UNIVERSITY OF TRIPOLI

FACULITY OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

DIGITAL CARRIER MODULATION

BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING (BPSK)
EE-491 L

By
MUAD B. BAHROUN
02108253

Under Supervision of
DR. AHMED S. ASHUR
Spring 2016

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ABSTRACT

The Circuits that have been used in this project, are

Modulator and Demodulator, and herby to demonstrate
how the modulator works by choosing a desired digital
data signal with low bit rate to be transmitted, on the
phase output of an analog sinusoidal signal called Carrier
that have greater frequency than the data signal, by using
switching device (Transistor) and an operational amplifier.
And to demonstrate the demodulator works by adding the
modulated signal to a the same carrier, to distinguish
where the data high and low state are located over a time,
then to find the peak values of the signal that have been
added, by using envelope detector device, then a decision
device of fixed threshold point, is to be decided whether
the signal is high and low.

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-List of Contents
CHAPTER ONE...........(4)
1.1 INTRODUCTION.(5)
1.2 Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation and Demodulation.(5)
1.3-The Mathematical Model...(6)
1.3.1 Generation of BPSK Signal(6)
1.3.2 Power Spectral Density and Bandwidth...(6)
1.3.3 Demodulation of BPSK Signal...(7)

CHAPTER TWO...(8)
2.1 COMPONENTS.(9)
2.2 Modulation Circuit.(9)
2.2.1 The Theory of Operation..(12)
2.3 Demodulation Circuit(12)
2.3.1 The Theory of Operation..(13)

CHAPTER THREE..(15)
3.1 BPSK Modulator circuit....(16)
3.2 BPSK Demodulator circuit...(16)

CHAPTER FOUR..(17)
4.1-BPSK Modulator circuit....(18)
4.2-BPSK Demodulator circuit...(18)
4.3 Components of the Circuits.(19)
4.3.1 Resistor(19)
4.3.2 Capacitor.....(20)
4.3.3 OP-AMP..(21)
4.3.4 Diode(22)
4.3.5 Transistor(22)
4.4 Readings.(23)

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CHAPTER FIVE(27)
5.1 Conclusion.(28)
5.2 References.(28)

CHAPTER SIX...................................................(29)
6.1-LM741 OP=AMP...(30)
6.2-2N1711 NPN TRANSISTOR...(38)
6.3-1N4001-DIODE.(41)

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CHAPTER ONE

WHAT IS BPSK ?

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1.1-INTRODUCTION:
A digital signal can modulate the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal
Carrier wave. If the modulating waveform consists of none return to zero (NRZ)
Rectangular pulses, then the modulated parameter will be switched or keyed from
One discrete value to another. (Figure 1) illustrates binary amplitude-shift keying
(ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phaseshift keying (PSK). In each of these
Situations we need a modulator at the transmitter and at the receiver a demodulator
To recover the baseband signal. Such a modulator demodulator combination is called
A MODEM.

Figure 1
Binary modulated waveforms: (a) ASK, (b) FSK, and (c) PSK.

1.2- Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation and Demodulation:

BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, phase reversal keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest
form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and
so can also be termed 2-PSK (Figure 2). It does not particularly matter exactly where
the constellation points are positioned, and in (Figure 3) they are shown on the real
axis, at 0 and 180.

Figure 2

Figure 3
Constellation Diagram

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1.3-The Mathematical Model:

1.3.1-Generation of BPSK Signal

Figure 4
Block Diagram of Phase shift keying modulator.

() = {

1 () = (2 ) , 0 < < ( = 0)
2 () = (2 ) , 0 < < ( = 1)

..Eq 1

In PSK signaling schemes waveforms Z(t) , are used to convey binary digits 0 and 1,
respectively. The binary PSK waveform Z(t) can be described by
() = ()cos(2 )

..Eq 2

Definitions:
. A = Voltage Amplitude{}.
. = Carrier Frequency{}.
. = Bit duration{}.
. = Bit Key 0 logic state or 1 logic state.
. (t) = Modulated Signal at certain state.
. D(t) = NRZ random binary waveform with period and levels (-1) and (+1).
. Z(t) = General form of BPSK Modulation.

