Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From Dynamical Systems

IIMEC WS short course notes by A.
Erturk
Piezoelectric energy harvesting

from dynamical systems
Alper Erturk
Assistant Professor
G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332
E-mail: alper.erturk@me.gatech.edu
Copyrighted content & references IIMEC WS 2013 short course by A. Erturk, College Station, TX
Outline
Methods of vibration-based energy harvesting
Linear (narrowband) and nonlinear (broadband)
deterministic systems
Resonant and off-resonant excitations
Energy harvesting for civil infrastructure systems
Random energy harvesting using piezoelectric
cantilevers and stacks
Aeroelastic and hyrdoelastic energy harvesting
Harvesting of propagation waves
Comparison with other energy harvesting methods
IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk
The goal in energy harvesting for low-power wireless

applications is to eliminate the requirement of battery
replacement and disposal.
Paradiso and Starner (2005)

Vibration-based energy harvesting: converting ambient

vibrations into usable electricity for powering small electronic
components (e.g., wireless sensor networks)
Basic transduction mechanisms for vibration-to-electricity
conversion: electromagnetic (Glynne-Jones et al, 2004),
electrostatic (Mitcheson et al, 2004) and piezoelectric (Roundy et
al, 2003) transduction techniques
Piezoelectric transduction has received the most attention
(some of the review articles: Sodano et al, 2004, Anton and
Sodano, 2007; Priya, 2007; Cook-Chennault et al, 2008).
Macro-scale
duToit et al (2007)
Micro-scale
Erturk et al (2008)
Roundy et al (2003)
Jeon et al (2005)
Electromagnetic (inductive) energy harvesting

Based on Faradays law of induction
Low voltage and relatively high current output
Not effective at small (sub-mm) scales due to poor properties of
planar magnets and reduced number of turns in planar coils
Williams et al (1996)
Glynne-Jones et al (2004)
Electrostatic (capacitive) energy harvesting

Based on the work done against the electrostatic
forces between moving capacitor plates
Initial polarizing voltage or charge is required
Preferred in MEMS scale
High voltage and low current
output
Cook-Chennault et al (2008)
Magnetostrictive energy harvesting

Based on magnetostriction
Low voltage and relatively high current
output
Coil arrangement is required (not
suitable for MEMS fabrication)
Wang and Yuan (2007)
Dielectric elastomers
Based on the work done against
the electrostatic forces between the
electrodes squeezing the polymer
Similar to electrostatic energy
harvesters in principle (but for
rather large-scale applications)
Kornbluh et al (2002)
Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)

Based on ion transport
Low voltage output and low
power density
Relatively complicated
assembly process
Aureli et al (2010)
Piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting

Based on the direct piezoelectric effect (charge
separation in certain ceramics and crystals due
to mechanical strain)
Direct Effect
Various configurations are available at

different scales
High power density and voltage output
Well-established fabrication techniques
Piezoelectric energy harvesting has been most heavily

researched due to its advantages over other transduction
mechanisms.
Advantages of using piezoelectric materials in energy harvesting
Ease of application
High power density
Usable voltage levels
obtained directly
No input voltage is
required
Relatively mature
fabrication techniques at
micro- and macro-scales

- narrowband linear systems -
What is piezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity is a coupling between the mechanical and electrical
behaviors of certain ceramics and crystals.
Piezoelectric effect
Direct piezoelectric effect
Mechanical
strain
Converse piezoelectric effect
Charge
development
Voltage
drop
Mechanical
deformation
Linear constitute equations

Converse
piezoelectric effect
Direct
piezoelectric effect
(IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity, 1988)
Electroelasticity of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy

harvester: coupled system dynamics
Bimorph configurations with a tip mass
Series connection
v(t )
Reduced constitutive equations

for the piezoelectric layers:
Parallel connection
v (t )
Effective base displacement:
Electromechanical equations:
(SMS 2009, PEH 2011)

Electroelasticity of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy

harvester: coupled system dynamics
Multi-mode electromechanical response at steady state
Voltage response
Vibration response
Piezoelectric
coupling effect
in the vibration
response
Single-mode electromechanical response for modal excitation ( r )
(SMS 2009, PEH 2011)

