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SubhasChandraBose
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NottobeconfusedwithN.S.ChandraBose.
SubhasChandraBose(Bengali:[SubhasChandraBose]( listen)

SubhasChandraBose

23January189718August1945[1][a]),wasanIndian
nationalistwhosedefiantpatriotismmadehimaheroinIndia,but
whoseattemptduringWorldWarIItoridIndiaofBritishrulewiththe
helpofNaziGermanyandImperialJapanleftatroubled
legacy.[4][b][5][c][6][d]ThehonorificNetaji(Hindustani:"Respected
Leader"),firstappliedinearly1942toBoseinGermanybytheIndian
soldiersoftheIndischeLegionandbytheGermanandIndian
officialsintheSpecialBureauforIndiainBerlin,waslaterused
throughoutIndia.[7][e]
Earlier,Bosehadbeenaleaderoftheyounger,radical,wingof
theIndianNationalCongressinthelate1920sand1930s,risingto
becomeCongressPresidentin1938and1939.[8][f]However,hewas
oustedfromCongressleadershippositionsin1939following
differenceswithMahatmaGandhiandtheCongresshigh
command.[9]Hewassubsequentlyplacedunderhousearrestbythe

Nativename

BritishbeforeescapingfromIndiain1940.[10]

Born

SubashChandraBose
23January1897
Cuttack,OrissaDivision,Bengal
Province,BritishIndia

Died

18August1945(aged48)[1]
Taihoku,JapaneseTaiwan[1]

1941,withGermanfunds,aFreeIndiaCentrewassetupinBerlin,

Nationality

Indian

andsoonaFreeIndiaRadio,onwhichBosebroadcastnightly.A

Ethnicity

Bengali

3,000strongFreeIndiaLegion,comprisingIndianscapturedbyErwin

Education

RavenshawCollegiateSchool,
Cuttack

BosearrivedinGermanyinApril1941,wheretheleadershipoffered
unexpected,ifsometimesambivalent,sympathyforthecauseof
India'sindependence,contrastingstarklywithitsattitudestowards
othercolonisedpeoplesandethniccommunities.[11][12]InNovember

Rommel'sAfrikaKorps,wasalsoformedtoaidinapossiblefuture
GermanlandinvasionofIndia.[13]Byspring1942,inlightof
JapanesevictoriesinsoutheastAsiaandchangingGermanpriorities,

Almamater UniversityofCalcutta
UniversityofCambridge

aGermaninvasionofIndiabecameuntenable,andBosebecame

Knownfor

FigureofIndianindependence
movement

Title

PresidentofIndianNational
Congress(1938)
HeadofState,PrimeMinister,
MinisterofWarandForeign
AffairsofProvisional
GovernmentofFreeIndiabased
intheJapanese
occupiedAndamanandNicobar
Islands(19431945)

Political
party

IndianNationalCongress1921
1940,

keentomovetosoutheastAsia.[14]AdolfHitler,duringhisonly
meetingwithBoseinlateMay1942,suggestedthesame,and
offeredtoarrangeforasubmarine.[15]DuringthistimeBosealso
becameafatherhiswife,[3]orcompanion,[2][g]EmilieSchenkl,whom
hehadmetin1934,gavebirthtoababygirlinNovember
1942.[3][11]IdentifyingstronglywiththeAxispowers,andnolonger
apologetically,BoseboardedaGermansubmarineinFebruary
1943.[16][17]InMadagascar,hewastransferredtoaJapanese
submarinefromwhichhedisembarkedinJapaneseheldSumatrain
May1943.[16]
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ForwardBlocfactionwithinthe
IndianNationalCongress,
19391940

WithJapanesesupport,BoserevampedtheIndianNational
Army(INA),thencomposedofIndiansoldiersoftheBritishIndian
armywhohadbeencapturedintheBattleofSingapore.[18]Tothese,

Religion

Hinduism

Spouse(s)

orcompanion,[2]EmilieSchenkl
(secretlymarriedwithout
ceremonyorwitnessesin1937,
unacknowledgedpubliclyby
Bose.[3])

formedintheJapaneseoccupiedAndamanandNicobar

Children

AnitaBosePfaff

Islands.[18][19][h]Bosehadgreatdriveandcharismacreating

Parent(s)

JanakinathBose(father)
PrabhavatiDevi(mother)

