select sum(decode(to_char(hire_date,'RRRR'), '1995',1,'1996',1,'1997',1,'1998',1

)) Total, sum(decode(to_char(hire_date,'rrrr'), '1995',1)) as "1995",sum(decode(

to_char(hire_date,'rrrr'), '1996',1)) as "1996",sum(decode(to_char(hire_date,'rr
rr'), '1997',1)) as "1997",sum(decode(to_char(hire_date,'rrrr'), '1998',1)) as "
1998" from employees;
select department_id, avg(salary) from employees group by department_id order by
department_id;
select * from employees where salary < any (select avg(salary) from employees g
roup by department_id) order by department_id;
pare sub query
select department_id, avg(salary) from employees group by department_id order b
y department_id;
select * from employees where (department_id,salary) in (select department_id, a
vg(salary) from employees group by department_id) order by department_id;
==========================
lession 7
==========================
select employee_id, job_id, department_id from employees
minus
select employee_id, job_id, department_id from job_history;
select 'My Dream' from dual
union
select 'is to became' from dual
union
select 'A DBA' from dual;
select 'My Dream' from dual
union all
select 'is to became' from dual
union all
select 'A DBA' from dual;
--------------------------controling the raw
--------------------------select 'My Dream',1 from dual
union
select 'is to became',2 from dual
union
select 'A DBA',3 from dual
order by 2
--------------------------to disable/enable the perticular column (print/noprint)
--------------------------column op noprint
select 'My Dream',1 op from dual
union
select 'is to became',2 op from dual
union
select 'A DBA',3 op from dual
order by op
==========================

lession 9
==========================
create table emp_demo(eid number(10)constraint pk_emp_demo primary key, ename va
rchar2 (20))
----to chk the constraints
select * from user_constraints where table_name='EMP_DEMO';
select * from user_cons_columns where table_name='EMP_DEMO';
-----------for the column lavel constraint
-----------create table emp_demo_123(eid number(10) primary key, ename varchar2 (20))
insert into emp_demo values(1,'virag');
insert into emp_demo values(1,'virag');
-----------for the table lavel constraint
-----------alter table emp_demo_22 add constraint emp_demo_tb primary key (eid,ename)
create table emp_demo_321(eid number(10), ename varchar2 (20),constraint emp_dem
o_321 primary key(eid,ename));
-------------multiple constraint in single column on table
-------------create table emp_demo_32(eid number(10) constraint emp_demo_idu not null , ename
varchar2 (20) constraint emp_demo_u unique constraint emp_demo_ud check (ename=
upper(ename)));
insert into emp_demo_32 values (1,'VRG')
---------------foreign key
---------------create table dept (did(10) constraint Pk_dept primary key, dname varchar2 (20));
insert into dept values (1,'Goregaon');
insert into dept values (2,'Malad');
---------------on column level
---------------create table employee
(
eid number (10),
ename varchar2 (40),
did number(10) references dept(did),
sal varchar2 (20)
)
---------------on table level
---------------alter table employee add constraint
foregin key (did)
references dept(did)

alter table dept drop primary key;

------------------TO remove multiple linked table use the cascade to remove the primary key from t
he single column
------------------alter table tablename drop primary key cascade;
alter table tablename drop constraint constraintname cascade;
alter table tablename disable primary key cascade;
alter table tablename disable constraint constraintname cascade;
----------------------to enable constraint
----------------------alter table tablename enable constraint constraintname;

===================
index
===================
create index emp_demo_idx on employee(eid);
drop index indexname;
===================
synonym
===================
create public synonym synonymname for (table,views or any objects) name is for t
he premenet base "public" it is for all users
create synonym synonymname for (table,views or any objects) name is for the prem
enet base
drop public synonym synonymname for (table,views or any objects)
drop synonym synonymname for (table,views or any objects)

===================
sequence
===================
create sequence seq123;
create table seq_demo (id number(4));
insert into seq_demo values(seq123.nextval);
select seq123.currval from dual; (to know the sequence current value)
select * from user_sequences where sequence_name='SEQ123'
alter sequence seq123 maxvalue 10;