The distributed-parameter analytical model has been

validated experimentally for various configurations.
Brass-reinforced PZT-5H bimorph cantilever

(Piezo Systems Inc. T226-H4-203X)
Voltage FRFs
Tip velocity FRFs

Effect of
piezoelectric
coupling on
the vibration
response
(PEH 2011)
Performance diagrams for excitations at the fundamental

short-circuit and open-circuit resonance frequencies
Voltage vs. Load resistance
Current vs. Load resistance
Power vs. Load resistance
Tip velocity vs. Load resistance

Opposite
trends
in the
vibration
response
Max. power
0.22 mW/g2
(PEH 2011)
The resonance frequencies are overestimated if the rotary

inertia of the tip mass is neglected.
Tip velocity FRFs
Voltage FRFs
The rotary inertia effect can be much

more important for cantilevers with
a tip mass of large geometry.
The single-mode electromechanical FRFs represent the

multi-mode FRFs with good accuracy for modal excitations.
Electromechanical FRFs (Rl = 470 ohms):
Tip velocity FRFs
Voltage FRFs
(the single-mode solution is given for mode 2)

Modeling of multi-frequency and random excitations

Lateral acceleration at the heel during walking
Base acceleration (zero mean approx.):
Voltage output:
( ) : voltage output - to - base acceleration FRF
Broadband random acceleration (Gaussian white noise)
E [ P(t ) ] =
S0
Rl
r =1
2
r
j%r r
2 + j 2 rr
j% 2
1
r
+ jC peq + 2
2
Rl
r =1 r + j 2 r r
(PEH 2011, IDETC 2012)
Several other techniques exist for deriving the governing

equations, such as the assumed-modes method.
Hamiltons principle:
Euler-Bernoulli and Rayleigh models
Timoshenko model
Lagranges equations
(PEH 2011)
Experimental validation of the assumed-modes solution

for a brass-reinforced PZT-5H bimorph
Tip velocity FRFs
Voltage FRFs
Convergence to the
analytical solution
with increasing
number of modes
(N: number of modes)

(PEH 2011)
10
Experimental validation of the assumed-modes solution

for a brass-reinforced PZT-5H bimorph with a tip mass
Tip velocity FRFs
Voltage FRFs
N =1
N =1
Convergence to the
analytical solution
with increasing
number of modes
N =3
N =3
(N: number of modes)

(PEH 2011)
Discretized form of solution is useful to combine the

lumped-parameters with sophisticated storage circuits.
AC-DC conversion & DC-DC regulation
For a Timoshenko-type unimorph cantilever:

(Lagranges eqns)
(CAS 2012)
11
Application of a bimorph: Improving multifunctionality in

UAVs using piezoelectric materials and thin-film batteries
A self-charging structure
A possible application of self-charging

structures in UAVs:
Load bearing
Power generation
A morphing-wing UAV
with piezoceramics
Energy storage
Vibration
damping/control or
powering a sensor
(CIMSS )
Erturk et al & Anton et al, SPIE 2009, SMS 2010
Application of a bimorph: Improving multifunctionality in

UAVs using piezoelectric materials and thin-film batteries
Schematic of a 9-layer bimorph generator
Tip velocity FRFs
Voltage FRFs
Erturk et al & Anton et al, SPIE 2009, SMS 2010

12
Self-charging composite structures combining flexible

piezoelectric and thin-film battery layers
Schematic of a self-charging structure
Mechanical failure analysis
Impedance matching circuit

Modeling using the assumed-modes method
Voltage FRF
Vibration
FRF
(SMS 2010)
(JIMSS 2010)
Since the excitation frequency is often time-varying or

entirely random, it is required to enable broadband
energy harvesters.
Accelerometer
Voltage FRFs (broadband configuration)
Piezoelectric
bimorphs
Electromagnetic
shaker
Voltage FRFs (single cantilever)
(PEH 2011)
Comparison of the voltage FRFs

