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VEHICLE
DESIGN
AND
ITS
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1.Abstract:An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one
or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle
may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle
sources, or may be self-contained with
a battery or generator to convert fuel
to electricity. EVs include road and
rail vehicles, surface and underwater
vessels, electric
2.PROBLEM STATEMENT
In electric cars a battery powers the
electric motor and the voltage then
turns the transmission to turn the
wheels.The
benefit
to
the
electric vehicles released into the market and now family sized vehicles that
can travel between 50 and 80 miles depending on the model on one charge.
As a strategy to make the electrical vehicles acceptable and usable, efforts can
be made to design and orient the use of specialized electric vehicles to niche
situations and markets, where these vehicles can have an edge over petrol
driven conventional vehicles. This needs to be understood well. If the
limitations of the electric driven vehicles is leveraged by design, special
vehicles for special applications / special situations can become viable and
common-place, thereby relieving the pressure on oil, environment (pollution),
health & carbon footprint.
3.HISTORY
Electric motive power started in 1827, when Slovak-Hungarian priest nyos
Jedlik built the first crude but viable electric motor, provided with stator, rotor
and commutator, and the year after he used it to power a tiny car. The first
known
electric
car
was
built
in
1837
by
chemist Robert
in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar
American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847. Between 1832 and
1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the
first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.
Electric Vehicle were among the earliest automobiles, and before the
preeminence of light, powerful internal combustion engines, electric
automobiles held many vehicle land speed and distance records in the early
1900s. They were produced by Baker Electric, Columbia Electric, Detroit
Electric, and others, and at one point in history out-sold gasoline-powered
vehicles. In fact, in 1900, 28 percent of the cars on the road in the USA were
electric.
EVs were so popular that even President Woodrow Wilson and his secret
service agents toured Washington DC in their Milburn Electrics, which
covered 6070 miles per charge. A number of developments contributed to
decline of electric cars.
Reason which let shifting from electric cars to Gasoline cars:1. Improved road infrastructure required a greater range than that offered
by electric cars The discovery of large reserves of petroleum in Texas,
Oklahoma, and California led to the wide availability of affordable
gasoline, making gas-powered cars cheaper to operate.
4.Findings
4.1POLICY
With the growing environmental consciousness and seeing the adverse effects
of climate change, the Government of India and the governments of various
Indian states are supporting many initiatives for the development of
ecofriendly technologies, which can reduce the carbon footprint.
India.
Regulation has become one of the prime factors driving this change.
Energy audits have been made mandatory in large consumer units from March
2007. An energy-labeling programme for appliances was launched in 2006 and
comparative star-based labeling has also been introduced. Recent signing of
the agreement in Copenhagen on Climate Change, India is committed to
pursue this policy aggressively. Programme of Urban Renewal of the
Government of India insists on energy efficiency, and incentives in the form of
cheaper loans are offered to urban transport authorities. The National Solar
Mission would promote the use of solar energy for power generation and other
applications. Even Indian industry has taken up these issues seriously. Energy
efficiency has become the top most agenda for Indian companies as well. Big
automobile companies are developing electric vehicle technologies and/ or
buying smaller electric vehicle companies to prepare for the future. One good
example is that Mahindra & Mahindra recently bought Reva Electric car
company from Bangalore.
IN INDIA
5.1 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
A new Masters and Doctoral level program was started from last year for education
and research into mobility and vehicle design issues at Industrial Design Centre,
IIT Bombay, to create a body of specialist vehicle designers, who can address the
problems of future mobility in the country, and also to develop the research culture
in this discipline. Special emphasis is given to eco-friendly vehicle development
and research. Light weighting is a very important criterion for electric vehicles, to
make them run cheaper and longer. Initiatives to develop small electric vehicles are
undertaken for situations like campuses, gated communities, industrial estates
where heavier vehicle are not necessary for transport and smaller ones are adequate
enough. Research is being conducted on light weighting of these vehicles to reduce
the power consumption further. Integrated single unit reinforced plastic bodies for
2-wheelers and 3-wheelers are built and tested to achieve this objective. By
designing single-seat mini electric scooter and similar small vehicles, examples
were created, and prototypes were developed to prove the concepts. These
concepts can be adopted and developed by research-shy companies for
manufacture and marketing.
5.2
Design Integration
Phase I of the scheme has kicked off from April 1, 2015 and will run till end-201617 with an approved outlay of Rs 795 crore. An initial allocation of Rs 75 crore has
been sanctioned in the budget for the current fiscal 2015-16, Geete said. The four
thrust areas of the scheme are demand and supply creation, technology
development, charging infrastructure and pilot projects.
The break-up of fund allocation in 2015-16 across these segments is: Rs 70 crore
for the technology platform including testing infrastructure, Rs 155 crore for
demand incentives, Rs 10 crore for charging infrastructure, Rs 20 crore for pilot
projects and Rs 5 crore for IEC operations. In 2016-17, Rs 120 crore will be
allocated for the technology platform, Rs 340 crore for demand incentives, Rs 20
crore for charging infrastructure, Rs 50 crore for pilot projects and Rs 5 crore for
IEC operations. In all, Rs 260 crore will be spent in FY16 and Rs 535 crore in
FY17 out of the total Rs 795 crore earmarked for the scheme for a two-year
period. Due to the high level of environment pollution and fossil fuel usage in road
transport in high density urban centres, this phase of the scheme will be restricted
to cities falling under the purview of the smart cities initiative, major metro cities,
all state capitals and other urban cities with over a million-strong population as
well as the north eastern states.
Keeping in view the limited domestic reserves of conventional fuels and the rising
demand in the automobile sector, it is a dire necessity to find alternate sources of
energy for transport which are eco-friendly yet cost-effective. In the present
circumstances, FAME is a necessity. We hope that the scheme will be a success and
benefits the citizens of our country and meets the objectives which are set out in
the Mission. Today, the first national workshop organised by our ministry also saw
various stakeholders including our partners from the state governments
participating with full fervour. We are hopeful that as one of the important
stakeholders, we will have their active participation in the implementation of the
scheme as we go forward, said Geete.
The demand incentives that will be given to boost sales of hybrids and EVs will be
in the range of:
- Rs 1,800 to Rs 22,000 for scooters
- Rs 3,500 to Rs 29,000 for motorcycles
- Rs 3,300 to Rs 54,000 for CNG/diesel three-wheeler variants
- Rs 3,300 to Rs 61,000 for petrol-engined three-wheelers
- Rs 13,000 to Rs 124,000 for sub-4-metre four-wheelers
6. CONCLUSION
o EVs in India is at a very nascent stage and is stated to grow in double
digits
o EVs in India is dominated by 2-wheeler segment, and the immediate
future also seems to be in this segment
o Supplies for 2-wheelers are majorly from China as SKDs, Electric
Components come from Taiwan also
o 2-wheeler industry is looking at technology for motor controllers,
battery & Charging Systems
o Only one Indian car manufacturer Mahindra Reva, it basically
describes the total Indian electric car manufacturing
o In India most of the EVs run on Lead Acid batteries, Li-on batteries
are the need of the hour to improve the EVs efficiency
o At present the components and Li-on batteries come from China,
Taiwan & Japan; Power controllers come from US
o Hybrids might enter Indian market sooner and more easily than evehicles because hybrids do not require new refueling infrastructure
o In terms of infrastructure there is lack of government support,
infrastructure and optimum business models
o Need of public private partnership in the development of EV
infrastructure