Report On Super Passage

A
Mini Project Report on
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUPER PASSAGE

Submitted
in
Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
A. Lohtih Reddy
13121a0112
A. Prathap
13121a0104
M. Sekhar
13121a0166
Under the Guidance of
Dr. D.V.S BHAGAVANULU
Director & Professor
&
S. Dwarakanatha Reddy
Deputy Superintending Engineer
TGP & NTR Circle
Tirupati.
Department of Civil Engineering
SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by
NBA & NAAC A Grade)
SreeSainath Nagar, A.Rangampet - 517 102

ChittoorDist, A.P
Certificate
This is to certify that the Mini Project Report entitled
Analysis and Design of SUPER PASSAGE
is the bonafide work done by
A. Lohith Reddy
A. Prathap
M. Sekhar
13121a0112
13121a0104
13121a0166
in the Department of Civil Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan

Engineering College, A.Rangampet and is submitted to Sree
Vidyanikethan Engineering College, A.Rangampet in partial fulfillment
of the requirement of the award of B.Tech Degree in Civil
Engineering during the academic year 2015-2016.
Head of the Department
Internal Supervisor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our privilege thanks to the Dr. M. Mohan Babu, Cine Artiste, Former M.P and Chairman of
SVEC, A.Rangampet, for providing congenial atmosphere and encouragement.
We wish to thanks to the Principal Dr. P.C.Krishnamachary for providing necessary
administrative help to complete the project successfully.
We are greatly indebted to our guide Dr. D.V.S.BHAGAVANULU, Director & Professor, Civil
Engineering for his sustained inspiring guidance throughout the project.
Our special thanks to Sri Raja Prabhakar, B.Tech , Superintending Engineer, N.T.R & T.G.P,
Tirupati, for offering us a valuable training programme.
We are indebted to thank sri S. Dwarakanatha Reddy, M.Tech , Deputy Superintending
Engineer, sri Eswaraiah, Deputy Executive Engineer, A.Neeraja , Y.Salomi Margaret,
Assistant Executive Engineer.
Finally, we wish to thank all those who are in one way or the other who have extended their help
and co-operation for this project.
ABBREVATIONS
F.S.L. -Full Supply Level
F.S.D. -
Full Supply Depth
C.B.L. -
Canal Bed Level
M.F.L. -
Maximum Flood Level
T.B.L. -
Top of Bank (or) Bund Level
A.G.L. -
Average Ground Level
U/s
Upstream Side
D/s
Downstream Side
M.F.D. -
Maximum Flood Discharge
T.E.L. -
Total Energy Loss
H.D.R. -
Hard Dense Rock
BL
Bed Level
CC
Cement Concrete
RCC
Reinforced Cement Concrete
SLB
Single Lane Bridge
DLB
Double Lane Bridge
TMC
Thousand Million Cubic Feet
ABSTRACT
The Super Passage is a hydraulic structure in which the drainage passes over the
irrigation cannal. The structure is suitable when the bed level of drainage is above
the flood surface level of the canal. The water of the canal passes clearly below the
drainage.
The design of Super Passage involves hydrological studies of both canal and drain
and thus covers many combinations of structural and hydrological aspects.
Analysis and design of various components of Super Passage is cumbersome,
iterative and needs to satisfy requisite B.I.S and I.R.C provisions. To obivate the
repetitive, tiresome work and to perform the computations accurately and speedily,
the design of Super Passage is developed using Microsoft Spread Sheet using
personal computer satisfying the relevant provisions of B.I.S and I.R.C codes.
The design of Super Passage is carried out under the guidance of Water Resource
Department of Government of Andhra Pradesh and thus provides an opportunity /
exposure to implement the theoretical knowledge, practically to suit the actual field
conditions.
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying of water to soil for
raising crops. It is a science of planning and designing an efficient, low-cost, irrigation system
tailored to fit natural conditions. It is the engineering of controlling and harnessing the various
natural sources of water, by the construction of dams and reservoirs, canals and head works and
finally distributing the water to agricultural fields. Irrigation engineering includes the study and
design of works in connection with river control, drainage of waterlogged areas, and generation
of hydroelectric power.
1.1 TYPES OF IRRIGATION
Irrigation
(Based on source)
Inundation
Perennial
Cross Masonry works
Bridges
Culvert
Cross Drainage works

CD work carrying
CD work carrying
Irrigation
(Based
on Class)
canal over drain
drain over
canal
Aqueduct
With reservoir
Syphon
Flow
Aqueduct
CD work admitting
canal into drain
Lift
Syphon
SuperWithout reservoir Canal
Passage
Level
Pumps
crossing
Inlet and
outlet
1.1. (a) Cross Masonry Work:

Structure constructed for carrying traffic or other moving loads over a channel. Single lane,
double lane.
1.1.(b) Cross Drainage work:

It is a structure carrying the discharge of a natural stream across canal intercepting the stream.
(i) CD work carry canal over drain:

In this type of CD work the canal is carried over the natural drain. The advantage of this type is
canal runs perennially above the ground and is open to inspection. The damage done by the
floods is rare. During heavy floods the foundation can be scoured (or) the water way of drain
may be chocked with trees etc.
Types:
1) Aqueduct
2) Syphon aqueduct
Aqueduct: If the H.F.L. of drain is bottom below the canal trough aqueduct is used. Here the
water flows under gravity.
Syphon Aqueduct: If the H.F.L. of drain is above the canal bed level and water runs under
symphonic action i.e. under pressure through aqueduct barrels this type is used.
(ii) CD work carry drain over canal:

In this type of work, the drain is carried over the canal. CD works themselves are less liable to
damage than earthwork of canal. The disadvantage is perennial canal is not open to inspection.
Silt is deposited in barrel of work it is difficult to clear out.
Types:
1) Super-passage
2) Syphon/canal syphon
Super-passage: If the F.S.L. of the canal is lower than under side of the trough carrying
drainage water. Here water runs under gravity below trough.
Courtesy: Super-Passage with SLB

Courtesy: Super-passage with SLBCourtesy: Aqueduct
Syphon (or) Canal Syphon: If the F.S.L. of the canal is higher than the trough carrying
drainage water. Here water runs under pressure below trough.
(c) CD work admitting the drainage water into canal:

In this type of work, the canal water and drain water are intermingle to each other. If the water in
both drains and canal pH of water is approximately same this type of case is used. The advantage
of this type is low initial cost. The disadvantage of this type is regulation of such work is difficult
and required additional staff.
Types:
1) Level Crossing
2) Inlet and Outlet
Level Crossing:
If the bed levels of the canal and drainage are practically at the same level.
Inlet and Outlet: When the cross-drainage flow is small the inlet and outlet are constructed
to absorb water by the canal and for appreciable rise of water, and to pass out the additional
discharge that enter into the canal.
CHAPTER 2
SUPER PASSAGE
2.1 Super passage
The hydraulic structure in which the drainage is passing over the irrigation canal is known
as super passage. This structure is suitable when the bed level of drainage is above the flood
surface of the canal. The water of the canal passes clearly below the drainage.
2.2 Major components of Super passage:

a) Canal
b) Drain
CANAL:
A canal is artificial channel, generally trapezoidal in shape constructed on the ground to carry
water to the fields either from the river or a reservoir. It must be perpendicular to the flow.
It is divided into three types:
1) Embankment
2) Cutting
3) Partial filling and cutting
Canal alignment can be done in two ways as follows

1) Contour Canal
2) Ridge Canal
Contour Canal:It is a type of canal in which the ground levels will be approximately equal
and the flow of canal undergo with gravity.
Ridge Canal:It is a type of canal in which the ground levels are different i.e. ground levels are
higher at one place and lower at other. The flow of canal will be under pressure.
DRAIN:
The natural stream of water crossing the canal generally below the canal trough.
The terminology related to a Super passage is explained below:
Wing Walls
These are protective walls joining the abutments of a structure to earth banks.
Return Walls
The walls which are perpendicular to the wing walls in order to divert water from drain easily
into the barrel.
Abutment
The masonry (or) reinforced concrete structure constructed at end of a waterway of a canal to
protect banks from erosion, support the infrastructure load and retaining backfill while confining
the flow to the desired waterway.
Pier
It is a masonry (or) reinforced concrete wall built in the drainage channel (or) canal to divide the
width of channel (or) canal in number of bays and to support vertical loads transmitted by the
super structure.
Canal
The structure meant for carrying water from reservoir for irrigation or drinking Water.
Drain
The natural stream of water crossing the canal. It is also called as VAGU.
Barrel
It is a Masonry (or) cement concrete work constructed perpendicular to the canal at the crossing
point to convey drain water from approach channel to tail channel.
Apron
Protective layer of stone other material extending out from structure to arrest scour/ erosion.
Lining
The Concrete cover provided over bed and side slopes of canal to avoid seepage and scour.
Afflux
The upstream rise water level from normal surface of water caused by the obstruction, resulting
in contraction of the normal waterway.
Clearance
The vertical height between the design flood level of the stream (or) F.S.L. of canal and the
lowest point of the super-structure.
Free-board
The difference in levels between the maximum flow line including afflux, and top of the
embankment, guide bank (or) trough/box.
Super-structure
The part of cross drainage work which lies above the top of piers, abutments.
Sub-structure
The part of cross drainage work which lies above the foundation but below the top of the piers,
abutments.
Cut-off Walls
The cross wall built under the floor of hydraulic structure with object of increasing the creep
length of reducing uplift, attaining safe exit gradient and thereby reducing seepage of water.
Transition Walls
The wall positioned between the normal section and flumed section of structure for transition of
flow.
Uplift
The upward hydraulic pressure exerted on the base of structure through pores of the permeable
bed beneath its base.
Dowel Banks
The masonry (or) cement concrete, plain cement constructed on top of bank level to avoid
erosion on the sharp edges of the canal section.
Spoil Banks
If the quantity of the earth is much in excess of the quantity required for filling it has to be
deposited in spoil banks.
CHAPTER 3
3.1. SELECTION OF SITE
The factors which affect the selection of the suitable site for super passage are:
1) Relative bed levels and water levels of the canal for drainage and
2) Size of canal and the drainage.
The following considerations are important:
When the bed level of the drain is much above the F.S.L of the canal, Canal passes under the
drainage trough with normal F.S.L and bed level of the canal unchanged and requisite clearance
is available between the bottom of the trough and F.S.L of the canal.
3.2 SITE INVESTIGATION

Preliminary Survey
In this type of survey, a site shall be selected and feasible study of the project shall be made. We
can make a tentative design and the cost of the project can be estimated.
Reconnaissance Survey
Useful information of soil and ground water conditions shall be yielded by the inspection of site
and study of topographical features and the engineer will also be able to plan the program of
exploration.
Detailed Survey
In this survey, all the available information about the site including the collection of existing
topographical and geological maps shall be collected. The hydraulic conditions such as water
table fluctuations, flooding of site etc can also be collected.
Determination of catchment area

The catchment area is found by using the contour map. The passage of the drainage basin of the
river through the ridges and saddles of terrain around the river shall be indicated by the
watershed lines. Thus, it should always be perpendicular to the contour lines. The catchment area
contained between the watershed line and river outlet can be measured with planimeter.
Determination of storage capacity