Not an
outstanding
design in
terms of the
power
density
13

- broadband nonlinear systems -
Hardening stiffness of the monostable Duffing oscillator

has been investigated to increase the bandwidth of
operation.
Vibration response of a nonlinear
electromagnetic energy harvester
Mann and Sims (2009)
Voltage output
Piezoelectric energy harvester

with cubic stiffness
Voltage frequency response
(PEH 2011)
14
The magnetoelastic structure is known from the literature

of nonlinear dynamics (Moon and Holmes, 1979).
The magnetoelastic structure
Magnet spacing vs. tip deflection
Moon and Holmes (1979)
Introducing piezoelectric coupling to the magnetoelastic structure:

Equilibrium
positions:
(APL 2009)
First the strange attractor (Holmes, 1979) is captured in

chaotic response of the piezomagnetoelastic energy
harvester.
0.35g (RMS) at 8 Hz
[movie]
Stable static equilibria
Theory
Experiment
(APL 2009)
15
Large-amplitude periodic response is obtained by

changing the forcing level or the initial conditions.
(1) Transient chaos followed
by high-energy limit cycle
oscillations (large-amplitude
periodic attractor)
(2) Co-existing attractors

(strange attractor and
large-amplitude periodic
attractor)
0.57g (RMS) input at 8 Hz
0.35g (RMS) input at 8 Hz
[movie]
[movie]
(PEH 2011)
Numerical simulations show the presence of these highenergy orbits at several frequencies.
Piezomagnetoelastic cantilever
Piezoelastic cantilever
(JSV 2011)
16
Experimental verification of the broadband high-energy

orbits in the piezomagnetoelastic configuration
0.35g (RMS) at 8 Hz
[movie]
0.35g (RMS) at 6 Hz
[movie]
(JSV 2011)
Large-amplitude response of the piezomagnetoelastic

energy harvester yields an order of magnitude larger
power output over a range of frequencies.
Open-circuit voltage (output)
Power
Base acceleration (input)
(JSV 2011)
17
A bistable carbon-fiber-epoxy plate exhibits similar

nonlinear dynamics (no external magnets required).
The plate is clamped to a seismic
shaker from its center point.
State 2
State 1
Linear FRFs around each stable state

The stable
equilibrium positions
are not symmetric
with respect to the
unstable one.
(APL 2010)
Various nonlinear phenomena can be observed in the

bistable plate configuration.
High-energy LCO (8.6 Hz)
[movie]
[movie]
Chaos (12.5 Hz)
[movie]
Intermittent chaos (9.8 Hz)
Subharmonic resonance (20.2 Hz)
[movie]
(APL 2010)
18
Various nonlinear phenomena can be observed in the

bistable plate configuration.
Forward sweep
Backward sweep
LCO
Power curves
Chaos
Chaos
(APL 2010)
Two major forms of nonlinearities that can also be

pronounced at high excitation levels: (1) inherent
material nonlinearities and (2) dissipative nonlinearities.
(electroelastic
enthalpy with H.O.T.)
(non-conservative
terms)
Voltage
Increased
excitation
Tip displacement
Increased
excitation
linear
nonlinear
experiment
Voltage vs. base

excitation
(APL 2010, JAP 2010, JIMSS 2012)
19
Researchers have started implementing nonlinear

configurations for broadband energy harvesting at MEMS
scale and for other transduction mechanisms as well.
MEMS electrostatic
energy harvesting with
nonlinear springs for
bandwidth enhancement
Softening nonlinearity
in the voltage FRF
Nguyen et al (2010)
Resonant vs. off-resonant excitations

and material selection
20
Recall the variation of the plane-stress (thin cantilever

beam) parameters for soft ceramics and crystals.
(PZT-5A, PZT-5H,
PMN-PT, PMT-PZT)
d31 piezoelectric strain constant
Elastic compliance
Plane-stress effective piezoelectric stress constant
(ASME DETC 2009, PEH 2011)
Observations and comments

