Newline

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Incomputing,anewline,alsoknownasaline
ending,endofline(EOL),orlinebreak,isa
specialcharacterorsequenceofcharacters
signifyingtheendofalineoftextandthestart
ofanewline.Theactualcodesrepresentinga
newlinevaryacrossoperatingsystems,which
canbeaproblemwhenexchangingtextfiles
betweensystemswithdifferentnewline
representations.

Atextfilecreatedwithgeditandviewed
withahexeditor.Besidesthetext
objects,thereareonlyEOLmarkerswith
thehexadecimalvalue0A.

Theconceptsoflinefeed(LF)andcarriage
return(CR)arecloselyassociated,andcanbe
eitherconsideredseparatelyortogether.Inthe
physicalmediaoftypewritersandprinters,two
axesofmotion,"down"and"across",areneededtocreateanewlineonthepage.
Althoughthedesignofamachine(typewriterorprinter)mustconsiderthemseparately,
theabstractlogicofsoftwarecancombinethemtogetherasoneevent.Thisiswhya
newlineincharacterencodingcanbedefinedasLFandCRcombinedintoone(known
variouslyasCR+LF,CRLF,LF+CR,orLFCR).

Somecharactersetsprovideaseparatenewlinecharactercode.EBCDIC,forexample,
providesanNLcharactercodeinadditiontotheCRandLFcodes.Unicode,inaddition
toprovidingtheASCIICRandLFcontrolcharacters,alsoprovidesa"nextline"(NEL)
controlcode,aswellascontrolcodesfor"lineseparator"and"paragraphseparator"
markers.
Twowaystoviewnewlines,bothofwhichareselfconsistent,arethatnewlineseither
separatelinesorthattheyterminatelines.Ifanewlineisconsideredaseparator,there
willbenonewlineafterthelastlineofafile.Someprogramshaveproblemsprocessing
thelastlineofafileifitisnotterminatedbyanewline.Ontheotherhand,programsthat
expectnewlinetobeusedasaseparatorwillinterpretafinalnewlineasstartinganew
(empty)line.Conversely,ifanewlineisconsideredaterminator,alltextlinesincluding
thelastareexpectedtobeterminatedbyanewline.Ifthefinalcharactersequenceina
textfileisnotanewline,thefinallineofthefilemaybeconsideredtobeanimproperor
incompletetextline,orthefilemaybeconsideredtobeimproperlytruncated.
Intextintendedprimarilytobereadbyhumansusingsoftwarewhichimplementsthe
wordwrapfeature,anewlinecharactertypicallyonlyneedstobestoredifalinebreakis
requiredindependentofwhetherthenextwordwouldfitonthesameline,suchas
betweenparagraphsandinverticallists.Therefore,inthelogicofwordprocessing,

newlineisusedasaparagraphbreakandisknownasa"hardreturn",incontrastto
"softreturns"whicharedynamicallycreatedtoimplementwordwrappingandare
changeablewitheachdisplayinstance.Aseparatecontrolcharactercalled"manualline
break"existsforforcinglinebreaksinsideasingleparagraph.

Contents
1 Representations
2 Unicode
3 History
4 Inprogramminglanguages
5 Commonproblems
6 Conversionutilities
7 Reverseandpartiallinefeeds
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Externallinks

Representations
Softwareapplicationsandoperatingsystemsusuallyrepresentanewlinewithoneortwo
controlcharacters:
SystemsbasedonASCIIoracompatiblecharactersetuseeitherLF(Linefeed,
'\n',0x0A,10indecimal)orCR(Carriagereturn,'\r',0x0D,13indecimal)
individually,orCRfollowedbyLF(CR+LF,'\r\n',0x0D0A).Thesecharactersare
basedonprintercommands:Thelinefeedindicatedthatonelineofpapershould
feedoutoftheprinterthusinstructedtheprintertoadvancethepaperoneline,anda
carriagereturnindicatedthattheprintercarriageshouldreturntothebeginningof
thecurrentline.Someraresystems,suchasQNXbeforeversion4,usedtheASCII
RS(recordseparator,0x1E,30indecimal)characterasthenewlinecharacter.
LF:Multics,UnixandUnixlikesystems(Linux,OSX,FreeBSD,AIX,
Xenix,etc.),BeOS,Amiga,RISCOS,andothers[1]
CR:Commodore8bitmachines,AcornBBC,ZXSpectrum,TRS80,
AppleIIfamily,Oberon,MacOSuptoversion9,MITLispMachineandOS
9
RS:QNXprePOSIXimplementation
0x9B:Atari8bitmachinesusingATASCIIvariantofASCII(155indecimal)
CR+LF:MicrosoftWindows,DOS(MSDOS,PCDOS,etc.),DECTOPS10,
RT11,CP/M,MP/M,AtariTOS,OS/2,SymbianOS,PalmOS,AmstradCPC,
andmostotherearlynonUnixandnonIBMOSes