The storage capacity of the reservoir can be determined from contour map. The contour line
indicating the F.R.L shall be drawn on contour map. The area enclosed between successive
contours can be measured by planimeter. The volume of water between F.R.L and the river bed is
finally estimated by using trapezoidal formula.
Determination of scour depth
Scour of stream bed may occur during the passage of flood discharge, when the velocity of the
stream exceeds the limiting velocity that can be withstood by the particles of the bed materials.
The scour is aggravated at the nose of piers and the bends. The maximum depth of scour should
be measured with reference to existing structures near the proposed construction site, if possible.
Such soundings are best done during (or) immediately after the flood. Due allowance should be
made in observed values for additional scour due to the designed discharge being greater than the
flood discharge for which scour was observed and also due to increased velocity due to
obstruction to flow caused by the construction of bridge. The parameter of scour depth will be
playing a very important role in the design of foundations of river bridges, especially those
resting on soil strata.1
CHAPTER 4
TELUGU GANGA PROJECT

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Telugu Ganga Project is an interstate project formulated to irrigate 5.75 lakh acres
in drought prone areas of Kurnool, Cuddapah and Chittoor districts of Rayalaseema and
upland areas of Nellore District in A.P. by utilizing 29 TMC of Krishna flood flows and
30 TCC of Pennar flood flows besides conveying 15 TMC of Krishna water to Chennai
city drinking purpose from the contribution of three Krishna basin states, Maharastra,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh with 5 TMC of share each state.
Date of Project commencement : 27.04.1983.
Target date of Project completion : 30.06.2012.
The project is cleared from environmental and forest angles.
The hydrological clearance is yet to be received from the Central Government.
Scope of the Project

a. To irrigate 5.75 lakh acres in Kurnool, Kadapa, Chittoor and Nellore Districts.
b. To supply 15 TMC of drinking water to Chennai City.
c. Proposed Power Generation:
i) Velugodu : 9 M.W |
ii) Chennamukkapalli : 15M.W |- Total 33 KW
iii) Kandaleru : 9 M.W |
INDEX MAP OF TGP CANAL
Courtesy: Index map of TGP canal
SOMASILA-KANDALERU FLOOD FLOW CANAL

It is flood flow canal. This is the project that has been taken up in the Srikalahasti by the Telugu
Ganga Irrigation Office to provide a reliable water source for cultivation in the mandal area. In
this Somasila-Kandaleru flood flow canal an under tunnel is proposed for crossing of KurlaVagu.
1) This cross drainage work is constructed for Somasila-Kandaleru canal which intercepts
the natural drain.
2) The structure is a type-II aqueduct an under tunnel is proposed for separating of canal and
natural drain.
3) The canal carries Somasila river water from the Kandaleru reservoir.
4) The under tunnel carries the water of natural drain below the canal.
CHAPTER-5
DESIGN OF SUPER PASSAGE

Procedure of designing a Super passage:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Selection of canal section

Hydraulic particulars of canal and drain
Flow conditions of drain
Afflux calculations
Stress calculations of different section
Detailing of reinforcement
A) SELECTION OF CANAL SECTION:

Canal selection mainly depends on the levels, alignment, crop requirements.
1) Preliminary survey is to be conducted to determine the relative levels of reservoir and the
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
ayacut area.
Shortest, economical and more feasible path for canal alignment is to be determined.
Type of crops to be grown in ayacut area and their water requirements is to be found.
Land acquisition is to be done.
Trail pit properties should be known.
The discharge of the canal section is to be determined by using Dickens formula.
Type of section is to be selected including side slopes, bed width ratio, cutting and filling
details, bed fall and design of drop.

8) Canal design should be done for peak water requirements.
B) HYDRAULIC PRATICULARS OF CANAL AT SITE CROSSING:

Discharge required
41.35 cumes
Discharge designed
41.60 cumes
Bed width
9.60 m
F.S.D
3.30 m
Free Board
2m
Velocity
0.866 m/s
Side slopes
1.5:1
Surface fall
1 in 12000
Value of co-efficient rugocity(n)
0.018
Bed level
+48.930/48.903
F.S.L
+52.230/52.203
T.B.L
+54.230/54.203
Loss of Head
0.027
CALCULATION OF SLOPE
1)Bed level at 50 m in up stream=52.010
2)Bed level at 50 m in down stream=51.145
Fall=3.865
Fall at 50 m=1 in 26
3)Bed level at 100 m in upstream=61.325
4)bed level at 100 m in down stream=50.875
Fall=10.450
Fall=17.580
Fall=18.770
Average bed fall=(1/4)*((1/26)+(1/19)+(1/17)+(1/19))=1/20(1 in 20)
Calculation of discharge:
Assumed M.F.L = 53.010
MFL
GL
ORDINANT MEAN ORDINANT
DISTANCE
IN AREA
MTS
53.010
53.010
52.830
52.780
52.710
52.650
52.640
52.580
52.680
52.570
52.850
52.960
53.000
53.010
0
0.180
0.230
0.300
0.360
0.370
0.430
0.330
0.290
0.160
0.050
0.010
0
0.09
0.205
0.265
0.330
0.365
0.400
0.380
0.310
0.225
0.105
0.030
0.005
2.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.330
Total area=2.878 m2
Total Distance=13.320 m
Total wetted perimeter=13.660 m
Hydraulic radius=0.211 m
R2/3=0.354
Average slope =1 in 20
Mannings constant=0.03
Velocity =2.639 m/s
Discharge= 7.595 cumecs
Hence M.F.L is adopted as 53.010
Flow Conditions of Drain:

Determination of control point for the flow:
0.261
0.205
0.265
0.330
0.365
0.400
0.350
0.310
0.225
0.105
0.030
0.002
Width of the trough =3 m

q= 2.50 m/s
dc= 0.860 m
Ac= 3x0.86=0.860 m2
Vc= 7.50/2.58 =2.907 m/s
Velocity Head = 0.431
Perimeter =4.72 m
Hydraulic Radius = 2.58/4.72 =0.547
R2/3 = 0.669
Slope =1 in 163
Flow Condition at C:
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
Velocity Head
Floor Level at Trough
M.F.L at C
T.E.L at C
Flow Condition at B:
=41.60
=9.6
=0.860
=0.431
=52.917
=52.917+0.860
=53.777
=53.777+0.431
=54.208
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
Perimeter P (m)
Hydraulic radius R
R2/3
Slope
Average Slope
Eddy Losses
Frictional Losses
Total Losses
T.E.L at C
T.E.L at B
M.F.L at B
Bed level at B
Difference
Assumed Depth is adequate
=41.60
=9.6
=1.375
=12.6113
=0.595
=0.0180
=11.72
=1.0713
=1.047
=1 in 9566
=1 in 323
=0.0826
=0.0186
=0.1012
=54.208
=54.208+0.1012
=54.3092
=54.3092-0.0180
=54.2912
=52.917
=1.3742 < 1.375 m
Flow Condition at A:
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
Eddy Losses
T.E.L at B
T.E.L at A
M.F.L at A
Bed Level at A
Difference
Therefore assumed depth is adequate.
=41.60
=9.6
=1.380
=15.2766
=0.4909
=0.0123
=0.0011
=54.3092
=54.3092+0.0011
=54.3103
=54.3013-0.0123
=54.2980
=52.9180
=1.380 ~1.380
Flow Condition at D: (exit of the trough)

DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
=41.60
=9.6
Flow Condition at E:
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
Perimeter P (m)
Hydraulic radius R
R2/3
Slope
Average Slope
Eddy Losses
Frictional Losses
Total Losses
T.E.L at D|
T.E.L at E
M.F.L at B
Bed level at B
Difference
=41.60
=9.6
=1.397
=12.817
=0.5852
=0.0175
=11.8158
=1.0847
=1.0057
=1 in 10045
=1 in 904
=0.0366
=0.01
=0.0466
=52.961
=52.961-0.0466
=52.914
=52.914-0.0175
=52.896
=51.560
=1.396 < 1.377 m
Flow Condition at F:
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
Eddy Losses
Frictional Losses
Total Losses
T.E.L at D|
T.E.L at E
M.F.L at B
Bed level at B
=41.60
=9.6
=1.401
=15.5532
=0.4522
=0.012
=0.0011
=0.0000
=0.0011
=52.914
=52.914-0.0011
=52.9130
=52.9130-0.0120
=52.9010
=51.500
Difference
=1.401< 1.401 m
Tabular Statement of Flow profile:

SECTI
BEDLEV
DEPTH OF
VELOCITY
ON
EL
FLOW
(m/s)
T.E.L
54.31
M.F.L
52.917
1.380
0.4909
03
54.30
54.2980
52.917
1.375
0.5947
92
54.20
54.2912
52.917
0.860
2.9070
80
54.08
53.7770
52.793
0.860
2.9070
35
52.96
53.6525
D|
51.500
1.260
1.9841
07
52.91
52.7600
51.500
1.397
0.5852
41
52.91
52.8966
51.500
1.401
0.4822
30
52.9011
FLOW CONDITIONS OF CANAL
AT POINT A
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
=41.60
=9.6
=3.3
=48.015
=0.866
=0.038
=52.230+
T.E.L at A
0.038
=52.268
AT POINT B
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
Perimeter P (m)
Hydraulic radius R
R2/3
Slope
Eddy Losses
T.E.L at A
T.E.L at B
F.S.L at B
Bed Level at B
Difference (m)
Hence assumed depth is adequate
=41.60
=9.6
=3.292
=42.592
=0.9767
=0.0486
=33.038
=1.2892
=1.1845
=1 in 4539
=0.012
=52.268
=52.268+0.002
=52.270
=52.270-0.0486
=52.225
=48.930
=3.291 <3.292
AT POINT C
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
Perimeter P (m)
Hydraulic radius R
R2/3
Slope
Average Slope
Frictional losses
Total losses
T.E.L at B
T.E.L at C
F.S.L at C
Bed Level at B
=41.60
=9.6
=3.293
=42.6098
=0.9763
=0.049
=33.045
=1.2894
=1.1847
=1 in 4545
=1 in 4592
=0.001
=0.001
=52.271
=52.271+0.001
=52.272
=52.272-0.049
=52.223
=48.930
Difference (m)
=3.293 ~ 3.293
AT POINT D
DISCHARGE(m3/s)
WIDTH(m)
DEPTH(m)
AREA(m2)
VELOCITY(m/s)
VELOCITY HEAD(m)
Eddy Losses
Frictional losses
Total losses
T.E.L at C
T.E.L at D
=41.60
=9.6
=3.307
=48.152
=0.8639
=0.0380
=0.0021
=0.0000
=0.0021
=52.272
=52.271+0.0021
=52.2741
=52.2741-0.038
=52.2361
=48.930
F.S.L at D
Bed Level at D
Difference (m)
=3.3061 ~ 3.307
Total loss of Head: (LOH)