Effective piezoelectric constant
- Effective piezoelectric constant does

not change by an order of magnitude.
- In addition, mechanical quality
factors of soft ceramics and crystals
are similar (Qm<100).
- Single crystals are remarkably compliant (as compared to ceramics).
For resonant excitation, mechanical

damping can be much more important than
the piezoelectric material used.
Compliant single crystals can be better
generators for off-resonant excitation
(particularly at low frequencies).
(PEH 2011)
21
Comparison of soft and hard ceramics: PZT-5H vs. PZT-8
(Quality factors from Morgan Electroceramics)
- Hard ceramic PZT-8 gives much

larger power compared to soft
PZT-5H under resonant excitation.
Resonant excitation
Off-resonant excitation
(PEH 2011)
Comparison of soft and hard crystals: PMN-PZT vs. PMN-PZT-Mn
(Quality factors from Cao et al., APL 2008)
- Hard crystal PMN-PZT-Mn gives

much larger power compared to soft
PMN-PZT under resonant excitation.
Resonant excitation
(PEH 2011)
22
Overall comparison of ceramics and crystals for resonant

and off-resonant excitation
Resonant excitation
Strongly
controlled by
mechanical
damping
Controlled by
elastic compliance
(dynamic
flexibility)
(PEH 2011)
On the importance of mechanical damping: A comparison for

PZT-5A and PZT-5H bimorph cantilevers
PZT-5A bimorph
PZT-5H bimorph
Voltage FRFs (PZT-5A)
Voltage FRFs
(PZT-5H)
Power output
- Note that, PZT-5A is indeed a slightly harder

ceramic as compared to PZT-5H.
(PEH 2011)
23
Several physical examples involve off-resonant excitation

in the low frequency region.
Coupler curve
Base acceleration
Voltage FRFs
Main frequency content of the

base acceleration: < 20 Hz
Voltage output
(PEH 2011)
Several physical examples involve off-resonant excitation

in the low frequency region.
Transverse acceleration at the heel
during walking
Approximate Fourier
series representation
Fourier coefficients
Power output
(PEH 2011)
24
Energy harvesting for civil infrastructure

systems
Deterministic and stochastic models have been developed

for energy harvesting from piezoelectric cantilevers,
patches, strips, and stacks excited under traffic loads.
(JIMSS 2011)
25
Piezoelectric energy harvesting from moving load

excitation (using a cantilever)
Vehicle-induced frequency
Equation governing the dynamics of the slender bridge:
Transverse acceleration at the base of the harvester:
(JIMSS 2011)

Electromechanical equations governing the dynamics of the energy
harvester:
First-order equations:
Normal-mode assumption:
(JIMSS 2011)
26

Gausss law for the patch
with a resistive load:
Circuit equation:
Normal-mode assumption:
Power output:
(JIMSS 2011)
Piezoelectric energy harvesting from local strain

fluctuations
Gausss law for the patch
with a resistive load:
Space-dependent and transient strain field:
Homogeneous strain field:

Harmonic strain field:
(JIMSS 2011)
27
Biaxial strain fluctuations due to traffic and wind loads

can produce mW-level electrical power.
Power output contours for a 30 mm
x 30 mm x 0.2 mm PZT-5A patch for
different biaxial strain resultant
values at low frequencies
Analysis of a piezoelectric patch for strain fluctuations

Strain gage measurements
Strain
transformation
3-span steel girder bridge

(08/18/09 Roanoke, VA)
Principal strain resultant

PZT-5A patch
Power output
0.16 mW
(dominant harmonic: 22.6 Hz)
(QP10n Mide Tech. )
(patch dimensions: 46 mm x 21 mm x 0.254 mm)

