
1.3.5. Chat phu gia
1.3.5.1. Chat bao quan (211) natri benzoate
Trong san xuat thc pham, ngi ta thng s dung natri benzoate lam chat bao
quan. Natri benzoate la chat ben vng, mui nong, hat mau trang, co v hi ngot va tan
trong nc.
Ten hoa hoc: sodium benzoate
Cong thc phan t: C7H5NaO2
Cong thc cau tao:
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- 14 -

Ths. o Viet Ha
COONa
COOH
Axit benzoic
Benzoat natri
Khoi lng phan t 114.14

Cong dung: dung bao quan san pham thc pham, chong nam moc (co hieu qua
cao trong moi trng acid).
Natri benzoate de tan trong nc, nhiet o phong cung co the cho dung dch
nong o 5 6%. Muon am bao hieu qua tac dung bao quan, nong o natri benzoate
trong san pham at t 0.07 0.1%.
Tnh chat vat ly:
Acid benzoic la chat ran khong mau, khong mui, de bay hi, de thang hoa, kho
tan trong nc, de tan trong ru va ete, tonc = 121.7oC, tos = 249.2oC.
Natri benzoat la chat ran ben vng, khong mui, hat mau trang hay bot ket tinh, co
v hi ngot, de tan trong nc (o tan trong nc gap 180 lan acid benzoic va khi tan
trong nc tao ra acid benzoic) nen co ng dung rong rai hn acid benzoic.
Ky thuat s dung:
Gia v, muoi c cho vao san pham tai cong oan thanh trung. Chat bao quan
natri benzoate c cho vao san pham cuoi cung v natri benzoate khong ben nhiet
o cao, co the b mat hoat tnh tai nhiet o thanh trung.
C che hoat ong cua acid benzoic va natri benzoat:
o Lam c che qua trnh ho hap cua te bao, c che qua trnh oxy hoa glucose va
pyruvate, ong thi lam tang nhu cau oxy trong suot qua trnh oxy hoa glucose.
o Tac dung vao mang te bao lam han che kha nang nhan c chat.
o Tac dung bao quan ch xay ra moi trng acid pH = 2.5 3.5. Nong o natri
benzoate trong san pham co tac dung bao quan la 0.07 0.1%. Cac nong o nay
khong co hai en sc khoe con ngi.
o Hoat tnh chong khuan cua acid benzoic va natri benzoate phu thuoc rat nhieu
vao pH cua thc pham. Thng hoat tnh nay cao nhat pH thap. V du, pH = 4 ta
can s dung benzoate 0.1%, con pH = 3 th ch can s dung 0.05% la co hieu qua.
1.3.5.2. Caramen
Nc cham sau khi loc a co mau nau nhat. Muon cho san pham co mau ep,
hap dan ngi ta dung caramen. Caramen la san pham thu c t saccarose khi un
ti 180 1900C, la chat long mau sam toi, hi ang, goi la keo ang.
Tat ca san pham caramen eu co v ang :
C12H22O11 -------> C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + H2O
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Saccharose
Glucose
Fructose
C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 ---------> C12H22O10 (t0 = 185 1900C)
Glucose
Fructose
Isosacchrosal
2C12H22O10 ------> (C12H18O9)2
+
4H2O (10%)
Isosacchrosal
Caramelal (vang)
3C12H22O10 ------> C36H48O24 .H2O
+
5H2O (14%)
Isosacchrosal
Caramelen (nau)
3C12H22O10 ------> Caramelin (nau en) + H2O (25%)
Isosacchrosal
1.3.5.3. Chat ieu v (621 - natri glutamate)
Natri glutamate hay bot ngot la san pham c dung lam chat tao v trong san
xuat nc cham. Natri glutamate la muoi cua acid glutamic, no la mot trong cac acid
amin can thiet cho c the con ngi. Ngoai ra no con co trong c the ong vat va mot
so loai thc vat. No co v ac trng cua rau va tht.
Cong thc cau tao: HOOC CH2 CH2 CH (NH2) COONa
La tinh the mau trang co v ngot, hi man, tan nhieu trong nc, c san xuat
chu yeu t cu khoai m. Viec s dung natri glutamate lam tang them gia tr dinh dng
cho san pham. Tuy theo o am ma cho ham lng bot ngot khac nhau.
V du:
180N can 35 kg bot ngot/ 1000L
100N can 2.1 kg bot ngot/ 1000L
1.3.5.4. Sieu bot ngot (nucleotide I&G)
Cac loai nucleotide thng gap:
Inosinate monophosphat (IMP)
Xathylate monophosphat (XMP)
Trong t nhien, nucleotide co nhieu trong tht bo, tht heo, nam Cac muoi cua
no co tnh nang cai thien mui v san pham. Ch can them mot lng rat nho se tao nen
o sanh va gay ao giac cho ngi s dung. Cng o manh hn natri glutamate gap
nhieu lan.
La tinh the mau trang, mn, tan trong nc, v ngot man.
Lieu lng s dung: tuy o am:
18oN can 560 g/ 1000l
10oN can 320 g/ 1000l
1.3.5.5. ng
ng cho vao nc cham nham tang o ngot cho san pham, v khi san pham
hoan tat co o man nen ta cho them mot t ng e ieu hoa v cua nc cham.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
ng cho vao san pham phai tinh khiet, khong ban. ng lan nhieu can ban se lam
cho nc cham b chua va moc.
1.3.5.6. Chat tao sanh
S dung e lam treo cac chat keo trong moi trng long, tao o sanh ong thi
tao nen cam giac ngon hn. Chat tao sanh co kch thc cc mn, toc o hydrate cao
nen de ket dnh vao nhau gay hien tng oc trau. e tranh hien tng nay, khi a
chat tao sanh vao moi trng long ta phai am bao phan tan tot.
Chat tao sanh thch hp cho moi trng co nong o muoi cao. Trong san xuat
nc cham, chat nay c dung vi t le 0.1%.
Cach tien hanh: ngam chat nay vi mot t nc, khuay tron, em un thu c
dung dch ong nhat.
1.3.5.7. Hng lieu
Mui thm cua thc pham do cac nhom hp chat hoa hoc khac nhau tao nen,
thng la cac chat de bay hi. Chung co ham lng rat be nhng hoat tnh rat cao.
Trong san xuat nc cham, hng lieu thng c s dung e tang mui thm
cho san pham, tao ra mui tng ng vi mui cua nc cham va co kha nang lam cho
san pham hap dan hn oi vi ngi tieu dung. Cac chat nay co cng o mui cao va
ben nen cho mui vao san pham tai cong oan ong bao b.
Lieu lng s dung: 0.1%, cho nhieu qua san pham se co v ang kho chu.
1.3.6. Nguyen lieu giau glucid:
Cam la nguyen lieu giau glucid tao moi trng tot cho nam moc phat trien.
Ngoai ham lng glucid cao, cam con cung cap nhieu protein, vitamin va cac nguyen
to khoang .
Ngoai cam, trong san xuat nc tng ngi ta con s dung bot ngo hoac bot m
Bang 1.19: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua bot m [14]
Thanh phan
Nc
Glucid
Protein
Lipid
Vitamin B1
PP
Ca
% chat kho
11.6
73.80
12.48
1.78
0.48 (mg)
76
36
Protein cua bot m co 4 loai: albumin, globumin, protamin, glutelin. Trong 4 loai
nay chu yeu la glutelin va prolamin, chung chiem khoang 75% toan bo protein.
Bang 1.20: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua bap [14]
Thanh phan
% chat kho
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

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Ths. o Viet Ha
Nc
Glucid
Protein
Lipid
Cellulose
Muoi khoang
Bap hat
12
72
9
4.8
1.5
1.2
Bap manh
11.4
78.9
8.5
0.8
0.4
0.4
Protein cua bap co 4 nhom : albumin, prolamin, globulin va glutelin.

Thanh phan lipid cha nhieu nhat trong phoi bap.
1.3.7. Sinh khoi vi sinh vat :
Con ngi hang ngay s dung protid ong vat nh tht, ca, sa... protid thc vat
nh rau, au Protid ong vat co ay u cac acid amin thay the hn protid thc vat.
Nhu cau protein 80 -100g/ngay trong o 1/3 la protid ong vat. Theo nghien cu
ve nhu cau an va khau phan an a cho chung ta thay rang con ngi a dung qua
nhieu glucid so vi protid. Mat khac vi toc o tang dan so nh hien nay con ngi
ng trc nguy c thieu protid nghiem trong neu chung ta van theo con ng cu la
chan nuoi ong vat , trong trot e cung cap protid cho con ngi.
Ngay nay, qua nhng nghien cu khoa hoc, con ngi a tm ra nguon protid doi
dao e cung cap cho ngi va ong vat. Nh qua trnh sinh tong hp protein nh vi
sinh vat va thc vat bac thap a va ang c phat trien nhieu nc vi mc o
cong nghiep vi qui mo ln. Can lu y rang san pham cua qua trnh sinh tong hp la
sinh khoi vi sinh vat, ch khong phai la cac chat do hoat ong song cua chung sinh ra
hay noi mot cach khac la toan bo te bao vi sinh vat. Sinh khoi vi sinh vat cha ham
lng protein kha cao, ieu o a lam chung ta chu y trc nhat cac tnh chat u viet
cua phng phap sinh tong hp protein nh vi sinh vat. Nguyen lieu lam moi trng
nuoi chung la cac phe lieu cua cong nghiep nen re tien, de kiem... Do vay, gia thanh
san pham thap.
Vi sinh vat sinh san va phat trien nhanh cc ky. Do o toc o tong hp protein
cua vi sinh vat cao hn han cac loai sinh vat khac. Vi sinh vat co kha nang tong hp
cac chat nh vitamin, khang sinh, acid amin, enzyme
Trong san xuat enzyme t vi sinh vat, ngi ta co the dung nam men, nam moc
tao, vi khuanVe mat dinh dng, sinh khoi nam moc co ham lng va thanh phan
protein kem hn sinh khoi nam men va vi khuan. Protein thu nhan t nam men co tnh
u viet va kinh te bi nam men co toc o phat trien cc ky nhanh chong. Te bao nam
men cha nhieu protid (35 -50%), vitamin nhom B, glucid (20 -40%), lipid 5 -20%.
Ngoai ra, con co mot so loai vi khuan thng c s dung co hieu qua nh:
pseudomomas, methanomas, corynebacterium, brevibacterium, mycobacterium trong
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Ths. o Viet Ha
viec tao sinh khoi giau protein, co ng dung ln trong cong nghiep san xuat nc
cham len men va cac san pham len men truyen thong.
1.3.8. Enzyme protease trong cong nghe san xuat nc tng:
1.3.8.1. Phan loai protease:
Theo c che xuc tac: [8], [9]
Exopeptidase (con goi la peptidase): Tham gia xuc tac phan ng thuy phan
lien ket peptit t au mut cua phan t protein.
Neu xuc tac au co goc carbonyl t do th goi la enzyme
carboxypeptidase
Neu xuc tac au co goc amin t do goi la enzyme aminopeptidase
Endopeptidase (con goi la proteinase) xuc tac phan ng thuy phan lien
ket peptid nam ben trong phan t protein.
Theo pH hoat ong: [21]
Protein acid :Loai protein nay c thu nhan t rat nhieu loai nam moc
mau en nh: Aspergillus niger, Asp.awomori Protein acid co o pH toi u (PHopt)
trong khoang 2,5 3.
Protein trung tnh : Loai nay co the thu nhan t nhieu loai nam moc khac
nhau, nhng chu yeu la cac loai nam moc mau vang nh : Asp.oryzae, Asp.fumigatus,
Asp.tericola Protein trung tnh co pHopt trong khoang 6- 7.5
Protein kiem: Thng c tong hp bi nhieu loai nam men, pHopt trong
khoang 8 11.
Theo ac iem cau tao trung tam hoat ong:[21]
Serine peptidase: Nhom enzyme nay co pHopt trong khoang 7 11, ai
dien cho nhom nay la enzyme co nguon goc t ong vat nh trypsin, chymotrypsin,
elastase, plasmin va cac loai vi sinh vat khac nh: Bac.cereus, Bac.firmus,
Bac.Lichenfornmic, Bac.Subtilis Streptomyces fradiae, Asp.flavus, Asp.oryzae Trung
tam hoat ong cua serine peptidase luon co mot goc histidin.
Cystein peptidase: Protease ac trng cho nhom nay la papain, ficin va
mot so protease t vi sinh vat. Nhom enzyme nay hoat ong trong khoang pH rat rong
trong khoang 4.5 10. Tuy nhien vung toi u la 6.0 7.5 va phu thuoc vao c chat.
Trung tam hoat ong cua cystein peptidase co not goc cystein. Nhom enzyme nay rat
nhay cam vi cac chat oxy hoa. V vay ngi ta thng s dung chung kem theo cac
tac nhan kh hoac dung cac chat co cau truc khong gian phc tap nh EDTA. Tac
nhan gay vo hoat cystein peptidase la chat oxy hoa, ion kim loai hoac tac nhan alkyl
hoa.
Metalo peptidase: Cac enzyme thuoc nhom nay bao gom exopeptidase,
dipeptidase, aminopeptidase, carboxyptidase A & B, prolidase va prolinase va mot so
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
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Ths. o Viet Ha
protease thu nhan t vi sinh vat nh Bac.cereus, Bac.Meraterium, Bac.subrilis,

themoprotelyticus, streptomyces griseus, Asp. oryae Hau het cac protease trong nhom
nay eu co cha ion kim loai trong phan t enzyme. Phan ln chung cha mot mot
mol Zn2+ tren mot mol protein, nhng vi protelidase va prolinase th thay bang mot
mol Mn2+. Ion kim loai ong vai tro nh mot acid Lewis trong enzyme
carboxypeptiadase A. Ion kim loai thiet lap lien ket vi nhom carboxyl trong lien ket
peptid va se phan tch lien ket nay. Vung pH hoat ong cua nhom enzyme nay nam
trong khoang 6 - 9. Cac tac nhan vo hoat nhom enzyme nay la cac chat co cau truc
khong gian phc tap nh EDTA hay nadodecyl sulfate.
Aspartic peptidase: ai dien cho nhom nay la cac enzyme co nguon goc t
ong vat nh renin, pepsin hoat ong trong khoang pH t 2 4. Rieng cathepsin - D
co pHopt con phu thuoc vao c chat va nguon enzyme. Vi renin th pHopt trong khoang
6 - 7 no cokha nang lien ket vi k-casein lam ong tu sa vi tnh ac hieu rat cao.
Aspartic peptidase co nguon goc t vi sinh vat co the chia lam hai nhom c ban la
pepsin like va rennin - like c thu nhan t Asp.oryae, Asp.niger, Asp.awamori,
penicilium spp va trametes sanguinea Nhom renin like c thu nhan t Asp.usami,
mucor pusillus... Phan t aspartic peptidase co hai nhom carbonyl, mot mien tiep xuc
va mot mien hoat ong.
1.3.8.2. Sinh tong hp protease:
1.3.8.2.1. Nguon thu nhan enzyme: [8], [13]
Hien nay ngi ta khai thac va thu nhan enzyme t ba nguon c ban sau:
Cac mo, c quan ong vat : Cac phe lieu cua cong nghiep tht dung e
tach cac enzyme rat thuan li. Dch tuy co cha protease, amylase, lipase,
ribonuclease va cac enzyme khac. Renin c thu t ngan th t cua da day be, nghe
co kha nang ong tu sa cao ma khong thuy phan protein sau sac. Tuy nhien do han
che ve nguon nguyen lieu nen protease ong vat t c s dung rong rai trong cong
nghiep va trong nen kinh te quoc dan.
T thc vat ngi ta thu c: papain, bromelin, ficin Lng enzyme thu
c t nguyen lieu thc vat khong ln so vi nguon nhien lieu tieu hao nen khong
the dung lam nguyen lieu e san xuat vi qui mo cong nghiep .
T vi sinh vat: Co hang chuc enzyme khac nhau dang n chat cung nh
che pham k thuat vi mc o tinh khiet khac nhau a c san xuat dc tren qui mo
cong nghiep t nam moc, vi khuan, nam men va xa khuan
1.3.8.2.2. Sinh tong hp protease t vi sinh vat:
Qua trnh sinh tong hp enzyme la mot qua trnh rat phc tap, gan lien mat thiet
vi cau truc te bao va c tien hanh qua nhieu giai oan vi s tham gia cua nhieu
he enzyme co cac acid nuleic khac nhau
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Moi trng va ieu kien sinh tong hp protase: [19]

