EST COACHING TAKE HOME

Question
1.1%
A mammography service examined 327
patients during the third calendar quarter
of 1996. 719 films were exposed during
this period, eight of which were repeats.
What is the repeat rate?

A type of luminescence where the visible

light is emitted only during the stimulation
of the phosphor.
If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to
side at its widest point, and its image on
chest radiograph measures 14.7 cm, what
is the magnification factor?

Radiation doses in the range of

approximately200 to 1000 rad produce the
Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation
through a grid ratio of patient dose with
and without grid
A radiographic single-phase unit installed
in a private office has a maximum capacity
of 100 milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA.
What is the power rating?

volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per

second.

Answer

)(
(

Period during which heart contracts.

Apparatus for measuring blood pressure
Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J
imparted to an electron stream by an X-ray
device, calculate the frequency in MHz.

)(
(

Systole
Sphygmomanometer
10^10 MHz

Inaccuracies caused by the representation

of a continuously varying quantity as one
of a number of discrete values.

quantizing errors

Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate

by using knowledge of the way in which
voice sounds are produced
A coding scheme that records the change
in signal level since the precious sample
Distortion created by using too low a
sampling rate when coding an analog
signal for digital transmission

vocoder

)
)

Fluorescence

1.18

10^10 MHz

Hematologic syndrome

Bucky factor

42 kW

Who completes the development of first

computed tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI,
Ltd.) in 1973?
It is the study of the response of an image
receptor to x-rays
Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to
that without a grid.
Analysis of persons irradiated
therapeutically with superficial x-rays has
shown that the skin erythema dose
required to affect 50% of persons so
irradiated is about

Hounsfield

ECG recording requires a bandwidth of

0.05 to ____ Hz
Find the potential generated if blood
flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts
a magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a

100

)(

Sensitometry
contrast improvement
factor
600 rad

309 uV

It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887

and won Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in
1905. It refers to the emission of electrons
from a clean metallic surface (phototube)
when electromagnetic radiation (light
waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
Unit of radiation exposure or amount of Xray radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9
ion pairs per cubic centimetre of air at
standard temperature and pressure (STP).

Photoelectric effect

An optical electronic device that measures

the color concentration of a substance in
solution.
Recording of heart sounds
Recorder for measuring galvanic skin
resistance

colorimeter

It consists of 36 unique codes representing

the 10 digits and 26 uppercase letters.
The first fixed- length character code
developed for machines rather than for
people
The early pioneer in the development of
error-detection and correction procedures
The most reliable convolutional coding
scheme for error detection
For the given parameters, determine the
energy per bit-to noise power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W
fb = 60
kbps
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
B=
120 kHz

code 39

A signal at the input to a mu-law

compressor is positive with its voltage onehalf the maximum value. What proportion
of the maximum output voltage is
produced?

0.876Vmax

A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can

pass only an average of 12000 frames per
minute with each frame carrying an
average of 10000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?

Roentgen

phonocardiography
electrodermograph

Baudot Code

delta modulation
either a or b
a. aliasing
distortion
2 Mbps

b. foldover

=
2 Mbps

A telephone subscriber line must have an

SNRdB above 40. What is the minimum
number of bits?

6.35

The thick coaxial cable implementation of

standard Ethernet
A bit pattern or a character added to the
beginning and the end of a frame to
separate the frames
An IPv4 has an address space of how
many?

10 Base 5

What is the bit rate of STS 1?

A block coding technique in which four bits
are encoded into a five bit code
A national standards organization that
defines standards in the United States
In asynchronous transmission, one or
more bits to indicate the end of
transmission
What is the overhead (number of extra
bits) in the DS-3 service?
The minimum sampling rate according to
Nyquist Theorem
It is used in wireless applications in which
stations must be able to share the medium
without interception by an eavesdropper
and without being subject to jamming from

51.84 Mbps
4B/5B Encoding

SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40

n = 6.35

Flag

4294967296
232 = 4294967296

Richard W. Hamming
CRC
22.2 dB
[

] ;

)
(

ANSI
stop bit

1.368 Mbps
twice the highest
frequency of a signal
spread spectrum

a malicious intruder
An error detection method which uses
ones complement arithmetic
It is a connecting device between two
internetworks that use different models
It is an undesired shift or width change in
digital bits of data due to circuitry action
which causes bits to arrive at different
times
In PCM system, it is the ratio of the
maximum input voltage level to the
smallest voltage level that can be
quantized
A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps
channels using a time slot of 2 bits,
determine the frame duration.

Determine the Hamming distance for the

codewords (10101, 11001)

Checksum
Gateway
Jitter

Dynamic range

20s
The link
50,000
/sec
The
duration
1/50,000 =

carries
frames
frame
=
20s

Two
10101 XOR 11001 = 01100
( presence of two 1)

An address space is the total number of

addresses used by the protocol, such as
IPv4 and IPv6. What is the address space
of IPv6?
It is a standard designed by ITU to allow
telephones in the public telephone
network to talk to computers/terminals
connected to the internet
A computer monitor has a resolution of
1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses
1024 colors, how many bits are needed to
send the complete contents of a screen?

Combination of compression at the

transmitter and expansion at the receiver
of communications system.
A device launches or receives a wave in a
transmission line or waveguide in one
direction only.
A type of linear-beam microwave tube that
uses velocity modulation of the electron
beam
A series of pulses in which the amplitude
of each pulse represents the amplitude of
the information signal at a given time.
_______________ is used to position
samples of the different message signals
in non-overlapping time slots.

A ___________ is similar to a phasor

diagram except that the entire phasor is
not drawn.
It was the first fixed length character code.
It involves transmitting each character
twice.
The __________ provides the
mathematical justification for using a
Gaussian Process as a model for a large
number of different physical phenomena in
which the random variable, at a particular
instant of time, is the result of a large
number of individual random events.
A set of communication facilities allowing
direct access to 64kpbs data streams (or
multiples of) for drop and insert. A form of
cell relay, supports B-ISDN.
A series of pulses, in which the timing of
each pulse represents the ampltitude of
the information signal at a given time.
A line of sight radio link operating at a
frequency of 6GHz has a separation of
40km between antennas. An obstacle in
the path is located 10km form the
transmitting antenna. By how much must
the beam clear the obstacle?

constellation diagram

Baudot Code
Redundancy
Central Limit Theorem

Asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM)

