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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAB REPORT
FLUID MECHANICS
NAME
XXXXX
XXXXX
ID
XXXXX
XXXXX
Objectives
1. To obtain the head loss in an internal pipe flow and verify it with Moody Chart.
2. To determine the loss coefficient of a particular pipe fitting.
Introduction
The flow of liquid through a pipe is resisted by viscous shear stresses within the liquid. The
resistance is usually known as pipe friction and as measured is feet or metres head of the
fluid, thus the team head loss is also used to express the resistance to flow.
Many factors affect the head loss in pipes which include the viscosity of the fluid being
handled, the size of the pipes, the roughness of the internal surface of the pipes, the changes
in elevations within the system and the length of travel of the fluid. The resistance through
various valves and fitting will also contribute to the overall head loss. In a well designed
system, the resistance through valves and fittings will be of minor significance to the overall
head loss.
Weisbach first proposed the equation widely known as the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
2
h f =f
where
hf
l V
D 2g
is head loss (m), f is friction factor, l is length of pipe work (m), D is inner
).
VD
v
where V is flow velocity (m/s), D is pipe internal diameter (m) and v is kinematic viscosity of
2
water ( m /s ). For Reynolds number less than 2300, laminar flow will occur and the
resistance to flow will be independent of the pipe wall roughness. The friction factor, f for
laminar flow can be calculated from:
f=
64
Turbulent flow occurs when the Reynolds number exceeds 4000. Between the laminar and
turbulent flow conditions where Re varies from 2300 to 4000, the flow condition is known as
transition. The flow is neither wholly laminar nor wholly turbulent. The friction factor, f for
turbulent flow can be calculated from the Colebrook-White equation:
1
9.35
=1.142 log 10( +
)
D f
f
where , D
Most pipe systems consist of more than straight pipes. These additional components such as
valves, bends, tees, and the like add to the overall head loss of the system. Such losses are
termed minor loss. The most common method used to determine these head losses or pressure
drops is to specify the loss coefficient, KL defined as:
hL . minor
KL =
where
hL
V
2g
is head loss (m) across the component fit to the pipe, V is flow velocity (m/s), g
2
is specific gravity (m/ s ).
In 1944 LF Moody plotted the data from the Colebrook equation and created a chart which is
known as The Moody Chart. It enables a user to plot the Reynolds number and the Relative
Roughness of the pipe and to establish a reasonably accurate value of the friction factor for
various flow conditions.
Apparatus
Procedures
1.
2.
3.
4.
Results:
MAJOR HEAD LOSS:
Kinematic viscosity, = 9.24791 x 10-7 m2/s
Head loss
Frictio
n factor
Reynolds
Number
mm H 2 O
Pressur
e losses
Pa
Moody
chart f
Error
%
196.67
0.0172
1.223x104
1929.33
0.028
62.79
8.333 x 10
1.886
316.67
0.0177
1.529x104
3106.53
0.027
52.54
1 x 104
2.264
465.00
0.0180
1.836x104
4473.36
0.026
44.44
m/s
m /s
Head loss
Frictio
n
factor
Reynolds
Number
mm H 2 O
Pressure Moody
losses
chart f
Pa
Error
6.667 x 10
0.849
45
0.0165
9.493x103
441.45
0.033
100
75
0.0177
1.186x104
735.75
0.030
69.49
1 x 10
108.33
0.0177
1.423x104
1.62.72
0.029
63.84
Head loss
Frictio
n factor
Pressur
e losses
Pa
Moody
chart f
Error
1.273
Reynolds
Number
mm H 2 O
0.0193
6.156x103
49.05
0.036
86.53
8.333 x 10
0.4144
10
0.0247
7.693x103
98.1
0.034
37.65
1 x 104
0.4974
10
0.0171
9.234x103
98.1
0.032
87.13
Friction factor ,f
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Renold number,Re(104 )
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Renold number,Re(104 )
Graph of f(obtained from Moody Chart) vs Re
KL
2g
V2
0.035 x
2 ( 9.81 )
2
0.8489
0.9529
Sudden contraction (16mm-10mm), T=280C
Kinematic velocity: 8.4152x10-7 m2/s
Flow rate
Velocity
Head loss
Loss
Coefficient
hl
Reynolds No.