LF+CR:AcornBBCandRISCOSspooledtextoutput.
EBCDICsystemsmainlyIBMmainframesystems,includingz/OS(OS/390)and
i5/OS(OS/400)useNL(NewLine,0x15)[2]asthecharactercombiningthe
functionsoflinefeedandcarriagereturn.TheequivalentUNICODEcharacteris
calledNEL(NextLine).NotethatEBCDICalsohascontrolcharacterscalledCRand
LF,butthenumericalvalueofLF(0x25)differsfromtheoneusedbyASCII
(0x0A).Additionally,someEBCDICvariantsalsouseNLbutassignadifferent
numericcodetothecharacter.
OperatingsystemsfortheCDC6000seriesdefinedanewlineastwoormorezero
valuedsixbitcharactersattheendofa60bitword.Someconfigurationsalso
definedazerovaluedcharacterasacoloncharacter,withtheresultthatmultiple
colonscouldbeinterpretedasanewlinedependingonposition.
ZX80andZX81,homecomputersfromSinclairResearchLtdusedaspecificnon
ASCIIcharactersetwithcodeNEWLINE(0x76,118decimal)asthenewline
character.
OpenVMSusesarecordbasedfilesystem,whichstorestextfilesasonerecordper
line.Inmostfileformats,nolineterminatorsareactuallystored,buttheRecord
ManagementServicesfacilitycantransparentlyaddaterminatortoeachlinewhen
itisretrievedbyanapplication.Therecordsthemselvescouldcontainthesameline
terminatorcharacters,whichcouldeitherbeconsideredafeatureoranuisance
dependingontheapplication.
Fixedlinelengthwasusedbysomeearlymainframeoperatingsystems.Insucha
system,animplicitendoflinewasassumedevery72or80characters,forexample.
Nonewlinecharacterwasstored.Ifafilewasimportedfromtheoutsideworld,
linesshorterthanthelinelengthhadtobepaddedwithspaces,whilelineslonger
thanthelinelengthhadtobetruncated.Thismimickedtheuseofpunchedcards,on
whicheachlinewasstoredonaseparatecard,usuallywith80columnsoneach
card,oftenwithsequencenumbersincolumns7380.Manyofthesesystemsadded
acarriagecontrolcharactertothestartofthenextrecordthiscouldindicate
whetherthenextrecordwasacontinuationofthelinestartedbytheprevious
record,oranewline,orshouldoverprintthepreviousline(similartoaCR).Often
thiswasanormalprintingcharactersuchas"#"thatthuscouldnotbeusedasthe
firstcharacterinaline.Someearlylineprintersinterpretedthesecharactersdirectly
intherecordssenttothem.
MosttextualInternetprotocols(includingHTTP,SMTP,FTP,IRC,andmanyothers)
mandatetheuseofASCIICR+LF('\r\n',0x0D0x0A)ontheprotocollevel,but
recommendthattolerantapplicationsrecognizeloneLF('\n',0x0A)aswell.Despite
thedictatedstandard,manyapplicationserroneouslyusetheCnewlineescapesequence
'\n'(LF)insteadofthecorrectcombinationofcarriagereturnescapeandnewline
escapesequences'\r\n'(CR+LF)(seesectionNewlineinprogramminglanguages
below).Thisaccidentaluseofthewrongescapesequencesleadstoproblemswhentrying
tocommunicatewithsystemsadheringtothestricterinterpretationofthestandards

insteadofthesuggestedtolerantinterpretation.Onesuchintolerantsystemistheqmail
mailtransferagentthatactivelyrefusestoacceptmessagesfromsystemsthatsendbare
LFinsteadoftherequiredCR+LF.[3]
FTPhasafeaturetotransformnewlinesbetweenCR+LFandthenativeencodingofthe
system(e.g.,LFonly)whentransferringtextfiles.Thisfeaturemustnotbeusedon
binaryfiles.Oftenbinaryfilesandtextfilesarerecognisedbycheckingtheirfilename
extensionmostcommandlineFTPclientshaveanexplicitcommandtoswitchbetween
binaryandtextmodetransfers.