Thanh phan moi trng: Nguon carbon, nguon nit, chat cam ng, cac chat dinh
dng khac... Ngoai cac thanh phan ke tren, cac nguyen to vi lng, vitamin va mot
so cac yeu to khac cung anh hng en lng protease sinh tong hp c. Theo ket
qua nghien cu cua Wain-Wright va cac cong s, Asp.oryazae va cac giong nam moc
khac van co the phat trien c trong moi trng nc cat co bo sung silic trong khi
chung khong the phat trien tren moi trng oi chng la nc cat. Neu bo sung silic
vao moi trng Czapek-Dox th toc o phat trien cua loai Asp.oryzae tang len nhieu
lan so vi mau oi chng.
ieu kien nuoi cay : [9]
Nhiet o (a so cac loai nam moc phat trien khoang nhiet o 22-320C); ch so
pH cua moi trng; o am moi trng; o thoang kh; thi gian nuoi cay (thi gian
nuoi cay cua nam moc la yeu to quan trong trong viec sinh tong hp enzyme). Thi
gian nuoi cay (phu thuoc vao tng chung nam moc va ieu kien nuoi cay nam moc).
1.3.8.3. Trch ly thu nhan dch chiet enzyme t vi sinh vat :
1.3.8.3.1. Thu nhan dch chiet enzyme noi bao:[19]
e co the chiet rut cac enzyme noi bao, can phai pha v cac cau truc te bao.
Viec nay anh hng en kha nang thu hoi enzyme, hieu qua cua qua trnh tinh sach va
chat lng cua san pham sau cung. Hien nay, ngi ta a s dung nhieu phng phap
khac nhau e pha v te bao da tren ba nhom phng phap vat ly, hoa ly va sinh hoc.
Nhn chung nen tranh viec pha v cau truc te bao bang cach t phan huy hay
phan huy te bao bang enzyme v viec tinh sach enzyme sau nay se rat kho khan do
cac san pham cua qua trnh nay. Sau khi pha v cau truc te bao, enzyme c chiet
rut bang nc, cac dung dch em hoac cac dung dch muoi trung tnh.
1.3.8.3.2. Thu nhan dch chiet enzyme ngoai bao : [13], [19]
Canh trng vi sinh vat co cha enzyme tho dang long hay ac. Canh trng
long thu c theo phng phap be sau phai c loc e tach sinh khoi vi sinh vat va
x ly rieng. Canh trng ac can tien hanh lam ti, khong nen nghien, cha lam v vun
se lam cho dch chiet b uc. Ngoai ra te bao vi sinh vat co the b pha v lam giai
phong cac protein, cac enzyme khac gay kho khan cho viec tinh sach sau nay.
e chiet rut cac enzyme t moi trng ran, ngi ta dung nc hoac cac dung
dch muoi trung tnh. Phng phap chiet rut bang nc co the chiet c 90 -95% va
cac tap chat khong hoa tan nen thng dung trong san xuat. Nc chiet duy tr nhiet
o 25 - 280C va c them vao mot t formalin hoac chat sat khuan e tranh tap
nhiem. Dch chiet thu c cha 10 -15% chat kho hoa tan va can lam sach kp thi
xuong 10 -12%.
1.3.8.4. Cac phng phap tinh sach che pham enzyme: [9], [13], [19], [20]
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Phng phap tinh sach da tren s khac biet ve s hoa tan: Cac protein
trong dung dch the hien s thay oi rat sau sac ve o hoa tan tuy theo pH, tnh chat
ien moi va nhiet o. Do vay, co cac phng phap tinh sach sau :
o Ket tua phan oan bang cach thay oi pH
o Bien tnh phan oan bang nhiet o
o Ket tua phan oan bang dung moi hu c
o Ket tua phan oan bang mot so dung dch muoi
o Ket tua enzyme bang polymer
Phng phap tinh sach da tren kch thc phan t: Mot ac iem quan
trong cua protein cung nh cua enzyme la co kch thc va trong lng phan t ln.
Nh o, ngi ta co the dung cac phng phap n gian e tach cac protein ra khoi
nhng phan t nho cung nh tach rieng tng loai protein ra khoi hon dch chiet bang
phng phap phan tch hay sieu loc.
o Phng phap ly tam hay ly tam co thang ty trong
o Sac ky loc gel
Phng phap tinh sach da tren ien tch :
o Phng phap ien di: Phng phap da vao kha nang tch ien cua protein
trong dch, khi at vao ien trng cac protein se chuyen dch en cac cc dng hoac
cc am theo dau cua ien tch. Toc o dch chuyen khac nhau cua cac protein trong
ien trng cho ta kha nang tach chung dang thuan khiet.
o Phng phap sac ky trao oi ion: Chat ion thng dung trong phng phap
nay la chat tong hp diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE - cellose) co mang nhng
nhom ien tch am pH trung tnh. Hon hp protein cho vao cot cha DEAE
cellulose, cac cau t ke tiep ay ra khoi cot mot loat nhng dung dch co pH giam dan
hoac mot loat nhng dung dch muoi co lc ion tang dan. Dch thoat ra c tap trung
lai thanh nhng mau th nho, nong o protein cua cac mau nay c xac nh bang
phng phap quang hoc.
Phng phap tinh sach bang hap thu chon loc:
Qua trnh hap thu co the xay ra theo hai chieu: enzyme hap thu va tach ra khoi
dung dch sau o c giai hap thu ra khoi chat hap thu hoac nhng thanh phan khong
mong muon b hap thu va tach ra khoi dch enzyme. Viec tach enzyme ra khoi chat
hap thu co the c thc hien bang cach ngam trong nc va ket hp vi viec khuay
e tang cng qua trnh tach enzyme. Ta co the dung dung dch em kiem e giai hap
thu. The tch dung dch giai hap thu khong nen qua nhieu ma thng la khong ln hn
the tch cua gel sau khi a ly tam. V vay, phai giai hap thu nhieu lan vi tng lng
nho dung dch thay v lam mot lan vi the tch ln.
1.3.8.5. ng dung enzyme protease trong cong nghe thc pham:
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Ths. o Viet Ha
1.3.8.5.1. ng dung trong san xuat nc mam:[14]

Nc mam la che pham thu c t qua trnh thuy phan tht ca, thc hien bang
cach tron ca vi muoi theo t le nhat nh va len men t nhien. Protein ca c phan
cat di tac dung cua protease tao thanh cac polypeptid va acid amin
Song song vi qua trnh nay, mau sac va mui v ac trng cua nc mam c
hnh thanh nh qua trnh u vi thi gian kha dai. Hien nay, qua trnh san xuat nc
mam theo phng phap truyen thong co thi gian con dai nen han che s quay vong
von, phat sinh nhieu chi ph, hieu qua kinh te cha cao. Do o, nhieu nghien cu a
quan tam en viec rut ngan thi gian thuy phan. Cac nghien cu c chia lam hai
hng :
Tao ieu kien thch hp cho he enzyme trong ca hoat ong manh nhat.
Tuy nhien, v ch s dung enzyme ch co san trong nguyen lieu nen thi gian che bien
con dai, hieu suat thu hoi am ca van cha cao.
Bo sung protease thu c t vi sinh vat e rut ngan thi gian thuy phan,
nang hieu suat thu hoi am, khac phuc nhng han che cua hng nghien cu th nhat.
Tuy nhien, van con mot so nhc iem can khac phuc nh hng v nc mam cha
hap dan ngi tieu dung, nc mam thng co v chua va ang neu dung che pham
protease tho e thuy phan, tap chat con lai trong o a gay anh hng xau mui v cua
san pham. Mat khac, do s dung t le protease ln nen khoi chp sau khi thuy phan
thng co dang set nhuyen nen kho loc rut nc mam, lam giam hieu suat thu hoi san
pham. V vay, viec tach chiet protease khoi moi trng nuoi cay vi sinh vat, tinh sach
protease tho se em lai nhieu thuan li hn. Ngoai viec nghien cu tm bien phap tao
hng ac trng cho san pham, gop phan hoan thien quy trnh san xuat nc mam
cung rat quan trong, can c quan tam ung mc.
1.3.8.5.2. Trong cong nghiep che bien tht:[9], [21]
Mot so nguyen lieu tht thng dai, ngay ca khi nau chn rat lau van khong an
c. o chac cua tht phan ln phu thuoc vao ham lng colagen cac mo ma khi
nau hoac che bien nhiet se tao thanh glutin. S chuyen hoa o lam tht mem hn.
Hien nay, e lam tht mem hn ngi ta thng dung cac che pham protease.
Phng phap nay co u iem la khong nhng lam mem tht ma con tao ra mot so
hng v ac trng cho tht t b hao hut cac acid amin, khong pha huy cac vitamin va
khong tao cac san pham phu khac.
1.3.8.5.3. Trong cong nghe che bien sa:[9], [21]
Protease c s dung e thuy phan protein cua sa lam thc an cho tre em.
Ngoai ra, enzyme protease nh renin, pepsin va mot so proteinase vi sinh vat khac con
co kha nang ong tu sa e lam pho mai. Khong ch lam ong tu cac casein ma cac
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Ths. o Viet Ha
protease nay con lam cho pho mai nhanh chn, nang cao chat lng pho mai, tao
hng va co the tao ra nhieu loai pho mai khac nhau.
1.3.8.5.4. Trong cong nghe san xuat bia va nc giai khat:[9], [21]
Trong cong nghe san xuat bia, protease co tac dung on nh bia trong qua trnh
bao quan lam bia khong b van uc va tao nhieu bot, giam thi gian loc bia, hoan
thien ieu kien che bien bia bang nguyen lieu thay the malt.
oi vi nc giai khat, protease co tac dung thuy phan cac mach protein co phan
t ln thanh cac polypeptid, acid amin... tranh hien tng ket tua khi bao quan va gop
phan lam trong nc qua va ru vang.
CHNG 2
KY THUAT SAN XUAT NC TNG
FG
2.1. C S KHOA HOC CUA PHNG PHAP SAN XUAT NC
TNG: [18]
Nganh che bien thc pham nc ta ngay cang phat trien manh nh vao cac tien
bo khoa hoc ky thuat va s phat trien kinh te. e toi u hoa cong nghe che bien thc
pham, chung ta s dung cac che pham enzyme nh la mot trong nhng bien phap hu
hieu. ng dung enzyme va cac che pham enzyme vao cong nghe san xuat nc tng
la mot trong nhng cong nghe mi va ngay cang ang c nghien cu va phat trien.
C s khoa hoc cua no la s dung cac che pham enzyme (la enzyme c thu nhan t
nguon nao o, che pham dang tinh khiet hay dang ban tinh khiet hoac dang che
pham tho nh: termamyl, speczymes (cha amyloglucosidase), protamex (cha
protease vi khuan), novozym, flavourzyme) va cac enzyme nh protease, pepsin,
trypsin, amylase, lipase thuy phan protein co trong nguyen lieu thanh nc tng.
oi vi phng phap san xuat nc tng len men, c s khoa hoc cua no la li
dung he men cua vi sinh vat phat trien tren nguyen lieu giau am nuoi chung e roi
thuy phan protein co trong nguyen lieu thanh nc tng. Do vay, trong qua trnh san
xuat phai nuoi moc cho tot e co nhieu men thuy phan triet e protein co trong
nguyen lieu, nang cao hieu suat s dung nguyen lieu, ha gia thanh san pham.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
oi vi phng phap san xuat nc tng hoa giai, c s khoa hoc cua no la
dung hoa chat e thuy phan protein cua nguyen lieu thanh nc tng. Do vay, trong
qua trnh thuy phan phai am bao tot cac ieu kien nhiet o va thi gian e phan ng
tien hanh triet e, nham nang cao hieu suat s dung nguyen lieu va ha gia thanh san
pham.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
2.2. PHAN NG THUY PHAN TRONG CONG NGHIEP THC PHAM

2.2.1. Khai niem chung: [4]
Phan ng thuy phan la phan ng phan giai cac chat co s tham gia cua nc.
Phan ng thuy phan la phan ng pho bien va quan trong trong cong nghiep thc
pham. Ngi ta a ng dung phan ng thuy phan e san xuat ra hang loat san pham
mi co tnh chat khac xa vi tnh chat cua nguyen lieu ban au. V du nh san xuat
glucose, mach nha, san xuat nc mam, tng, chao, nc cham len men t protid
cua ong vat va thc vat. Nhng san pham nc cham nay giup ta an ngon mieng, de
tieu hoa, la mot gia v co truyen khong the thieu c trong ba an cua ngi Viet
Nam va cac nc Chau A. Nh vay sau phan ng thuy phan tnh chat cam quan, dinh
dng cua thc pham co the tang len, trong a so trng hp phan ng thuy phan co
li. Tuy nhien cung co trng hp phan ng thuy phan cung gay s h hong thc
pham khi bao quan, v du trong bao quan th, ca, trng, dau, m
Phan ng thuy phan thng la phan ng m au cho hang loat cac phan ng
tiep dien. V du nh protid sau khi thuy phan thanh acid amin, sau o acid amin b
phan giai sau xa hn nh dezamin hoa, decarboxyl hoa Cuoi cung tao ra nhng san
pham co hai ve mat cam quan va dinh dng cho thc pham. Polysaccarit sau khi thuy
phan tao monosaccarit (monose), cac monose tiep tuc bi oxy hoa sau xa hn tao mot
loai san pham trung gian va san pham cuoi cung la CO2 va H2O. Lipid b thuy phan
tao acid beo va glixerin, acid beo tiep tuc bi oxy hoa tao san pham co mui v kho chu
(s oi cua chat beo)
Trong nhng trng hp co hai tren, ta phai tao ieu kien han che phan ng
thuy phan nh bao quan lanh, say kho, vo hoat enzyme thuy phan
Con trong trng hp phan ng thuy phan co li, ta phai tao ieu kien ky thuat
e toc o phan ng xay ra toi a va tm cach ng dung chung trong moi lnh vc tao ra
cac san pham tot, co ch li trong cuoc song. Ngay nay, phan ng thuy phan ngay cang
c ng dung rong rai trong nhieu lnh vc san xuat - ac biet la cong nghiep thc
pham . Trong cong nhiep thc pham, thong thng tac nhan thuy phan co the la acid,
kiem hay enzyme, trong o c s dung rong rai va hieu qua la enzyme thuy phan t
vi sinh vat.
Nhom enzyme thuy phan goi ten chung la hydrolase - co the c tach ra t
thc vat, ong vat, vi sinh vat.
Phng trnh tong quat phan ng thuy phan: R1R2 + H2O --> R1OH + R2H
Hydrolase c chia thanh bon nhom tuy theo ban chat c chat no tac dungEsterase, glucozidase, peptidase.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
ng vi bon phng trnh phan ng sau:

H2O ---------> R1-COOH + R2-OH
1) R1-COO-R2 +
Cac ester
Esterase
2) R-O-R3
+
H2O ---------> ROH
+ R3OH
Glucid, peptid
Glucosidase
R = glucid
R3 = glucid hoac phi-glucid
3) R4 -CO-NH-R5 +
H2O ---------> R4COOH + R5NH2
Protid, peptid
Peptidase
4) R-CO-NH2
+
H2O ---------> R-COO-NH4
Amid
Amidase
Sau ay, chung ta xet mot so ng dung rat pho bien cua phan ng thuy phan
trong cong nghiep thc pham.
2.2.2. Phan ng thuy phan vi cong nghe san xuat nc cham va cac san pham
thuy phan protid: [4]
Nc cham len men, nc mam, tng, chao va cac dang nc cham khac la
thc pham ac biet, co tnh chat dan toc co truyen cua nhan dan ta va cac vung chau
A. Nc cham va la thc pham giau chat dinh dng v cha cac acid amin va co
tnh chat gia v v giup an ngon mieng. Nc cham khong nhng rat can thiet trong
che bien thc pham cong nghiep ma cung can thiet trong che bien thc pham gia nh.
Ve c s sinh hoa, tat ca cac loai nc cham eu la san pham thuy phan nguyen lieu
giau protid t ong vat hay thc vat, di tac dung cua hoa chat nh acid hay base
manh, hoac enzyme. Do vay thanh phan chnh cua nc cham la acid amin, muoi an,
nc va mot t peptid trong lng phan t nho. o la san pham cung cap chat am cho
c the.
Phng trnh tong quat thuy phan protid nh sau:
R1 /\/\/\\/\/\/\/\...CO-NH../\/\/\/\/\/\/\..CO-NH/\/\/\R2 -----> R1-CH-COOH
NH2
Xuc tac (H2O)
R1-CH-COOH
NH2
Hon hp cac acid amin

Nguyen lieu san xuat nc cham rat phong phu va a dang. T ong vat nh
phe lieu lo mo nh xng, mong, sng, long, phu tang T thc vat nh cac loai au
giau am nh au nanh, au phong
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Tac nhan xuc tac la hoa chat nh HCl, H2SO4, NaOH hoac enzyme protaese t
thc vat, ong vat, hay vi sinh vat. ac biet ngay nay, ngi ta s dung enzyme vi
sinh vat - nuoi cay tren moi trng roi a vao nguyen lieu, hoac tan dung enzyme
cua he vi sinh vat co san trong nguyen lieu ban au nh trong san xuat nc mam.
Tuy theo tac nhan dung cho thuy phan ta chia ra:
o Nc cham hoa giai(dung hoa chat e thuy phan)
o Nc cham len men (dung enzyme vi sinh vat)
Vi nguyen lieu ong vat ngi ta dung phng phap hoa giai, con nguyen lieu
thc vat hay dung phng phap len men (dung enzyme). Phng phap len men s
dung enzyme co nhc iem la thuy phan khong that triet e. Do vay, ngi ta hay
phoi hp thuy phan bang hoa chat trc sau o en enzyme (hay ngc lai) th hieu
suat thuy phan cao va tan dung c mot so tnh chat u viet cua viec s dung enzyme
vi sinh vat.
2.2.3. Thuy phan bang phng phap len men:
Phng phap len men trong san xuat nc cham s dung phan ng thuy phan
protein nh xuc tac la enzyme vi sinh vat. Enzyme nay co the tao ra bang cach nuoi
cay vi sinh vat tren moi trng rieng roi a vao nguyen lieu giau am nh trong san
xuat nc cham len men (nc tng) hoac tan dung enzyme co san trong nguyen lieu
ban au nh trong san xuat nc mam. Di tac dung enzyme vi sinh vat, thanh phan
nc cham thu c chu yeu la acid amin, pepton, peptid trong lng phan t nho, de
ong hoa, hap thu cho ngi, lng NaCl cho vao at 25%.
Bang 2.1: Thanh phan nc cham len men [4]
Ch tieu
Thanh phan
Nit toan phan

Nit formol/Nit toan phan
Nit amin/Nit toan phan
ng
Chat beo
NaCl
NH3
Nit formol
Kim loai Fe
pH
T trong
15 20 (g/lt)
8 13g/lt
55%
1.4 5.3%
1.7 -5.3%
20 -25%
0.1 -0.2%
7.49 g/lt
20mg/lit
5.05 6.2
1.01 1.04
V s dung enzyme vi sinh vat e phan e thuy phan protid nen phng phap
nay co nhng u iem la:
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Ths. o Viet Ha
o Thiet b n gian, de che tao, gia thiet b khong cao, phu hp vi ieu kien
san xuat a phng, von au t ban au khong ln, khong can s dung thiet b chu
acid, chu kiem, chu ap suat va nhiet o cao...
o Khong dung hoa chat trong san xuat nen khong oc hai vi cong nhan san
xuat va moi trng.
o ieu kien san xuat nhe nhang, on hoa nh: nhiet o khong qua cao t 300
45 C, pH trung tnh, hay acid yeu, kiem yeu, ap suat thng.
o Khong ton hao acid amin trong qua trnh san xuat
Nhc iem:
o Hieu suat thuy phan khong cao,
o Thi gian va quy trnh san xuat keo dai hn phng phap hoa giai, can them
cong oan nuoi moc giong cho thuy phan.
2.2.4. Thuy phan bang hoa hoc (HCl)
2.2.4.1. San xuat nc cham hoa giai (t thc vat)
C s hoa sinh cua phng phap nay la thuy phan protein thc vat hay ong vat
thanh acid amin di tac nhan xuc tac la acid manh (HCl, H2SO4) hay kiem manh
(NaOH). Sau qua trnh thuy phan, ngi ta tien hanh trung hoa dung dch bang kiem
(hay acid) tuy thuoc vao tac nhan xuc tac la acid hay kiem e a pH ve 6.5-7. Bo
sung NaCl at 23 -25%.
u iem la:
o Thi gian va quy trnh san xuat c rut ngan hn.
o Hieu suat thuy phan cao, nen san pham giau acid amin, hng v thm ngon
hn.
Nhc iem:
o oc hai vi cong nhan san xuat, do s dung acid manh, kiem manh, nhiet
o cao, ap xuat cao
o Pha huy mot so acid amin trong qua trnh thuy phan nh lysin, arginin,
cystein, tryptophan
e khac phuc nhng nhc iem va tan dung nhng u iem cua hai phng
phap tren, hien nay ngi ta s dung phng phap phoi hp: enzyme va hoa chat
(phng phap enzyme va hoa giai phoi hp).
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Bang 2.2: Ch tieu hoa ly cua nc cham hien nay cua Viet Nam [4]
Ch tieu
Thanh phan
Nit toan phan

Nit formol/Nit toan phan
Nit NH3
o acid (theo acid acetic)
pH
NaCl
N-NH3/N-formol
Nit formol
Kim loai Fe
Cu
Pb
As
12 20 (g/lt)
55%
1.57 3 (g/lt)
5 7(g/lt)
5.5 -6.2
230 250 (g/lt)
20 -30%
7.49 g/lt
20mg.lit
20 mg/lt
5.5 mg/lt
20mg/lt
2.2.4.2. San xuat Maggi bang phng phap hoa giai (t ong vat) [4]
Magi la ten goi nc cham hoa giai t nguyen lieu ong vat. Thng ngi ta
dung xng ong vat nh trau, bo, heo e san xuat magi. e tan dung c nguon
am co trong xng, neu s dung phng phap ham bnh thng th khong tan dung
het, rat lang ph. Mat khac xng sau khi tach am lam maggi c tiep tuc san xuat
bot canxi chong coi xng cho tre em, cho gia suc non Magi co v thm ngon, giau
acid amin ac biet ay u acid amin khong thay the. Do vay maggi la thc pham rat
bo va can trong che bien thc pham va nau an hang ngay.
Nguyen lieu la cac loai xng ong vat (trau, bo, heo, ga) chn hay con song,
khong oi thoi, tot nhat la xng ong vat mi giet mo, ra sach bo m, co the ra hay
nhung qua nc soi trong hay dung dch NaCl 10-15% nhiet o 00C e bao quan mot
thi gian khong b oi hong. Trc khi a nguyen lieu vao thuy phan, ngi ta phai
phan loai e co che o ham co ap lc khac nhau.
Xng cng: nh xng ong
Xng mem: ba vai, sn, sun
Sau o cho xng vao thiet b ham co ap suat. Co 2 phan: phan gio li e
ng xng c at trong noi ham ap lc. Sau khi ham, gio xng co the nh bo
phan keo ra khoi noi, dch am se trong noi ham (nc xup).
Ap suat noi ham 2-3kg/cm2, thi gian ham xng cng la 3-5 gi. e tang o
am nc xup ngi ta thng cho ham lien tiep 2 gio xng (2lan) mi thao nc
xup ra. Nc xup co o am 10 -11g/lt. Trc khi thuy phan, can tach bo m v m
tao ra mui khet khi thuy phan va san pham de hong. au tien, dch xup e nguoi a
phan m se noi len tren ong thanh lp de tach bo, mot phan nho m con lai lan trong
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Ths. o Viet Ha
dch xup, ta dung phng phap xa phong hoa bang NaOH tao xa phong de dang tach
bo m con lai.
Nhiet o xa phong thch hp la 60-700C thi gian xa phong hoa la 15 phut, sau
o e lang, tach xa phong ra.
Dch xup sau khi tach m, c thuy phan bang tac nhan NaOH, cung co the
dung HCl hay H2SO4 nhng hien nay trong san xuat maggi ong vat ngi ta thng
dung NaOH v co nhng u iem sau ay:
o Kha nang thuy phan cua NaOH khong kem HCl, H2SO4 thuy phan kha triet
e protein tao acid amin.
o Khong tao mui v kho chu nh khi thuy phan bang acid nhiet o cao, do
s thuy phan lipid, dung NaOH ac biet phu hp vi thuy phan nguyen lieu giau lipid
nh xng ong vat.
o Trong xup con mot lng nho chat beo, do vay khi dung NaOH, se xa phong
hoa lng chat beo nay va tach ra dang xa phong, giam c hien tng tao mui v
khong tot trong khi tang cao nhiet o trong luc san xuat.
Lng NaOH dung khi thuy phan, phu thuoc lng nit tong so. Lng nit
tong so cua nc xup thng la 10 -11g/lt, lng NaOH cho 100 lt la 4.5 kg. Thi
gian thuy phan la 12 gi. Nhiet o thuy phan la 100 -1050C. Trung hoa dch sau thuy
phan bang HCl en pH trong khoang 6.5 6.8, khi thuy phan nhiet o tang cao, do
vay dch thuy phan can lam nguoi en 800C trc khi trung hoa. Sau trung hoa can loc
tach bo xa phong, cac can ban (qua vai) co ac nhiet o khoang 1000C, e thu san
pham co o am 20g/lt mau nau sang, mui thm ngon, v ngot am a, ngon mieng;
giau acid amin khong thay the la thc pham rat tot giau dinh dng cho ngi.
2.2.5. Thuy phan bang enzyme:
2.2.5.1. Tieu ch chon enzyme trong cong nghe thc pham:[8]
2.2.5.1.1. o hoat ong cua enzyme
Can lu y en cac ieu kien s dung va ac tnh cua che pham enzyme nh:
o pH cua moi trng phan ng phai tng ng vi pH toi u cua enzyme.
o Nhiet o lien quan en hoat lc cua enzyme
o Neu thi gian tac dung cua enzyme nhanh, sau phan ng phai nhanh chong
b vo hoat. Neu thi gian tac dung lau nen s dung enzyme co o ben hoat lc cao.
o Khong c bo qua s co mat cua cac chat hoat hoa hay km ham enzyme
trong moi trng phan ng.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
2.2.5.1.2. Tnh ac hieu

