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B. THC HNH HA HU C
Phn 1. KIN THC THC HNH
Thi gian: 30 pht
Kim tra cc kin thc v nguyn tc lm vic trong phng th nghim, cc k thut
c bn trong thc hnh ha hu c (dng cc cu hi trc nghim v cu hi t lun ngn)
1. Cc nguyn tc chung khi lm vic trong phng th nghim
- Quy tc lm vic vi cht c, cht d chy, d n
- Cch lm kh mt s cht thng thng
- Cch x l mt s tai nn
- Cch ly ha cht
- Cch lp mt h thng phn ng hoc ct
2. Cc k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha hu c
- C s l thuyt phng php kt tinh li
- C s l thuyt cc phng php ct (ct thng, ct phn on, ct li cun hi
nc,)
- C s l thuyt phng php chit v lm kh
3. ngha v phng php xc nh mt s hng s vt l thng thng cht
hu c (nhit nng chy, nhit si, ch s khc x,).
4. C ch phn ng v cc bin php lm tng hiu sut ca mt s phn ng
tng hp hu c c bn (este ha, amit ha, nitro ha).
Phn 2. NHN BIT CC HP CHT HU C
Thi gian: 30 pht
Nhn bit 4 trong s 10 hp cht cho bit tn ca chng thuc cc nhm cht: dn
xut halogen, ancol, phenol, anehit, xeton, axit cacboxylic, amin, monosaccarit,
disaccarit.
Phn 3. TNG HP HU C
Thi gian: 120 pht
IU CH AXIT BENZOIC
S phn ng:
C6H5CH3 + 2KMnO4 C6H5COOK + 2MnO2 + KOH + H2O
C6H5COOK + HCl C6H5COOH + KCl
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Ha cht
Dng c
KMnO4: 2 gam
Nc ct
Etanol 990
Bt s
Phu lc thng
Giy th pH
Glixerol
Bp in n
My lc p sut thp
n cn, li aming
ng Thiele
HI HA HC VIT NAM
4
M
n
mA, mB: l khi lng tc dng va ca cht A v cht B trong phn ng;
EA, EB: l ng lng ca cc cht A v B.
Ni cch khc, s ng lng ca cc cht trong phn ng phi bng nhau.
* xc nh ng lng ca nguyn t Mg, ta cn mt lng chnh xc (
gam)
ca kim loi Mg ri cho phn ng ht vi mt dung dch axit mnh (HCl, H2SO4 long).
Phng trnh phn ng l:
Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
o th tch kh hidro thot ra ti nhit v p sut nht nh khi xy ra phn ng; p
dng phng trnh c bn ca kh l tng PV= nRT, ta tnh c khi lng m2 ca lng
kh hidro b Mg y ra.
T suy lun: C m2 gam kh hidro b y ra cn m1 gam Mg. Vy 1,008g kh hidro
cn mt ng lng EMg ca Mg.
2. Ha cht v dng c:
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Ha cht:
- Phoi Mg
- Dung dch HCl 10%
- Dung dch H2C2O4 chun
- Dung dch NaOH 0,1N.
Dng c:
- Bnh nn 250ml
- Pipet 10ml, 5 ml
- H thng ng nghim c nhnh
- Gi + buret 25 ml
- Bnh nh mc
- ng ong.
3.Tin hnh
3.1. Pha dung dch v xc nh nng dung dch HCl
T dung dch chun H2C2O4 0,1N, hy xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch
NaOH.
Dng dung dch NaOH va bit nng , hy xc nh nng dung dch HCl.
3.2. Xc nh ng lng ca Mg
T nng dung dch HCl va xc nh c, hy tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn
phn ng vi 2025mg Mg kim loi, bit lng HCl dng gp 5 ln so vi lng cn thit.
Lp b dng c nh hnh v di:
BI 2: XC NH P SUT HI NC BO HA
V NHIT BAY HI CA NC.