T.E.L at A
=52.2680
T.E.L at D
=52.2741
Difference (m)
=0.0061
It is less than 0.027 (LOH) provided in Hydraulic Particulars.
SECTI
BED
DEP
VELOCITY
F.S.L
T.E.L
ON
A
B
LEVEL
48.960
48.960
TH
3.3
3.29
HEAD
0.038
0.049
52.2235
52.2250
52.2680
52.2700
48.960
2
3.29
0.049
52.2234
52.2720
48.960
3
3.30
0.038
52.2361
52.2741
CALUCULATION OF SIZE OF TROUGH

Flow condition of drain @9.49km of 7th branch canal
size of trough
Determination of critical depth and critical slope
Assumed base width=b(m)
Discharge calculated=Q(m3/s)
Discharge per unit width=q(m2/s)
Acceleration due to gravity=g(m2/s)
Critical depth=(q2/g)(m)
Depth of trough=d(m)
Area of trough(m2)
Haunches base(m)
haunches height(m)
no of haunches
total haunch area(m2)
net area(m2)
check for velocity
=3
=7.5
=2.5
=9.8
=0.860
=0.860
=2.58
=0.15
=0.15
=2
=0.0225
=2.6025
velocity(m2/s)
check for velocity
velocity head(m)
perimeter(m)
hydraulic radius,R(m)
R2/3
slope
=2.907
it is safe
=0.431
=4.72
=0.547
=0.669
=1 in 163
Size of trough
critical depth
free board
Assumed thickness of slab
0.862
0.3
0.2
Load calculations
inner width of trough
inner depth of trough
thickness of trough
outer width of trough
outer depth
wearing coat thickness
self weight of slabs
weight of wearing coat
self weight of haunches
weight of water
effective span of trough
the s.p of trough is designed as frame with over hang on either
3
1.162
0.25
3.5
1.737
0.075
625
180
56.25
1500
3.25
side at
'B'and'C'
fixed moment t-m
moment at BC t-m
INERTIA
0.7875
2.079
1
JOINT
B
C
MEMBER
BA
BC
CB
CD
RELATIVE STIFFNESS
0
I/3.25
I/3.25
0
SUM
I/3.25
DF
0
1
1
0
I/325
FIXED MOMENTS BY MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

JOINT
B
C
MEMBER
BA
BC
CB
CD
DF
0
1
1
0
F.E.M
0.7875
-2.079 +2.079
-0.7875
BALANCE
+1.2915
-1.2915
0.7875 -0.7875 0.7875
-0.7875
THE 'X' EQUAL
TO
=1.625
MAX POSITIVE BM
=2331 Kg-m
Point of contraflexure
X=
MAX +VE BM=
MAX -VE BM=
3.03
2.331
-0.7875
or
0.22
RCC DESIGN OF TROUGH

CASE 1
STRESS AT TENSION t (Kg/cm2)
STRESS AT CONCRETE c (Kg/cm2)
1840
70
13.333
K
J
Q
effective depth cm
over all depth cm
Assumed cover cm
effective depth provided cm
dia of bars cm
0.331
0.889
10.299
15.096
25
12
21.9
12
it is ok
2
area of steel required at center cm

Spacing cm
Hence provide spacing 15 cm
area of steel provided
6.51
17.37
7.54
safe design
half of bars are cranked at support from the face support
0.60
check for anchorage devolepment length

Mo
shear V
(Mo/V)+Lo
Ld
(Mo/V)+Lo > Ld
135052
3.8383
62.04
49.28
Hence it is adequate
Design of End Supports at B&C

at end supports Band C
area of steel
Minimum distribution steel is 0.217%
thickness of slab
area of steel
2.198
25
3.77
(As per is code 456-
But min tensile steel provided

cranked bars of 8 mm dia at spacing 15 mm
Area of steel
total steel required
5.12 1973 page no 63)

3.35
7.12 >5.12
It is safe.
Design of pier
1.3000
0.0750
0.3000
0.2000
2.7550
0.34301.0000
0.5000
2.0000
Cross section of Pier
0.5000
2.0000
1.0000
0.5000
3.0000
5.0000
Plan of Pier
DRAIN FULL CONDITION

LOAD CALCULATIONS
Bed level at top of side wall
43.33
Bed level at bottom of side wall
42.03
Bed level below the trough slab
41.755
Bed level at top of pier
41.455
Bed level at bottom of pier
39.343
Bed level at top of foundation
39
Bed level at bottom of foundation
38.5
Center to center distance b/w abutment and pier
8.9
Width of slab
Thickness of slab
0.2
Inner width of trough
2.5
Thickness of wearing coat
0.075
Width or depth of side walls
1.375
Thickness of side walls
0.25
Base of haunch
0.075
Height of haunch
0.075
Length of pier
Width of pier
Depth of pier below bed block
2.455
Thickness of bed block
0.3
Water depth in drain full condition
1.3
Self weight of concrete
2.5
t/m3
Self weight of plain concrete
2.4
t/m3
Unit weight of water
t/m3
Length or depth of curved part
0.5
Length of foundation
Width of foundation
Thickness of foundation
0.5
Full supply depth
2.25
Scour depth
0.343
Weight of trough slab
13.35
Weight of wearing coat
4.005
Weight of side walls
15.296
Weight of haunches
0.125
Weight of bed block
2.25
Weight of water
28.925
TOTAL LOAD
64.952
Direct stress on top of pier
21.65
Weight of pier below bed block
20.622
Considering 15% of buoyancy net weight of pier below FSL
19.33
DIRECT LOAD ON TOP OF FOUNDATION CONCRETE
84.285
Consider 100% buoyancy weight on foundation concrete

DIRECT LOAD ON FOUNDATION SOIL
Items
91.285
Moment in Canal direction Y (t-m)

Base of the Pier
Bottom
Moment in Drain direction X (tm)

of Base
of
the Bottom
Foundation
Pier
Foundation
3.555
Case 2 With water force and no wind force