Cac enzyme c s dung trong cong nghiep thc pham co tnh ac hieu chat
che hay ngc lai rat rong. Tnh ac hieu co the thay oi tuy theo thanh phan moi
trng. V vay nen kiem tra lai tnh ac hieu cua enzyme trong cac moi trng phan
ng gan giong vi moi trng thc te ve thanh phan va tnh chat hoa hoc.
Khong nen bo qua cac hoat tnh phu cua cac che pham enzyme v hoat tnh phu
nay co the khong mong muon hay ngc lai rat co gia tr.
Can tien hanh cac phep th so sanh nhieu enzyme trong cac ieu kien thc cua
cac qua trnh cong nghe e chon la loai enzyme thch hp.
2.2.5.1.3. ieu kien ng dung enzyme:
Nguon cung cap enzyme phai thng xuyen va on nh neu viec s dung
enzyme lam thay oi ln ti cong nghe san xuat.
Nen lay t le gia gia tr va chat lng enzyme lam tieu chan xem xet trong
viec la chon nha cung cap.
2.2.5.1.4. Phng phap thuy phan nguyen lieu va tao san pham:
Nguyen lieu la au nanh c cho qua he thong lam sach e loai bo tap chat co
lan trong nguyen lieu, sau o cho qua may nghien bua e nghien mn, em nau chn
vi nc va xay nhuyen tao dang set. Sau o dung che pham enzyme hoa tan vao mot
t nc, sau o cho vao dch set au nanh va khuay tron eu. Sau khi thuy phan
nguyen lieu bang che pham enzyme, dch thuy phan co ham lng am amin rat cao
va am amoniac thap. em dch phoi che phu gia, phoi che vi loai nc tng th
hai, th ba c trch ly t ba loc. Sau qua trnh phoi che o am cua dch a giam
theo yeu cau ngi tieu dung, cho dch qua qua trnh thanh trung 95- 1000C sau 15
phut e vo hoat enzyme va tieu diet vi sinh vat (giai oan thanh trung co the bo sung
chat bao quan nh natri benzoate vao nc tng e keo dai thi gian bao quan). Tiep
theo tien hanh lang t nhien trong cac bon lang ln t 3 -7 ngay, sau o em loc va
em chiet chai, lu kho va bao quan.
2.2.5.2. Phan ng thuy phan ng dung trong san xuat ng (glucose, maltose)
2.2.5.2.1. C s sinh hoa:[4]
Qua trnh san xuat ng maltose va glucose da tren phan ng thuy phan
tinh bot la polisacarit thanh ng disacarit (malto) hay monosacarit (glucose) vi xuc
tac la acid manh hay enzyme amylase. Nguon enzyme amylase co the lay t nguon
thc vat nh mam thoc, mam bap co the chiet t vi sinh vat nh nam moc, vi khuan
(C6H10O5)n ------>n/2 (C12H22O11) (malto)
(C6H10O5)n ------>n (C12H22O11) (guluco)
Nguyen lieu san xuat ng malto, mat tinh bot, gluco... la nguyen lieu giau
tinh bot ngu coc, bap gao, khoai, cu..
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Neu s dung amylase th tinh bot can nau chn vi nc thanh dang chao ac, v
amylase khong thuy phan c tinh bot song. Neu thuy phan bang acid trong giai oan
au cung can gia nhiet va cho 1/3 lng acid vao e ho hoa tinh bot trc khi ng
hoa vi toan bo lng acid can s dung.
2.2.5.2.2. San xuat glucose t tinh bot :[4]
Glucose la monosacarit tieu bieu, co cong thc phan t la C6H12O6 la loai
ng kh, co nhieu ng dung rong rai trong moi lnh vc, la ng de tieu hoa, de
hap thu
Glucose la chat can cho moi trng nuoi vi sinh vat, la ng de len men tao
ru, acid lactic, acid acetic va cac acid hu c khac nh acid glutamic, acid citric
ng glucose san xuat chu yeu bang nguyen lieu tinh bot qua thuy phan.
Phng phap nay tm ra t nam 1811 t o en nay c ap dung nhieu nc tren the
gii e san xuat glucose, mat tinh bot
Nguyen lieu co tinh bot (bap, cu, m, khoai, gao) can x ly s bo, loai tap chat
at cat xay nho tron vi nc nong 55 - 600C va khuay lien tuc 20 -25phut tao dch
co nong o ac 40-42Bx
Tac nhan la acid (HCl, H2SO4) vi lieu lng acid HCl 0.5 0.6% so vi tinh
bot kho hay lieu lng H2SO4 0.8 1% so vi tinh bot. Lng acid cho vao hai lan,
cho t t, kem khuay lien tuc, tranh ong von cuc tinh bot.
Sau thuy phan, tien hanh trung hoa dch ng bang CaCO3 (neu dung H2SO4
thuy phan) hay dung Na2CO3 (neu dung HCl thuy phan) en pH trong khoang 4.7 5
(th iem ket thuc trung hoa bang brommethylen xanh t vang xanh en la cay).
Dch ng sau trung hoa phai loc cho sach tap chat co mau vang nhat trong
suot (hay mau nau) loc bang may loc khung ban. Cung co the dung carbonat hoat tnh
hap thu mau, san pham se trang ep.
Dch ng sau khi loc co ac en nong o 75.5Bx, chan khong, tranh tao
mau nhiet o cao, roi ha nhiet o xuong 40 -500C e dch qua bao hoa va tao ket
tinh dan dan tinh the glucose. Co the tang qua trnh ket tinh ngha la bang cach cho
mot lng nho tinh the glucose (10%) vao thung ket tinh.
2.2.5.2.3. San xuat ng maltose (ng mach nha), [4]
ng maltose (hay mach nha) la isacarit tieu bieu, la ng kh co tnh ngot
du dung trong san xuat keo, banh, mt, o hop... ng de tieu hoa dung cho tre em
rat tot.
San xuat mach nha n gian, de lam ieu kien cong nghiep hay gia nh. Tac
nhan thuy phan la acid H2SO4 hay amylase thoc mam, malt hay bap nay mam..
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Nguyen lieu san xuat cung rat phong phu, de tm, re nh cac loai ngu coc gao,
nep, bap, khoai, cu m Khi dung amylase, bot can xay nho nau chn vi nc thanh
ho chao enzyme mi thuy phan c.
Ngay nay, nhng qua trnh thuy phan tinh bot nh xuc tac acid a c thay the
bang xuc tac enzyme. Ngi ta a s dung ngay cang rong rai enzyme vi sinh vat, a
tm ra cac loai enzyme chu nhiet kha cao. ieu nay rat quan trong va thuan tien trong
viec san xuat cong nghiep.
2.2.5.2.4. Thuy phan cellulose va ng dung:[4]
T lau chung ta biet rang cac loai nguyen lieu giau cellulose nh rm, ra, co ...
lam thc an cho ong vat nhai lai Bi v trong tuyen tieu hoa cua chung co he vi sinh
vat tiet ra enzyme cellulase phan cat cellulose va ng n gian de tieu hoa. Trong
thc te, con rat nhieu loai cellulose ma ong vat nhai lai cha s dung c nh go
vun, mat ca, dam bao
Ve nguyen tac, cac san pham giau cellulose, hemicellulose co the thuy phan
thanh ng n gian nh tac ong cua acid manh, nhiet o cao 1800C vi ap suat
10 -12at tao san pham la glucose, manose, galactose, cylose dung dch nay co the
trung hoa va dung nuoi cay nam men.
San pham chnh cua thuy phan cellulose la D-glucose khong ngot lam. Ngi ta
co the dung men glucose izomerase chuyen mot phan glucose thanh fructose. Hon hp
glucose, fructose goi la ng nghch ao co o ngot cao hn glucose.
Ngoai phng phap tren ngi ta co the thuy phan cellulose bang men cellulase
(lay t vi sinh vat). Ngi ta bat au tm ra nhieu chung cellulase nh : loai nam moc
tricoderma, schizophyllum va cac loai vi khuan nh :thermonospora va clostridium
Enzyme s dung dung dch cellulose loang thanh dch glucose loang, dung dch
nay co the tinh che va tiep tuc dung lam thc an cho ong vat va ngi hay nuoi cay
vi sinh vat.
Ngi ta a nuoi nam men tren dch ng nay va no a chuyen glucose thanh
ethanol. ieu nay co y ngha to ln chuyen t dang nhien lieu cellulose thanh dang
nhien lieu xanh la ethanol. Trong xu hng phat trien manh me cua nganh sinh hoc,
ngi ta co the gay ot bien chung, lai ghep gen, tao ra cac chung co kha nang tong
hp cellulase cao, rut ngan thi gian thuy phan e ng dung hieu qua trong viec san
xuat ng n gian t phe lieu go, rm, ra, co giau cellulose
Ro rang la trong tng lai khong xa, cau chuyen vui khuc go ngot, thc n
banh gato, nc giai khat, cac loai banh sang trong t go vun, mat ca, rm ra se
hien thc trong i song chung ta.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
CHNG 3
CAC QUY TRNH SAN XUAT NC TNG
FG
3.1. SAN XUAT NC TNG BANG PHNG PHAP ACID : [10], [11],
[12], [15], [24]
3.1.1. Quy trnh cong nghe:
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Hnh 3.1: Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat nc tng bang Phng phap hoa giai (HCl)
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Ths. o Viet Ha
3.1.2. Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe:

Kho dau sau khi ep dau thng ong thanh banh, lau sach roi nghien nho khoang
0.5 - 1 mm. Tiep theo em nguyen lieu i thuy phan, tuy theo ham lng am co trong
nguyen lieu ta phai tnh toan e a acid vao cho phu hp. Cho nc, acid va banh
dau vao noi thuy phan co nap kn. Sau o m hi e un soi trong 4 5h au 125
130oC, 2.5kg/cm2. Sau o ha ap suat xuong en khi chn ta c dch phan giai. Dch
phan giai c bm sang noi trung hoa. Dung Na2CO3 e trung hoa en 5 6.2. Sau
khi trung hoa xong, bm dch sang he thong loc tho. Tuy theo loai o am ma nc va
muoi cho vao khac nhau.
Ba loc sau qua trnh loc tho co the trch ly lay nc tng loai 2, loai 3 e phoi
che vi nc 1 tao ra cac loai nc tng co o am khac nhau hay dung lam phan
bon. Dch loc sau qua trnh loc tho c bo sung mot lng nc thch hp sau o c
bm vao thiet b phoi che. Tai ay ngi ta co bo sung vao dch cac phu gia nh : gia
v, caramen, muoi. Sau qua trnh phoi che, dch se c bm vao thiet b thanh trung. ,
nhiet o thanh trung la 98 100oC, thi gian 10 20 phut. Cuoi qua trnh thanh trung
ta bo sung chat bao quan (natri benzoate) e tang thi gian bao quan cho san pham.
Dung dch sau khi thanh trung c bm qua bon lang t nhien t 3 7 ngay se cho
loc tinh bang thiet b loc bang tai. Tiep theo nc cham c chiet vao chai vi he
thong chiet chai da tren nguyen ly chan khong. Sau o, c em i ong nap va dan
nhan. Cac san pham c cho vao loc va thung roi em i lu kho va xuat xng.
3.1.3. Cac qua trnh trong quy trnh cong nghe :
3.1.3.1. Qua trnh nghien:
Muc ch: Chuan b cho qua trnh thuy phan
Bien oi :
Vat ly:
9 Nguyen lieu c nghien ti kch thc hat phu hp la 0.5 1mm. Kch
thc hat nghien khong nen qua nho v lam giam hieu suat tan dung nguyen lieu va
ton nang lng cho qua trnh nghien. Kch thc hat khong nen qua ln v se gay von
cuc trong qua trnh thuy phan, giam hieu suat s dung nguyen lieu.
9 Nghien con co the lam tang nhiet o cua khoi hat do ma sat trong qua trnh
nghien. Sau qua trnh nghien co the b that thoat nguyen lieu do con sot lai trong may
nghien dan en giam khoi lng nguyen lieu au ra so vi au vao.
9 Trong mot so qui trnh, sau khi nghien nguyen lieu co the c rang e tao
mui thm trc khi vao qua trnh thuy phan.
Cac bien oi khac khong ang ke
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Ths. o Viet Ha
3.1.3.2. Thuy phan:
Muc ch:
9 Khai thac, trch ly t trong kho dau phong cac chat hoa tan; hoac bien oi
chat khong hoa tan thanh chat hoa tan
9 Che bien, bien oi toi a protein co trong nguyen lieu thanh acid amin.
Bien oi :
Vat ly :
9 Co s tang ve nhiet o, phan ln do tac nhan gia nhiet; mot phan do phan
ng thuy phan toa nhiet.
9 Tang ve the tch nguyen lieu do trng n.
9 Ty trong cua nguyen lieu giam
Hoa hoc :
9 Protein thuy phan thanh acid amin va peptid.
9 Ngoai ra, con co cac bien oi
o Phan ng phan huy acid amin: deamin hoa, decarboxyl hoa
o Phan ng ket hp gia acid amin va cac chat khac nh ng (Maillard)
o Tinh bot thuy phan thanh ng maltose roi thanh glucose va fructose
2(C6H10O5)n ---> nC22H22O11 ---> 2nC6H12O6
o Cellulose thuy phan thanh pentose va cuoi cung thanh furfural
(C5H3O4)n ---> nC5H10O5 ---> nC4H3O(CHO).
Furfural
o Ngoai ra, nhom carbohydrate con co the tao thanh Caramel do phan ng
chay cua ng, furfurol, hydroxymethyl furfurol va cac dan xuat khac.
o Chat beo phan ly thanh glycerin va cac acid beo
C3H5(COOR)3 + 3H2O ---> C3H5(OH)3 + 3RCOOH
Hoa ly :
9 S di chuyen cua cac chat hoa tan t kho au nanh vao dch thuy phan, dan
en s tang dan nong o trong suot qua trnh thuy phan cho en gii han cua qua
trnh.
9 S thay oi ve trang thai mau thuy phan, t hai pha ran va long tach biet
thanh mot hon hp gom dch chiet va ba.
Bien oi ve sinh hoc va hoa sinh: khong ang ke
Cam quan :
ay la giai oan bien oi manh cua nguyen lieu, s tng tac gia cac bien oi
hoa hoc a neu tren se hnh thanh ve c ban mau sac va mui v cua nc tng.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Cac yeu to anh hng:

9 Lng nguyen lieu tham gia thuy phan so vi lng (the tch) acid cho vao
thuy phan, kch thc nguyen lieu, cac yeu to cua ban than nguyen lieu (o am, lng
beo, lng protein).
9 Lng acid s dung va nong o (oi vi cong nghe san xuat nc tng
bang phng phap hoa giai acid s dung la HCl nong o khoang 32% w/w, so vi 36%
la nong o acid HCl am ac nhat).
9 Nhiet o va ap suat tien hanh thuy phan
9 Thi gian van hanh
Cac thong so nay co tng quan qua lai lan nhau. Tong hoa cac yeu to nay se
quyet nh en hieu suat thuy phan (c tnh bang lng am co trong dch trch ly so
vi lng am tong ban au co trong kho au phong). Hieu suat thuy phan at c
khoang 65% (gia tr tham khao)
Phng phap thc hien & thong so ky thuat:
9 Cho nguyen lieu vao noi, sau o ta dung bm hut HCl vao thiet b thuy
phan. Nguyen lieu ch chiem ti 67 70% the tch thiet b. Hi nc c suc trc
tiep vao ay cua thiet b. Ap suat c ieu chnh qua ong ho o ap suat va van giam
ap. Nhiet o c kiem soat nh tnh toan lng hi suc vao va au o nhiet o. Mau
th se c lay e kiem tra nhanh xem co the dng qua trnh thuy phan hay cha.
9 Nhiet o tien hanh la 125 1300C, ap suat 2.5 kg/cm2, thi gian t 5 8gi.
iem dng qua trnh thuy phan c xac nh nhanh (ben canh viec kiem soat cac
thong so tren) lng hi furfural thoat ra bang giay aniline acetate. Neu lng furfural
het thoat ra, giay khong nga sang mau o th ngng qua trnh thuy phan, ngng cap
hi, e bnh thuy phan nguoi t nhien trong khoang 12 gi. Sau o bm dch sau thuy
phan qua thiet b tiep theo. pH sau qua trnh thuy phan khoang 2.5
9 Vi cach thc lam nguoi t nhien ngay trong bnh thuy phan, ngi ta phai
trang b nhieu thiet b lam viec xen ke nhau. Qua trnh ve sinh thiet b c thc hien
sau tng me vao cuoi ngay lam viec bang nc sach nhiet o thng.
3.1.3.3. Qua trnh trung hoa
Muc ch:
9 Giam nong o acid trong dung dch
9 Tao muoi NaCl tao v man cho san pham.
Bien oi :
Hoa hoc:
9 Chu yeu la phan ng cua HCl va Na2CO3 cho ra CO2 thoat len. S thoat kh
nay co the cuon theo mot so mui kho chu trong au phong .
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Ths. o Viet Ha
9 pH cua dung dch c nang cao len en 5 6.2.