1. L thuyt
Khi nhit ca khng kh thp 50 C th c th p dng phng trnh trng thi kh
l tng tnh c s mol ca khng kh: Pkk.Vkk = nkk.R.T
p sut hi nc bo ha theo tng nhit c tnh: Phnbh = Pkq - Pkk
S tng quan tuyn tnh gia p sut hi v nhit c biu th qua phng trnh
Clausius-Clapeyron:
lnP =
-Hhh 1
+C
R T
Nc
ln P
Diethyl ether
1/T
Dng c:
- ng ong 10 ml
- Cc thy tinh 1 lt
- Bp in
- Gi st v kp
- Nhit k
- Chu thy tinh
- p k
3.Tin hnh
Lp b dng c nh hnh v:
Hnh 2. Dng c xc inh p sut hi bo hoa v nhit ha hi ca nc
1. Gi st
2. C p st
3. Nhi t k
4. ng ong 10ml
5. Cc 1 lt
6. Bp i n
Ly khong 600ml nc ct vo cc thy tinh 1 lt v khong 6-7 ml nc ct vo
ng ong 10 ml. Dng ngn tay bt cht ming ng ong ri chuyn vo cc thy tinh, s c
khong 4-5 ml khng kh c gi li trong ng ong. Thm nc ct vo cc ng ong
ngp chm hon ton trong nc. un nc trong cc nng ln khong 750. Lng khng
kh trong ng ong s gin n, y ct nc trong ng ong xung thp (ch : khng c
y xung ht). Khi nhit ln gn 750C th ngng un, nhit vn tip tc tng. Ch
khi nhit h xung 750C, ghi th tch ca ct kh trong ng ong v nhit ca nc.
C cch 30C th ghi th tch ca ct kh v nhit ca nc mt ln cho n khi nhit h
xung 510C. Sau thm nc lm ngui v tip tc cho hn hp sinh hn lm nhit
h xung 50C( ch : trc khi thm nc v hn hp sinh hn vo cc, cn ly bp in ra
v cho chu thy tinh vo ng nc trn). Ghi th tch ca ct kh nhit ny v ghi
p sut kh quyn trn p k.
Da vo cc kt qu thu c, tnh p sut hi nc bo ha v nhit bay hi ca
nc. C th p dng phng php bnh phng ti thiu hoc th gia lnP v 1/T hoc
da vo tng cp nhit tnh trung bnh.
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HI HA HC VIT NAM
NI DUNG CHNG TRNH THI THC NGHIM
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN CC TRNG I HC V
CAO NG TON QUC LN TH IX (4/2016) TI TRNG I
HC CNG NGHIP H NI.
BNG C
Phn 1: PHN KIN THC THC HNH
Thi gian: 30 pht
Kim tra cc kin thc v nguyn tc lm vic trong phng th nghim; cc k thut
c bn trong thc hnh ha i cng; mt s nh lut c bn ca ha hc; mt s kin
thc v tc phn ng, cn bng ha hc v dung dch (dng cc cu hi trc nghim v
cu hi t lun ngn).
1. Cc nguyn tc chung khi lm vic trong phng th nghim
- Quy tc lm vic vi cht c, cht m c, cht d bay hi, cht d chy n
- Cch x l mt s tai nn trong phng th nghim
2. Cc k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha i cng
- K thut trng ra dng c thy tinh
- Nguyn tc, k thut s dng mt s thit b nh t sy, b iu nhit, v mt s
dng c th nghim nh ng ong, pipet, buret,
- K thut ly mt lng xc nh ha cht lng, ha cht rn
- Tnh ton v pha ch ha cht
- K thut chun
3. Mt s nh lut c bn ca ha hc: nh lut bo ton khi lng, nh lut
Avogaro, nh lut ng lng, phng trnh trng thi kh l tng.
4. C s l thuyt v tc phn ng ha hc; gii thch nh hng ca cc yu t:
nng , nhit , cht xc tc, din tch tip xc n tc phn ng.
5. C s l thuyt v cn bng ha hc; gii thch nh hng ca cc yu t: nng ,
nhit , p sut n chuyn dch cn bng ha hc; nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng
Le Chaterlie.
6. Mt s kin thc phn dung dch
- Cc loi nng : nng mol/lt, nng phn trm, nng ng lng.
- C s l thuyt v pH ca dung dch; gii thch tnh axit, baz theo Bronsted.