Moment due to cross currents
0
Moment due to water currents
0.1074
Total
0.1074
0
0.1365
0.1365
3.306
0
3.306
4.431
0
4.431
Case 3 with water force and wind force

moment due to water currents
0.1074
moment due to wind force
2.287
Total
2.3944
0.1365
2.61
2.7465
0
0
3.306
4.431
0
4.431
Case I With wind force and no water force

moment due to wind force
3.088
Total load on top of foundation concrete
84.285
Equivalent weight of pier
3.5
m2
I
xx
0.2708
m4
xx
0.5416
m4
I
yy
3.6458
m4
Zyy
2.1875
m4
Stresses at the base of the pier

Case 1 with wind force and no water force
of
P
P
(p/A)+(Mxx/Zxx)+(Myy/Zyy)
25.4931
t/m2
22.6698
t/m2
22.6698
t/m2
11.82561
t/m2
10.7802
t/m2
Case 2 with water force and no wind force

P
36.3373
t/m2
11.8256
t/m2

P
37.3828
t/m2
10.7802
t/m2
Stresses on foundation soil

Area of footing
10
m2
Zxx
3.333
m3
Zyy
8.3333
m3
91.2851
Total load on foundation soil =

P
P
9.551
t/m2
8.7019
t/m2
8.7019
t/m2
7.7828
t/m2
7.469
t/m2

P
10.4741
t/m2
7.7828
t/m2

P
10.7873
t/m2
7.4696
t/m2
Case 2 DRAIN EMPTY CONDITION

Weight of trough slab
13.35
Weight of wearing coat
4.005
Weight of side walls
15.296
Weight of haunches
0.125
Weight of bed block
2.25
TOTAL LOAD
35.828
Direct stress on top of pier
11.942
Weight of pier below bed block
20.622
Considering 15% of buoyancy net weight of pier below FSL
19.33
DIRECT LOAD ON TOP OF FOUNDATION CONCRETE
55.1611 t
Consider 100% buoyancy weight on foundation concrete
12.0295
DIRECT LOAD ON FOUNDATION SOIL
67.1906

P
P
17.1719
t/m2
14.3486
t/m2
14.3486
t/m2
9.6078
t/m2
8.5623
t/m2

P
21.9128
t/m2
9.6078
t/m2

P
22.9582
t/m2
8.5623
t/m2
Stresses on foundation soil

P
P
7.1456
t/m2
6.2924
t/m2
6.2924
t/m2

P
8.0647
t/m2
5.3733
t/m2
5.3733
t/m2
5.0601
t/m2

P
8.3779
t/m2
5.0601
t/m2
DESIGN OF BED BLOCK
Bed block thickness
30
cm
Width of bed block
100
cm
Grade of concrete
15
N/mm2
The purpose of bed block is to distribute the load from the bearings to the piers and abutments.
The bed blocks of 30 cm thick in R.C.C M15 grade are proposed. There are no specific design
features available for bed blocks
As per IRC Bridge code 310.10 of section III the cap shall be reinforced with 2% steel
distributed equally at top and bottom
2 % of steel
60
cm2
Main reinforcement
30
cm2
Diameter of bars
1.6
cm
Total no. of bars
16
Provide Tor bars of 16 mm diameter
Hence provide 16 mm diameter bars with 8 nos on each face i.e., at top and bottom
Remaining 50% steel is to be provided as two legged vertical stirrups
a) For a length of L/4 from either side provide 16 mm diameter rods at 125 mm c/c
spacing
b) In the central portion provide 16 mm diameter at 250 mm c/c spacing
c) The clear cover adopted is 40 mm
spacing
13.4
cm
DESIGN OF SUB STRUCTURE:

1. Design of Abutment:
Top Width of Abutment

Bottom width of Abutment
Height of Abutment
Thickness of Foundation
W
Width of Foundation
Thickness of Trough side walls
W
Unit Wt of concrete0.275
Unit Wt of concrete
W
Thickness of Bed Block W
Height of Abutment below
bed block
Width of triangular portion
Thickness of CC & slab
W
Unit wt of soil
0.3
Width of Heel slab
Unit wt of water
9
W10
W5
W1
W3
1.00
W11
=
=
=
=
=
=
R=
=
=
1
1.6
2.09
1.30 0.5
2.2
1.3
2.5
0.302.4
0.3
m
m
m
m
m
m
t/m3
t/m3
M
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.515
0.3
0.275 A
0.3
2.1
0.3 0.5
1
M
M
M
t/m3
M
t/m3
W2
0.3
0.3
2.20
Stresses on Concrete:
ABUTMENT
Taking Moment about 'A'

Sl.N
Load Particulars
Magnitude
Lever
Momen
Arm
V
H
R = Reaction due to dead load + Water 10.2837 -
0.55
5.656017
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
wt
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
W7
W10
PV
PH
1.227349
0.8
0.2
0.8
1.4
1.05
1.45
1.5
1.2
1.6
0.863333
0.6
0.10908
2.9088
0.76356
0.3465
0.525263
0.715838
1.248
0.56359
1.059611
1.3585
3
1.045
1.419633
12
P1
0.75
0.5454
3.636
0.5454
0.33
0.36225
0.47723
1.04
0.35224
-
13
P2
1.092025 0.696666
0.760777
7
Total
Resultant of forces R
= M / V
= 0.556
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.224
emax
= 0.267
18.3222
m
m
m
= 0.244
e < emax , No tension develops

Maximum compressive stress Pmax
(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 21.949 t/m2
Minimum compressive stress Pmin
Factor of safety against sliding
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
0.954 t/m2
V/ H
3.847
2.124 > 1.5
> 1.
Hence safe against over sliding