28
Vehicle-induced pressure is an effective source of

excitation for piezoelectric stacks embedded in
pavements.
Frequency-normalized
power output contours
for various combinations
of prismatic PZT-5A
stack volume and
pressure amplitude
Electroelastic modeling of piezoelectric stacks for energy

harvesting has been validated experimentally.
Long-stroke
shaker
Resistor
box
Moving
armature
Power
density
Frequency-normalized
power density
Force
sensor
Piezoelectric stack
(5mm x 5mm x 18mm)
Stiff fixture
29
Random energy harvesting
Sources of excitation (acceleration, strain, etc.) available

in most civil infrastructure systems often exhibit
stochastic characteristics.
Strain fluctuations
Acceleration
3-span steel girder bridge
(08/18/09 Roanoke, VA)
It is required to extend the energy harvester models to random

excitation case and also to enable effective random vibration
energy harvesters.
30
Distributed-parameter electroelastic dynamics of a

base-excited bimorph piezoelectric energy harvester
Governing equations:
Relative vibration response:
Distributed-parameter electroelastic dynamics of a

base-excited bimorph piezoelectric energy harvester
Electromechanically coupled ordinary differential
equations in the modal coordinates
Voltage FRF
Displacement FRF
The multi-mode electroelastic FRFs include all

vibration modes (exact solution).
31
Random excitation of a bimorph piezoelectric energy

harvester
Expected value of the power output for Gaussian white
noise input (multi-mode solution)
Mean-square shunted vibration response for Gaussian

white noise input (multi-mode solution)
is power spectral density of base acceleration

(SMS 2013)
Voltage output and shunted vibration FRFs can be

simplified by keeping only the fundamental vibration
mode to yield the single-mode approximation.
Mean power output and mean-square vibration response:
(SMS 2013)
32
Multi-mode numerical solutions - Method 1: FS-ODE

uses the Fourier series (FS) representation of the base
acceleration history in an ordinary differential equation (ODE)
solver
Stochastic process
Deterministic process
Governing equations
MDOF
ODE
(SMS 2013)
Multi-mode numerical solutions - Method 2: EM-SDE

uses Euler-Maruyama (EM) scheme to directly solve the stochastic
differential equations (SDE).
MDOF SDE:
(SMS 2013)
33
Time-domain numerical solutions for random energy

harvesting
Input:
time history of base acceleration
Outputs:
time histories of voltage response and shunted vibration response
Expected values:
(SMS 2013)
Experimental setup used for model validation under

broadband random excitation
Brass-reinforced PZT-5H
bimorph cantilever
(SMS 2013)
34
FRFs of the system are validated through chirp tests:

Vibration FRFs
Voltage FRFs
Cantilever is subjected to broadband random vibration:

Base acceleration
PSD of base acceleration
(SMS 2013)
Experimental results for the bimorph cantilever under

broadband random excitation are in agreement with the
theoretical simulations.
Input PSD levels

Mean power
Mean-square
vibration
response
(SMS 2013)
35
Comparison of average values

Mean power
Maximum expected power

output vs. PSD
Mean-square vibration response
Minimum mean-square
velocity output vs. PSD
(SMS 2013)
Comparison of various piezoelectric materials under

broadband random vibration
PZT-5H: soft ceramic
PZT-8: hard ceramic
PMN-PZT: soft single crystal
PMN-PZT-Mn: hard single crystal
Mean
power
Mean-square vibration response

36
A similar procedure can be applied to express the

expected power given the statistical characteristics of
excitation in the stack and patch problems as well.
E [ P(t ) ] =
Moving
armature
Force
sensor
Piezoelectric stack
(5mm x 5mm x 18mm)
1
Rl
S ( ) ( )
100Hz
100Hz
Electroelastic modeling of an axially loaded multilayer

stack energy harvester
Governing electromechanical equation:
Voltage/Force FRF:
(SPIE 2013)
37
Analytical solution:
Power output for harmonic input
Optimal load and maximum power output for harmonic
input
Expected value of the power output for band-limited

Gaussian white noise input
is PSD of axial excitation

(SPIE 2013)
Numerical solutions - Method 1: FS-ODE

differential equations (SDE).
Stochastic process
Governing equations
Deterministic process
Ordinary differential equation
Expected power output

(SPIE 2013)
38
Numerical solutions - Method 2: EM-SDE

differential equation (SDE).
SDE:
Expected power output
Random vibrational energy harvesting using a

piezoelectric stack
Moving armature
Force transducer
PZT-5H piezoelectric stack
(5mm x 5mm x 18mm)
Stiff fixture
39
First order electroelastic dynamics in the theoretical

and experimental FRFs
Voltage/Force
FRFs
Parameter identification and model validation for

harmonic excitation:
Max power
Power output (at 20Hz)