Unicode
TheUnicodestandarddefinesanumberofcharactersthatconformingapplications
shouldrecognizeaslineterminators:[4]
LF:LineFeed,U+000A
VT:VerticalTab,U+000B
FF:FormFeed,U+000C
CR:CarriageReturn,U+000D
CR+LF:CR(U+000D)followedbyLF(U+000A)
NEL:NextLine,U+0085
LS:LineSeparator,U+2028
PS:ParagraphSeparator,U+2029
Thismayseemoverlycomplicatedcomparedtoanapproachsuchasconvertingallline
terminatorstoasinglecharacter,forexampleLF.However,Unicodewasdesignedto
preserveallinformationwhenconvertingatextfilefromanyexistingencodingto
Unicodeandback.Therefore,Unicodeshouldcontaincharactersincludedinexisting
encodings.NELisincludedinEBCDICwithcode(0x15).NELisalsoacontrolcharacter
intheC1controlset.[5]Assuch,itisdefinedbyECMA48,[6]andrecognizedby
encodingscompliantwithISO2022(whichisequivalenttoECMA35).[7]C1controlset
isalsocompatiblewithISO88591.TheapproachtakenintheUnicodestandardallows
roundtriptransformationtobeinformationpreservingwhilestillenablingapplications
torecognizeallpossibletypesoflineterminators.
Recognizingandusingthenewlinecodesgreaterthan0x7Fisnotoftendone.Theyare
multiplebytesinUTF8,andthecodeforNELhasbeenusedastheellipsis('')
characterinWindows1252.Forinstance:
ECMAScript[8]acceptsLSandPSaslinebreaks,butconsidersU+0085(NEL)
whitespace,notalinebreak.
MicrosoftWindows2000doesnottreatanyofNEL,LS,orPSaslinebreakinthe
defaulttexteditorNotepad

OnLinux,apopulareditor,gedit,treatsLSandPSasnewlinesbutdoesnotfor
NEL.
YAML[9]nolongerrecognizesthemasspecial,inordertobecompatiblewith
JSON.
JSONtreatsLSandPSinsideaStringasletterwhileECMAScript/Javascripttreats
themasnewlineandshowsanerror
TheUnicodecharactersU+2424(SYMBOLFORNEWLINE,),U+23CE(RETURN
SYMBOL,),U+240D(SYMBOLFORCARRIAGERETURN,)andU+240A
(SYMBOLFORLINEFEED,)areintendedforpresentingauservisiblecharacterto
thereaderofthedocument,andarethusnotrecognizedthemselvesasanewline.

History
ASCIIwasdevelopedsimultaneouslybytheISOandtheASA,thepredecessor
organizationtoANSI.Duringtheperiodof19631968,theISOdraftstandards
supportedtheuseofeitherCR+LForLFaloneasanewline,whiletheASAdrafts
supportedonlyCR+LF.
ThesequenceCR+LFwasincommonuseonmanyearlycomputersystemsthathad
adoptedTeletypemachines,typicallyaTeletypeModel33ASR,asaconsoledevice,
becausethissequencewasrequiredtopositionthoseprintersatthestartofanewline.
Theseparationofnewlineintotwofunctionsconcealedthefactthattheprintheadcould
notreturnfromthefarrighttothebeginningofthenextlineinonecharactertime.That
iswhythesequencewasalwayssentwiththeCRfirst.AcharacterprintedafteraCR
wouldoftenprintasasmudge,ontheflyinthemiddleofthepage,whileitwasstill
movingthecarriagebacktothefirstposition."Thesolutionwastomakethenewlinetwo
characters:CRtomovethecarriagetocolumnone,andLFtomovethepaperup."[10]In
fact,itwasoftennecessarytosendextracharacters(extraneousCRsorNULs,whichare
ignored)togivetheprintheadtimetomovetotheleftmargin.Evenmanyearlyvideo
displaysrequiredmultiplecharactertimestoscrollthedisplay.
Onthesesystems,textwasoftenroutinelycomposedtobecompatiblewiththese
printers,sincetheconceptofdevicedrivershidingsuchhardwaredetailsfromthe
applicationwasnotyetwelldevelopedapplicationshadtotalkdirectlytotheTeletype
machineandfollowitsconventions.MostminicomputersystemsfromDECusedthis
convention.CP/Museditaswell,toprintonthesameterminalsthatminicomputers
used.FromthereMSDOS(1981)adoptedCP/M'sCR+LFinordertobecompatible,and
thisconventionwasinheritedbyMicrosoft'slaterWindowsoperatingsystem.
TheMulticsoperatingsystembegandevelopmentin1964andusedLFaloneasits
newline.Multicsusedadevicedrivertotranslatethischaractertowhateversequencea
printerneeded(includingextrapaddingcharacters),andthesinglebytewasmuchmore