Pulse Position Modulation

11.6m

2128

)
R = 11.6m

H.323

12 Megabits

1,200 times 1000 pixels x

10 bits = 12 Mb
1024 colors requires 10 bits
, 210 = 1024
Companding

directional coupler

Klystron

PAM

TDM

Variation in received field strength over

time due to changes in propagation
conditions.
The atomic weight of an element is
approximately determined by
Of the following substances the worst
conductor is
The volt is the standard unit of
Which of the following antenna types is not
designed for transmitting at 10 Ghz
The type of radio wave responsible for
long distance communications by multiple
skips is the:
Line of sight communications is not a
factor in which frequency range?
It refers to the rate of change of a signal
on the transmission medium after
encoding and modulation have occurred.
It was the first fixed-length character code
developed for machines rather than
people.
A receiver-transmitter station used to
increase the communications range of
VHF, UHF and microwave signals is called
a(n):
It represents the simplest whole number
ratio of the various types of atoms in a

compound.
It is a term that is often misunderstood and
commonly confused with bit rate (bps)
Defined as the optimum level of a test tone
on a channel at same point in a
communication system.
Duplicating each data unit for the purpose
of detecting errors is a form of error
detection called ______.
Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz
signal.
What is the device that converts energy
from one form to another?
It may be defined as any undesired
voltages or currents that ultimately end up
appearing in the receiver output.
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz
bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s.
Assuming no noise.
Microwaves are frequencies above _____
GHz.
The government agencies that regulates
radio communications in the US is the
________.
A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter
Coax is not used beyond frequencies of
about ______ GHz.
Data Communications refers to the
transmission of _______.

Fading

the number of protons

Determine the peak frequency deviation

for a binary FSK signal with a mark
frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of
51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps.

Baud
transmission level point

Redundancy

0.075m
Transducer
Electrical noise

10,000

1
FCC

High-pass
6
all of the above
a. voice
b. video
c. Computer data
1 kHz
|

Air

electromotive force
Zepp antenna
Direct Wave

HF
Baud

It is often used to compare the

performance of one digital modulation
technique to another.
It is the process of converting an infinite
number of possibilities to a finite number of
conditions.
For a PCM system with a maximum
analog frequency of 4kHz, determine the
minimum sample rate.

bandwidth efficiency

Quantization

8 kHz

Baudot Code

Repeater

empirical formula

It is another relatively simple form of

redundancy error checking where each
character has a numerical value assigned
to it.
It is a modulation and multiplexing

Checksum

Spread spectrum

technique that distributes the signal and its

sidebands over a very wide bandwidth.
The computers that hold shared files,
programs and the network operating
system. They also provide access to
network resources to all the users of the
network.
It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that
provides transmission channels capable of
supporting transmission rates greater than
the primary data rate.
It is the only error-correction scheme that
actually detects and corrects transmission
errors when they are received without
requiring a transmission..
This OSI Layer is responsible for network
availability, data storage and processor
capacity. It also determines the type of
dialogue available.
It is often defined as the loss incurred by
an electromagnetic wave as it propagates
in a straight line through a vacuum with no
absorption or reflection of energy from
nearby objects.
What do you call the accumulation of
additional sounds such as wind, street
noise, other voices that contribute to what
the listener hear?
It is a single transmission path from
transmitter to receiver with line of sight
range.
It is defined by the average rate at which
energy is carried out per unit area.
What happens to the frequency of the
wave and to its wavelength when a sound
wave produced in one medium enters
another medium with a different speed?
The process of combining multiple audio
signals into one track is called?
The speed of sequence of musical notes is
called?
If the frequency of a sound is increased,
what will happen to its pitch?
A type of microwave protection system
where each working channel has a
dedicated back up or spare channel.
Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232
interface on D connector, this connection
allows signals to be transmitted from the
DCE to the attached DTE whenever there
is a high probability of an error in the
received data due to the quality of the
circuit falling below a predefined level.
______ which means that 2 or more bits in
the data unit have changed.?
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet

Servers

Broadband ISDN

Forward Error Correction

Session layer

free space path loss

Ambience

Hop

Intensity
the frequency of the wave
stays the same while the
wavelength changes.
audio mixing

implementation.
It is a digital process that allows several
connections to share the high bandwidth
of a link.
EEE 802.11 is define in which MAC
sublayer?
It is the oldest microwave tube design
which is commonly used in radar
transmitters where they can generate peak
power levels in the megawatt range.
A modulation process wherein both
frequence and phase remains constant
while the amplitude changes.
It is the most powerful redundancy
checking technique which is based on
binary division.
What do you call the element with
electrical properties between those of an
insulator and a conductor?
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the
quantized samples into digital code words.
It is an error detection technique in which a
redundant bit is appended to every data
unit so that the total number of 1s in the
unit (including the parity bit) becomes
even.
A local area network topology in which the
individual terminal, microcomputers or
workstations are connected directly to a
central computer.
The only way to achieve high data rates
with a narrowband channel is to increase
the number of bits per symbol, the most
reliable way to do this is to use a
combination of amplitude and phase
modulation known as
Find the maximum dynamic range for a
linear PCM system using 16-bit quantizing.

Tempo

Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps

64-QAM signal.

B. PCF
Magnetron

C. DCF

ASK

cyclic redundancy check

Semiconductor

Telephone switch that connects only to

other switches, and not to individual
customers.

tandem office

It is a form of digital modulation similar to

PSK except the digital information is
contained in both amplitude and the phase
of the transmitted carrier.
The most common circuit used for
demodulating binary FSK signals.
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth
of 4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if
we modulate the signal using AM? Ignore
FCC regulations for now.

QAM

We have an audio signal with a bandwidth

of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we
modulate the signal using FM? Ignore
FCC regulations.

40

For PCM system with the following

parameters determine the minimum
number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz,
maximum decoded voltage=2.55,
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5

PLL
8 KHz
BW = 2 x 4 KHz
= 8 KHz

Encoder
vertical redundancy check

Star

quadrature amplitude
modulation

98.08 dB

BW=10x4
= 40 MHz

= 7.63
=8

A network topology in which data

circulates from one computer to the next in
sequence.
Find the maximum dynamic range for
linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing

Ring

49.92 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
852 Hz and 1336 Hz

baud rate =
12000 baud

0.8 dB

Any transmission system which conveys

Crosstalk

PSK

OSI

burst error
1000 Base-T

A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its

What frequencies would be generated by a

telephone using DTMF signalling, when
the number 8 is pressed?
It is a means of transmitting data by
shifting the phase angle of the transmitted
signal.
The name given for a set of standards for
communicating among computers in which
the primary purpose is to serve as a
structural guideline for exchanging
information between computers,
workstations and networks.