Hoa ly: cac thanh phan chat beo khong hoa tan trong dch thuy phan noi len
tren be mat, ta co the loai bo ngay.
Cam quan: ieu chnh o chua cua nc tng theo pH. ieu chnh v man cua
nc tng, v san pham cua phan ng trung hoa nay chnh la muoi an.
Yeu to anh hng:
9 o nht cua dch sau thuy phan, o nht cao th qua trnh trung hoa dien ra
lau hn.
9 Nhiet o thap qua trnh trung hoa keo dai hn, lng hoa chat s dung co
the d (do phan ng trung hoa khong xay ra ngay tc thi).
9 Chuyen ong cua dch thuy phan: khi trung hoa phai dung canh khuay e
tang hieu qua cua qua trnh trung hoa, toc o canh khuay cung nh viec s dung hay
khong s dung tam chan trong bon cha se anh hng en hieu qua qua trnh.
9 o am cua dch thuy phan: oi vi dch thuy phan san xuat ra nc tng
co o am cao, hoac ban than co o am cao, pH co the duy tr co mc cao hn so vi
pH cua dch thuy phan co o am thap. V trong qua trnh tiep theo va trong thi gian
bao quan thanh pham sau nay, qua trnh thuy phan, s phat sinh va phat trien cua vi
sinh vat co the xay ra. o pH thap se gop mot phan vao bao quan nc tng thap
am, chong hien tng bien chua hoac can.
9 Trc tien, dch thuy phan c van chuyen sang thiet b trung hoa. Sau o,
Na2CO3 c cho vao t t vi lng tnh toan trc sao cho pH sau thuy phan khoang
2.5 c a ve khoang 5 6.2, Canh khuay boc composite c van hanh e chong
hien tng trung hoa cuc bo.
9 Tuy vao toc o canh khuay ma thi gian trung hoa co the t 20 30 phut.
Sau khi trung hoa, toan bo dch c van chuyen sang thiet b loc va tien hanh qua
trnh loc tho.
3.1.3.4. Qua trnh loc tho
Muc ch
Khai thac, tach dch a thuy phan ra khoi phan ba au phong.
Bien oi :
9 Vat ly: dch thuy phan a nguoi, qua trnh thuy phan dng lai, phan kho au
phong khong con kha nang trng n. Ch nhng ba tho mi tach ra khoi dch sau
trung hoa, cac ba mn van con trong nc tng. Do o, can phai co nhieu qua trnh
loc na th nc tng mi trong c.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
9 Hoa ly: sau khi tach rieng phan ba va phan dch nc tng, lng ba o
van c tan dung e thu hoi chat hoa tan va cho ra nc tng co nong o am thap
hn. S phoi che gia nhng loai dch chiet nay cho ra nhng san pham nc tng
khac nhau ve o am.
Cac yeu to anh hng :
9 Nhiet o cua nc ra giai anh hng en trc het la kha nang thu hoi
triet e chat hoa tan, sau o la kha nang b nhiem vi sinh. Neu nhiet o nc cao th
tieu ton nang lng gia nhiet va khong can thiet. Do vay ngi ta s dung nc thng
(khong phai nc muoi nh trong san xuat nc tng bang phng phap len men) e
ra ba.
9 Lng nc ra giai: lng nc ra giai nhieu se lam anh hng en nong
o chat hoa tan trong dch nc tng. Tuy vao hieu suat thu hoi toi a, kha nang cong
nghe cua thiet b ma lng nc se c tnh toan hp ly nhat.
9 Cac trang thiet b s dung nh li loc, bo phan ao tron ba au phong trong
qua trnh ra giai, bo phan phan phoi nc anh hng ti qua trnh loc va qua trnh
tach toi a chat hoa tan a thuy phan trong au phong .
Phng phap thc hien & thong so ky thuat :
9 Trong cong nghiep, ngi ta dung thiet b loc khung ban, dch nc tng
c van chuyen bang bm, qua trnh thao ba thc hien theo chu ky. Hoac n gian
hn la dung mot tam li loc (vat lieu la polypropylen) loc theo nguyen tac trong lc.
Dch thuy phan c a len be mat li loc, cau tao tng t nh phin ca phe, thiet b
ao tron se giup chat long thoat khoi ba de dang hn.
9 Qua trnh loc thng c tien hanh hai lan ke tiep nhau tren cung mot thiet
b.
o Lan th nhat: toan bo dch sau trung hoa c van chuyen len li loc, nc
tng tho se chay qua li loc, xuong bo phan cha ben di. Sau o nc tng
c bm i phoi che. Tuy nang suat ma lng nguyen lieu van chuyen len li loc,
lng nc tng tho thu c trong bo phan cha c xac lap. Lan loc nay lay ra
t 60 80% lng chat chiet c t au phong.
o Lan loc th hai: nc se c phun t tren xuong, bo phan ao tron se giup
nc tham eu vao ba au phong. Dch chiet tiep tuc c thu hoi vi cach thc
tng t nh tren. Lan loc nay lay ra 20 40% lng chat chiet c t au phong.
3.1.3.5. Qua trnh phoi che:
Muc ch :
Hoan thien san pham, nc tng c ieu chnh en o am c yeu cau.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Bien oi :
9 Vat ly: s tang hoac giam o nht cua dung dch, ieu nay khong ch tuy
thuoc vao ban than cac loai nc tng ma con tuy thuoc vao phu gia cho vao dch.
9 Hoa ly: s chuyen chat gia hai loai dch chiet tao thanh mot loai nc
tng ong nhat. ong nhat ve o am noi rieng va nong o chat hoa tan noi chung.
9 Cam quan: mau sac am hn cho nc tng.
Cac yeu to anh hng:
9 ac iem cua ban than loai nc tng: neu san xuat nc tng co o am
cao (250N, 300N) th ngi ta co the khong phoi che, ch bo sung mot so phu gia can
thiet e bao quan, tao hng. Neu san xuat nc tng co cac o am trung gian (50N,
100N) th ngi ta phoi che loai cao am vi loai thap am hn.
9 Ty le phoi tron: sau khi tien hanh trch ly, ta co the phoi tron dch chiet ra
c cua lan trch ly th nhat va lan trch ly th hai e tao ra san pham nc tng.
Tuy theo o am cua dch nc tng sau khi thuy phan ma chung ta xac nh mot ty
le phoi tron hp ly.
9 Qua trnh phoi che phuc vu cho yeu cau a dang hoa san pham hoac tao ra
cac san pham theo yeu cau cua khach hang.
Phng phap thc hien:
Dch nc cham sau khi qua loc tho c bm qua thiet b phoi tron ay
nc cham c bo sung gia v, caramen. Qua trnh tron c khong che nhiet o
thch hp.
3.1.3.6. Qua trnh thanh trung
Muc ch
9 Bao quan, vi nhiet o cao cac vi sinh vat va bao t vi sinh vat b tieu diet;
oc to b phan huy, am bao o an toan ve sinh cho nc tng.
9 Hoan thien, tang them mau sac, hng v, am bao o trong cho nc tng
nh nhng bien oi nhiet o cao.
Bien oi :
Vat ly :
9 The tch dch thuy phan giam i mot phan v s bay hi cua nc va mot so
cau t hng, de bay hi.
9 Qua trnh thanh trung lam bay hi mot lng nc nen nong o chat kho
trong dung dch tang len, tuy khong ang ke.
9 Nhiet o cao lam cho o nht cua dung dch giam dan en gia tr can thiet.
Hoa ly :
9 S bay hi nc trong dung dch di tac dung cua nhiet o cao.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
9 Mot so globulin cha b thuy phan het di tac dung nhiet o se bien tnh va
ong tu. S ong tu nay la can thiet v cac protein kem ben nhiet se b loai bo hoan
toan, o trong cua nc tng c am bao, qua trnh lang can cua nc tng trong
qua trnh s dung se keo dai hoac khong lang can. ay la mot trong cac ch tieu e co
the tang thi gian bao quan cua nc tng (t 9 thang len 12 thang hoac cao hn).
Sinh hoc: di tac dung cua nhiet o cao vi sinh b c che hoan toan.
Cam quan :
9 Mau san pham ac trng phu hp vi th hieu ngi tieu dung, en giai
oan nay, nc tng co mau nau canh gian.
9 San pham tng oi trong. Tuy nhien, san pham sau thanh trung con c
a qua mot be lang e lang het phan muoi b ket tinh va tach het cac protein b ong
tu nh o o trong san pham con c am bao, kiem soat va nang cao trong giai
oan sau.
Cac yeu to anh hng:
Nhiet o va thi gian thanh trung: ban than nc tng la mot hon hp gom chu
yeu la cac acid amin, di tac ong cua nhiet o cao, cac acid amin nay de b phan
huy, bien oi thanh cac chat khac. Viec xac lap che o thanh trung hp ly la quan
trong e bao ve cac ac tnh rieng biet cua nc tng.
Qua trnh thanh trung thc hien bang hi cua noi hi, nhiet o khoang 98
100 C, keo dai trong thi gian 10 20phut. oi vi loai co nong o thap, e tranh
khoi b vang va chua, trong qua trnh bao quan co the thanh trung bang cach un soi.
3.1.3.7. Qua trnh lang t nhien va loc tinh
0
Muc ch
Hoan thien, loai ra khoi nc tng cac chat l lng ty trong cao, gay van uc
hoac co kha nang tao can lang trong qua trnh bao quan.
Bien oi :
tng.
9 Vat ly: s giam nhe ty trong cua nc tng, giam nhe o nht cua nc
9 Hoa ly: s tach lp gia phan hoa tan va phan khong hoa tan trong dch
nc tng. Cac phan khong hoa tan nay chnh la cac protid b ngng tu, cac si x
cellulose khong tan trong nc
9 Cam quan: nc tng se tr nen trong hn, trong khi cac ch tieu khac
khong oi.
Yeu to anh hng:
9 o nht cua dch nc tng anh hng ti toc o cua qua trnh lang.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
9 Kch thc cac can lang cang ln, thi gian lang cang ngan
9 Nhiet o cang thap, thi gian lang cang dai
9 Neu s dung chat tr lang, toc o lang tang len, thi gian lang giam xuong.
9 The tch bnh lang cang ln, qua trnh lang cang thuan li.
9 Thi gian tien hanh qua trnh lang trong bon kha dai 3 7 ngay nhiet o
thng. ay la ieu kien thuan li cho vi sinh vat phat trien. Do o can dung chat phu
gia bao quan hp ly, theo doi cac thong so ky thuat cua qua trnh (am amin, am
thoi, lng vi sinh vat) chat che. Ngoai ra, thng xuyen theo doi o trong cua dung
dch, neu can co the dung cac chat tr lang e tang toc o qua trnh lang e giam thi
gia va giam nguy c nhiem vi sinh.
9 Qua trnh loc tinh ve muc ch khong khac qua trnh lang. Loc tinh la e
tach cac can co kch thc nho hn, triet e hn, tang o trong cua nc tng khi bao
quan. Loc tinh c thc hien trong thiet b loc khung ban.
3.1.3.8. Qua trnh chiet chai, dan nhan
Muc ch:
Hoan thien san pham.
Phng phap thc hien:
9 Chai thuy tinh c ra bang nc lanh, sau o c say kho nhiet o cao.
9 San pham c rot vao chai theo dung tch quy nh. Lng tha c hut ra
theo nguyen tac hut chan khong.
9 Nhan in theo mau va ung quy cach, co ay u thong tin can thiet cho ngi
tieu dung.
3.1.4. Nhng s co trong san xuat
Thi gian thuy phan keo dai:
Keo dai tren 24h va qua trnh thuy phan van cha ket thuc nguyen nhan chu yeu
la lng acid cho vao qua t hoac nhiet o thuy phan van cha at yeu cau, neu thuy
phan bang hi th ap lc cua hi thap, neu thuy phan bang nhiet th co the do khong
u nhiet.
San pham co v ang, khet:
9 Trong qua trnh thuy phan khong khuay ao nguyen lieu ung qui nh.
9 Nong o acid cho vao qua cao, khi cho vao khuay khong eu do o nguyen
lieu b chay va von cuc.
9 Khi trung hoa cho Na2CO3 vao qua nhieu mot luc gay phan ng cuc bo lam
nhiet o tang qua cao lam anh hng en thanh phan ng va am trong nc cham.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
San pham co v nong hoac chua:

Nong la do cho qua nhieu Na2CO3, chua la do cho khong u nen pH con thap co
v chua. Muon khong xay ra s co tren th phai kiem tra o pH trong suot qua trnh san
xuat va co ket hp cam quan.
Hien tng nc tng b ket tua trong chai
9 Dch thanh trung khong qua lam nguoi ma a loc tinh ngay do co the xuat
hien ket tua trong qua trnh lam nguoi.
9 Nc san xuat nc tng qua cng, thi gian lang qua nhanh.
9 Vai loc, giay loc b rach, thiet b co s co, cac ng ong trc khi vo chai
khong c ve sinh thanh trung bang nc soi, bao b khong c ve sinh ung qui
nh.
9 e tranh hien tng tren trong qui trnh can thc hien ung ky thuat t thi
gian, nhiet o, nong o va ve sinh, khi xay ra s co phai lay dch thanh trung lai va
lam ung cac bc tiep theo.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
3.2. SAN XUAT NC TNG BANG PHNG PHAP LEN MEN: [1],
[11], [14], [15], [16], [18], [21]
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Ths. o Viet Ha
Hnh 3.2: Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat nc tng bang phng phap len men
3.2.2. Giai thch quy trnh cong nghe
3.2.2.1 Qua trnh lam sach:
Muc ch:
Qua trnh nay co muc ch chuan b, loai bo cac tap chat co trong au nanh hay
bam tren be mat vo au nanh nh: a, at, bui, hat co, kim loai va ong thi loai bo
c mot so vi sinh vat bam tren o.
Bien oi:
9 Cam quan: Lam cho hat sach hn, sang hn tang gia tr cam quan, ong thi
cung tang chat lng san pham.
9 Cac bien oi khac khong ang ke.
Phng phap thc hien:
Cho au nanh c cho qua he thong lam sach e loai bo tap chat.
3.2.2.2. Ngam ra:
Muc ch:
9 Ngam trong nc vi muc ch lam mem hat au nanh
9 Chuan b cho giai oan hap
Cac bien oi xay ra trong qua trnh:
9 Vat ly: thay oi khoi lng cua hat
9 Hoa ly: mot so chat hoa tan vao nc va ngc lai nc va mot so chat
trong nc ngam vao hat.
9 Hoa hoc: giam mot so thanh phan do hoa tan trong nc, do b oxy hoa nh
vitamin, khoang.
Phng phap thc hien:
Qua trnh ra gom hai giai oan: ngam va ra xoi. au tien nguyen lieu se
c a vao bon ngam sau o c bang chuyen chuyen vao he thong xoi ti cua
may ngam ra xoi ti. Ngam lam cho nc tham t nguyen lieu, lam chat ban mem,
bong ra. Ra xoi la dung tac dung chay cua dong nc e keo chat ban con lai tren
mat nguyen lieu sau khi ngam. Thng dung tia nc phun (p = 2 3at) hay voi hoa
sen e xoi.
3.2.2.3. Hap
Muc ch: Khai thac cac chat dinh dng co trong hat au nanh
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu:
9 Vat ly: thay oi cau truc hat tinh bot va protein, nguyen lieu mem hn.
9 Hoa hoc: lam chn tinh bot, lam protein b bien tnh s bo thanh nhng chat
ma vi sinh vat co the s dung c.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
9 Sinh hoc: Qua trnh nay cung tieu diet vi sinh vat bam tren be mat nguyen
lieu lam cho moc phat trien thuan li.
Phng phap thc hien va thong so ky thuat:
9 Trong qua trnh hap yeu to can chu y nhat la nhiet o va thi gian hap.
9 Nguyen lieu la au nanh ch can hap vi thi gian nh the nao e co ham
lng nc thch hp va nguyen lieu mem hoa ay u la c.
9 oi vi nguyen lieu la tinh bot th thi gian hap cung phai hp ly.
9 Noi chung vi phoi lieu nh tren th hap ap lc 0.7 0.9 kg/cm2, hap
khoang 1 1.5gi la thch hp. Noi chung khi nhn thay hat au chuyen sang mau hi
nau la c khong nen e qua sam mau.
3.2.2.4. Qua trnh lam nguoi
Muc ch: chuan b cho qua trnh phoi tron
Bien oi:
9 Vat ly: nguyen lieu ri ra, nhiet o khoi nguyen lieu giam
9 Hoa ly: Co s bay hi nc tren be mat hat.
Nguyen lieu a hap c trai len mat san bang go, co quat thoi nguoi en 33
0
35 C (vao mua he) va khoang 400C (vao mua ong). Qua trnh nay con lam tang ham
lng O2 giup cho qua trnh nuoi moc sau nay c tot hn.
3.2.2.5. Quy trnh nuoi moc :
Nguyen lieu bot m em rang, sau o trai eu tren mat san phang e nhiet o
cua khoi nguyen lieu giam xuong. Qua trnh lam nguoi c ho tr bi he thong quat
gio.
3.2.2.5.1. Qua trnh cay giong :
9 Moc la c s e san xuat nc tng len men, chat lng moc anh hng
trc tiep en chat lng san pham va hieu suat s dung nguyen lieu.
9 Chung vi sinh vat trong san xuat nc tng len men la nam moc Asp.
oryzae, nam moc nay co mau vang nen ngi ta quen goi la moc vang. Moc nay co
ac tnh cho protease co hoat lc cao, khong oc to, c phep dung trong cong nghe
thc pham.
9 Ngoai ra trong qua trnh len men con co dung mot so vi khuan va nam men
e thuy phan tao hng v mau sac ac trng cho san pham. Chang han nh vi khuan
Pediococcus soyae va cac nam men Saccharomyces rouxii va Torulopsis.
Khi a giong vao nen tron giong trc vi mot so bot m cho eu, sau o dung
nguyen lieu nay rac eu len nguyen lieu nh cay giong. Khi rac nen rac eu va tron
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Ths. o Viet Ha
ky e co moc giong eu khap tren khoi nguyen lieu va moc phat trien ong eu cung
lam cho nhiet o cua khoi nguyen lieu tang eu.
3.2.2.5.2. Nuoi moc
Muc ch: khai thac.
Tao ieu kien cho moc phat trien eu tren moi trng nuoi cay hnh thanh cac he
enzyme can thiet (ac biet la enzyme protease va amylase) co hoat lc cao, co kha
nang thuy phan protein va tinh bot cao hn.
9 Bot m c phoi tron se la nguon tinh bot ma moc s dung e lam nguon
thc an e sinh trng va phat trien manh. S phat trien manh cua moc giong se lan
at c cac loai tap moc khac xam nhap va phat trien giup cho o thuy phan cao hn.
V vay ta phai phoi tron nguyen lieu giau tinh bot vi t le thch hp cung vi nguyen
lieu giau protein la kho au nanh. Ngoai ra bot m cho vao con co tac dung giup cho
nc tng thanh pham co v ngot nhe va mau sac sang hn
9 Cac thong so can lu y khi nuoi moc la: nhiet o, o am va thong gio.
Trong o yeu to nhiet o la quan trong nhat.
9 Trong qua trnh nuoi moc nhiet o co quan he trc tiep en sinh san cua
moc. Nhiet o cua khoi nguyen lieu se tang dan theo s phat trien cua moc va co the
at ti 450C neu ta e nguyen. V vay ta phai ao moc e ieu hoa nhiet o va am o
trong khoi nguyen lieu nuoi moc nham xuc tien s sinh trng cua khuan ty. Thc tien
san xuat nhieu nam cho thay nuoi moc nhiet o phong nuoi 28 300C va ham lng
nc trong khoi nguyen lieu nuoi moc 27 37% se cho hoat tnh enzyme protease va
enzyme ng hoa cao nhat. Hai loai enzyme nay ong vai tro quyet nh nhng
thanh phan chu yeu cua nc tng nh am toan phan, acid amin va ng
Phng phap nuoi moc thu cong.
9 Sau khi tiep giong xong, anh ong cho ti khi nhiet o at 30 350C th
tai ra khay, manh hoac nong tha thanh lp day 1 2cm va cho vao phong nuoi moc.
Gi nhiet o phong 28 300C trong thi gian 8 9 gi va ham am trong phong la 85
90%. Noi chung nhiet o nay khong thch hp vi Mucoz, Penicillium va vi khuan va
thi gian nay bao t moc phat mam nhanh at cac tap moc khac. Sau thi ky nay nhiet
o tang nhanh goi la thi ky sinh trng can ac biet chu y (nhiet o co the at 31
340C).
9 Khoang 3 4 gi sau thay khuan ti xuat hien ro ret luc nay nguyen lieu hi
ket banh. Khi nhiet o at 370C th phai lat moc, ao moc e ha nhiet o v neu nhiet
o qua cao se lam cho khuan ty phat trien khong tot, enzyme cua moc tch tu khong
nhieu. Khi nhiet o len cao phai m ca thong gio, cap khong kh cho moc va ay va
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
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Ths. o Viet Ha
ay kh CO2 trong phong ra ngoai. Sau o phai tiep tuc ao nhieu lan e duy tr nhiet
o 30 310C trong khoi moc.
Phng phap nuoi moc khoi.
9 Nguyen lieu c trai vao trong thung, hop hoac be. Phng phap nay a
c ap dung t lau mot so nc, co u iem la: nang suat cao hn nuoi moc tren
khay, manh. 1m2 co the nuoi c 75 80 kg nguyen lieu (trong khi 1m2 phong nuoi
moc theo phng phap thu cong ch c 24 27kg), giam nhe sc lao ong cua cong
nhan va de c gii hoa.
9 Qua trnh phat trien cua moc co the chia lam 3 giai oan:
o Giai oan 1: sau khi cay giong 8 10 gi, nhiet o tang dan.
o Giai oan 2: t moc phat trien manh, khoi moc toa nhiet, t trang len day
va ket tang.
o Giai oan 3: sau 24 gi, bao t chuyen dan sang mau vang hoa cau.
3.2.2.5.3. anh ti
Phng phap thc hien va thong so ky thuat: Nguyen lieu t be nuoi moc c
anh ti e moc tron eu hn vi nguyen lieu giup cho qua trnh len men tot hn.
3.2.2.6. Phoi tron
Muc ch : Chuan b cho qua trnh u & thuy phan
Bien oi:
9 Vat ly: tang khoi lng, giam o cng, giam o xop
9 Hoa hoc: ham am tang
9 Tron nc co tac dung lam cho nguyen lieu co o am thch hp vi s phat
trien cua nam moc.
9 Phoi tron theo ty le 90% kho au nanh va 10% bot m. Sau o, them 60
70% nc so vi tong nguyen lieu.
3.2.2.7. Qua trnh u
Muc ch: chuan b cho qua trnh thuy phan.
Bien oi: nguyen lieu mem hn, nc tham eu nen lam tang kha nang truyen
nhiet. au se mau chn va chn eu hn khi hap.
9 U co tam quan trong nh nuoi moc neu x ly nguyen lieu tot, nuoi moc
ung ky thuat ma len men khong bao am th nc cham van khong at yeu cau, hieu
suat thu hoi nguyen lieu thap, gia thanh cao.
9 Nhiet o khi u
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Ths. o Viet Ha
o Nhiet o khi u het sc quan trong v no tao ieu kien cho enzyme cua moc
xuc tac cac qua trnh thuy phan tinh bot va protein thanh ng va cac acid amin.
o Nhiet o u nen gi la 37 450C trong suot qua trnh len men. e gi c
nhiet o nay ve mua ong phai gia nhiet. cac nc co kh hau lanh phai gia nhiet
gian tiep bang hi nc e gi nhiet. Viet Nam dung u am e nam moc ho hap toa
nhiet lam cho enzym protease hoat ong.
o Trong qua trnh u khong nen e nhiet o cao qua lam cho san pham co
mui khet, chay, ang hoac neu nhiet o thap qua se keo dai thi gian len men, san
pham co mau sac nhat, khong sanh.
9 Thi gian u
o Tuy theo loai nguyen lieu, lng nc tron vao va ieu kien len men ma
thi gian len men co the dai hay ngan. Thng vi ieu kien nh a neu tren, thi
gian u la 3 7ngay.
3.2.2.8. Thuy phan
Muc ch : Tao pH thch hp cho enzyme protease va amylase cua nam moc hoat
ong. Bien oi sau sac thanh phan nguyen lieu theo hng tao ra san pham nc
tng.
Bien oi:
Hoa sinh:
9 Enzyme protease thuy phan phan t protein thanh nhng chat trung gian
tng oi n gian peptid, polypeptid va cuoi cung thanh cac acid amin n gian.
9 Tinh bot b enzyme amylase thuy phan thanh ng mantose va cuoi cung
thanh glucose:
Vat ly :
9 Nhiet o: trong qua trnh thuy phan nhiet o dch thuy phan tang dan v qua
trnh thuy phan la qua trnh toa nhiet.
9 Nong o chat kho: phan ng thuy phan tao ra cac hp chat n gian nh:
ng, acid amin lam cho nong o chat kho trong dch tang len.
9 o nht: protein b thuy phan dan thanh acid amin va peptid cung vi tac
dung cua nhiet o cao lam cho o nht dch thuy phan giam dan.
9 Lng nc cho vao :
o Muc ch cho nc la e tang nhiet va gi nhiet cua san pham, (moc
thng co ham am 27 30%), thuc ay tac dung phan giai va cai tien hng v cua
nc tng cho phu hp vi th hieu cua ngi tieu dung. V neu nc qua t se lam
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
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Ths. o Viet Ha
cho nc tng co mau am va co mui ho chay, con neu nc qua nhieu th thi gian
len men se rat lau.
o Thng lng nc tron vao 40 - 50% so vi nguyen lieu tng ng 60
70% so vi moc.
9 Nguyen lieu sau khi a u xong (len moc vang hoa cau), lam ti, e u ong
cho ti khi nhiet o at 37 450C th bat au cho nc vao. Khi cho nc vao nen
dung nc co nhiet o 600C e khi cho vao be len men, nguyen lieu co nhiet o 530C.
Khi tron nc phai tron nhanh roi cho ngay vao thung hoac be len men. Tren mat
nguyen lieu rai mot lp muoi kn e phong tap khuan xam nhap. ay nap e hi nc
khong bay i va nhiet o khong b giam.
3.2.2.9. Ham moc:
9 Muoi c x ly bang cach un soi vi nc e tao thanh mot dung dch
nc muoi ong thi con nham muc ch thanh trung nc muoi. V nc muoi tron
vao vi nguyen lieu trong qua trnh nay c dung e thuy phan va chiet nguyen lieu
sau nay nen phai thanh trung e tranh lam nhiem them vi sinh vat vao san pham. Sau
khi un soi c loc e tach tap chat. Sau khi loc, cho nc muoi vao nguyen lieu a
nuoi moc tron eu len. Nc muoi co tac dung km ham vi sinh vat co hai, lam am
moi trng tao ieu kien thuy phan de dang.
9 Sau khi len men can phai can c vao ham lng nc trong dch len men e
tnh ra muoi va nc muoi can bo sung cho at c nong o quy nh va so lng
nc cham nh lay.
9 Cho nc nuoi nong o 20 30% so vi nc tron vao e han che cac vi
khuan gay thoi hoat ong. Khong dung nhieu muoi v co the c che qua trnh len men.
9 Tac dung : Muoi se kiem che s hoat ong cua moc va ngan nga s tap
nhiem cua cac loai vi sinh vat khac.
9 Qua trnh thc hien : Phun nc muoi eu tren be mat nguyen lieu, thc
hien tai thiet b thuy phan.
3.2.2.10. Qua trnh trch ly loc
Muc ch: Trch ly cac chat hoa tan trong nguyen lieu e tao ra nc tng
thanh pham va loc ra lay dch nc tng.
9 Dung nc muoi co nong o 20 30% nhiet o 600C cho vao thiet b len
men e hoa tan am va ng a thuy phan trong qua trnh len men.
9 Sau khi cho muoi nen tien hanh ao tron ngam trong khoang 24 gi e
nhng chat hoa tan tan vao trong nc muoi sau o loc rut nc cham ra.
9 Muc ch cho muoi vao la e tao mui v mat khac e phong thoi. V vay sau
khi len men xong phai nhanh chong cho nc muoi vao va cho vi lng chnh xac.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
o muoi thap hn 16% ve mua he thng hay chua hoac vang trang, neu nong o
muoi qua cao lai anh hng en chat lng ve v cua nc tng, thng tot nhat la 18
20%.
o Trch ly lan th nhat: thng c nc tng am mau, ngot va chiem
khoang 60 80% lng nguyen lieu len men.
o Trch ly lan hai: sau khi trch ly lan th nhat, ba van con lu lai mot lng
nc tng v vay phai o them nc muoi 15 18% vao ngam 12 16 gi roi lai tien
hanh trch ly lan th hai (loc rut lan 2)
o Trch ly lan ba: e li dung nguyen lieu mot cach triet e, ba sau khi
trch ly xong lan 2 van cha muoi va nc tng, e tiep tuc chiet rut, chung ta cho
nc vao (khong cho muoi). Lng nc cho vao khoang 100 150% so vi nguyen
lieu moc, ngam 6 gi roi tien hanh trch ly lan ba. Nc tng rut ra c lan nay
nong o tng oi thap, dung e hoa nc muoi s dung cho cac trch ly lan 2 cua cac
t ke tiep. Lam nh vay se tiet kiem c nguyen lieu muoi va nang cao chat lng
nc tng.
3.2.2.11. Phoi che :
Muc ch: hoan thien san pham.
Sau khi tien hanh trch ly 3 lan th ta co the phoi tron dch chiet ra c cua lan
trch ly th nhat va lan trch ly th hai e tao ra san pham nc tng. Tuy theo san
pham chiet rut ra va o am (g/l) va ty le phoi tron ma chung ta co nc tng thng
hang va nc tng loai 1, loai 2
Trong giai oan phoi che nay, ngi ta co bo sung phu gia (bot ngot) vao e tang
hng v nc tng phu hp vi th hieu ngi tieu dung.
3.2.2.12. Thanh trung
Muc ch: Thanh trung nham tieu diet nhng vi sinh vat con sot lai, keo dai
thi gian bao quan. Ngoai ra, thanh trung san pham nc tng ay con nham muc
ch lam tang them mau sac hng v cho nc tng, ap ng c khau v cua ngi
tieu dung.
Bien oi:
9 Vat ly :
o The tch: the tch dch thuy phan giam i mot phan v co s bay hi cua
nc va mot so cau t de bay hi.
o Nong o chat kho: do qua trnh thanh trung lam bay hi mot lng nc
nen nong o chat kho trong dung dch tang len.
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- 53 -