convenientforprogramming.TheseeminglymoreobviouschoiceofCRwasnotused,as
aplainCRprovidedtheusefulfunctionofoverprintingonelinewithanothertocreate
boldfaceandstrikethrougheffects,andthusitwasusefultonottranslateit.Unix
followedtheMulticspractice,andlatersystemsfollowedUnix.

Inprogramminglanguages
Tofacilitatethecreationofportableprograms,programminglanguagesprovidesome
abstractionstodealwiththedifferenttypesofnewlinesequencesusedindifferent
environments.
TheCprogramminglanguageprovidestheescapesequences'\n'(newline)and'\r'
(carriagereturn).However,thesearenotrequiredtobeequivalenttotheASCIILFand
CRcontrolcharacters.TheCstandardonlyguaranteestwothings:
1.Eachoftheseescapesequencesmapstoauniqueimplementationdefinednumber
thatcanbestoredinasinglecharvalue.
2.Whenwritingafileintextmode,'\n'istransparentlytranslatedtothenative
newlinesequenceusedbythesystem,whichmaybelongerthanonecharacter.
Whenreadingintextmode,thenativenewlinesequenceistranslatedbackto'\n'.
Inbinarymode,notranslationisperformed,andtheinternalrepresentation
producedby'\n'isoutputdirectly.
OnUnixplatforms,whereCoriginated,thenativenewlinesequenceisASCIILF
(0x0A),so'\n'wassimplydefinedtobethatvalue.Withtheinternalandexternal
representationbeingidentical,thetranslationperformedintextmodeisanoop,and
Unixhasnonotionoftextmodeorbinarymode.Thishascausedmanyprogrammers
whodevelopedtheirsoftwareonUnixsystemssimplytoignorethedistinction
completely,resultingincodethatisnotportabletodifferentplatforms.
TheClibraryfunctionfgets()isbestavoidedinbinarymodebecauseanyfilenotwritten
withtheUNIXnewlineconventionwillbemisread.Also,intextmode,anyfilenot
writtenwiththesystem'snativenewlinesequence(suchasafilecreatedonaUNIX
system,thencopiedtoaWindowssystem)willbemisreadaswell.
Anothercommonproblemistheuseof'\n'whencommunicatingusinganInternet
protocolthatmandatestheuseofASCIICR+LFforendinglines.Writing'\n'toatext
modestreamworkscorrectlyonWindowssystems,butproducesonlyLFonUnix,and
somethingcompletelydifferentonmoreexoticsystems.Using"\r\n"inbinarymodeis
slightlybetter.
Manylanguages,suchasC++,Perl,[11]andHaskellprovidethesameinterpretationof
'\n'asC.