12000 baud
A 64-QAM signal means
that there are 6 bits per
signal element since 26 =
64.
Therefore, baud rate =
72000/6

signal quality detector

VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB

VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB

(b) and (c)

DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 dB

Increases
Hot Standby

destination. Calculate the via net loss

required for an acceptable amount of
echo.

TDM

more than one signal simultaneously can

experience this type of interference due to
the reception of portions of a signal from
one channel in another channel.
What type of digital modulation scheme
uses two or more different output
frequencies?
It is an error-correcting code used for
correcting transmission errors in
synchronous data streams.
A suite of protocols that allows a wide
variety of computers to share the same
network.
Noise that is primarily caused by lightning.
Often called as Static Noise.

A modulation technique in which the

frequency of the modulated signal varies
with the amplitude of the modulating signal
Is a form of constant amplitude angle
modulation similar to standard frequency
modulation except the modulating signal is
a binary signal that varies between two
discrete voltage levels rather than a
continuously changing analog waveform.
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is
analogous to the general manager of the
network by providing access to the OSI
environment.
What is the equation for Hartleys Law?
Network topology wherein individual
terminals, microcomputers and
workstations are connected directly to a
central computer.
The loss of data that occurs when two
stations transmit at the same time on a
network
A term used to describe a telephone
instrument whose handset is on its cradle,
ready to receive a ring signal.
The most commonly used digital
modulation scheme.
Simple form of redundancy error checking
where each character has a numerical
value assigned to it. The characters within
a message are combined together to
produce an error checking character.
Is an eight-bit fixed length character set
developed in 1962 by the International
Business Machines Corporation.
An attempt is made to transmit base band
frequency of 30khz using a digital audio
system with a sampling rate of 44.1khz.
What audible frequency would result.

Calculate the capacity of a telephone

channel that has a S/N of 1023?

30,000 b/s
The telephone channel has
a bandwidth of about 3KHz
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N)
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023)
=30000 b/s

FSK

Hamming Code

TCP/IP

atmospheric noise

AM

FSK

Application layer

I=ktB
Star

Collision

On hook

PCM
Checksum

EBCDIC code

14.1KHz
fa = fs fm
= 44.1KHz 30KHz
= 14.1 KHz

Designed to send characters of the

message with the specified bit rate but
without any fixed timing relationship from
one character to the next.
Token Ring Standard
It is the process of extracting a phasecoherent reference carrier from a receiver
signal.
It is a potential problem whenever two
metallic conductors carrying different
signals are located in close proximity to
each other.
What is the termed refer as the rapid
degradation of output signal quality with
channel induced errors?

asynchronous

What was the first fixed-length character

code developed for machines rather than
for people?
A source whose output satisfies the
condition of statistical independence
among letters in the sequence is said to
be_____.
Calculate the minimum data rate needed
to transmit audio with sampling rate of 30
Khz and 14 bits per sample.
Handles error recovery, flow control
(synchronization), and sequencing (which
terminals are sending and which are
receiving). It is considered the media
access control layer.
A MAC protocol for LANs, with stations
connected topologically or logically in a
ring. Or the IEEE 802.5 LAN standard.
A network topology where each device is
connected to a centre point and all data is
routed through that point.
A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a
glass tube for an active medium, dye is
circulated into the tube with a pump. A
powerful pulse of light excites the organic
dye
Codes that have a restriction on the
number of consecutive 1s or 0s in a
sequence.
Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of
alternating 0s and 1s that alert the

Baudot code

802.5
Carrier Recovery

Crosstalk

threshold effect

Memoryless

receiving system to the coming frame and

enable it to synchronize its input timing
Every letter was encoded into fixed length
of binary code words of length 5.
The composite signal that modulates the
FM carrier.
It is a simple means of error detection. It
involves the addition of one extra bit to the
bits that encode a character.
A data compression scheme that uses
fewer bits to represent more frequently
occurring characters or bit patterns and
more bits to represent those occur less
frequently.
Speed at which symbols are transmitted in
a digital communication systems.
It is the process of converting an infinite
number of possibilities to a finite number of
conditions.
It is the ratio of the largest possible
magnitude to the smallest possible
magnitude that can easily be decoded by
the digital to analog converter in the
receiver.
It is the institution that developed the
ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Intertchange).
In early 1900s, he showed that any
composite signal is a sum of a set of sine
waves of different frequencies, phases and
amplitudes.
Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.

Baudot Code
Baseband
Parity

Huffman coding

Baud rate
Quantization

Dynamic Range

ANSI

Jean-Baptiste Fourier

100001011

420 Kb/s

x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+k

Data Link Layer

1 0
1 1
Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK
signal, what is the baud rate?

Liquid Lasers

Run length limited code

Preamble

6000 Hz
baud rate = bandwidth
6000 Hz = 6000 Hz

Token Ring

Star network

Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16QAM signal.

It is an electronic device that is used for

computer communications through
telephone lines.
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5
kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A
signal is transmitted down this line using a
four level code. What is the maximum
theoretical data rate
Showed mathematically that it is posssible
to reconstruct a band-limited analog signal

8000 bps
bit rate = baud * 4
2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
Modem

18 kbps
C = 2Blog2M =
2(4.5x103)log2(4) = 18 kbps
Harry Nyquist

from periodic samples, as long as the

sampling rate is at least twice the
frequency of the highest frequency
component of the signal.
Find the maximum dynamic range for a
linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing.

In operation, many modern codecs

achieved compresion by first encoding the
signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code,
then converting the 12-bit linear code into
an 8-bit compressed code by discarding
some of the bits. This is a simple example
of:
Sampling of an analog signal using a
sample-and-hold circuit such that the
sample has the same amplitude for its
whole duration.
The basic building block of the FDM
hierarchy.
The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a
200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate
of 270.883 kbps. Calculate the frequency
shift between mark and space.

For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km

on coaxial cable with a velocity factor of
0.66. What is the propagation delay?

49.92 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
= 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
= 49.92 dB
Digital Signal Processing

Flat-topped Sampling

Message Channel
135.4165kHz
fmfs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=1
35.4165kHz
12.6s
T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/(0.66*300
000000m/s)=12.6 s

A signal at the input to a -Law

compressor is positive, with its volatage
one-half the maximum value. What
proportion of the maximum output voltage
is produced?
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its
destination. Calculate the via net loss
required for an acceptable amount of
echo.

0.876 Vo

Who invented the telegraph?

The simplest modulation technique, where
a binary information signal modulates the
amplitude of an analog carrier.

