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PaulEkmanWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

PaulEkman
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

PaulEkman(bornFebruary15,1934)is

PaulEkman

anAmericanpsychologistwhoisapioneerinthestudy
ofemotionsandtheirrelationtofacialexpressions.Hehascreated
an"atlasofemotions"withmorethantenthousandfacial
expressions,andhasgainedareputationas"thebesthumanlie
detectorintheworld".[1]
Hewasranked59thoutofthe100mostcitedpsychologistsofthe
twentiethcentury.[2]Ekmanconductedseminalresearchonthe
specificbiologicalcorrelationsofspecificemotions,demonstrating
theuniversalityanddiscretenessofemotionsinaDarwinian

Born

Thetemplatebelow(Birthdateandage)is
beingconsideredformerging.Seetemplates

approach.[3][4]

fordiscussiontohelpreachaconsensus.

February15,1934(age82)
Washington,D.C.

Contents[hide]

Residence UnitedStates

1 Biography
1.1 Childhood

Fields

Psychology
Anthropology

Doctoral
advisor

JohnAmsdenStarkweather

1.2 Education
1.3 Militaryservice
1.4 Career
1.5 Media

Knownfor Microexpressions,LietoMe

1.6 Influence

Influences CharlesDarwin,SilvanTomkins

2 Researchwork
2.1 Measuringnonverbalcommunication

Notable
awards

NamedbytheAmerican
PsychologicalAssociationasone
ofthemostinfluential
psychologistsofthe20thcentury
basedonpublications,citations
andawards(2001)
HonoraryDegree,Universityof
FernandoPessoa,Portugal(2007)
HonoraryDoctorofHumane
Letters,AdelphiUniversity(2008)
HonoraryDegree,Universityof
Geneva,Switzerland(2008)
Namedofthe100MostInfluential
PeopleintheWorldbyTime
Magazine(2009)
HonoraryDegree,LundUniversity,
Sweden(2011)

Spouse

MaryAnnMason,J.D.,Ph.D.

2.2 Emotionsasuniversalcategories
2.3 Psychometrictestsforstudyingemotion
2.4 Detectingdeception
3 Contributionstoourunderstandingofemotion
4 Criticisms
5 Publications
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

Biography
Childhood

[ edit ]
[ edit ]

PaulEkmanwasborntoJewishparents[5]in1934inWashington,D.C.,and
grewupinNewJersey,Washington,Oregon,andCalifornia.Hisfatherwasa
pediatricianandhismotherwasanattorney.Hissister,JoyceSteingart,isa
psychoanalyticpsychologistwhobeforeherretirementpracticedinNewYork.[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ekman

Externalvideo
ConversationswithHistory:Paul
Ekman onYouTube,Universityof
CaliforniaTelevision,58:00,April
2008
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Ekmanoriginallywantedtobeapsychotherapist,butwhenhewasdraftedinto
thearmyin1958hefoundthatresearchcouldchangearmyroutines,makingthemmorehumane.This
experienceconvertedhimfromwantingtobeapsychotherapisttowantingtobearesearcher,inordertohelpas
manypeopleaspossible.[7]

Education

[ edit ]

Attheageof15,withoutgraduatingfromhighschool,PaulEkmanenrolledattheUniversityofChicagowherehe
completedthreeyearsofundergraduatestudy.DuringhistimeinChicagohewasfascinatedbygroup
therapysessionsandunderstandinggroupdynamics.Notably,hisclassmatesatChicagoincludedwriterSusan
Sontag,filmdirectorMikeNichols,andactressElaineMay.[8]
HethenstudiedtwoyearsatNewYorkUniversity(NYU),earninghisBAin1954.[4]Thesubjectofhisfirstresearch
project,underthedirectionofhisNYUprofessor,MargaretTresselt,wasanattempttodevelopatestofhow
peoplewouldrespondtogrouptherapy.[9]
Next,EkmanwasacceptedintotheAdelphiUniversitygraduateprogramforclinicalpsychology.[9]Whileworking
forhisMaster'sdegree,EkmanwasawardedapredoctoralresearchfellowshipfromtheNationalInstituteof
MentalHealth(NIMH)in1955.[9]HisMaster'sthesiswasfocusedonfacialexpressionandbodymovementhehad
beguntostudyin1954.[9]EkmaneventuallywentontoreceivehisPh.D.inclinicalpsychologyatAdelphi
Universityin1958,afteraoneyearinternshipattheLangleyPorterNeuropsychiatricInstitute.[9][10]