Relatives

Bosefamily

afterBose'sarrival,wereaddedenlistingIndianciviliansinMalaya
andSingapore.TheJapanesehadcometosupportanumberof
puppetandprovisionalgovernmentsinthecapturedregions,suchas
thoseinBurma,thePhilippinesandManchukuo.Beforelong
theProvisionalGovernmentofFreeIndia,presidedbyBose,was

popularIndianslogans,suchas"JaiHind,"andtheINAunderBose
wasamodelofdiversitybyregion,ethnicity,religion,andeven
gender.However,BosewasregardedbytheJapaneseasbeing

Signature

militarilyunskilled,[20][i]andhismilitaryeffortwasshortlived.Inlate
1944andearly1945theBritishIndianArmyfirsthaltedandthen
devastatinglyreversedtheJapaneseattackonIndia.Almosthalfthe
JapaneseforcesandfullyhalftheparticipatingINAcontingentwere
killed.[21][j]TheINAwasdrivendowntheMalayPeninsula,andsurrenderedwiththerecaptureofSingapore.Bose
hadearlierchosennottosurrenderwithhisforcesorwiththeJapanese,butrathertoescapetoManchuriawitha
viewtoseekingafutureintheSovietUnionwhichhebelievedtobeturningantiBritish.Hediedfromthirddegree
burnsreceivedwhenhisplanecrashedinTaiwan.[22][k]SomeIndians,however,didnotbelievethatthecrashhad
occurred,[23][l]withmanyamongthem,especiallyinBengal,believingthatBosewouldreturntogainIndia's
independence.[24][m][25][n]
IndianNationalCongress,themaininstrumentofIndiannationalism,praisedBose'spatriotismbutdistanceditself
fromhistacticsandideology,especiallyhiscollaborationwithFascism.[26]TheBritishRaj,thoughneverseriously
threatenedbytheINA,[27][o][28][p]charged300INAofficerswithtreasonintheINAtrials,buteventuallybacktracked
inthefacebothofpopularsentimentandofitsownend.[29][q][26][6]
Contents[hide]
1 Earlylife:18971921
2 WithIndianNationalCongress:19211932
3 Illness,Austria,EmilieSchenkl19331937
4 WithIndianNationalCongress19371940
5 InNaziGermany:19411943
6 InJapaneseoccupiedAsia19431945
7 Deathon18August1945
8 Aftermath
9 Ideology
10 Legacy
11 Inpopularmedia
12 References
12.1 Notes
12.2 Citations
12.3 Workscited
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13 Externallinks

Earlylife:18971921

SubhasBose,standing,
extremeright,withhis
familyof14siblings
inCuttack,ca.1905.

JankinathBose,Subhas
Bose'sfather,wasa
prominentandwealthy
lawyerinCuttack.

SubhasBose(standing,
right)withfriendsin
England,1920

Boseasastudentin
Englandpreparingfor
hisIndianCivil
Serviceentrance
examination,ca.1920.
Boserankedfourth
amongthesixsuccessful
entrants.
SubhasChandraBosewasbornon23January1897(at12.10pm)inCuttack,OrissaDivision,BengalProvince,
toPrabhavatiDeviandJanakinathBose,anadvocate.[30]Hewastheninthinafamilyof14children.
HewasadmittedtotheProtestantEuropeanSchool,likehisbrothersandsisters,inJanuary1902.Hecontinued
hisstudiesatthisschoolwhichwasrunbytheBaptistMissionupto1909andthenshiftedtotheRavenshaw
CollegiateSchool.ThedaySubhaswasadmittedtothisschool,BeniMadhabDas,theheadmaster,understood
howbrilliantandscintillatinghisgeniuswas.Aftersecuringthesecondpositioninthematriculationexaminationin
1913,hegotadmittedtothePresidencyCollegewherehestudiedbriefly.[31]

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more

BattlesBurmatheatreHaGoUGoBattleofImphalBattleofKohimaBattleofIrrawaddyBattleofMeiktilaSurrenderofJapanControversiesmore