Samuel F.B Morse

Amplitude-Shift Keying

Is the lowest Open System Interconnection

hierarchy and is responsible for the actual
propagation of unstructured data bits (1s
and 0s) through a transmission medium.
Error-correction scheme that actually
detect and corrects transmission errors
when they are received without requiring a
retransmission.

Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1
+255)=0.876 Vo

It allows the overall complexity of the

system to be broken down into individual
function layers- that operate essentially
by themselves.
This are very useful pictorial
representations that clearly show the
protocol operations such as words or
convetional drawings.
Pair of wires that connects the central
office to the users phone
How long does it take to dial the number
784-3745 using pulse dialing with .5s inter
digit time?

Transparency

Network that connects users who are in

the same general location
In operation, many modern codecs
achieved compresion by first encoding the
signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code,
then converting the 12-bit linear code into
an 8-bit compressed code by discarding
some of the bits. This is a simple example
of:
A balanced modulator that will used in
conjuction with a microwave generator,
power amplifier, and band-pass filter, upconverts the IF carrier to an RF carrier and
amplifies the RF to the desired output
power.
What is the equation for Hartleys Law?

LAN

The loss of data that occurs when two

stations transmit at the same time on a
network
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth
of 5 HHz. What is the bandwidth modulate
the signal using FM? Ignore FCC
regulation.

Collision

Used to established a point to point

connection across a network.

TCP

An attempt is made to transmit a

baseband frequency of 25kHz using digital
audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1
kHz. What audible frequency would result?

19.1kHz

State Transition Diagram

Local loop
6.8s
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 +
0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s

Digital Signal Processing

Transmit Modulator

I=ktB

50 MHz
BW= 10 x 5MHz
=50MHZ

0.8 dB
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=
0.8

fa = fs - fm
= 44.1kHz
25kHz

Physical Layer

Forward Error Correction

Defines the rules of the conversation the

message passing among the network
users
Responsible for providing signals to the
loop sensing activity and sending phone
signals at the end of the loop
The typical amount of voltage in dc use in
the battery of the central office with

= 19.1kHz
network protocol

SLIC

-48

respect to ground

A network that is composed of a smaller

lan that are closely link. It is needed for
areas spread out geographically
How many central office allotted for each
exchange?
It is a method of switching that provides a
separate physical path for each symbol
The central office detects a request for
service from a telephone by:
The OSI Layer responsible for data
tracking as it moves through a network. It
controls and ensures the end to end
integrity of the data message propagated
through the network between two devices.
It is used on long distance circuits, in an
effort to overcome echoes caused by
circuit imbalances.
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given
in terms of dBm. If the receiver is receiving
200 mW, what is the corresponding dBm
of this signal?
An antenna with a noise temperature of 75
Kelvin is connected to a receiver input with
a noise temperature of 300 K. Given the
reference temperature T0 = 290 K, find the
noise figure of the system.
modulation index of an AM radio station is
0.75. If the carrier power is 500W, what is
the total transmitted power?

WAN

An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz

crystal oscillator to generate a very stable
108MHz final carrier frequency. The
output of the crystal oscillator is fed to a
x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a
34.5 MHz signal. The sum output of the
mixer is filtered out, while the difference is
fed to another multiplier in order to
generate the final carrier frequency. What
is the multiplier value?
A/an _______ is a range of frequency in
which the upper frequency is double the
lower frequency.
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a
narrowband FM receiver with deviation
maximum of 10 kHz and a maximum
intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N
input is 3:1.

72

A small variable capacitance in parallel

with each section of ganged capacitor is

1
space switching
a flow of loop current
Transport

Echo Suppresors

23 dBm
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log
(200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm
3.6 dB

641 W

m2

Pt Pc1
2

Octave

10
= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34
rad
= x fi
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
Trimmer

called _______.
How many wavelengths long are required
for a pair of conductors to be considered
as a transmission line?
Determine the time taken for a signal to
travel down a 10 m transmission line, if its
velocity factor is 0.7.

The maximum voltage standing wave of an

RG-11/U foam coaxial cable is 52 V and
its minimum voltage is 17 V. How many
percent of the incident power is the
reflected power?
At exactly one-quarter wavelength, the
short-circuited transmission line behaves
as a(an) ________ circuit.
Determine the phase-shift represented by
a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz signal to a 75-ft
cable with a dielectric constant of 2.3.

Which of the following is a flat conductor

separated by an insulating dielectric from a
large ground plane that is usually onequarter or one-half wavelength long?
One complete revolution around a Smith
Chart represents _________ wavelengths.
A mismatched transmission line is also
referred to as a ___________ line.
It is the ratio of the speed of propagation
on a line to that of light in free-space.
Which of the following is the most widely
used UTP cable that can carry baseband
data at rates up to 100 Mbps at a range up
to 100m?
The modulated peak value of a signal is
125V and the unmodulated carrier value is
85V. What is the modulation index?

The total transmitted power of an AM

broadcast transmitter with a carrier power
of 50kW when modulated 80 percent is:

One of the advantages of DSB is the

savings of great deal of power. Which of

1/10

47.6 ns
T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns

the following is the reason why it is not

widely used?
If the input in a transmitter is collectormodulated, the system is called a
_______________________.
The input to an FM receiver has a S/N of
2.8. What is the frequency deviation
caused by the noise if the modulating
frequency is 1.5KHz and the permitted
deviation is 4KHz?

high-level modulator

547.8 Hz
= fm
= sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 =
0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5KHz) =
547.8 Hz

26%

parallel-resonant

108 degrees
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250
ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108
degrees
Microstrip

What circuit is used to return the frequency

response of a signal to its normal, flat
level?
It is the most common means of
overcoming the problems of quantizing
error and noise.
____ means that the characteristics and
performance of an antenna are the same
whether the antenna is radiating or
intercepting an electromagnetic signal.
Which of the following methods is used to
lower the resonant frequency of a
shortened vertical antenna?
Calculate the gain (isotropic) of a parabolic
antenna that has a diameter of 3 m, an
efficiency of 60% and operates at a
frequency of 4 GHz.