Ths. o Viet Ha
o o nht: nhiet o cao lam cho o nht cua dung dch giam dan en gia tr
can thiet.
o Bien oi sinh hoc: di tac dung cua nhiet o cao vi sinh vat b c che
hoan toan.
9 Hoa ly :
o S bay hi nc trong dung dch di tac dung cua nhiet o cao.
o Mot so globulin cha b thuy phan het di tac dung nhiet o se bien tnh
va ong tu.
9 Cam quan:
o Mau san pham ac trng phu hp vi th hieu ngi tieu dung.
o San pham tng oi trong. Tuy nhien san pham sau thanh trung con c
a qua mot be lang e lang het phan muoi b ket tinh nhiet o thng va tach het
cac protein b ong tu nh o o trong san pham c cai thien.
Thanh trung bang cach dung hi cua noi hi. Khi thanh trung phai dung nhiet o
va phai khoang 90 1000C e khong anh hng en chat lng cua nc tng va
un trong khoang 20phut. oi vi loai co nong o thap e tranh khoi b vang va chua,
trong qua trnh bao quan co the thanh trung bang cach un soi. Thanh trung gan ket
thuc th cho natri benzoat vao. Ham lng natri benzoat them vao khoang 0.07 0.1%
so vi lng nc tng.
3.2.2.13. Qua trnh chiet chai dan nhan
Muc ch:hoan thien san pham
9 Vo chai: Chai va nut c ra bang nc soi sau ra lai bang con nong o
98% e rao, sau o em thanh trung thi gian 10 20 phut e loai bo cac loai bui ban
bam tren chai va tieu diet vi sinh vat bam tren chai. Sau o,san pham c rot vao
chai theo dung tch quy nh.
9 Dan nhan: Nhan in theo mau va ung quy cach, co ay u thong tin can
thiet cho ngi tieu dung.
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Ths. o Viet Ha
3.3. SAN XUAT NC TNG BANG PHNG PHAP ENZYMES: [8],

[9], [10], [9], [14], [15], [19], [21], [23], [27]
3.3.1. Enzyme thuy phan protein thc vat (HVP Enzyme), [27]
3.3.1.1. M au:
Nhng protein thc vat nh nc tng, dung dch gluten cua bot m va ngo ...
Thng c s dung trong s a dang nhng san pham thc pham. Tnh hoat ong
cua nhng protein nay trong nhieu thc pham va nhng qua trnh che bien khac c
cai thien mot cach ang ke bi thuy phan enzyme
V du nh, s a dang cua thc pham thuy phan protein c tao bi
Flavourzyme va cung cap nhng thanh phan gia v khong co v ang thng lien ket
vi nhng enzyme thuy phan khac. Hn na, thuy phan bang enzyme se cho nhieu li
ch va u iem so vi phng phap thuy phan bang acid.
3.3.1.2. Nhng li ch ma HVP Enzyme mang lai :
o Tnh ac thu va s kiem soat ln qua nhng ac tnh cua san pham thuy phan
bang enzyme trai ngc vi s phan cat khong ac hieu nhng hp chat cao phan t
cua qua trnh thuy phan bang acid.
o Tnh chat cua san pham thc pham tot hn v mui nhe va thuan khiet. Trong
qua trnh thuy phan cung co nhng phan ng khac xay ra nh phan ng Maillard va
tao ra nhng mui hng ac trng, phu hp vi san pham.
o Giam bt ham lng muoi trong cac san pham thuy phan (ham lng muoi thap
hn 2%)
o Loai tr nhng phan ng khong mong muon tao ra bi s thuy phan bang acid
(nh acid chlohydrid) se phat sinh ra nhng chat co hai tiem tang nh 3 MCPD (hp
chat gay ung th vi lieu lng thap).
o Tao ra nhng san pham co gia tr hn vi nhng chc nang tot hn (v du nh
kha nang ket hp vi nc) tao c t nhng thanh phan vat chat nho trong dung
dch.
3.3.1.3. Nhng san pham:
Bang 3.1: Mot so che pham enzyme protease co ng dung trong cong nghe san xuat
nc cham [27]
San pham
Flavourzyme 500 MG
Flavourzyme 1000 L
Protamex 1.5 MG
Alcalase 2.4 L FG
Viscozyme L
Li ch cua san pham/ kha nang ng dung
Lieu lng s
dung
Phat sinh hng v, loai bo v ang & von cuc san 20 50
pham
10 -25
Tang cng hoat ong cua Flavourzyme
6 - 15
Tang cng hoat ong cua Flavourzyme
4 -10
Tang cng anh hng cua protein
0.5 1.0
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Bang 3.2.. Nhng thong so ky thuat ve enzyme thuy phan alcalase 2.4 LFG [27]
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Bang 3.3: Nhng thong so ky thuat ve enzyme thuy phan Flavourzyme 500MG:[27]
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Bang 3.4: Nhng thong so ky thuat ve enzyme thuy phan Novozyme FM 2.0 L [27]
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Muoi
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Hnh 3.3: Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat nc tng bang phng phap enzyme
3.3.2. Thuyet minh qui trnh cong nghe:
Nguyen lieu la au nanh c cho qua he thong lam sach e loai bo tap chat co
lan trong nguyen lieu, sau o cho qua may nghien bua e nghien mn, em nau chn
vi nc va xay nhuyen tao dang set. Sau o dung che pham enzyme hoa tan vao mot
t nc va cho vao dch set au nanh va khuay tron eu. Sau khi thuy phan nguyen
lieu bang che pham enzyme, dch thuy phan co ham lng am amin rat cao va am
amoniac thap. em dch phoi che phu gia, phoi che vi loai nc tng th hai, th ba
c trch ly t ba loc. Sau qua trnh phoi che o am cua dch a giam theo yeu cau
ngi tieu dung, cho dch qua qua trnh thanh trung 95- 1000C sau 15 phut e vo
hoat enzyme va tieu diet vi sinh vat (giai oan thanh trung co the bo sung chat bao
quan nh natri benzoate vao nc tng e keo dai thi gian bao quan). Tiep theo tien
hanh lang t nhien trong cac bon lang ln t 3 -7 ngay, sau o em loc va em chiet
chai, lu kho va bao quan.
3.3.3. Giai thch quy trnh cong nghe
3.3.3.1. Qua trnh lam sach:
Muc ch: Qua trnh nay co muc ch chuan b, loai bo cac tap chat co trong au
nanh hay bam tren be mat vo au nanh nh: a, at, bui, hat co, kim loai, va ong
thi loai bo c mot so vi sinh vat bam tren o.
Bien oi:
9 Cam quan: Lam cho hat sach hn, sang hn, tang gia tr cam quan, ong thi
cung tang chat lng san pham.
9 Cac bien oi khac khong ang ke.
Phng phap thc hien: Cho au nanh c cho qua he thong lam sach e loai bo
tap chat.
3.3.3.2. Qua trnh nghien
Muc ch:
9 Chuan b cho qua trnh ngam.
9 Nghien nho e ngam nc tham eu, khi hap chn eu tranh c trng
hp ngoai chn trong song. Ngoai ra nghien con lam tang dien tch phat trien cua nam
moc va dien tch tac dung cua enzyme tren nguyen lieu.
Bien oi:
Vat ly:
9 Nguyen lieu c nghien ti kch thc hat la 0.5 1mm. Kch thc hat
sau khi nghien kha ln v neu nghien nho qua th cac hat se ket dnh lai vi nhau, ieu
nay dan en hien tng chay khet khi hap.
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9 Nghien con co the lam tang nhiet o cua khoi hat do ma sat trong qua trnh
nghien.
9 Sau qua trnh nghien co the b that thoat nguyen lieu do con sot lai trong
may nghien dan en giam khoi lng nguyen lieu au ra so vi au vao.
Phng phap thc hien: Nghien bang may nghien bua
3.3.3.3. Qua trnh ngam :
Muc ch:
Ngam trong nc vi muc ch lam mem hat au nanh
Chuan b cho giai oan hap
Bien oi:
9 Vat ly: thay oi khoi lng cua hat
9 Hoa ly: mot so chat hoa tan vao nc va ngc lai nc va mot so chat
trong nc ngam vao hat.
9 Hoa hoc: giam mot so thanh phan do hoa tan trong nc, do b oxy hoa nh
vitamin, khoang.
3.3.3.4. Qua trnh hap :
Muc ch:
9 Lam mem au
9 Tieu diet vi sinh vat.
9 Giam ham lng oligosaccharide (raffinose, stachyose).
9 Cai thien mau sac, mui v cho san pham.
9 Vo hoat nhanh cac chat c che enzyme Trypsin (Trypsic) va cac enzyme
Lipoxygenase.
Bien oi:
9 Vat ly: Trong qua trnh hap, hat au nanh hut nc, trng n dan en s
tang ve kch thc, khoi lng t 2 3 lan. Hat au tr nen mem hn.
9 Hoa hoc, hoa ly : Hat au nanh b hydrate hoa ang ke. Trong qua trnh nay
mot so oligosaccharide nh raffinose, stachyose la nguyen nhan gay kho tieu c
trch ly ra khoi hat au nanh. S phan cat nhng phan t cacbonhydrate t vat chat co
the at c bi enyme amylase va cacbonhydrase khac co trong Flavourzyme.
Viscozye co the dc s dung cho s phan cat nhng hp chat cacbonhydrate cho ti
nhng phan t protein.
9 Hoa sinh: Di tac dung cua nhiet o va pH kiem, cac enzyme
lipoxygenase, cac chat c che enzyme trypsin se b vo hoat. ong thi, mot so protein
cung b bien tnh lam cho chung de tiep can vi nhau hn. Qua trnh hap se kiem ham
hay tieu diet toan bo vi sinh vat co trong nguyen lieu ban au.
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9 Cam quan : Giam mui au gay kho chu, mot so chat mau b phan huy lam
cho san pham co mau sang hn.
9 Trong qua trnh hap yeu to can chu y nhat la nhiet o va thi gian hap.
9 Nguyen lieu la kho au nanh sau khi qua a qua qua trnh nghien nho &
ngam, do o ch can hap vi thi gian, ham lng nc thch hp e lam nguyen lieu
mem hoa ay u la c.
9 oi vi nguyen lieu la tinh bot th thi gian hap cung phai hp ly.
9 Hap ap lc 0.7 0.9 kg/cm2,
9 Thi gian khoang 1 gi 1 gi 30 phut
3.3.3.5. Qua trnh lam nguoi :
Muc ch :
Chuan b cho qua trnh phoi tron tiep theo
Bien oi :
9 Khoi lng nguyen lieu co giam i mot phan do am bay hi
9 Nhiet o cua khoi nguyen lieu giam
9 S thay oi am : am bay hi
9 Giam van toc cac phan ng hoa hoc, sinh hoc
9 Nguyen lieu co s thay oi ve mau sac
Phng phap thc hien & thong so ky thuat :
Nguyen lieu sau khi hap chn, tien hanh trai lp day khoang 1 2cm ra khay
hay manh. Dung quat thoi kh vao khoi nguyen lieu e giam nhanh nhiet o khoi
nguyen lieu, nhiet o khoi nguyen lieu giam xuong 30 -350C.
3.3.3.6 Phoi tron:
Muc ch:
9 Chuan b cho qua trnh u.
Bien oi:
9 Vat ly: khoi nguyen lieu se tang khoi lng, giam o cng, giam o xop
9 Hoa hoc: ham am tang
9 Cho khoi nguyen lieu cung vi nc muoi vao may tron, sau o tien hanh
tron eu. Tiep theo bo sung che pham enzyme vao may tron.
9 Dung nc muoi co nong o 20 25%
9 Duy tr nhiet o : 50 550C
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9 Dung che pham enzyme protease phoi tron vi lng nh sau: 4 -10kg
acalase 2.4 LFG/ 1000kg protein (hay 6 -15kg protamex 1.5MG/1000kg protein) va 20
-25kg Flavourzyme 500MG/1000kg protein
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3.3.3.7 Qua trnh u :

Muc ch: chuan b cho qua trnh thuy phan
Bien oi:
9 Vat ly: Nhiet o khoi nguyen lieu tang
9 Hoa hoc : Xay ra cac phan ng thuy phan protein trong au nanh
9 Sinh hoc : enzyme protease hoat ong manh
Cac yeu to anh hng:
9 Nhiet o :
o Trong giai oan u chn, nhiet o la yeu to anh hng quan trong e he
enzyme protease hoat ong nham tang chat lng va gia tr cam quan cua nc tng.
Nhiet o qua cao hay qua thap eu anh hng khong tot en kha nang hoat ong cua
enzyme .
o Che pham protease bo sung tuy theo ieu kien pH, nhiet o u chn. Neu bo
sung vi t le phu hp va u chn trong nhng ieu kien thch hp th nc tng tao
thanh co mui v ac trng.
o Kiem tra nhiet o u thng xuyen, nhiet o u dao ong trong khoang 50
0
55 C
9 o pH : Sau giai oan u s bo, nc muoi c bo sung vao. Xac nh pH
can thiet va phu hp e he enzyme protease hoat ong nham tang chat lng va gia
tr cam quan cua nc tng. o pH thch hp nhat cho giai oan u chn la 6.5 7.
9 Thi gian u : Nen u trong thi gian t 16 24gi.
3.3.3.8. Qua trnh thuy phan :
Qua trnh thuy phan se phan cat cac hp chat cao phan t co trong nguyen lieu
thanh cac hp chat thap phan t di tac dung cua enzyme protease.
9 Muc ch: Thuy phan nguyen lieu giau protein thanh cac acid amin, tao ra
san pham nc cham.
9 Phng phap thc hien va thong so ky thuat :
o Thc hien ap suat thng
o Phng thc lam viec: Thuy phan gian oan
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(Tao dch huyen phu)
(Mui v nc tng ac trng)
Hnh 3.4: Phac thao qua trnh thuy phan protein thc vat cua che pham enzyme
protease [27]
Lng enzyme (4 10kg alcalase 2.4 LFG hoac 6 -15kg protamex 1.5 MG cho
1000kg protein) c cho vao qua trnh phoi tron tren se tiep tuc thuy phan protein
co trong nguyen lieu. Thong so nhiet o va thi gian c khuyen cao la thuy phan
ban au nhiet o 50 -550C (122 -1310F) trong 15 -30 phut. pH c cho phep giam 1
pH n v. Hnh thanh pha thuy phan th 1 cua qua trnh thuy phan
Tiep theo cho khoang 20 - 50 Kg Flavourzyme 500 MG cho 1000kg protein,
thuy phan tng phan protein cho ti khi bat au pha th hai cua qua trnh thuy phan.
ieu nay cho phep e keo dai thi gian thuy phan t 4 -16 gi, trong suot thi gian o
pH cua dch b giam xuong 5.5.
Can phai chu y rang qua trnh thuy phan ban au vi enzyme alcalase 2.4 LFG
co the san sinh vai chuoi peptid ang, trong khi protein ngng ong co the cung xuat
hien khi enzyme alcalase 2.4 LFG hoac enzyme Protamex 1.5 MG c s dung trong
pha ban au. Sinh ang & ngng ong la hai qua trnh c chuyen dch bi qua trnh
x ly tiep theo sau vi Flavourzyme 500 MG trong suot thi gian cua pha th hai.
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Qua trnh thuy phan mc o sau hn co the at c bi viec ieu chnh pH

