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Yoshiaki Kodama , Akira Kakugawa , Takahito Takahashi , Shigeki Nagaya and Takafumi
2
Kawamura
1
National Maritime Research Institute of Japan
kodama@srimot.go.jp
2
The University of Tokyo
ABSTRACT
Microbubbles, a skin friction reduction device,
has significant effect, and is especially suited to
ships. The authors constructed a circulating water
tunnel for microbubble experiment and found out
strong correlation between skin friction reduction
and local void ratio close to the wall. The authors
then carried out experiment by towing a 50m-long
flat plate ship at 7m/sec in a towing tank, and
obtained scale effect data of microbubbles. Based
on the data, net drag reduction effect of
microbubbles when it is applied to a 300m-long
tanker was estimated. It was found out that at fully
loaded condition net drag reduction is almost zero,
that at ballast condition 2% net reduction, and that, if
the reduction efficiency is doubled, net drag
reduction of 5% is obtained at fully loaded condition.
Further study to improve drag reduction efficiency
and to solve related problems is needed.
WHY MICROBUBBLES?
Microbubbles is a drag reduction device that
reduces skin friction of a solid body moving in water
by injecting small bubbles into the turbulent
boundary layer developing on the solid body.
Microbubbles has been studied by many researchers
since the pioneering work of McCormick and
Bhattacharyya [1]. Fig.1 shows an example [2] of its
skin friction reduction effect. The data was taken in
a circulating water tunnel, where the bubbles were
injected at the top flat wall and skin friction was
measured by a skin friction sensor placed
downstream of the injection point. The horizontal
axis shows the amount of injected air and the vertical
axis shows the ratio of reduced skin friction to that at
non-bubble condition. This figure shows that, as the
amount of injected air increases, skin friction
reduction effect by microbubbles increases up to
80%.
Ships such as tankers play a major role in marine
transportation. They are very large and move very
slowly. They are especially suited to microbubbles.
Fig.2 shows an image of the application of
microbubbles to such a ship. One reason that they
are suited is that their skin friction drag component
occupies about 80% of the total drag. The drag of a
ship that moves on the water consists of two
components, i.e., wave-making drag and skin
SRI
Flow direction
Wire meshes
500 500
3000mm
500
462
Test section
15mm x 100mm
Pump
Dump tank
5 0 m
Fig.7 50m-long flat plate ship
1.0
0.8
Cf/Cf0
0.6
0.4
q=0.02
q=0.04
0.2
0.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
distance from the leading edge of the bow x (m )
q=0.02
q=0.04
0.2
0.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
diatance from the leading edge of the bow x (m)
(b) V=7m/s
Fig.8 Local skin friction (Air injection at bow)
1.0
Rt/Rt0
0.9
0.8
(a)Total drag
V=7m/s
V=5m/s
0.7
0.6
0.00
0.02
0.04
q=Q/SV
0.06
1.0
0.9
Rf/Rf0
Cf/Cf0
(a) V=5m/s
(b)Integrated
skin friction
downstream of
injection plate
0.8
V=7m/s
0.7
V=5m/s
0.6
0.00
0.02
0.04
q = Q/SV
0.06
D=
where
rW
Wnet DU + W pump
=
Wo
D0U
W pump
D
=
+
D 0 D0U
(1)
log( Re C F0 ) =
where
where
W pump
1
= Q A ( gd + C p U 2 )
2
where
1
U 2 SCT
2
1
= U 2 S (C F + CW )
2
1
= U 2 S [(1 + K )C F0 + CW ] (3)
2
(2)
0.242 log 10
(4)
C F0
rW =
C F0
=
where
C F0
rW is expressed as
D W pump
+
D DU
+ rD
1 + rD
2
+ Cp
Fd2
QA
(6)
+
U S (1 + K )C F0 (1 + rD )
rD
CW
: ratio of wave drag to
(1 + K )C F0
assumed to be
viscous drag
Fd
area ratio
QA
, i.e., reduce injected air flow
US
rate.
(4)Increase
Fd
gd
Ship length
(7)
Q A and
/ C F0 is roughly
C F0 / C F0 is
SS
21600
=
= 864 to be
S M 0.5 50
(3)Reduce
Q A M ( M means
3
C F0
estimated by multiplying
depth
C F0
QA S
gd
(2)Reduce
rW = 1.078 , slightly
REFERENCES