Resonant
velocity factor
CAT 5

0.47
m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em =
Emax Ec = 125 85 = 40
V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
66kW
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
the signal is difficult to
demodulate

It is a phenomenon caused by any support

insulators used at the ends of the wire
antenna.
Which of the following is not a reason why
most half-wave antennas are mounted
horizontally at low frequencies?
The shape of the electromagnetic energy
radiated from or received by an antenna is
called the
Antennas that transmit an equal amount of
energy in the horizontal direction are
called
The ability of an antenna to send or
receive signals over a narrow horizontal
directional range is referred to as
A basic antenna connected to a
transmission line plus one or more
additional conductors that are not
connected to the transmission line form a
An antenna made up of a driven element

de-emphasis

and one or more parasitic elements is

generally referred to as a
Which antennas usually consist of two or
more half-wave dipoles mounted end to
end?
A stacked collinear antenna consisting of
half-wave dipoles spaced from one
another by one-half wavelengths is the
When the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line matches the output
impedance of the transmitter and the
impedance of the antenna itself,
A one-quarter wavelength of coaxial or
balanced transmission line of a specific
impedance connected between a load and
a source in order to match impedances is

Collinear

broadside array

maximum power transfer

will take place

a Q section

Companding

antenna reciprocity

By how much should two antennas be

separated for space diversity in the 11
GHz band?

5.5 m

d 200

200 c

200 3 x 10 8
s

5.5 m
11 x 10 9
s

top hat loading

39.8 dBi
G = 2 D2/ 2
= 3x108/ 4MHz = 0.075
m
G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi

What is the phase velocity of a rectangular

waveguide with a wall separation of 3 cm
and a desired frequency of operation of 6
GHz?

5.43 x 108 m/s

end effect

more cost-effective

( )

radiation pattern

Omnidirectional

Directivity

parasitic array

Yagi antenna

A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km

apart. Suppose that there is an obstacle
midway between the transmitter and
receiver. By how much must the path
between the towers clear the obstacle in
order to avoid diffraction at a frequency of
11 GHz?

10.51 m

the Ku band?
To cover all inhabited regions of the earth,
the number of polar-orbit satellites
required is
A dipole antenna has a radiation
resistance of 67 ohms and a loss
resistance of 5 ohms, measured at the
feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and
4.5 dBd, respectively. Which has a greater
gain?
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called:
An antenna's beamwidth is measured
"Ground Effects" refers to the effects on an
antenna's radiation pattern caused by
An antenna can be matched to a feed line
using

(
(

How far from the transmitter could a signal

be received if the transmitting and
receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m,
respectively, above level terrain?

44.5 km

A signal propagated in a waveguide has a

full wave of electric intensity change
between two further walls, and no
component of the electric field in the
direction of propagation. The mode is
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB
and a return loss of 26 dB. A source
provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load
is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much
power is dissipated in the load?

)
)

TE20

638 mW

Pout

1W

0 .7
anti log
10
SWR 1

0 .5
SWR 1

851 .14 mW

PLOAD Pout 1 2
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB
and a return loss of 26 dB. A source
provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load
is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much
power returns to the source?

5.43 x 108 m/s

Pout

1W

0 .7
anti log
10
SWR 1

0.5
SWR 1

It is a microwave device that allows RF

energy to pass through in one direction
with very little loss, but absorbs RF power
in the opposite direction.
A metal wrapped around the parabolic
antenna aperture to eliminate sidelobes
interfering nearby stations is called
The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide
_________.
Geostationary satellites are located at
____ with respect to the equator.
The quality of a space-link is measured in
terms of the ______ ratio.
Why does the downlink frequency appear
to vary by several kHz during a low earth
orbit satellite pass?

The most ambitious LEO constellation to

date is ______.
A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish
designed for C-band (4 GHz) operation.
The owner wants to use the same dish
with a new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12
GHz) satellites. What effect will the change
638 .35 mW
in frequency have on the gain and
beamwidth of the antenna?
The moon orbits the earth with a period of
approximately 28 days. How far away is it?
Assume circular orbit.

isolator

Shroud

is greater than in free

space
00 latitude
G/T
The distance between the
satellite and ground
station is changing,
causing the Doppler effect
Teledesic
Gain increases by 9.54
dB, beamwidth decreases
to 1/3 of its former value.

384 Mm

851 .14 mW

Preflected Pout 212 .78 mW

2

Hertz antenna
between half-power points
radio signals reflecting off
the ground
all of the choices
a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a loading coil
the number of lobes
increases
Log-Periodic Dipole Array
a field-strength meter
active antenna
35,786 km

latitude & longitude

Perigee
7.6 km/s

14 GHz

4 x1011
d 6400

Where : v = velocity in
meters per second
d = distance
above earths surface in km

39000 km

(
What is the nominal uplink frequency for

Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 /
(67 + 5) = 93%
The second antenna has a
higher gain.

v
(

212 .78 mW
What is the length of the path to a
534 .49
W
geostationary satellite from an Earth
26
station if the angle of elevation is 300?
anti log
10

93%

Formula :

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638 .35 mW

Preturned

As the length of a "long-wire" antenna is

increased
LPDA stands for
Field strength at a distance from an
antenna is measured with
A receiving antenna with a built-in
preamplifier
The height above mean sea level of a
satellite in a geosynchronous orbit around
Earth is:
The location of a satellite is generally
specified in terms of
A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the
earth that is located closest to Earth.
Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular
orbit 500 km above the earths surface.

4 x1011
(500 6400)

7.6 km/s
)

)
)

Find the orbital period of a satellite in a

circular orbit 36,000 km above the earths
)surface if the earths radius is 6400 km.

1440 mins

Formula :

C
v

should be the polarization of the radiator?

As per Phillipine standard, what is the
minimum frequency separation in any
C=
service area for adjacent AM radio
circumference
stations?
v = orbital
What is the maximum power allowable for
velocity
remote pick-up stations used as broadcast
C = 2r
auxillary services for AM and FM
broadcast stations?
= 2 ( 6400 +
6
36,000 ) = 266.4 x 10 m
What is the classification of an FM station
having an ERP not exceeding 30kW?
What is the modulation used for the
11
4 x10
stereophonic subcarrier of FM composite
v
3.07km/s
baseband signal?
(36,000 6400)
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used
in FM stereophonic transmission?
The output power of an FM transmitter is 5
kW. If the power loss in transmission line
C 266.4 x106 m
is around 10 W and the antenna has a
T

24hrs
power gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the
v 3.07x103 m /s
station in kW?
or 1440 mins
Footprint
Where :
period

The outline of a communications satellite

antenna pattern on the earth is known as:
Calculate the length of the path to a
geostationary satellite from an earth

station where the angle of elevation is

30.(earths radius = 6400 km, height of
satellite above earth is 36 X 103 km)
A satellite access technique where each
earth station transmits a short burst of
information during a specific time slot.
An earth station antenna look angle
is
determined by :

T = orbital

39,000 km

Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in

the Philippines
What is the color TV system adopted by
2
2
d (r h) (rcos ) rsin
the
Philippines?
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency
TDMA ( Time Division
(MHz) is
Multiple Access)
Determine the visual carrier frequency of
TV channel 9.
azimuth & elevation

An ITU radiocommunication standards for

satellite services which provides
information on the range of frequencies
that can be used by fixed satellite service
systems for emergency and disaster relief
operations.