PeterFayJoyceLebraHughToyemore

VTE

HisnationalistictemperamentcametolightwhenhewasexpelledforassaultingProfessorOatenforthelatter's
antiIndiacomments.HelaterjoinedtheScottishChurchCollegeattheUniversityofCalcuttaandpassedhisB.A.
in1918inphilosophy.[32]BoseleftIndiain1919forEnglandwithapromisetohisfatherthathewouldappearin
theIndianCivilServices(ICS)examination.HewenttostudyinFitzwilliamCollege,Cambridgeandmatriculated
on19November1919.HecamefourthintheICSexaminationandwasselected,buthedidnotwanttowork
underanaliengovernmentwhichwouldmeanservingtheBritish.Ashestoodonthevergeoftakingtheplunge
byresigningfromtheIndianCivilServicein1921,hewrotetohiselderbrotherSaratChandraBose:"Onlyonthe
soilofsacrificeandsufferingcanweraiseournationaledifice."[33]
Heresignedfromhiscivilservicejobon23April1921andreturnedtoIndia.[34]

WithIndianNationalCongress:19211932

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Boseattheinauguration
oftheIndiaSociety
inPraguein1926.

Boseathisresidence
inCalcuttainthelate
1920s.

SubhasBoseattheINC
Annualmeeting,
December29,1928.

SubhasChandraBose
withCongressVolunteers,
1929

HestartedthenewspaperSwarajandtookchargeofpublicityfortheBengalProvincialCongress
Committee.[35]HismentorwasChittaranjanDaswhowasaspokesmanforaggressivenationalisminBengal.In
theyear1923,BosewaselectedthePresidentofAllIndiaYouthCongressandalsotheSecretaryofBengalState
Congress.Hewasalsoeditorofthenewspaper"Forward",foundedbyChittaranjanDas.[36]Boseworkedasthe
CEOoftheCalcuttaMunicipalCorporationforDaswhenthelatterwaselectedmayorofCalcuttain1924.[37]Ina
roundupofnationalistsin1925,BosewasarrestedandsenttoprisoninMandalay,wherehe
contractedtuberculosis.[38]
In1927,afterbeingreleasedfromprison,BosebecamegeneralsecretaryoftheCongresspartyandworked
withJawaharlalNehruforindependence.InlateDecember1928,BoseorganisedtheAnnualMeetingof
theIndianNationalCongressinCalcutta.[39]HismostmemorablerolewasasGeneralOfficerCommanding(GOC)
CongressVolunteerCorps.[39]AuthorNiradChaudhuriwroteaboutthemeeting:
Boseorganizedavolunteercorpsinuniform,itsofficersbeingevenprovidedwithsteelcutepaulettes
...hisuniformwasmadebyafirmofBritishtailorsinCalcutta,Harman's.Atelegramaddressedto
himasGOCwasdeliveredtotheBritishGeneralinFortWilliamandwasthesubjectofagooddealof
maliciousgossipinthe(BritishIndian)press.MahatmaGandhibeingasincerepacifistvowedtonon
violence,didnotlikethestrutting,clickingofboots,andsaluting,andheafterwardsdescribedthe
CalcuttasessionoftheCongressasaBertramMillscircus,whichcausedagreatdealofindignation
amongtheBengalis.[39]
Alittlelater,BosewasagainarrestedandjailedforcivildisobediencethistimeheemergedtobecomeMayor
ofCalcuttain1930.[38]Duringthemid1930sBosetravelledinEurope,visitingIndianstudentsandEuropean
politicians,includingBenitoMussolini.Heobservedpartyorganisationandsawcommunismandfascismin
action.[citationneeded]Inthisperiod,healsoresearchedandwrotethefirstpartofhisbookTheIndianStruggle,
whichcoveredthecountry'sindependencemovementintheyears19201934.Althoughitwaspublishedin
Londonin1935,theBritishgovernmentbannedthebookinthecolonyoutoffearsthatitwouldencourage
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unrest.[40]By1938BosehadbecomealeaderofnationalstatureandagreedtoacceptnominationasCongress
President.

Illness,Austria,EmilieSchenkl19331937
Thissectionrequiresexpansion.
(April2015)

BoseconvalescinginBad
Gastein,Austria,after
surgeryinearly1933.

BosewithEmilieSchenkl,
inBadGastein,Austria,
1936.

BoseintheHimalayan
resorttownofDalhousie,
India(June1937).

Bosewith(lefttoright)A.
C.N.Nambiar(whowas
latertobeBose'ssecond
incommandinBerlin,
19411945),HeidiFulop
Miller,EmilieSchenkl,and
AmiyaBose.

