Chemistry

Revision
Notes

Lesson 10 The Periodic

Table and Trends (216-222)

Lesson 11 Group 1

Increasin
g
Reactivit
y
Lithium

Red flame

Sodium

Orange
flame

Potassiu
m

Low
Density
Low melting
point
Relatively
soft,
Easy to cut

Alkali Metals
Most reactive

Lithium
Sodium
Potassium

Lilac

Reaction
with
Oxygen

(223-229)

Reaction
with water
Reacts
vigorously

Reaction
with
chlorine

Metal oxide
is formed

Hydrogen
gas given of

Lithium

White
powder
produced

2Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl(s)

Fizzes

a2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

Sodium

Fizzes
rapidly.
Orange
2Na(s) + 2H O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H (g)
flame
2

Lithium

White
crystalline
salt produced

Sodium

Bright
yellow
2Na(s) + Cl (g) 2NaCl(s)
flame
2

Potassium
Potassium

Moves
2K(s) + 2H O(l) 2KOH(aq)
around+ H (g)
quickly.
2

Even more
vigorous
2K(s) + Cl (g) 2KCl(s)
2

Lesson 12 Group VII

(230-238)

Diatomic non metals

Salt maker

Group VII
Elements
The Halogens
Trends in
physical
properties in the
Halogens

Colour
The halogens get
darker as you
move down the
group

Displacement
reaction

State
Halogens have a low
melting and boiling pint
(typical non-metal

The reactivity of the

halogens decreases as
we move down the
group. This can be shown
from displacement
ractions
Reacting with
Halide ions

Fluorine: pale
yellow
Chlorine: yellowgreen
Bromine: red brown
Iodine: black

Potassium Bromide and

Chlorine:
2KBr + Cl2 2KCl +
Br2

Electron
Structure

Potassium Iodide and

Chlorine:
2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
Potassium Iodide and

increase in reactivity

Lesson 13 Transition
Elements (239-240)
The reactivity of the halogens decreases as we move down the gr

Transition mean an in
between state

Transitional
metals
Between group 3 & 2

General
Characteristics

Act as catalysts
Less reactive
High melting point
High density
Mostly form coloured
compounds

Copper compounds: blue

Nickel compounds: Green
Iron(II) compounds: light
green
Iron(III) compounds:
Orange/Brown

Typical
metals

Lesson 14 Noble Gases

(241-243)

Completely unreactive

Noble Gases

Group 0 or VIII

Helium: in balloons
Neon: in red tube lights
Argon: in light bulbs
Krypton: in lasers for eye
operations (an
superman!)
Radon: to treat cancer

General
Characteristics

All have complete outer

shells
Very unreactive
Gases
Monatomic (exist as
single atoms)
Trends

Boiling
point
increases
as you go

Density
increases
as you go
down

Lesson 15 Ionic

43-48)

Ions: A charged atom or molecule

Ions are formed when atoms by the gain/loss of electrons (to try to
achieve full outer shells)
Metals lose electrons(forming positive ions)
Non-metals gain electrons(forming negative ions)
Ionic bond: A bond that involves the transfer of electrons to produce
electrically charged ions
Ionic compound: A compound formed by the reaction between a metal
and a non-metal

Lesson 16 Molecules &

Covalent Bonding (51-56)
Covalent substances are formed when non-metals combine (by sharing
el ggectrons)
Although covalent substances have the same bond they can have
very diferent properties.

Properties of hydrogen
Gas and Low melting point
Does not conduct electricity

Explanation (in terms of

structure)
The intermolecular forces of
attraction between the molecules
are weak
There are no ions or free
electrons present. The covalent
bond (intermolecular bond) is a
strong bond and the electrons
cant be removed easily.

Lesson 17 Ionic/Covalent
Type of compound

Intermolecular Force

Property

Ionic

Strong

High melting and

boiling points

Simple covalent

Weak

Low melting & boiling

points

Lesson 18
Macromolecules

(57-59)

Some covalent bonds dont exist as simple molecular exist as simple

molecular structure (e.g. Hydrogen)
Diamond
Bonding is extremely strong = strong substance
Graphite
Hexagonal layers
Weak forces between these layers
So layers can slide over each other, thats why graphite is flaky and
can be used as a lubricant.
Graphite conducts electricity because the 4th unbounded electron from
each atom is delocalized(so it can move along the layer)
Silicon(IV) oxide
Every silicon atom has 4 covalent bonds.
Tetrahedral Shape
High melting point
Atoms in carbon are held together by strong covalent bonds, thats
why they have high sublimation and melting point.
Structure
Atom
Molecule
Ion
Giant
Diamond.
Sand(silicon
All ionic
Graphite
Oxide)
compounds
high melting
High melting
have high
points
points
melting points
Simple
Noble gases
CO2, H20
None.
Molecular
Low melting
Low melting
points
points

Lesson 19 Metallic
Bonding (62-66)
Metals are giant structures
They give up 2 or more electron to form positive ions called

cations.

Giant
structures
have higher
melting
points

High melting point

High boiling point
Shiny
Malleable
Ductile
Good heat conductors
Good electricity conductors

Metals are good conductors because their delocalized electrons

are free to move through the structure.
Because metallic bonds are not as rigid so the ions can move into
diferent positions.

Metalloids have the properties of both metals and non-metals. E.g.

silicon.

5Lesson 20-fml! ^_^