ITU-R S.1001-2

As per Philippine standard, frequency

allocation of AM Radio Broadcasting is
from
Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to
that period of time between 1000 UTC to
2200 UTC. UTC stands for Universal Time
Coordinates.
An AM broadcast service area in which
groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not
subject to objectionable interference or
objectionable fading.
In antenna mast or tower construction, the
required obstruction painting and/or
lighting must be imposed on mast or tower
more than from the ground level.
Regarding the design of AM antenna, what

526.5 to 1705 kHz

What is the maximum allowable ERPs for

channels 7 13 in Metro Manila and Metro
Cebu?
At NTSC standard, the number of lines per
frame = ________ lines/frame
At NTSC standard, line frequency =
15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent line
period?

150 ft

Vertical

35 W

Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV

channel
A land mobile station used for the
transmission of TV program materials and
related communications from the scenes
of events occuring at remote points from
TV broadcast station studios to TV
broadcast station.
For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64QAM of digital modulation, what is the

ideal RF bandwidth?
What is the mode of radio wave
propagation that utilized ionosphere as a
medium of transmission and / or reception
of radio signals?
What is the wavelength of a radio signal
travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz in a
coaxial line having Teflon foam as its
dielectric, r = 2?

Class B
AM DSB SC

What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon

(r2 = 2) medium of a radio wave from air
(r1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence is 45?

sky wave

0.96 m
Vp = Vf C
vf = 1 / sqrt (r)
= vP / f = 0.96m
30
Using Snells
Law
Sqrt (r1) sin i =
Sqrt (r2) sin r
Sqrt (1) sin 45 =
Sqrt (2) sin r
r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1)
sin 45) / Sqrt (2)] =
sin-1 (0.5) = 30

19 kHz
19.96 kW
GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 =
4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or
19.96 kW
88 108 MHz
NTSC
3.579545 Mhz
187.25 MHz
186 MHz, low band
frequency of channel 9
186 + 1.25 = 187.25 Mhz
1 MW

An ionosphere layer also termed as

absorption layer because it absorbs most
of the frequencies above 100 kHz is
known as the layer.
As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2
Wavelength Classifications, what is the
classification of Super High Frequency?
What is a diversity scheme that uses two
(2) separate antennas and receivers for
each single transmitter?
What is a diversity scheme that uses two
(2) different frequencies in a simplex path?
What is the critical frequency of a layer if
the maximum value of electron density is 2
x 106 per cm3?

525

Centimetric

space diversity

frequency diversity
13 MHz
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x
106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012
per m3

63.556 usec

fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt

(2 x 1012)

fH = 15734.264 Hz

fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz

approx.

H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264

nighttime period

primary service area

36 kHz

H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556

usec
6 MHz
TV Pick-up station

6 MHz

A radio communication link is to be

established via the ionosphere. The
maximum virtual height of the layer is 110
km. at the midpoint of the path and the
critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance
between the radio stations is 500 km, what
is the suitable value for the optimum
working frequency? Use flat terrain
analysis.

8.4 MHz
For flat terrain analysis, tan i
= d/2hv
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1
[500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273]
= 66.25 angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i
= 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 /
0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via

Secant Law

The power density is inversely proportional

to the square of the distance from the
source. This law is known as
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that
is useful for long-distance communication
by amateurs; about 100 to 115 km above
the earth is known as the layer. This is
often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside
layer.
A graph which shows the radiation in
actual field strength of electromagnetic
fields at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna is known as

The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its

radiation resistance is 30 . What is the
value of its loss resistance?

A phenomenon on the surface of the sun

with appearance and disappearance of
dark irregularly shaped areas.
What should be done to increase the
transmission distance at frequencies
higher than HF bands?
Which of the following factors must be
considered in the transmission of a surface
wave to reduce attenuation?

OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85

(9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4
MHz approx.
Inverse Square law

What is the total radio horizon distance

between an 80 ft transmitting station and a
20 ft receiving station?

3W
PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4
x 4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx.
is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] =
1.64

PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 /
1.64 = 3.007 W or
3 W approx.

Radiation Pattern
Identical telephone numbers in different
parts of a country are distinguished by
their ___.

area codes

Telephone traffic is measured ____.

in erlangs

In a cellular telephone system, each cell

site contains a ____.

Repeater

When the signal from a mobile cellular unit

drops below a certain level, what action
occurs?

the unit is handed off to

a closer cell

In a cellular telephone system, group of

cells is called ___.

Cluster

In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are

transmissions from base stations to mobile
units (Downlink)

forward links

A CDMA mobile measures the signal

strength from the base as -100 dBm. What
should the mobile transmitter power be set
to as a first approximation, considering 76 dB at mobile power contol?

6.58
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6
+ 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 =
6.5854 or 6.58 approx.
11-year sunspot

increase antenna height

a.

electrical
properties of the
terrain
frequency
antenna
polarization

HF
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz
approx., which is within
3 30 MHz range
designated as HF band
18.97 mi
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt
(2 x hR)
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt
(2 x 20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi

A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its

destination. Calculate the via net loss
required for an acceptable amount of
echo.

office capacity is
exceeded
The cable used for local loops in
telephone system is mainly:
In DTMF, the four vertical frequencies are
____.

twisted-pair copper wire

In DTMF, the Horizontal frequencies are

1209Hz,
1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
reverse links

In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are

transmissions from mobile units to base
stations (Uplink)
In DTMF, the horizontal frequencies is also
known as

697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz

high group frequencies

In DTMF, the Vertical frequencies is also

known as

low group frequencies

The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a

telephone system is restricted in order to:
This is the highest-ranking office in the
DDD network in telephony in terms of the
size of the geographical area served and
the trunking options available.
In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for:

allow signals to be
multiplexed
regional center

In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for:

Advanced Mobile Phone

Service
Base Station Controller

In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for:

Mobile Switching Center

In GSM, voice channels are called:

traffic channels

In Mobile Communications, GSM uses:

frequency hopping

250 mW

In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands

for:

International Mobile
Subscriber Identification

PT = -76 dB - PR
Where:
PT = transmitted power in
dBm
PR = received power in dBm
PT = -76 dB - PR
= -76 dB (-100dBm)
= 24 dBm
= 250 mW
0.8 dB

An acoustical phenomenon wherein the

sound continues to persist after the cause
of sound has stopped resulting in repeated
reflections is called
A group of filters has 1/3 octave of
spacing. If the initial frequency is 25 Hz,
what is the next frequency available for the
filter?