Java,PHP,[12]andPython[13]providethe'\r\n'sequence(forASCIICR+LF).In
contrasttoC,theseareguaranteedtorepresentthevaluesU+000DandU+000A,
respectively.
TheJavaI/Olibrariesdonottransparentlytranslatetheseintoplatformdependent
newlinesequencesoninputoroutput.Instead,theyprovidefunctionsforwritingafull
linethatautomaticallyaddthenativenewlinesequence,andfunctionsforreadinglines
thatacceptanyofCR,LF,orCR+LFasalineterminator(see
BufferedReader.readLine()(http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/io/
BufferedReader.html#readLine%28%29)).TheSystem.lineSeparator()(htt
p://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#lineS
eparator)methodcanbeusedtoretrievetheunderlyinglineseparator.
Example:
Stringeol=System.lineSeparator();
StringlineColor="Color:Red"+eol;

Pythonpermits"UniversalNewlineSupport"whenopeningafileforreading,when
importingmodules,andwhenexecutingafile.[14]
Somelanguageshavecreatedspecialvariables,constants,andsubroutinestofacilitate
newlinesduringprogramexecution.InsomelanguagessuchasPHPandPerl,double
quotesarerequiredtoperformescapesubstitutionforallescapesequences,including'\n'
and'\r'.InPHP,toavoidportabilityproblems,newlinesequencesshouldbeissuedusing
thePHP_EOLconstant.[15]
ExampleinMicrosoftC#:
stringeol=Environment.NewLine;
stringlineColor="Color:Red"+eol;

stringeol2="\n";
stringlineColor2="Color:Blue"+eol2;

Commonproblems
Thedifferentnewlineconventionsoftencausetextfilesthathavebeentransferred
betweensystemsofdifferenttypestobedisplayedincorrectly.Forexample,files
originatingonUnixorAppleMacintoshsystemsmayappearasasinglelonglineon
someprogramsrunningonMicrosoftWindows.Conversely,whenviewingafile
originatingfromaWindowscomputeronaUnixsystem,theextraCRmaybedisplayed
as^Mor<cr>attheendofeachlineorasasecondlinebreak.

Theproblemcanbehardtospotifsomeprogramshandletheforeignnewlinesproperly
whileothersdonot.Forexample,acompilermayfailwithobscuresyntaxerrorseven
thoughthesourcefilelookscorrectwhendisplayedontheconsoleorinaneditor.Ona
Unixsystem,thecommandcatvmyfile.txtwillsendthefiletostdout(normally
theterminal)andmakethe^Mvisible,whichcanbeusefulfordebugging.Moderntext
editorsgenerallyrecognizeallflavoursofCR+LFnewlinesandallowuserstoconvert
betweenthedifferentstandards.Webbrowsersareusuallyalsocapableofdisplayingtext
filesandwebsiteswhichusedifferenttypesofnewlines.
Evenifaprogramsupportsdifferentnewlineconventions,thesefeaturesareoftennot
sufficientlylabeled,described,ordocumented.Typicallyamenuorcombobox
enumeratingdifferentnewlineconventionswillbedisplayedtouserswithoutan
indicationiftheselectionwillreinterpret,temporarilyconvert,orpermanentlyconvert
thenewlines.Someprogramswillimplicitlyconvertonopen,copy,paste,orsaveoften
inconsistently.
TheFileTransferProtocolcanautomaticallyconvertnewlinesinfilesbeingtransferred
betweensystemswithdifferentnewlinerepresentationswhenthetransferisdonein
"ASCIImode".However,transferringbinaryfilesinthismodeusuallyhasdisastrous
results:anyoccurrenceofthenewlinebytesequencewhichdoesnothaveline
terminatorsemanticsinthiscontext,butisjustpartofanormalsequenceofbyteswill
betranslatedtowhatevernewlinerepresentationtheothersystemuses,effectively
corruptingthefile.FTPclientsoftenemploysomeheuristics(forexample,inspectionof
filenameextensions)toautomaticallyselecteitherbinaryorASCIImode,butintheend
itisuptouserstomakesuretheirfilesaretransferredinthecorrectmode.Ifthereisany
doubtastothecorrectmode,binarymodeshouldbeused,asthennofileswillbealtered
byFTP,thoughtheymaydisplayincorrectly.[16]

Conversionutilities
Texteditorsareoftenusedforconvertingatextfilebetweendifferentnewlineformats
mostmoderneditorscanreadandwritefilesusingatleastthedifferentASCIICR/LF
conventions.ThestandardWindowseditorNotepadisnotoneofthem(although
WordPadandtheMSDOSEditorare).
Editorsareoftenunsuitableforconvertinglargerfiles.Forlargerfiles(onWindows
NT/2000/XP)thefollowingcommandisoftenused:
>TYPEunix_file|FIND""/V>dos_file