1.3.2-Power Spectral Density and Bandwidth:

The power spectral density of the PSK signal can be shown to be:
() =

2
4

[ ( ) + ( + )]

..Eq 3

Since, D(t) is a random binary waveform with levels (-1) and (+1).
The autocorrelation function and the power spectral density of D(t) are:
||

1 + , ||
() = {

Eq 4
0,
And

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() =

2 ( )
2 2

.Eq 5

Substituting Eq 4 into Eq 3 we obtain the PSD of Z(t) as :

() =

2 2 ( ( ))
4

2 ( )

2 ( (+ ))
2 (+ )

Eq 6

The Transmission Bandwidth requirement for the PSK signal is:

Eq 7

= 2
1.3.3-Demodulation of BPSK Signal

Figure 5
Block Diagram of Phase shift keying Demodulator

Stage 1 :
The input BPSK Signal is been multiplied or Summered by a carrier Signal.
Note (the carrier Signal should be in phase with the BPSK Signal to avoid any error).
Also if the Multiplier is used then the output is doubled the carrier frequency.
else the Summer is used then the output is doubled the carrier amplitude

Stage 2
The product of two signal is been filtered by any of these methods:
a . Low Pass Filter
b. envelope Detector

Stage 3
Threshold Device is deciding whether the filtered signal is 1 or 0

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CHAPTER TWO

THE SIMULATION

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2.1-COMPONENTS:
1- Function Generator

Quantity (2)

2- 4-Channel Oscilloscope

Quantity (3)

3- LM741 (OP-AMP)

Quantity (3)

4- Resistor 1K

Quantity (3)

Color Code (brown-black-red-gold)

5- Resistor 8.2K

Quantity (1)

Color Code (gray-red-red-gold)

6- Capacitor 100nF

Quantity (1)

7- 1N4004 Diode

Quantity (1)

8- 2N1711 NPN Transistor

Quantity (1)

2.2-Modulation Circuit:

Figure 6
BPSK Modulator

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Figure 7
NRZ Message Signal

The Message Signal is set at 1 Volt and Frequency of 5 KHz

Figure 8 Carrier Signal

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The carrier frequency is set to 2 Volt and frequency of 40 KHz

Figure 9
VBPSK Signal Output

Figure 10
All the Signals Stages (colored)

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2.2.1-The Theory of Operation:

A .Case 0 digit as input
When the 0 digit as an input the Transistor is off ,then the current through R12 and R8
is nearly 0 Amps ,that means node 3 and node 10 are the same voltage as the carrier
,the op-amp is works as buffer with unity gain (Figure 6),
As a results the output is in phase of the input (0 ).
B .Case 1 digit as input
When the 1 digit as an input the Transistor is on, then the node 3 is grounded ,due to
the op-amp principle ,the node 3 and node 12 are the same due to high input
impedance ,then the op-amp circuit work as inverting with gain of (-1) (Figure 6).
As a results the output is out of phase of the input (180 ).

2.3-Demodulation Circuit:

Figure 11
Demodulator of BPSK

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Figure 12
All the Stages of Demodulation

2.3.1-The Theory of Operation:

As we can see in (Figure 12) if the input signal is (0 ) [Green waveform], then the
summer output is double the amplitude [White waveform] ,then negative cycle is
removed by connected diode in series so we can fine the envelope of the signal by
using RC circuit (Envelope Detector) [Violet waveform] ,then the signal is compare with
a fixed value of 0.978 volt below that value the comparator is (-9) Volt which is 0
digit.[Red waveform].

In the other case if the input signal is 180 [Green waveform] , then the summer output
is Zero ,then the out is 1 digit .[Red waveform].

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Figure 13
The delay time between the original message and the demodulated Signal

The Delay time is about 22.962 S

Note:
In the (Figure 13) the original message is an ideal NRZ signal,
And the output have slope at both rise edge and fall edge, and thats due to having only
One fixed point as compare value.

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CHAPTER THREE

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Design

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3.1-BPSK Modulator circuit

Figure 14
Modulator

Figure 15
Demodulator

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CHAPTER FOUR

THE CIRCUIT DESIGN

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4.1-BPSK Modulator circuit

Figure 14
Modulator

4.2-BPSK Demodulator circuit

Figure 15
Demodulator

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4.3 Components of the Circuits

4.3.1 Resistor

Figure 16
Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's
law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the
tolerance, maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include
temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance,
the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and
above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design.
Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated
circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers;
resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power

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4.3.2 Capacitor

Figure 17
Capacitors

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists
between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores
energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest
between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads.
This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance
and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of
power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in
radio frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many
frequencies

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4.3.3 OP-AMP

Figure 18
Op-Amp Chip

Figure 19
Op-Amp Chip PINS

The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. It is
very cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains several hundred
components. The most common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits.
The OP AMP is a Linear Amplifier with an amazing variety of uses. Its main purpose is
to amplify (increase) a weak signal - a little like a Darlington Pair.
The OP-AMP has two inputs, INVERTING ( - ) and NON-INVERTING (+), and one
output at pin 6 (Figure 19).