Reverberation

All of the choices

b.
c.
A radio station operates at 11 meter
wavelength. What is the designated band
of stations frequency?

A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is

measured 50 meters from a test antenna
whose directive gain is 2.15 dB. How
much power was fed into the test
antenna?

+ 26 dBu is how many volts?

VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
= 0.8 dB

The typical voltage across a telephone

when on-hook is:
Central offices are connected by:

48 volts DC

In telephony, call blocking is:

occurs when the central

trunk lines

31.5 Hz
f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3,
fraction of an octave
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
15.5 V
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in
Volts / 0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts
/ 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in
Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775
V

A type of microphone that uses the

principle of a capacitor as a means of
transduction. It uses a polarizing voltage of
between 9 and 48 V of DC supply applied
to its diaphragm by an external power
supply
Determine the sound power in Watts
produced by the banks alarm if a bystander heard the alarm at a sound
pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The bystander is 100 ft away from the bank.

A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dBSPL at 1 meter distance and input

electrical power of 1 W. How loud is the
SPL at distance of 20 meters if this
speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical
power?

A number from 0 to 1 representing the

ability of a surface material to absorb
sound energy is known as
The difference in dB between the loudest
level of sound and the softest passage of
sound is known as _
The highest frequency that can be used for
skywave propagation between two specific
points on earths surface.
Variation in signal loss caused by natural
weather disturbances.
Determine the radio horizon for a transmit
antenna that is 200 m high and a receiving
antenna that is 100 m high
The height above the earths surface from
which a refracted wave appears to have
been reflected
Electromagnetic waves that are directed
above the horizon level.
The most common light used in fiber-optic
links is
In the telecommunications industry, the
most commonly used fiber(s) are
The abrupt change in refractive index from
core to cladding of fiber-optic cable is
called the
A technique that is used to minimize the
pulse dispersion effect is to
Which is not an important characteristic of

Voltage = 15.5 V
Condenser

58.65 W
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) +
8
PWL = 100 + 20 log
(100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dBPWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68
120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts
69 dB-SPL
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL
(given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log
(20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10
log (10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
Absorption Coefficient

dynamic range

Critical Frequency

Fading
99.5 km
D = 17ht + 17hr
= 17(200) + 17(100)
= 99.5 km
virtual height

sky waves
Infrared
50 and 62.5 micron
Step index

Minimize the core

diameter
Power consumption

a light detector?
The dispersion of light in fiber-optic cable
caused by a portion of the light energy
traveling in the cladding is called
Recent laser developments for fiber-optic
communication include
Which of the following considerations is
important when deciding between using a
diode laser or an LED?
In 1815, the correct explanation of
diffraction was given by
It is the central part of the optical
communication system
The light energy that is always emitted or
absorbed in discrete units
Which of the following Ethernet fiber optic
standard uses synchronous, Centralized
Clock?
It is a mixed, multiple-service standard to
allow the transmission of voice and video
over an FDDJ network.
It is a layer of plastic that surrounds a fiber
or group of fibers
The angular separation between the two
half-power points on the power density
radiation pattern.
Refers to the direction in space of electric
vector of the electromagnetic wave
radiated from an antenna and is parallel to
the antenna itself.
Placing a metallic array on the antenna
effects to increase the current at the base
of the antenna, and also to make the
current distribution more uniform. What is
this called?
What principle that states that the
properties of an antenna are independent
of whether it is used for transmission or
reception.
Calculate the beam width between nulls of
a 2-m paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz.
Note: such reflectors are often used at that
frequency as antennas outside broadcast
television microwave links.
This is often used to cure the problem of
great thickness required of lenses used at
lower microwave frequencies or for strong
curved wavefronts.
A structure-generally metallic and
sometimes very complex-designed to
provide an efficient coupling between
space and the output of a transmitter or
input to a receiver.
The ratio comparing the power density
generated by a practical antenna in some
direction, with that due to an isotopic

Waveguide dispersion

Distributed feedback
(DFB) and vertical cavity
surface emitting (VCSEL)
Response time

Fresnel
Optical Fiber
Quanta

antenna radiating the same total power.

Any array that is directional at right angles
to the plane of the array is said, by
inference, to have ____.
The ratio of the focal length to the mouth
diameter is called __________ of the
parabola, just as in camera lenses.
Corresponds to a resonant transmission
line, and the dipole antennas describe so
far have been resonant.
An optic fiber is made of glass with a
refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive index of
1.51. Launching takes place from air. What
numerical aperture does the fiber have?

10 Base-FB (Backbone)
FDDI II

Buffer Tube

An optic fiber is made of glass with a

refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive index of
1.51. Launching takes place from air. What
is the acceptance angle?

Beamwidth

Polarization

Top loading

For a single-mode optical cable with 0.25dB/km loss, determine the optical power
100km from a 0.1-mW light source.

Principle of reciprocity

3.50
0=
0=3.50
Zoning

Antenna

Directive gain

For an optical fiber 10km long with a

pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km,
determine the maximum digital
transmission rates for return-to-zero.
In fiber optics, it is a measure of the
conversion efficiency of a photodetector. It
is the ratio of the output current of a
photodiode to the input optical power and
has the unit of amperes per watt
A phenomenon also called stress
corrosion resulting if the glass fiber is
exposed to long periods of high humidity?
The theory which states that when visible
light or high-frequency electromagnetic
radiation illuminates a metallic surface,
electrons are emitted.
The science of measuring only light waves
that are visible to the human eye
The process of constructing an ILD that is

Broadside action

Aperture

Resonant antenna

0.352
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
20.6
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin1
0.352=20.6
-35dBm
P =0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
(
)
P(dBm)= 10log
= -35dBm
20Mbps
Fb=

=20Mbps

Responsivity

Static fatigue
Plancks law

Photometry
Lasing

similar to LED except that the ends are

highly polished.
A phenomenon in optical fibers
communication system that is caused by
the difference in the propagation times of
light rays that take different paths down
the fiber.
For an electronic device operating at a
temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of
10 kHz, determine the thermal noise
power in dBm .
A 300 resistor is connected across the
300 antenna input of a television
receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is
6MHz, and the resistor is at room
temperature .Find the noise voltage
applied to the receiver input.