Factor of safety against overturning
Hence safe against over turning
10.19663
Stresses on Soil:
Taking moments about point 'B'

Sl.
Load Particulars
Magnitude
No
1
't'
V
R = Reaction due to dead load & Water 10.2837 -
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
wt
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
W7
W8
W9
W10
W11
PV
PH
P1
P2
0.75
0.5454
3.636
0.5454
0.33
0.36225
0.47723
1.3167
0.39
1.04
2.64
0.54094
-
Total
22.8576
Lever
Mome
Arm
nt
0.85
8.741117
1.1
0.5
1.1
1.7
1.35
1.75
1.8
2.05
2.05
1.5
1.1
2.2
1.036
1.295
0.863333
0.825
0.2727
3.9996
0.92718
0.4455
0.633938
0.859005
2.699235
0.7995
1.56
2.904
1.190071
1.952696
2.180133
1.447832
1.884842
1.6835
1.677025
3
20.27618
= M / V
= 0.887 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.213 m
emax
= 0.367
m
= 0.213

= (V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 16.423 t/m2

= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
4.356 t/m2
V/ H
3.050 > 1.

2.633 > 1.5
2. Design of Wing wall U/S
0.6
0.3
3.83
W3
W4
W1
W2
W5
0.50
B
2.45
Width of Rectangular portion

Width of Triangular portion
Width of Heel slab
Width of toe slab
Width of Foundation
Unit Wt of soil
Unit Wt of plain concrete
Height of wing wall
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.6
1.25
0.3
0.3
0.5
2.45
2.1
2.4
3.83
m
M
m
m
m
m
t/m3
t/m3
m
Taking Moments about 'A'

Sl.N
o
Load Particulars
Magnitude
Lever
Momen
Arm
1
2
3
4
5
W1
W2
W3
PV
PH
Total
= M / V
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
emax
V
5.5152
5.745
5.026875
1.1829
17.46998
= 0.587 m
0.3
1.0166667
1.4333333
1.85
1.609
1.65456
5.84075
7.205188
2.188365
6.631763
10.2571
= 0.338 m
= 0.308
H
4.121668
m
= 0.338

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 19.788 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
-0.902 t/m2
V/ H
2.967 > 1.15

0.547< 1.5
Hence not safe against over turning
Stresses on Soil:
Taking moments about B

Sl.N
Load Particulars
Magnitude
o
V
Lever
Mome
Arm
nt
1
2
W1
W2
5.5152
5.745
0.6
3.30912
1.316666 7.56425
W3
5.02687
7
1.733333 8.71325
W4
5
2.4129
3
2.3
5.54967
5
6
W5
PV
2.94
1.51191
1.225
2.45
3.6015
3.70418
1.819
3
9.58261
1
7
PH
5.26806
6
total
20.7389
2
22.8593
= M / V
= 1.102 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.123 m
emax
= 0.408
m
= 0.123

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 11.008 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
5.992 t/m2
V/ H
2.756 > 1.15

3. Design of Wing wall on D/S:
1.386< 1.5
0.6
0.3
3.41
W3
W4
W1
W2
W5
0.50
B
1.15
2.30
WING WALL
Width of Triangular portion
Width of Heel slab
Width of toe slab
Width of Foundation
Unit Wt of soil
Height of wing wall
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.6
1.15
0.3
0.3
0.5
2.35
2.1
2.4
3.41
m
m
m
m
m
m
t/m3
t/m3
m
Taking Moments about 'A'

Sl.N
Load Particulars
Magnitude
o
V
Lever
Momen
Arm
1
2
3
4
5
W1
W2
W3
PV
PH
Total
= M / V
4.9104
4.7058
4.117575
0.93769
14.67146
= 0.592 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.283 m
emax
= 0.150
3.267264
0.3
0.9833333
1.3666667
1.75
1.432
1.47312
4.62737
5.627353
1.640957
4.678721
8.690079
m
= 0.283

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 16.511 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
0.257 t/m2
V/ H
3.143 > 1.15

0.857< 1.5
Stresses on Soil:
Sl.N
Taking Moments about 'B'

Load Particulars
Magnitude
o
1
2
W1
W2
V
4.9104
4.7058
H
-
Lever
Mome
Arm
nt
0.6
1.283333
2.94624
6.86262
W3
4.11757
1.666666
6.86262
W4
W5
PV
5
2.1483
2.82
1.23283
7
2.2
1.175
2.35
5
4.72626
3.3135
2.89715
4
5
6
7
PH
2
-
4.2956
1.642
6
7.05345
5
Total
19.9349
8
20.5549
= M / V
= 1.031 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.144 m
emax
= 0.392
m
= 0.144

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 11.6 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
5.365 t/m2
V/ H
3.249 > 1.15

4. Design of Return on U/S:
1.914>1.5
0.60
0.67
0.30
W4
3.83
W2
W5
W3
W1
0.48
W6
0.5
2.35
U/s RETURN
Width of Triangular portion toe
width of triangular portion heel
Width of Heel slab
Width of toe slab
Width of Foundation
Unit Wt of soil
Height of return wall
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.6
0.48
0.67
0.3
0.3
0.5
2.35
2.1
2.4
3.83
M
M
M
M
M
m
m
t/m3
t/m3
m
Take moments about A

Sl.
Load Particulars
Magnitude
W1
V
2.20608
No
1
H
-
Lever
Mome
Arm
nt
0.32
0.70594
W2
5.5152
0.78
6
4.30185
W3
3.07932
1.303333
6
4.01338
W4
2.69440
3
1.526666
4.11345
PV
5
1.1829
7
1.75
8
2.07007
1.609
5
6.63176
5
6
PH
4.12166
Total
14.6779
3
8.57295
= M / V
= 0.584 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.291 m
emax
= 0.292
m
= 0.291