Militaryservice

[ edit ]

EkmanwasdraftedintotheU.S.Armyin1958toserve2yearsassoonashisinternshipatLangleyPorterwas
finished.[9]Heservedasfirstlieutenantchiefpsychologist,atFortDix,NewJersey,wherehedidresearchon
armystockadesandpsychologicalchangesduringinfantrybasictraining.[9][11][12][13]

Career

[ edit ]

Uponcompletionofmilitaryservicein1960,heacceptedapositionasaresearchassociatewithLeonardKrasner
atthePaloAltoVeteransAdministrationHospital,workingonagrantfocusedontheoperantconditioningofverbal
behaviorinpsychiatricpatients.EkmanalsometanthropologistGregoryBatesonin1960whowasonthestaffof
thePaloAltoVeteransAdministrationHospital.Fiveyearslater,GregoryBatesongavePaulEkmanmotionpicture
filmstakeninBaliinthemid1930stohelpEkmanwithcrossculturalstudiesofexpressionandgesture.[9]
From1960to1963,EkmanwassupportedbyapostdoctoralfellowshipfromNIMH.Hesubmittedhisfirst
researchgrantthroughSanFranciscoStateCollegewithhimselfastheprincipalinvestigator(PI)attheyoungage
of29.[14]HereceivedthisgrantfromtheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth(NIMH)in1963tostudynonverbal
behaviour.Thisawardwouldbecontinuouslyrenewedforthenext40yearsandwouldpayhissalaryuntilhewas
offeredaprofessorshipattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco(UCSF)in1972.
EncouragedbyhiscollegefriendandteacherSilvanS.Tomkins,Ekmanshiftedhisfocusfrombodymovementto
facialexpressions.Hewrotehismostfamousbook,TellingLies,andpublisheditin1985.The4theditionisstillin
print.Heretiredin2004asprofessorofpsychologyintheDepartmentofPsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,
SanFrancisco(UCSF).From1960to2004healsoworkedattheLangleyPorterPsychiatricInstituteonalimited
basisconsultingonvariousclinicalcases.
AfterretiringfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,PaulEkmanfoundedthePaulEkmanGroup(PEG)
andPaulEkmanInternational.[15]ThePaulEkmanGroup,"developsandoffersonlineemotionalskillsbuilding
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programssuchastheMicroExpressionTrainingTool,offersworkshops,supportsresearchersinourfield,and
buildsonlinecommunityaroundthesetopics."Theydonottakeindividualcases.[16]Also,thePEGoffersamicro
expressionandsubtleexpressiontrainingtoolforsaleontheirwebsite.[17]ThePaulEkmanGroupiscurrently
workingonanonlineinteractivetoolcalled"MappingyourAngerProfile"toallowcouplestoexploredifferencesin
howtheyexperienceandexpressemotion.Theemotionalprofilesrevealhowquicklyonebecomesemotional,
howlongtheemotiontypicallylastsbeforerecovery.TheyalsodevelopedatoolPaulEkmanAppliedTraining.

Media

[ edit ]

In2001,EkmancollaboratedwithJohnCleesefortheBBCdocumentaryseriesTheHumanFace.[18]
HisworkisfrequentlyreferredtointheTVseriesLietoMe.[19]Dr.LightmanisbasedonPaulEkman,andEkman
servedasascientificadviserfortheserieshereadandeditedthescriptsandsentvideoclipnotesoffacial
expressionsfortheactorstoimitate.WhileEkmanhaswritten15books,theseriesLietoMehasmoreeffectively
broughtEkman'sresearchintopeople'shomes.[19]LietoMehasairedinmorethan60countries.[20]
HehasalsocollaboratedwithPixar'sfilmdirectorandanimatorPeteDocterinpreparationofhis2015filmInside
Out.[21]
Dr.EkmanalsowroteaparentsguidetousingInsideOuttohelpparentstalkwiththeirchildrenaboutemotion,
whichwillsoonbeonDisneyswebsite.