Electroelastic dynamics of a multilayer piezoelectric

stack in power generation under random excitation
Axial pressure applied on stack
Expected power
Measured PSD
Maximum expected power
40
Comparison of various piezoelectric materials for

random energy harvesting using piezoelectric stacks
PZT-5H, PZT-5A: soft ceramic
PZT-8: hard ceramic
PMN-PZT: soft single crystal
PMN-PZT-Mn: hard single crystal
Mean power
PMN-PZT
PMN-PZT-Mn
Bistable systems exhibit stochastic resonance (Benzi et al.

1981) under noise excitation.
- McInnes et al (JSV 2008)
- Gammaitoni et al (APL 2009)
- Litak et al (APL 2010)
Theoretical simulations by Litak et al (APL 2010)

of a stochastic resonance-like behavior:
Output-to-input
standard
deviation ratio
41
A nonlinear stochastic problem: Broadband random

excitation of a bistable piezomagnetoelastic energy
harvester
Accel. Std.: 0.04g
Accel. Std.: 0.12g
Accel. Std.: 0.21g
Power generation performance under broadband random

excitation: Bistable vs. monostable
Bistable
Monostable
Low excitation
Magnetoelastic
potential energy
High excitation
(SDM 2013)
42

Monostable
Bistable
Low excitation
High excitation
(SDM 2013)

- The bistable configuration must be carefully tuned to a

specific noise intensity level to outperform its monostable
counterpart.
- The linear-monostable configuration can outperform under
very low and relatively high noise intensity levels.
(SDM 2013)
43
Aeroelastic and hydroelastic energy

harvesting
Scalable flow energy harvesting using active materials

Allen and Smits (2001)
Akaydin et al (2010)
Pobering et al (2009)
Erturk et al (2008)
Bryant and Garcia (2009)
Erturk et al (2010)
44
Scalable flow energy harvesting using active materials

De Marqui et al (2009, 2010)
Kwon (2010)
St. Clair et al (2010)
Dunnmon et al (2011)
Aureli et al (2010)
Piezoaeroelasticity of wind energy harvesting

Piezoaeroelastic section
Experimental setup
Piezoaeroelastic response
(100 kohms)
(APL 2010)
Piezoaeroelastic equations
Normalized power
% increase in
flutter speed
45
Performance enhancement by exploiting catastrophic

nonlinearities (subcritical bifurcations)
Supercritical
Subcritical
Free play nonlinearity in the pitch DOF
k ( )
Nonlinearities can be introduced to

reduce the cut-in speed. (APL 2010)
Pitching moment
Power (linear stiffness)
12.1 m/s
Power (free play)
10.4 m/s
(SMS 2011)
Dimensionless analysis and scaling of electroaeroelastic

energy harvesters
(SDM 2013)
46
A finite element piezoaeroelastic model for power

generator wings
Governing equations:
The electromechanical (piezo-elastic) FEM is combined with an

unsteady vortex-lattice model.
(JIMSS 2011)
Boundary condition:

generator wings
Biot-Savart law for the velocities induced by the vortex singularities:
Boundary conditions become:
Load on each panel is calculated from the unsteady Bernoulli equation:
(JIMSS 2011)
47

generator wings
Coordinates in the structural FE mesh are transformed to the coordinates
of the aerodynamic mesh (corners of vortex rings):
Governing equations are then
First order ODEs for the predictor-corrector solution scheme of the

piezo-aero-elastic problem:
(JIMSS 2011)
Simulations of a cantilevered thin wing under flow excitation

Dimensions
Span: 1200 mm
Chord: 240 mm
Thickness: 3 mm
Piezo length= 300 mm
Piezo thickness = 0.5 mm
Source of excitation is assumed to be a sharp edge gust.
Frequency content
Total damping vs. Flow speed
Flutter frequency: 12.2 Hz
(JIMSS 2011)
48
Piezoaeroelastic response for flow at 10 m/s