The chip can be used in a circuit in two ways. If the voltage goes into pin two then it is
known as an INVERTING AMPLIFIER.
If the voltage goes into pin three then the circuit becomes a NON-INVERTING
AMPLIFIER.

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4.3.4 Diode

Figure
20 Diodes

The key function of an ideal diode is to control the direction of current-flow. Current
passing through a diode can only go in one direction, called the forward direction.
Current trying to flow the reverse direction is blocked. Theyre like the one-way valve of
electronics.
If the voltage across a diode is negative, no current can flow, and the ideal diode looks
like an open circuit. In such a situation, the diode is said to be off or reverse biased.
As long as the voltage across the diode isnt negative, itll turn on and conduct current.
Ideally* a diode would act like a short circuit (0V across it) if it was conducting current.
When a diode is conducting current its forward biased (electronics jargon for on).

4.3.5 Transitor

Figure 21
Transistors

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Transistors make our electronics world go round. Theyre critical as a control source in
just about every modern circuit. Sometimes you see them, but more-often-than-not
theyre hidden deep within the die of an integrated circuit. In this tutorial well introduce
you to the basics of the most common transistor around: the bi-polar junction transistor
(BJT).In small, discrete quantities, transistors can be used to create simple electronic
switches, digital logic, and signal amplifying circuits. In quantities of thousands, millions,
and even billions, transistors are interconnected and embedded into tiny chips to create
computer memories, microprocessors, and other complex ICs.

4.4 Readings

-The Data Signal to be transmitted

: 1 Volt/Div

100s/Div

Type =Squire Wave 50% Duty Cycle

Peak Voltage
1 X 1=1 Volt
Frequency
1/(2 x 100)= 5 KHz

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-The Carrier Signal

: 1 Volt/Div

10s/Div

Type = Sinusoidal wave

Peak Voltage
1 X 1=1 Volt

Frequency
1/(2.5 x 10)= 40 KHz

-The Modulated Signal

: 1 Volt/Div

50s/Div

Type = Sinusoidal wave

Peak Voltage
1 X 1=1 Volt

Frequency
1/(2 x 50)= 40 KHz

NOTE:
we notice that the output amplitude is decreased when the Data signal is high due to the
voltage drop across R10 and R11 (Figure 6) when the op amp circuit works as inverting.
.

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-The output of the summer circuit

: 1 Volt/Div

100s/Div

Type = Composite Sinusoidal waves

Max Peak Voltage
1 X (2+0.5/5)=2.1 Volt
Min Peak Voltage
1 x 0.25= 0.25 Volt
Frequency
1/(0.25 x 100)= 5 KHz

NOTE:
we notice that there are two peaks values ,one is MAX and the other one is MIN, in
theory the MIN should be zero voltage due to the sum of phase zero and out of phase
with the same amplitude ,the value of the MIN is accruing during the time delayed of the
signal which causing little phase shift from the original signal.

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-The Envelope of the Signal

: 1 Volt/Div

50s/Div

Peak to Peak Voltage

1.06 Volt
Frequency
1/(4 x 50)= 5 KHz

NOTE:
The RC value of the Envelope Detector circuit is been selected so it can charging and
discharging smoothly, so we can detect the Message Signal from the summer output
C1 = 100nF
R4 = 1K
= R4 x C1 = 100 Sec

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CHAPTER FIVE

Summery

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5.1 Conclusion
The Design of the BPSK Modulator circuit is working as it should be, the change of
output phase according to the input data is neat and clear
The Design of the last stage of the BPSK Demodulator circuit is not working which is a
Comparator circuit, is not satisfy the Simulation outputs, so to enhance the circuit, we
replace the Comparator with a Schmitt Trigger Circuit, in that case we have two
threshold voltage, one to detect from high 1 to low 0 and the other one is to detect
from low 0 to high 1.

5.2 References
[1] www.wikipedia.org
[2] www.electroniccircuit.com
[3] Communication Systems By A.Bruce Carlson & Paul B. Crilly, 4th edition
[4] Communication Systems II, 1st Edition. By Osama A. Alkishriwo Copyright
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[5] Digital Communications By Dr.Abbas

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CHAPTER SIX

DATASHEETS

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6.1-LM741 OP=AMP

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6.2-2N1711 NPN TRANSISTOR

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6.3-1N4001-DIODE

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