WithIndianNationalCongress19371940
HestoodforunqualifiedSwaraj(selfgovernance),includingtheuseofforceagainsttheBritish.Thismeanta
confrontationwithMohandasGandhi,whoinfactopposedBose'spresidency,[41]splittingtheIndianNational
Congressparty.Boseattemptedtomaintainunity,butGandhiadvisedBosetoformhisowncabinet.Theriftalso
dividedBoseandNehru.Boseappearedatthe1939Congressmeetingonastretcher.Hewaselectedpresident
againoverGandhi'spreferredcandidatePattabhiSitaramayya.[42]U.MuthuramalingamThevarstronglysupported
BoseintheintraCongressdispute.ThevarmobilisedallsouthIndiavotesforBose.[43]However,duetothe
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manoeuvringsoftheGandhiledcliqueintheCongressWorking
Committee,BosefoundhimselfforcedtoresignfromtheCongress
presidency.[citationneeded]
On22June1939Boseorganised
theAllIndiaForwardBlocafaction
withintheIndianNational
Congress,[44]aimedat
consolidatingthepoliticalleft,but
itsmainstrengthwasinhishome
state,Bengal.UMuthuramalingam
Thevar,whowasastaunch
supporterofBosefromthe
beginning,joinedtheForward
Bose,thepresidentelectofthe
IndianNationalCongress,arrivesin
Calcuttaon24January1938aftera
twomonthvacationinEurope.

Bloc.WhenBosevisitedMadurai
on6September,Thevarorganised

Bosearrivingatthe1939annual
sessionoftheCongress,wherehewas
reelected,butlaterhadtoresignafter
disagreementswithGandhiandhis
supporters

amassiverallyashisreception
WhenSubashChandraBosewasheadingtoMadurai,onaninvitation
ofMuthuramalingaThevartoamasssupportfortheForwardBloc,he

passedthroughMadrasandspentthreedaysatGandhiPeak.
HiscorrespondencerevealsthatdespitehiscleardislikeforBritish
subjugation,hewasdeeplyimpressedbytheirmethodicalandsystematic
approachandtheirsteadfastlydisciplinarianoutlooktowardslife.In
England,heexchangedideasonthefutureofIndiawithBritishLabour
PartyleadersandpoliticalthinkerslikeLordHalifax,George
Lansbury,ClementAttlee,ArthurGreenwood,HaroldLaski,J.B.S.
Haldane,IvorJennings,G.D.H.Cole,GilbertMurrayandSirStafford
Cripps.HecametobelievethatanindependentIndianeeded

CongresspresidentBosewith
MohandasK.GandhiattheCongress
annualgeneralmeeting1938.

socialistauthoritarianism,onthelinesofTurkey'sKemalAtatrk,forat
leasttwodecades.BosewasrefusedpermissionbytheBritishauthorities
tomeetAtatrkatAnkaraforpoliticalreasons.DuringhissojourninEngland,onlytheLabourParty
andLiberalpoliticiansagreedtomeetwithBosewhenhetriedtoscheduleappointments.Conservative
PartyofficialsrefusedtomeetBoseorshowhimcourtesybecausehewasapoliticiancomingfromacolony.In
the1930sleadingfiguresintheConservativePartyhadopposedevenDominionstatusforIndia.Itwasduringthe
LabourPartygovernmentof19451951,withAttleeasthePrimeMinister,thatIndiagainedindependence.
Ontheoutbreakofwar,Boseadvocatedacampaignofmasscivil
disobediencetoprotestagainstViceroyLordLinlithgow'sdecisionto
declarewaronIndia'sbehalfwithoutconsultingtheCongressleadership.
HavingfailedtopersuadeGandhiofthenecessityofthis,Boseorganised
massprotestsinCalcuttacallingforthe'HolwellMonument'
commemoratingtheBlackHoleofCalcutta,whichthenstoodatthecorner
BoseattheLahoreCityRailway
Stationon24November1938.

ofDalhousieSquare,toberemoved.[45]HewasthrowninjailbytheBritish,
butwasreleasedfollowingasevendayhungerstrike.Bose'shousein
CalcuttawaskeptundersurveillancebytheCID.[46]

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InNaziGermany:19411943

Bose(2ndfromleft)
talkingtoHimmlerand
otherNaziofficials.