Vibration history
Voltage history
Power history
(JIMSS 2011)
Piezoaeroelastic response for flow at 30 m/s

Maximum aerodynamic
damping results in the
fastest decay of the
electrical response (which
is not preferable).
Power history
(JIMSS 2011)
49
Piezoaeroelastic response for flow at the flutter speed

Vibration history
Power history
Expectedly, persistent
power can be extracted
from the system at the
flutter speed.
(JIMSS 2011)
A multifunctional biomimetic robot for fish-like

hydroelastic propulsion and power generation
Without caudal fin
With caudal fin
(SMS 2011)
50
Performance in underwater thrust generation
Without caudal fin
With caudal fin
(SMS 2011)
The ultimate goal is to enable self-powered swimmersensor platforms due to low actuation power requirement.
Side view
Top view
Turning is
achieved by
asymmetric
actuation.
Actuation power input
(BB 2013)
51
In-air base excitation for performance evaluation in

energy harvesting
Performance results for

resonant power generation
(linear estimate) are
comparable to those of
monolithic piezoceramic
cantilevers of similar
dimensions.
(SMS 2011)
Piezoelectric power generation from underwater base

excitation
For the same base

acceleration input, the
power output (linear
estimate) is amplified due
to the external dynamic
loading caused by the
displaced water.
(SMS 2011)
52
Elastoacoustic wave energy harvesting
Spatial focusing and harvesting of structure-borne

propagating waves: boosting of power output
With/without acoustic mirror (AM)
Broadband focusing
Theory vs. Experiment (velocity field)
Voltage history and

harvested power
with/without AM
(APL 2012)
53
Power density comparisons with other

energy harvesting methods
Combining solar and thermal energy harvesting with the

self-charging structure concept
An overview of the experimental setup
Electromagnetic
shaker
Accelerometer
Irradiance
sensor
Self-charging
structure
TEG with
source, sink and
thermocouples
Power conditioning
circuitry
(MST 2012)
54
Fabrication of the self-charging composite structure

Assembly components
Stages of fabrication
(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(1) Aluminum layer
Cantilevered
configuration
(2) Piezoceramic (PZT-5A) layer

(Mid Technology Corp.)
(4" x 1" x 0.06")
Bonding process
(3) Thin-film battery layer

(Infinite Power Solutions, Inc.)
(4) Flexible solar layer
(PowerFilm, Inc.)
(3M DP460
epoxy is used)
(MST 2012)
Characterization of the thermoelectric power output

TEG (Bi2Te3)
Heat source
Heat
sink
- Heat sink is chosen to match the

thermal resistance of the TEG.
TG12-2.5-01L
(Marlow): 1.2" x 1.2" x 0.16"
- The matched load resistance does not significantly change with heat flux.
(MST 2012)
55
Characterization of the solar power output

Emulation of sunlight
Solar
Self-charging
spectrum
structure
lamp
Irradiance
sensor
The matched load resistance

changes significantly with
changing irradiance level.
(MST 2012)
Characterization of the piezoelectric power output

Voltage to base acceleration FRFs
Performance diagrams at the fundamental short-circuit (solid lines) and

open-circuit (dashed lines) resonance frequencies
Voltage
Current
Power
(MST 2012)
56
Power conditioning circuits for charging the batteries

Solar and thermal energy harvesting
Two-stage circuits are used
for solar and thermal energy
harvesting: (1) buck-boost
converter and (2) linear
regulator.