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 16.750 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
0.024 t/m2
V/ H
2.493 > 1.15

0.293< 1.5
Stresses on Soil:
Taking moments about B

Sl.N
o
Load Particulars
Magnitude
Lever
Mome
Arm
nt
1
2
W1
W2
2.20608
5.5152
0.62
1.08
1.36777
5.95641
W3
3.07932
1.603333
6
4.93717
6
4.92178
W4
2.69440
3
1.826666
5
6
7
W5
W6
PV
5
2.4129
2.82
1.51191
7
2.2
1.175
2.35
5.30838
3.3135
3.55299
PH
1
-
1.819
2
9.58261
Total
20.2398
5.26806
6
= M / V
= 0.997 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.198 m
emax
= 0.392
m
= 0.198

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 12.963 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
4.262 t/m2
V/ H
2.689 > 1.15

1.064< 1.5
2
19.7754
5. Design of Return on D/S:
0.60
0.53
0.30
W4
3.41
W2
W5
W3
W1
0.43
W6
0.5
2.16
D/s RETURN

Width of Triangular portion toe
width of triangular portion heel
Width of Heel slab
Width of toe slab
Width of Foundation
Unit Wt of soil
Height of return wall
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.6
0.43
0.53
0.3
0.3
0.5
2.16
2.1
2.4
3.41
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
t/m3
t/m3
m
Take moments about A

Sl.N
o
Load Particulars
Magnitude
Lever
Momen
Arm
1
2
3
4
5
6
V
1.75956
4.9104
2.16876
1.897665
0.93769
11.67407
W1
W2
W3
W4
PV
PH
Total
= M / V
= 0.524 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.256 m
emax
= 0.260
H
3.267264
0.2866667
0.73
1.2066667
1.3833333
1.56
1.432
0.504407
3.584592
2.61697
2.625103
1.462796
4.678721
6.115148
m
= 0.256

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 14.858 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
0.108 t/m2
V/ H
2.501 > 1.15

1.166< 1.5
Stresses on Soil:
Taking Moment about 'B'

Sl.N
Load Particulars
Magnitude
Lever
Mome
Arm
nt
W1
V
1.75956
H
-
0.586666
1.03227
W2
4.9104
7
1.03
5
5.05771
2
3
4
W3
2.16876
1.506666
3.26759
7
1.683333
8
3.19440
3
4.31808
W4
1.89766
W5
5
2.1483
3
2.01
6
7
W6
PV
2.592
1.23283
1.08
2.16
3
2.79936
2.66291
PH
2
-
1.642
8
7.05345
Total
16.7095
8
15.2788
4.2956
5
= M / V
= 0.914 m
Eccentricity
= (B/2)-R
= 0.166 m
emax
= 0.36
m
= 0.166

(V/B)*(1+6E/B)
= 11.296 t/m2
= (V/B)*(1-6E/B)
=
4.176 t/m2
V/ H
3.890 > 1.15

1.166< 1.5
Hence not safe against over turning.s
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
s
For the purpose of storage and conveyance of water for irrigation various
structures have been involved.
Super passage is one such type of Cross-Drainage structure which involves drain
carried over a canal. In the present project, various situations that results in
construction of a super passage have been studied. The design of the entire
structure involving the flow calculations and stress calculations have been studied.

Report On Super Passage

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report On Super Passage

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A

Mini Project Report on

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUPER PASSAGE

Department of Civil Engineering

SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

SreeSainath Nagar, A.Rangampet - 517 102

in the Department of Civil Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan

Head of the Department

Full Supply Depth

Canal Bed Level

Maximum Flood Level

Top of Bank (or) Bund Level

Average Ground Level

Maximum Flood Discharge

Total Energy Loss

Hard Dense Rock

Reinforced Cement Concrete

Single Lane Bridge

Double Lane Bridge

Thousand Million Cubic Feet

Cross Masonry works

Cross Drainage works

1.1. (a) Cross Masonry Work:

1.1.(b) Cross Drainage work:

(i) CD work carry canal over drain:

(ii) CD work carry drain over canal:

Courtesy: Super-Passage with SLB

(c) CD work admitting the drainage water into canal:

2.2 Major components of Super passage:

Canal alignment can be done in two ways as follows

3.2 SITE INVESTIGATION

Determination of catchment area

Determination of storage capacity

Determination of scour depth

TELUGU GANGA PROJECT

Scope of the Project

INDEX MAP OF TGP CANAL

Courtesy: Index map of TGP canal

SOMASILA-KANDALERU FLOOD FLOW CANAL

DESIGN OF SUPER PASSAGE

Selection of canal section

A) SELECTION OF CANAL SECTION:

details, bed fall and design of drop.

B) HYDRAULIC PRATICULARS OF CANAL AT SITE CROSSING:

Value of co-efficient rugocity(n)

ORDINANT MEAN ORDINANT

Flow Conditions of Drain:

Width of the trough =3 m

Flow Condition at D: (exit of the trough)

Tabular Statement of Flow profile:

FLOW CONDITIONS OF CANAL

Total loss of Head: (LOH)

CALUCULATION OF SIZE OF TROUGH

check for velocity

FIXED MOMENTS BY MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

RCC DESIGN OF TROUGH

area of steel required at center cm

check for anchorage devolepment length

Design of End Supports at B&C

But min tensile steel provided

5.12 1973 page no 63)

Cross section of Pier

DRAIN FULL CONDITION