- iu kin kt ta v ha tan cht t tan.
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1 C
.
t
C
1
. lim
vt
1 dC
.
dt
Trong :
CA, CB l nng mol.lt-1 ca cc cht A, B thi im kho st.
k l hng s tc ca phn ng ha hc, cng c gi l tc ring v
khi nng ca mi cht ban u bng n v th k = v. Hng s tc phn ng ph thuc
vo bn cht ca cc cht phn ng v nhit .
, l bc ring phn ca phn ng xt theo cht A, cht B. Thng thng
a, b, ch trong mt s trng hp = a, = b; , l cc hng s v c xc nh
bng thc nghim.
Trong h d th, tc phn ng cn ph thuc vo din tch tip xc gia cc pha.
b- nh hng ca nhit
Nhit nh hng mnh n tc phn ng. S tng nhit rt nh c th lm tng
tc phn ng rt ln.
S ln bin i tc phn ng (hay hng s tc ) khi nhit thay i 10oC gi l h
s nhit ca tc phn ng, k hiu l :
12
kT 10
kT
k A.e
Ea
RT
(*)
Dng pipet ly vo 2 ng nghim mi ng 2 ml dung dch axit oxalic 0,05M v 2ml axit
sunfuric 0,2M. Thm vo ng nghim th nht 1-2 git mangan sunfat 0,05M. Sau dng
pipet cho vo 2 ng nghim, mi ng 1ml dung dch kali penmanganat 0,01M. Theo di thi
gian t lc trn 2 dung dch n khi dung dch mt mu hon ton.
Ghi kt qu vo bng di, nhn xt v gii thch kt qu.
V-KMnO4 V-H2SO4
V-H2C2O4 Dung dch Thi gian Tc phn ng
STT
(ml)
(ml)
(ml)
MnSO4
t (s)
v=1/t
15
CM
- Nng ng lng (N): l s ng lng gam cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
N
N A VB
N B VA
TAm Bn Aa
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B b
m Bn
[ A a ]m [ B b ]n .
m Bn
[ A a ]m [ B b ]n .
2. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc
Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng nghch.
Cn bng ha hc c cc tnh cht sau:
+ L trng thi cn bng ng: trng thi cn bng, phn ng khng dng li m
phn ng thun v nghch vn xy ra nhng vi tc bng nhau.
+ Thnh phn ca cc cht c mt trong phn ng khng thay i theo thi gian khi
cc iu kin bn ngoi (nhit , p sut, nng ) khng thay i.
+ B chuyn dch khi c tc ng t bn ngoi: Khi mt trong cc yu t nh nhit
, p sut, nng thay i th s c s chuyn dch cn bng.
+ Trng thi cn bng lun c nng lng cc tiu.
Khi cc yu t bn ngoi nh nng , nhit hoc p sut thay i, trng thi cn
bng ban u s chuyn sang mt trng thi cn bng mi. S dch chuyn t trng
thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc gi l s dch chuyn cn bng.
Quy lut v s dch chuyn cn bng c Le Chatelier tm tt nh sau:
Mt h ang trng thi cn bng, nu thay i mt trong cc thng s trng thi
ca h (p sut, nhit , nng ) th cn bng s chuyn dich theo chiu chng li
s thay i .
II. THC HNH
1. Ha cht v dng c
- Ha cht: Cc dung dch: HCl c; HCl 2M; H2SO4 1M; CH3COOH 2M; NaOH 2M;
NaOH 0,1M; NH3 0,5M; NH4Cl 0,5M; K2CO3 0,5M; K2Cr2O7 10%; CaCl 2 0,5M;
Na2CO3 0,5M; CaCl2 2.10-5M; Na2CO3 2.10-5M; FeCl3 0,5M, KSCN 0,5M, CoCl 2
0,5M.
Cc tinh th: NH4Cl, CH3COONa, KSCN, KCl.
Giy o pH, ch th phenolphtalein 0,1%, ch th metyl da cam 0,1%.
- Dng c: ng nghim; gi ng nghim; pipet 1ml, 2ml, 5ml; qu bp cao su; gi pipet;
cc thy tinh 50ml; buret 25ml; bnh nn 100ml; kp g; n cn; a thy tinh.