An AC-DC converter and a
linear regulator are used
for piezoelectric energy
harvesting.
(MST 2012)
Charge/discharge performance results: solar energy

Charge history
Discharge history
- Irradiance level: 223 W/m2

- Charge duration: 26 minutes
- Average power: 12.5 mW
- Charged capacity: 1.3 mAh
(MST 2012)
57
Charge/discharge performance results: thermal energy

Charge history
Discharge history
- Temperature difference: 31oC

- Charge duration: 15 minutes
(MST 2012)
Charge/discharge performance results: vibration energy

Charge history
Discharge history
- Base acceleration: 0.5g (at 56 Hz)

- Charge duration: 1 hour
(MST 2012)
58
Full charging duration of 1 mAh of a single thin-film

battery layer using thermal, solar, and vibrational energy
Comparisons from the literature: solar energy harvesting
59
Comparisons from the literature: thermal energy

harvesting
Comparisons from the literature: piezoelectric energy

harvesting
60
Comparisons from the literature: electromagnetic energy

harvesting
Comparisons from the literature: electrostatic energy

harvesting
61
This lecture has covered

Methods of vibration-based energy harvesting with a focus
on piezoelectric transduction
Linear (narrowband) and nonlinear (broadband)
deterministic systems
Resonance and off-resonance excitations and material
selection
Energy harvesting for civil infrastructure systems
Random energy harvesting
Aeroelastic and hyrdoelastic energy harvesting
Hybrid energy harvesting and comparison of vibrational
energy harvesting with solar and thermal energy harvesting
Major reference (unless stated otherwise)

Erturk, A. and Inman, D.J., 2011, Piezoelectric Energy
Harvesting, Wiley. (abbreviation PEH in the slides)
Journal (reference) abbreviations in the slides
JIMSS: Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
SMS: Smart Materials and Structures
APL: Applied Physics Letters
JAP: Journal of Applied Physics
JSV: Journal of Sound and Vibration
MST: Measurement Science and Technology
BB: Biomimetics and Bioinspiration
62
Acknowledgements
Funding: AFOSR and NIST
Current and previous students who has worked on energy
harvesting projects: S. Zhao, L. Cen, M. Cacan (Georgia Tech),
J. Hoffmann, G. Delporte, P. Gambier (ICAM, France)
Collaborative work on piezoaeroelasticity: Prof. C. De
Marqui Jr. (University of Sao Paulo)
Collaborative work on elastoacoustic wave energy
harvesting: Profs. M. Ruzzene and M. Leamy (Georgia Tech)
Some of the facilities were at AEs previous institute: Center
for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures at Virginia
Tech
63

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From Dynamical Systems

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IIMEC WS short course notes by A.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

The goal in energy harvesting for low-power wireless

Paradiso and Starner (2005)

Vibration-based energy harvesting: converting ambient

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Electromagnetic (inductive) energy harvesting

Electrostatic (capacitive) energy harvesting

Magnetostrictive energy harvesting

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)

Piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting

Various configurations are available at

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Piezoelectric energy harvesting has been most heavily

Piezoelectric energy harvesting

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Converse piezoelectric effect

Linear constitute equations

Electroelasticity of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy

Reduced constitutive equations

Effective base displacement:

(SMS 2009, PEH 2011)

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Electroelasticity of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy

Single-mode electromechanical response for modal excitation ( r )

(SMS 2009, PEH 2011)

The distributed-parameter analytical model has been

Brass-reinforced PZT-5H bimorph cantilever

Tip velocity FRFs

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Performance diagrams for excitations at the fundamental

Current vs. Load resistance

Power vs. Load resistance

Tip velocity vs. Load resistance

The resonance frequencies are overestimated if the rotary

The rotary inertia effect can be much

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

The single-mode electromechanical FRFs represent the

Tip velocity FRFs

(the single-mode solution is given for mode 2)

Modeling of multi-frequency and random excitations

( ) : voltage output - to - base acceleration FRF

Broadband random acceleration (Gaussian white noise)

(PEH 2011, IDETC 2012)

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Several other techniques exist for deriving the governing

Euler-Bernoulli and Rayleigh models

Experimental validation of the assumed-modes solution

(N: number of modes)

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Experimental validation of the assumed-modes solution

(N: number of modes)

Discretized form of solution is useful to combine the

For a Timoshenko-type unimorph cantilever:

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk

Application of a bimorph: Improving multifunctionality in

A possible application of self-charging

Application of a bimorph: Improving multifunctionality in

Tip velocity FRFs

Erturk et al & Anton et al, SPIE 2009, SMS 2010

IIMEC WS short course notes by A. Erturk