Aphotographfromthe
GermanFederalArchives

BosemeetingAdolfHitler

Bose'sarrestandsubsequentreleasesetthesceneforhisescapetoGermany,viaAfghanistanandtheSoviet
Union.Afewdaysbeforehisescape,hesoughtsolitudeand,onthispretext,avoidedmeetingBritishguardsand
grewabeard.Onthenightofhisescape.hedressedasaPathantoavoidbeingidentified.Boseescapedfrom
underBritishsurveillanceathishouseinCalcuttaon19January1941,accompaniedbyhisnephewSisirK.Bose
inacarthatisnowondisplayathisCalcuttahome.[47][48]
HejourneyedtoPeshawarwiththehelpoftheAbwehr,wherehewasmetbyAkbarShah,MohammedShah
andBhagatRamTalwar.BosewastakentothehomeofAbadKhan,atrustedfriendofAkbarShah's.On26
January1941,BosebeganhisjourneytoreachRussiathroughBritishIndia'sNorthWestfrontierwith
Afghanistan.Forthisreason,heenlistedthehelpofMianAkbarShah,thenaForwardBlocleaderintheNorth
WestFrontierProvince.ShahhadbeenoutofIndiaenroutetotheSovietUnion,andsuggestedanoveldisguise
forBosetoassume.SinceBosecouldnotspeakonewordofPashto,itwouldmakehimaneasytargetofPashto
speakersworkingfortheBritish.Forthisreason,ShahsuggestedthatBoseactdeafanddumb,andlethisbeard
growtomimicthoseofthetribesmen.Bose'sguideBhagatRamTalwar,unknowntohim,wasaSoviet
agent.[47][48][49]
SupportersoftheAgaKhanIIIhelpedhimacrosstheborderintoAfghanistanwherehewasmetbyanAbwehr
unitposingasapartyofroadconstructionengineersfromtheOrganizationTodtwhothenaidedhispassage
acrossAfghanistanviaKabultotheborderwithSovietRussia.AfterassumingtheguiseofaPashtuninsurance
agent("Ziaudddin")toreachAfghanistan,BosechangedhisguiseandtravelledtoMoscowontheItalianpassport
ofanItaliannobleman"CountOrlandoMazzotta".FromMoscow,hereachedRome,andfromtherehetravelled
toGermany.[47][48][50]OnceinRussiatheNKVDtransportedBosetoMoscowwherehehopedthatRussia's
traditionalenmitytoBritishruleinIndiawouldresultinsupportforhisplansforapopularrisinginIndia.However,
BosefoundtheSoviets'responsedisappointingandwasrapidlypassedovertotheGermanAmbassadorin
Moscow,CountvonderSchulenburg.HehadBoseflownontoBerlininaspecialcourieraircraftatthebeginning
ofAprilwherehewastoreceiveamorefavourablehearingfromJoachimvonRibbentropandtheForeignMinistry
officialsattheWilhelmstrasse.[47][48][51]
InGermany,hewasattachedtotheSpecialBureauforIndiaunderAdamvonTrottzuSolzwhichwasresponsible
forbroadcastingontheGermansponsoredAzadHindRadio.[52]HefoundedtheFreeIndiaCenterinBerlin,and
createdtheIndianLegion(consistingofsome4500soldiers)outofIndianprisonersofwarwhohadpreviously
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foughtfortheBritishinNorthAfricapriortotheircapturebyAxisforces.TheIndianLegionwasattachedtothe
Wehrmacht,andlatertransferredtotheWaffenSS.ItsmemberssworethefollowingallegiancetoHitlerandBose:
"IswearbyGodthisholyoaththatIwillobeytheleaderoftheGermanraceandstate,AdolfHitler,asthe
commanderoftheGermanarmedforcesinthefightforIndia,whoseleaderisSubhasChandraBose".Thisoath
clearlyabrogatescontroloftheIndianlegiontotheGermanarmedforceswhilststatingBose'soverallleadership
ofIndia.Hewasalso,however,preparedtoenvisageaninvasionofIndiaviatheUSSRbyNazitroops,
spearheadedbytheAzadHindLegionmanyhavequestionedhisjudgmenthere,asitseemsunlikelythatthe
Germanscouldhavebeeneasilypersuadedtoleaveaftersuchaninvasion,whichmightalsohaveresultedinan
AxisvictoryintheWar.[50]
Inall,3,000IndianprisonersofwarsignedupfortheFreeIndiaLegion.Butinsteadofbeingdelighted,Bosewas
worried.AleftwingadmirerofRussia,hewasdevastatedwhenHitler'stanksrolledacrosstheSovietborder.
MatterswereworsenedbythefactthatthenowretreatingGermanarmywouldbeinnopositiontoofferhimhelp
indrivingtheBritishfromIndia.WhenhemetHitlerinMay1942,hissuspicionswereconfirmed,andhecameto
believethattheNazileaderwasmoreinterestedinusinghismentowinpropagandavictoriesthanmilitaryones.
So,inFebruary1943,Boseturnedhisbackonhislegionnairesandslippedsecretlyawayaboardasubmarine
boundforJapan.ThisleftthemenhehadrecruitedleaderlessanddemoralisedinGermany.[50][53]
BoselivedinBerlinfrom1941until1943.DuringhisearliervisittoGermanyin1934,hehadmetEmilieSchenkl,
thedaughterofanAustrianveterinarianwhomhemarriedin1937.TheirdaughterisAnitaBosePfaff.[54]Bose's
party,theForwardBloc,hascontestedthisfact.[55]
In1943,afterbeingdisillusionedthatGermanycouldbeofanyhelpingainingIndia'sindependence,heleftfor
Japan.HetravelledwiththeGermansubmarineU180aroundtheCapeofGoodHopetothesoutheastof
Madagascar,wherehewastransferredtotheI29fortherestofthejourneytoImperialJapan.Thiswastheonly
civiliantransferbetweentwosubmarinesoftwodifferentnaviesinWorldWarII.[47][48]