mm H 2 O
L/min
m /s
m/s
4
5
6.667x10-5
8.333x10-5
0.8489
1.061
35
58.33
0.9529
1.0166
10087.70
12608.14
1x10-4
1.2732
90
1.0893
15129.77
Velocity
Head loss
Loss
Coefficient
hl
Reynolds No.
mm H 2 O
L/min
m3 /s
m/s
4
5
6.667x10-5
8.333x10-5
0.3316
0.4144
0
-0.33
0
-0.0377
6445.10
8054.42
1x10-4
0.4974
-3
-0.2379
9667.63
Flow rate
Velocity
Head loss
Loss
Coefficient
hl
Reynolds No.
mm H 2 O
L/min
m /s
m/s
4
5
6.667x10-5
8.333x10-5
0.8489
1.061
51.67
90
1.407
1.569
10337.19
12919.96
6
1x10-4
1.273
0
Ball valve: D=10mm, T=29 C
Kinematic velocity: 8.2121x10-7 m2/s
136.67
1.655
15501.52
Flow rate
Velocity
L/min
m3 /s
m/s
4
5
6.667x10-5
8.333x10-5
0.8489
1.061
6
1x10-4
1.273
0
Long bent: D=10mm, T=29.5 C
Kinematic velocity: 8.11055x10-7 m2/s
Head loss
Loss
Coefficient
hl
Reynolds No.
mm H 2 O
20
33.33
0.5445
0.5809
10466.61
13081.73
50
0.6054
15695.61
Head loss
Loss
Reynolds No.
Velocity
hl
Coefficient
mm H 2 O
L/min
m3 /s
m/s
4
5
6.667x10-5
8.333x10-5
0.8489
1.061
60
101.67
1.6336
1.7720
10545.84
13180.75
1x10-4
1.273
156.67
1.8968
15814.41
Discussion:
1. In order to obtain the most accurate data, the experiment was carried out 3 times for
each different pipe flow condition in each different flow rates (from 4 litres/min until
6 litres/min)
2. The water temperature will increase slowly therefore the temperature was checked
regularly so as to obtain an average reading to make sure temperature effects did not
affect the accuracy of the results obtained.
3. The Reynolds Number is always increasing with the increasing velocity,V of fluid, it
can be proofed by
=
VD
v
where v=
At the same time, the major head loss, hL,major increases with the flow rate, Q (m3/s)
increases. This is because the velocity of the water, V is directly proportional to the
flow rate, Q when the fluid flows through a constant diameter pipe. (since Q = AV)
4. Besides, by looking at the difference between the data collected from different
diameter pipe, it shows that the major head loss decreases as the pipe diameter
increases. The larger the diameter, the smaller the head loss. This phenomenon
l V2
h
=f
happens due to Darcy-Weisbach equation major
D 2g
7. Minor head loss for sudden contraction increases as the flow rate increases however
the minor head loss for sudden enlargement decreases slightly as the flow rate
increases. Theoretically both minor head loss for sudden contraction and sudden
enlargement of the pipe should be having an increasing data. The difference is sudden
contraction will have a larger increment in minor head loss compare to sudden
enlargement which is too small and can be ignore or said to be negligible.
Sudden contraction is where water entering from a larger diameter pipe to a smaller
diameter pipe. Thus the velocity of water will increase and pressure will drop. Thats
why the head loss will increase due to different flow rate.
Sudden enlargement is whereby smaller diameter pipe flow into a larger diameter
pipe. The small changes of minor head loss is due to the low kinetic energy of the
water could not overwork the potential gradient of the high pressure at the larger
diameter pipe which lead to mechanical loss. Thats why the changes in minor head
loss is not significant.
8. Based on the results for minor head loss, the short bent elbow condition have the
highest readings of head loss for each respective flow rates of water compared to the
other conditions When the fluid entering a pipe with a square edged entrance, 50% of
the energy will loss. Since short bend elbow has a =90 edge entrance, so it will
have larger head loss compare to a rounding entrance surface in long bend elbow.
Conclusion:
1. The velocity of the water is directly proportional to the flow rate when the fluid flows
through a constant diameter pipe.
2. Larger diameter of pipe will cause lower head loss.
3. Friction factor increases as the diameter of the pipe increases.
4. The minor head lost condition that brings the highest head loss reading is the short
bent elbow while the lowest readings of head loss readings is from the condition of
sudden enlargement.