2. Tin hnh
Th nghim 1: Th pH ca mt s dung dch bng giy o pH
Ly vo 4 ng nghim:
- ng nghim 1: 1ml dung dch HCl 2M
- ng nghim 2: 1ml dung dch NaOH 2M
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Dng pipet ly 10ml dung dch HCl cha bit nng c chun b sn
cho vo bnh nn 100ml. Nh 1-2 git ch th phenolphtalein 0,1% vo bnh nn.
dung dch chun NaOH 0,1M vo buret cao hn vch s 0 khong 2ml, m
kha cho dung dch xung t t n khi vm khum dung dch trng vi vch s 0
th kha li (ch khng bt kh cn li trong buret).
Tin hnh chun dung dch HCl trong bnh nn bng dung dch chun NaOH
0,1M n khi dung dch trong bnh nn chuyn t khng mu sang mu hng bn
trong 30s th dng chun . Ghi th tch NaOH 0,1M trn buret.
Thc hin 3 ln ly kt qu trung bnh. Ghi kt qu thu c vo bng di
y:
Ln chun
1
2
3
VNaOH 0,1M (ml)
VNaOH 0,1M (ml) trung bnh
Vit phng trnh phn ng chun , gii thch v tnh nng mol/l ca dung
dch HCl ban u.
Th nghim 5: Kho st cn bng ion trong dung dch cht in ly
Nghin cu cn bng phn ng:
Cr2O72- + H2O 2CrO42- + 2H+
Ly 1ml dung dch K 2Cr2O7 10% cho vo ng nghim, ghi mu dung dch.
Thm tip 1ml dung dch NaOH 2M, lc u, quan st s thay i mu sc ca
dung dch. Thm tip 1ml dung dch HCl 2M, lc u, quan st s thay i mu
sc ca dung dch.
Da vo s thay i mu sc ca dung dch trn, hy vit cn bng ion trong
dung dch v gii thch s chuyn mu trong th nghim trn.
Th nghim 6: nh hng ca nng n s dch chuyn cn bng
Nghin cu phn ng thun nghch gia dung dch FeCl3 v KSCN:
FeCl3 + KSCN KCl + [Fe(SCN)]2+.2ClCho 5 git dung dch KSCN 0,5M, 5 git dung dch FeCl 3 0,5M vo cc 50ml,
thm nc ct n khong 30ml, lc u c dung dch X. Ht vo 3 ng nghim
mi ng 5ml dung dch X:
- ng nghim 1: Dng so snh mu
- ng nghim 2: Thm vo mt t tinh th KSCN (bng ht ng), lc u n
khi tinh th tan ht.
- ng nghim 3: Thm vo mt t tinh th KCl (bng ht ng), lc u n khi
tinh th tan ht.
Quan st s thay i mu cc ng nghim 2 v 3 so vi ng nghim 1, t
rt ra kt lun v nh hng ca nng n s dch chuyn cn bng.
Th nghim 7: nh hng ca nhit n s dch chuyn cn bng
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Nghin cu phn ng thun nghch gia dung dch CoCl 2 (Co2+ trong dung dch
tn ti dng [Co(H 2O)6]2+) v HCl c:
[Co(H 2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- [CoCl 4]2- + 6H2O
[Co(H 2O)6]2+ c mu hng, [CoCl 4]2- c mu xanh tm.
Ht 5ml dung dch CoCl 2 0,5M cho vo cc thy tinh 50ml, thm tng git
dung dch HCl c n khi dung dch c mu xanh tm (tin hnh trong t ht),
lc u c dung dch Y. Ht vo ba ng nghim kh mi ng 1ml dung dch Y:
- ng nghim 1: so snh
- ng nghim 2: Ngm vo cc nc khong 2 pht
- ng nghim 3: H nng nh trn ngn la n cn n khi i mu.
Quan st s thay i mu cc ng nghim 2 v 3 so vi ng nghim 1, t
rt ra kt lun v nh hng ca nhit ti s chuyn dch cn bng.
Ch : Cn thn khi lm vic vi HCl c.
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