InJapaneseoccupiedAsia19431945
Mainarticles:AzadHindFaujandArziHukumateAzadHind

ThecrewofJapanese
submarineI29afterthe
rendezvouswithGerman
submarineU180300sm
southeastofMadagascar
Boseissittinginthefront
row(28April1943).

BosemeetingJapanese
primeministerHideki
Tjin1943

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BosespeakinginTokyoin
1943.

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GreaterEastAsia
ConferenceinNovember
1943.

TheIndianNationalArmy(INA)wasthebrainchildofJapaneseMajor(andpostwarLieutenantGeneral)Iwaichi
Fujiwara,headtheJapaneseintelligenceunitFujiwaraKikanandhaditsorigins,firstinthemeetingsbetween
FujiwaraandthepresidentoftheBangkokchapteroftheIndianIndependenceLeague,PritamSinghDhillon,and
then,throughPritamSingh'snetwork,intherecruitmentbyFujiwaraofacapturedBritishIndianarmy
captain,MohanSinghonthewesternMalayanpeninsulainDecember1941Fujiwara'smissionwas"toraisean
armywhichwouldfightalongsidetheJapanesearmy."[56][57]AftertheinitialproposalbyFujiwaratheIndian
NationalArmywasformedasaresultofdiscussionbetweenFujiwaraandMohanSinghinthesecondhalfof
December1941,andthenamechosenjointlybytheminthefirstweekofJanuary1942..[58]
ThiswasalongtheconceptofandwithsupportofwhatwasthenknownastheIndianIndependenceLeague,
headedbyexpatriatenationalistleaderRashBehariBose.ThefirstINAwashoweverdisbandedinDecember
1942afterdisagreementsbetweentheHikariKikanandMohanSingh,whocametobelievethattheJapanese
HighCommandwasusingtheINAasamerepawnandpropagandatool.MohanSinghwastakenintocustody
andthetroopsreturnedtotheprisonerofwarcamp.However,theideaofanindependencearmywasrevived
withthearrivalofSubhasChandraBoseintheFarEastin1943.InJuly,atameetinginSingapore,RashBehari
BosehandedovercontroloftheorganisationtoSubhasChandraBose.Bosewasabletoreorganisethefledgling
armyandorganisemassivesupportamongtheexpatriateIndianpopulationinsoutheastAsia,wholenttheir
supportbybothenlistingintheIndianNationalArmy,aswellasfinanciallyinresponsetoBose'scallsforsacrifice
fortheindependencecause.INAhadaseparatewomen'sunit,theRaniofJhansiRegiment(namedafter
RaniLakshmiBai)headedbyCapt.LakshmiSwaminathan,whichisseenasafirstofitskindinAsia.[59][60]
Evenwhenfacedwithmilitaryreverses,BosewasabletomaintainsupportfortheAzadHindmovement.Spoken
asapartofamotivationalspeechfortheIndianNationalArmyatarallyofIndiansinBurmaon4July1944,
Bose'smostfamousquotewas"Givemeblood,andIshallgiveyoufreedom!"Inthis,heurgedthepeopleofIndia
tojoinhiminhisfightagainsttheBritishRaj.[citationneeded]SpokeninHindi,Bose'swordsarehighlyevocative.The
troopsoftheINAwereundertheaegisofaprovisionalgovernment,theAzadHindGovernment,whichcameto
produceitsowncurrency,postagestamps,courtandcivilcode,andwasrecognisedbynineAxisstates