OnmanyUnixsystems,thedos2unix(sometimesnamedfromdosord2u)and
unix2dos(sometimesnamedtodosoru2d)utilitiesareusedtotranslatebetween
ASCIICR+LF(DOS/Windows)andLF(Unix)newlines.Differentversionsofthese
commandsvaryslightlyintheirsyntax.However,thetrcommandisavailableon
virtuallyeveryUnixlikesystemandisusedtoperformarbitraryreplacementoperations
onsinglecharacters.ADOS/WindowstextfilecanbeconvertedtoUnixformatby
simplyremovingallASCIICRcharacterswith
$trd'\r'<inputfile>outputfile

or,ifthetexthasonlyCRnewlines,byconvertingallCRnewlinestoLFwith
$tr'\r''\n'<inputfile>outputfile

Reverseandpartiallinefeeds
RI,(U+008DREVERSELINEFEED,[17]ISO/IEC64298D,decimal141)isusedto
movetheprintingpositionbackoneline(byreversefeedingthepaper,orbymovinga
displaycursoruponeline)sothatothercharactersmaybeprintedoverexistingtext.This
maybedonetomakethembolder,ortoaddunderlines,strikethroughsorother
characterssuchasdiacritics.
Similarly,PLD(U+008BPARTIALLINEFORWARD,decimal139)andPLU(U+008C
PARTIALLINEBACKWARD,decimal140)canbeusedtoadvanceorreversethetext
printingpositionbysomefractionoftheverticallinespacing(typically,half).Thesecan
beusedincombinationforsubscripts(byadvancingandthenreversing)andsuperscripts
(byreversingandthenadvancing),andmayalsobeusefulforprintingdiacrtitics.

Seealso
ASAcarriagecontrolcharacters
C0andC1controlcodes
Pagebreak
Linestarve

References
1."ASCIIChart".
2.IBMSystem/360ReferenceDataCard,PublicationGX201703,IBMDataProcessing
Division,WhitePlains,NY
3.cr.yp.to(http://cr.yp.to/docs/smtplf.html)

4.UnicodeStandardAnnex#14UNICODELINEBREAKINGALGORITHM(http://www.uni
code.org/reports/tr14/tr1432.html)
5.http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISOIR/077.pdf
6.http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/files/ECMAST/Ecma048.pdfControl
FunctionsforCodedCharacterSets,June1991
7.http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/files/ECMAST/Ecma035.pdfCharacter
CodeStructureandExtensionTechniques1971.Threefurthereditionsin1980,1982,and
1985,Dcembre1994
8."ECMAScriptLanguageSpecification5thedition"(PDF).ECMAInternational.December
2009.p.15.Retrieved4April2010.
9.YAMLAin'tMarkupLanguage(YAML)Version1.2(http://yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html)
10.Qualline,Steve(2001).ViImprovedVim(PDF).Sams.p.120.ISBN9780735710016.
11.binmodeperldoc.perl.org(http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/binmode.html)
12.Strings(PHPManual)(http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php#language.ty
pes.string.syntax.double)
13.Lexicalanalysis(Pythonv3.0.1documentation)(https://docs.python.org/3.0/reference/lexical
_analysis.html#id9)
14.What'snewinPython2.3(https://www.python.org/doc/2.3.5/whatsnew/node7.html)
15.PHP:PredefinedConstants(http://www.php.net/manual/en/reserved.constants.php)
16."FileTransfer"."Whenindoubt,transferinbinarymode."
17."C1ControlsandLatin1Supplement"(PDF).unicode.org.Retrieved13February2016.

Externallinks
TheUnicodereference,seeparagraph5.8inChapter5(http://www.unicode.org/vers
ions/Unicode4.0.0/ch05.pdf)oftheUnicode4.0standard(PDF)
The[NEL]NewlineCharacter(http://www.w3.org/TR/newline)
TheEndofLinePuzzle(http://www.oualline.com/practical.programmer/eol.html)
"UnderstandingNewlines"onO'ReillyNet(http://onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/
08/17/understandingnewlines.html)anarticlebyXavierNoria.
"TheEndofLineStory"(https://www.rfceditor.org/old/EOLstory.txt)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newline&oldid=728470320"
Categories: Controlcharacters Whitespace
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