Influence

[ edit ]

HewasnamedoneofthetopTime100mostinfluentialpeopleintheMay11,2009editionofTime
magazine.[22]Hewasalsorankedfifteenthamongthemostinfluentialpsychologistsofthe21stcenturyin2014by
thejournalArchivesofScientificPsychology.[23]HeiscurrentlyontheEditorialBoardofGreaterGoodmagazine,
publishedbytheGreaterGoodScienceCenteroftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Hiscontributionsinclude
theinterpretationofscientificresearchintotherootsofcompassion,altruism,andpeacefulhuman
relationships.[24]

Researchwork

[ edit ]

Measuringnonverbalcommunication

[ edit ]

Ekman'sinterestinnonverbalcommunicationledtohisfirstpublicationin1957,describinghowdifficultitwasto
developwaysofempiricallymeasuringnonverbalbehaviour.[25]HechosetheLangleyPorterNeuropsychiatric
Institute,thepsychiatrydepartmentoftheUniversityofCaliforniaMedicalSchool,forhisclinicalinternshippartly
becauseJurgenRueschandWeldonKeeshadrecentlypublishedabookcalledNonverbalCommunication
(1956).[9][26][27]
Ekmanthenfocusedondevelopingtechniquesformeasuringnonverbalcommunication.Hefoundthatfacial
muscularmovementsthatcreatedfacialexpressionscouldbereliablyidentifiedthroughempiricalresearch.He
alsofoundthathumanbeingsarecapableofmakingover10,000facialexpressionsonly3,000relevantto
emotion.[28]PsychologistSilvanTomkinsconvincedEkmantoextendhisstudiesofnonverbalcommunicationfrom
bodymovementtotheface,helpinghimdesignhisclassiccrossculturalemotionrecognition
studies.[29]Interestinglyenough,TomkinsalsosupervisedCarrollIzardatthesametime,fosteringasimilar
interestinemotionthroughcrossculturalresearch.

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Emotionsasuniversalcategories

PaulEkmanWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

[ edit ]

InTheExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimalspublishedin1872,CharlesDarwintheorizedthatemotions
wereevolvedtraitsuniversaltothehumanspecies.However,theprevalentbeliefduringthe1950s,particularly
amonganthropologists,wasthatfacialexpressionsandtheirmeaningsweredeterminedthroughbehavioural
learningprocesses.AprominentadvocateofthelatterperspectivewastheanthropologistMargaretMeadwho
hadtravelledtodifferentcountriesexamininghowculturescommunicatedusingnonverbalbehaviour.
Throughaseriesofstudies,EkmanfoundahighagreementacrossmembersofdiverseWesternandEastern
literateculturesonselectingemotionallabelsthatfitfacialexpressions.Expressionshefoundtobeuniversal
includedthoseindicatinganger,disgust,fear,happiness,sadness,andsurprise.Findingsoncontemptwereless
clear,thoughthereisatleastsomepreliminaryevidencethatthisemotionanditsexpressionareuniversally
recognized.[30]WorkingwithhislongtimefriendWallaceV.Friesen,Ekmandemonstratedthatthefindings
extendedtopreliterateForetribesmeninPapuaNewGuinea,whosememberscouldnothavelearnedthe
meaningofexpressionsfromexposuretomediadepictionsofemotion.[31]EkmanandFriesenthendemonstrated
thatcertainemotionswereexhibitedwithveryspecificdisplayrules,culturespecificprescriptionsaboutwhocan
showwhichemotionstowhomandwhen.Thesedisplayrulescouldexplainhowculturaldifferencesmayconceal
theuniversaleffectofexpression.[32]
Inthe1990s,Ekmanproposedanexpandedlistofbasicemotions,includingarangeofpositiveandnegative
emotionsthatarenotallencodedinfacialmuscles.[33]Thenewlyincludedemotions
are:Amusement,Contempt,Contentment,Embarrassment,Excitement,Guilt,Pridein
achievement,Relief,Satisfaction,Sensorypleasure,andShame.[33]

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