cua dung dch phan ng la 7.0 sau vai gi thuy phan va them vao mot lng bo sung
20 -50kg Flavourzyme 500 MG cho moi 1000kg protein. Phan ng c tiep tuc
khoang 4 8 gi, vi pH tieu bieu giam ti khoang 6.0 6.5.
Trong mot vai trng hp, thi gian phan ng dai se tao ieu kien cho s phat
trien hng v, yeu cau rang dung dch phan ng c duy tr va on nh e ngan
nga oc to vi sinh vat. Co mot cach e gi c 80 90% hoat tnh enzyme
Flavourzyme la dung dung dch muoi co nong o 5 10%. S phat trien cua qua trnh
co the cho phep o at cua nong o chat kho (0Brix) hoac gia tang so phan t. Mot
anh gia tinh te cua mc o thuy phan co the c hoan thanh bi viec xac nh so
lng cac nhom amin t do bang cach s dung nhng phng phap TNBS va OPA.
3.3.3.9. Qua trnh trch ly:
Cac qua trnh trch ly la s rut chat hoa tan trong nguyen lieu ran bang dung
moi nh qua trnh khuech tan gia cac chat co nong o khac nhau.
Muc ch: Khai thac la muc ch chu yeu. Trch ly cac chat hoa tan chat am
va ng a thuy phan qua trnh trc, sau o ngam rut ra nc tng.
Bien oi:
9 Dung moi trong trch ly la pha co nong o thap, dung moi can ap ng cac
yeu cau sau :
o Phai co tnh hoa tan chon loc
o Khong tac dung hoa hoc vi cac cau t khac trong dung dch.
o Khong pha huy thiet b
o Dung moi phai c tach ra sau qua trnh trch ly bang phng phap hp ly.
Sau khi tach khong e mui v la va khong gay oc cho san pham. Chon dung moi trch
ly la nc muoi nong o 20 25%.
9 S thay oi thanh phan cac chat trong he thong trch ly
9 Co mot so bien oi sinh hoa va sinh hoc lam thay oi tnh chat vat lieu sau
trch ly tao mui v, hng thm cho nc cham.
9 Mot so vi sinh vat co the phat trien trong dung dch trch ly khi nhiet o thap
va cung co vai enzyme lai b giam hoat ong.
9 San pham trch ly la hon hp gom cac cau t a tach ri vi dung moi, sau
o tach dung moi rieng va thu hoi san pham.
e trch ly ngi ta un soi mot lng nc 100% so vi trong lng nguyen
lieu ban au, sau o pha muoi vao ti nong o 20 25%. e nguoi xuong 650C ti
eu tren be mat nguyen lieu sau khi a u am trong thi gian 16 -24 gi. Ngam trong
thi gian 6 8 gi , rut ra c 20% roi ti eu tren khoi nguyen lieu tr lai. Sau o
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rut nc 1. Nc lay ra cha vao be, khuay eu them 70 80g muoi/lt thanh pham
lay ra (muoi them vao la loai muoi at tieu chuan ve sinh thc pham cua Bo y te).
Sau khi rut lay nc 1, lai un soi mot lng nc 100% so vi trong lng
nguyen lieu ban au. Pha muoi vao e co nong o 20 25%. e nguoi xuong 650C
ti eu tren be mat nguyen lieu, ngam 4 6 gi rut ra lay nc 2, khuay eu cho
them 70 80g muoi/lt thanh pham lay ra.
Khau trch ly thanh pham co the thc hien theo nhieu cach sau:
9 Cho nc muoi vao vi lng ln va t lan, thi gian trch ly dai 12 24 gi.
9 Cho nc muoi vi lng t va nhieu lan, thi gian trch ly ngan khoang 6
8 gi.
Neu trch ly ngam rut vi lng t nc muoi nhng nhieu lan th qua trnh tham
thau va khuech tan se lap i lap lai nhieu lan, cac chat thuy phan se c hoa tan triet
e va nc cham se co o am cao.
Cac van e chu y trong qua trnh trch ly:
9 Van e ve sinh trong giai oan nay rat quan trong v la giai oan cuoi cua
qua trnh che bien e thu thanh pham. Nc muoi dung e trch ly nhat thiet phai un
soi. Cac thiet b trch ly phai lam bang vat lieu chu muoi. Cac thiet b cha khong
c dung bang kim loai de b g.
9 Phai lam ve sinh sach se v tr ni san xuat nh phan xng u, phan xng
trch ly. Ngam ra dung cu, be cha thng xuyen bang nc chlorine. am bao ieu
kien ve sinh nghiem ngoac cho ngi san xuat.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh trch ly :
9 Do nguyen lieu trch ly la nguyen lieu ran nen can tang dien tch tiep xuc
cua chung va dung moi, ieu nay thc hien bang cach nghien nho nguyen lieu
9 Nhiet o: yeu to nay anh hng kha ln en qua trnh trch ly. Nhiet o co
tac dung lam tang toc o khuech tan va giam onht. Tuy nhien, khong nen tang
nhiet o qua cao v nh the co the xay ra cac phan ng khac khong can thiet gay kho
khan cho qua trnh cong nghe. Gi nhiet o 50 -550C.
9 Thi gian trch ly : Khi thi gian tang lng chat khuech tan tang nhng e
thi gian trch ly dai qua th khong kinh te.
3.3.3.10. Qua trnh phoi che:
Muc ch: hoan thien san pham.
9 Phoi tron thanh pham : Nc 1 & nc 2 sau khi trch ly thng co o am
khac nhau. Nc 1 co khoang 22 250N, nc 2 co khoang 12 150N.
9 Muon co nc cham co o am, mau sac va hng v ong nhat, theo ung
tieu chuan at ra th phai phoi tron thanh pham trc khi nhap kho.
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9 Nc 1 & nc 2 sau khi trch ly c lay mau phan tch o am, o muoi.
Sau o pha them muoi va phoi tron thanh pham theo yeu cau o am 100N, 150N,
200N vi cng o muoi la 230 250g/L
9 Trong giai oan nay, e tang gia tr dinh dng, gia tr cam quan... ngi ta
cho the bo sung them gia v theo nhng ham lng nhat nh.
3.3.3.11. Qua trnh thanh trung:
Muc ch: bao quan, hoan thien.
Thanh trung nham tieu diet nhng vi sinh vat con sot lai, keo dai thi gian bao
quan. Ngoai ra thanh trung san pham nc tng ay con nham muc ch lam tang
them mau sac hng v cho nc tng, ap ng c khau v cua ngi tieu dung.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu:
9 Bien oi sinh hoc: di tac dung cua nhiet o cao vi sinh vat b c che hoan
toan.
9 Bien oi hoa ly: S bay hi nc trong dung dch di tac dung cua nhiet o
cao, mot so globulin cha b thuy phan het di tac dung nhiet o se bien tnh va ong
tu.
9 Cam quan: Mau san pham ac trng phu hp vi th hieu ngi tieu dung,
san pham tng oi trong. Tuy nhien, san pham sau thanh trung con c a qua mot
be lang e lang het phan muoi b ket tinh nhiet o thng va tach het cac protein b
ong tu nh o o trong san pham c cai thien.
Thanh trung bang cach dung hi cua noi hi. Khi thanh trung phai dung nhiet
o va phai khoang 90 1000C e khong anh hng en chat lng cua nc tng
va un trong khoang 20 phut. oi vi loai co nong o thap e tranh khoi b vang va
chua, trong qua trnh bao quan co the thanh trung bang cach un soi. Thanh trung gan
ket thuc th cho natri benzoat vao. Ham lng natri benzoat them vao khoang 0.07
0.1% so vi lng nc tng.
3.3.3.12. Qua trnh chiet chai dan nhan:
Muc ch cong nghe: hoan thien san pham
9 Vo chai: Chai va nut c ra bang nc soi sau ra lai bang con nong o
98% e rao, sau o em thanh trung thi gian 10 20 phut e loai bo cac loai bui ban
bam tren chai va tieu diet vi sinh vat bam tren chai. Sau o san pham c rot vao
chai theo dung tch quy nh.
9 Dan nhan: Nhan in theo mau va ung quy cach, co ay u thong tin can
thiet cho ngi tieu dung.
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3.4. SAN XUAT NC TNG BANG PHNG PHAP KET HP

(ENZYME VA HCl) :
3.4.1. Quy trnh cong nghe :
Lam nguoi
So a
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Hnh 3.5: Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat nc tng bang phng phap ket hp
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3.4.2. Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe:

Nguyen lieu la ba kho au nanh a c ep dau, nghien mn, em nau chn va
xay nhuyen tao dang set. Sau o dung enzyme protease hoa tan vao mot t nc. Sau
o, em toan bo khoi nguyen lieu tren i u trong thi gian t 18 gi en 24 gi. Sau
qua trnh u ta tien hanh trch ly bang dung dch nc muoi nong o 10 -15% e thu
dch trch ly. Dch trch ly nay tiep tuc c x ly bang phng phap acid. Cho nc,
acid HCl (loang, bang 50% so vi lng nguyen lieu ban au) va dch trch ly vao noi
thuy phan co nap kn. Sau o m hi e un soi trong mot thi gian (khoang 3 - 4 gi)
nhiet o luon phai nho hn 1100C vi ap suat cao. Sau o ha ap suat xuong ta c
dch phan giai.
Dch phan giai c bm sang noi trung hoa. Dung Na2CO3 e trung hoa en
pH = 6.5 -7.0. Sau khi trung hoa xong bm dch sang he thong loc tho. Tuy theo o
am ma nc va muoi cho vao khac nhau. Ba loc em bo con dung dch loc bm vao
bon thanh trung. Tai cong oan nay gi ta se ieu chnh lai pH va o man. Nhiet o
thanh trung khoang 90 1000C, thi gian 10 20 phut roi cho phu gia vao. Dung dch
sau khi thanh trung c bm qua bon lang t nhien t 3 7 ngay se cho loc tinh. Lay
thanh pham cua qua trnh loc tinh em kiem tra mot vai ch tieu, neu at yeu cau se
cho pha che hng lieu. Pha che xong nc cham c cho vao chai vi he thong chiet
chai da tren nguyen ly chan khong. Sau o c em i ong nap va dan nhan. Cac
san pham c cho vao loc va thung roi em i lu kho.
3.4.3. Giai thch quy trnh cong nghe:
Cac qua trnh trong cong nghe tren la s ket hp cua hai quy trnh cong nghe
enzymes va phng phap acid. Do vay, cac bien oi trong cac qua trnh va cac thiet b
s dung cho quy trnh cong nghe san xuat nc tng bang phng phap enzyme va
bang phng phap hoa giai ta co the s dung chung cho quy trnh cong nghe tren.
Tuy nhien, co mot so ieu lu y cho cong nghe nay nh sau :
9 Qua trnh hap nguyen lieu phai thc hien nhiet o 90 -1000C trong thi
gian 1.5 gi
9 Trong qua trnh phoi tron, ta s dung che pham enzyme nh : Flavourzyme
500 MG; Flavourzyme 1000 L; Protamex 1.5 MG; Alcalase 2.4 L FG; Viscozyme
L hay s dung enzyme protease tinh khiet.
9 Qua trnh phoi tron vi cac thong so ky thuat nh : Nong o muoi loang (hn
so vi nong o muoi ta s dung trong quy trnh ch s dung enzyme khong hoa chat )
t 10 15%. Phoi tron enzyme protease vi ham lng nh 4 -10 kg acalase hay 6
15kg protamex.
9 Qua trnh u : Kiem soat nhiet o cua qua trnh u 45 -500C, thi gian u t 18 24gi
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc
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Ths. o Viet Ha
9 Qua trnh thuy phan 1: kiem soat nhiet o thuy phan 50 -550C, thi gian thuy
phan la 15 -30 phut, o pH trong giai oan thuy phan 1 nay la 5.5.
9 Sau qua trnh thuy phan 1, dch thu c em loc (thu ba e trch ly bang
nc muoi e lay them dch bo sung cho qua trnh phoi che). Sau o, tien hanh giai
oan thuy phan 2. Trong cong oan thuy phan 2 co bo sung dung dch HCl loang (ieu
nay la rat khac so vi phng phap ch dung HCl la acid ac ti 32%) bang 50% so vi
nguyen lieu ban au. Nhiet o cua qua trnh thuy phan 2 luon phai gi be hn 1100C,
thi gian t 12 16 gi
9 Cac qua trnh tiep theo nh : qua trnh phoi che cac loai nc tng theo o
am, co bo sung phu gia vao qua trnh nay, qua trnh trung hoa dch bang so a (pH =
6.5 -7.0), qua trnh thanh trung (t = 90 1000C, lng CBQ bang 0.07 -0.1% so vi
lng nc tng trc thanh trung, thi gian thanh trung 10 -20phut), qua trnh lang
t nhien (khoang 3 -7 ngay), qua trnh loc tinh, qua trnh chiet chai c thc hien nh
cac quy trnh khac.
9 Cuoi cung san pham sau qua trnh chiet chai, em dan nhan va lu kho.
3.4.4. Thiet b trong san suat:
Co the dung cac thiet b trong hai quy trnh san xuat nc tng bang hoa
chat & quy trnh san xuat nc tng bang enzyme cho quy trnh cong nghe nay. Tuy
nhien, ch co mot van e chu y ve thiet b la : thiet b phai co cac he thong t ong e
co the ieu khien c nhiet o, ap suat ben trong.
SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

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Ths. o Viet Ha

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LVTN : Cac phng phap san xuat nc tng & thiet ke phan xng san xuat 20,000L/ngay

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Ham lng g/l

pH = 5.9 6.2, khoi lng rieng nc tng 1.01 1.04 g/mL

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

1.1.2.5. Chat mau

% Tnh theo chat kho

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Khac vi au va ngu coc, lac t tinh bot.

% theo chat kho

% theo chat kho

1.2.2.2.Thanh phan protein trong kho au phong

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Thanh phan hoa hoc va dinh dng cua hat au nanh

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Khoang: chiem ty le thap (khoang 5% trong lng hat kho)

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Cac enzyme: Ureaza, Lipoxygenase, -Amylase.

Cac chat khong co gia tr dinh dng trong au nanh :

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Lipid (%) Hydratcarbon

1.2.4. Kho au nanh

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

1.3.3.2. Yeu cau ky thuat cua nc trong san xuat:

1.3.4. Muoi (NaCl)

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

So (g) muoi hoa tan % NaCl

Nc muoi s dung co nong o vao khoang 17 180Be. Tuy theo o am cua

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Khoi lng phan t 114.14

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Protein cua bap co 4 nhom : albumin, prolamin, globulin va glutelin.

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

protease thu nhan t vi sinh vat nh Bac.cereus, Bac.Meraterium, Bac.subrilis,

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Moi trng va ieu kien sinh tong hp protase: [19]

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

1.3.8.5.1. ng dung trong san xuat nc mam:[14]

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

2.2. PHAN NG THUY PHAN TRONG CONG NGHIEP THC PHAM

SVTH: Vo Van Quoc

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

ng vi bon phng trnh phan ng sau:

Xuc tac (H2O)

Hon hp cac acid amin

GVHD : Ths. Nguyen Th Hien

Nit toan phan