The signal power at the input to an

amplifier is 100W and the noise power is
1 W. At the output, the signal power is
1W and the noise power is 30mW. What is
the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?

Pulse spreading

Determine the worst-case output S/N for a

broadcast FM program that has a
maximum intelligence frequency of 5 kHz.
The input S/N is 2

Use 8-bit PCM code and

include 24 voice channels

= x fi
= 0.5 x 5

The ground wire in a USB cable is ______.

Brown

A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital

signal to be transmitted on an analog
channel.

Modem

The bit ________ is the amount of power

in a digital bit for a given amount of time.
The relationship for bit rate to ________
bandwidth is defined by the ShannonHartley theorem.
In an S/H circuit, the time that it must hold
the sampled voltage is
Error signals associated with the sampling
process are called
A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip
containing both the ADC and DAC
circuitry.
The NRZ digital signal-encoding format
has a ________ component in the
waveform.
ReedSolomon codes utilize a technique
called ________ to rearrange the data into
a nonlinear ordering scheme to improve
the chance of data correction.
The electric field intensity is measured in:

Energy

It is a result of an increase in the charge

density in dielectric materials.
It refers to the maximum antenna gain.

Polarization

The maximum horizontal distance between

the transmitter and the receiver for line of
sight propagation is known as:
Typical mode of radiation of helical
antenna is:
The electric field is perpendicular to the
earths surface, the polarization is:
In what major RF band is ground wave
basically applied?
A measure of mismatch in a transmission
line
The highest frequency that can be set
back to earth by the ionosphere, if wave is
sent vertically upward.
Travel in a straight line from the
transmitting antenna to the receiving
antenna.
VLF waves are for some types of services
because
It is the distance between two wave fronts
having the same phase at any given
instant.
It is a piece of transmission line which is

radio horizon

75 kHz

-134dBm

30
N = KTB
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) =
-134 dBm
0.001
5.4 V
VN =
= 4(1.38 x 10-23
J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300
)
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
3
(S/N)p = 100W
= 100
1W
(S/N)o = 1W
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100

2.5 kHz
The technique that uses the BPSK vector
relationship to generate an output with
logical 0s and 1s determined by comparing
the phase of two successive data bits is
A special digital modulation technique that
achieves high data rates in limitedbandwidth channels is called
FSK systems are much superior to twotone amplitude-modulation systems with
respect to
Using an oscilloscope to display overlayed
received data bits that provide information
on noise, jitter, and linearity is called a(n)
The type of radio transmission that uses
pseudorandomly switched transmissions is
known as
The acronym CDMA refers to ________.

DPSK

The acronym OFDM refers to ________.

Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing

=3

A Satellite receiving system includes a

dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected via a
coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a
microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to
its input). What is the noise power to the
receivers input over a 1-MHz frequency
range?
Equivalent temperature of a passive
system having the same noise power
output of a given system.
The noise voltage produced across a 50
is input resistance at a temperature of
302C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz is
______.

The AT&T T1 lines

kHz = 2.5 kHz

= 33.3

It is desired to operate a receiver with NF

= 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz
bandwidth at ambient temperature.
Calculate the receivers sensitivity.

= 2.24V
30

33.5
-98dBm
S = Sensitivity = -74dBm +
NF + 10logf + desired S/N
S = -174 + 8 +
10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm
1.75 x 10-15
PN = KTf
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
(35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W

Using radio to transmit gathered data on

some particular phenomenon without
human monitors is known as
The acronym for the form of data
transmission in which the modulating wave
shifts the output between two
predetermined frequencies is _____.
Pseudorandom implies a sequence that
can be _____ but has the properties of
randomness.
______ implies that both analog and
digital signals share the same channel
bandwidth.
Telemetry may be defined as _____
metering.
Which is not a type of pulse modulation?

noise temperature

2.24V
VN =
= 4(1.38 x
10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)

PPM and PWM are superior to PAM

systems in
A procedure that decides which device has
permission to transmit at a given time is
called
The major difficulty faced by delta
modulators is

Quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM)
Ionospheric fading
characteristics
Eye pattern

Spread spectrum

Code-division multipleaccess systems

Radio telemetry

FSK

re-created

Hybrid

Remote
Pulse-frequency
modulation (PFM)
Noise characteristics
Line control

Slope overload

Channel

Aperture time
Foldover distortion and
aliasing
Codec

Dc

Interleaving

V/m

Directivity

end fire
Vertical
MF (Medium Frequency)
standing wave ratio
critical frequency

space wave

they are very reliable

Wavelength

Stub

normally short-circuited at the far end.

A 50 ohms transmission line is connected
to a 30 ohm resistive load. Calculate the
reflection coefficient.
The characteristic impedance of a
transmission line does not depend upon its
Characteristic impedance of a
transmission line is the impedance
measured at the _______ when its length
is infinite.
Which region of the ionosphere is mainly
responsible for long-distance night time
communications?
Which is properly terminated antenna?

transmission channels
0.25
Modulation which combines encoding and
modulation to reduce the probability of
error.

TCM

Is an empirical record of a systems actual

bit error performance

BER

Input

Hamming code

F layer

Is an error-correcting code used for

correcting transmission errors in
synchronous data streams.

Ref Coeff = (30 50)/(30 +

50) = 0.25
Length

Rhombic

Occurs when the radio beam is at point of

grazing over an obstacle.
A microwave communications system,
space loss calculation formula is

diffraction

Is an OSI Layer which is responsible for

providing error-free communications
across the physical link connecting primary
and secondary stations (nodes)

Data Link layer

Is the ratio of the largest possible

magnitude to the smallest possible
magnitude that can be decoded by the
digital-to-analog converter.
Is a PCM system which uses a single bit
PCM code to achieve digital transmission
of analog signals.
Is a redundancy error detection scheme
that uses parity to determine if a
transmission error has occurred within a
message and is sometimes called
message parity.
Is an n-bit data register inside the UART
that keeps track of the UARTs transmit
and receive buffer registers.
Is an access method used primarily with
LANs configured in a bus topology.
IP version 4 address length is

Dynamic range

Is a multiport bridge that provides bridging

function.
Is a device which operates in the Network
layer and it makes forwarding decisions on
the basis of network addresses.
OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is

Switch

Is one in which all computers share their

resources with all the other computers on
the network.

Peer-to-peer client/server
network

Is used to interface DTEs to digital

Channel service unit

92.4 + 20log F + 20 log D

Delta modulation

Longitudinal redundancy
check

Status Word register

CSMA/CD
32 bits

Router

51.84 Mbps