Germany,Japan,Italy,theIndependentStateofCroatia,WangJingweiregimeinNanjing,China,aprovisional
governmentofBurma,ManchukuoandJapanesecontrolledPhilippines.Recentresearcheshaveshownthatthe
USSRtoohaddiplomaticcontactwiththe"ProvisionalGovernmentofFreeIndia".Ofthosecountries,fivewere
authoritiesestablishedunderAxisoccupation.ThisgovernmentparticipatedinthesocalledGreaterEastAsia
ConferenceasanobserverinNovember1943.[citationneeded]
TheINA'sfirstcommitmentwasintheJapanesethrusttowardsEasternIndianfrontiersofManipur.INA'sspecial
forces,theBahadurGroup,wereextensivelyinvolvedinoperationsbehindenemylinesbothduringthe
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diversionaryattacksinArakan,aswellastheJapanesethrusttowardsImphalandKohima,alongwith
theBurmeseNationalArmyledbyBaMawandAungSan.[citationneeded]
JapanesealsotookpossessionofAndamanandNicobarIslandsin1942andayearlater,theProvisional
GovernmentandtheINAwereestablishedintheAndamanandNicobarIslandswithLtCol.A.D.
LoganathanappointeditsGovernorGeneral.TheislandswererenamedShaheed(Martyr)
andSwaraj(Independence).However,theJapaneseNavyremainedinessentialcontroloftheisland's
administration.DuringBose'sonlyvisittotheislandsinearly1944,whenhewascarefullyscreened,bythe
Japaneseauthorities,fromthelocalpopulationwho [clarificationneeded]atthattimeweretorturingtheleaderofthe
IndianIndependenceLeagueontheIslands,Dr.DiwanSingh,wholaterdiedofhisinjuries,intheCellularJail.The
islandersmadeseveralattemptstoalertBosetotheirplight,butapparentlywithoutsuccess.Enragedwiththelack
ofadministrativecontrol,Lt.ColLoganathanlaterrelinquishedhisauthorityandreturnedtotheGovernment's
headquartersinRangoon.[61][62]
OntheIndianmainland,anIndianTricolour,modelledafterthatoftheIndianNationalCongress,wasraisedfor
thefirsttimeinthetowninMoirang,inManipur,innortheasternIndia.ThetownsofKohimaandImphalwere
placedundersiegebydivisionsoftheJapanese,BurmeseNationalArmyandtheGandhiandNehruBrigadesof
INAduringtheattemptedinvasionofIndia,alsoknownasOperationUGO.However,Commonwealthforcesheld
bothpositionsandthencounterattacked,intheprocessinflictingseriouslossesonthebesiegingforces,which
werethenforcedtoretreatbackintoBurma.
WhenJapanesefundingforthearmydiminished,BosewasforcedtoraisetaxesontheIndianpopulationsof
MalaysiaandSingapore.WhentheJapaneseweredefeatedatthebattlesofKohimaandImphal,theProvisional
Government'saimofestablishingabaseinmainlandIndiawaslostforever.[citationneeded]TheINAwasforcedto
pullback,alongwiththeretreatingJapanesearmy,andfoughtinkeybattlesagainsttheBritishIndianArmyinits
Burmacampaign,notableinMeiktilla,Mandalay,Pegu,NyangyuandMountPopa.However,withthefall
ofRangoon,Bose'sgovernmentceasedtobeaneffectivepoliticalentity.[citationneeded]AlargeproportionoftheINA
troopssurrenderedunderLtColLoganathan.TheremainingtroopsretreatedwithBosetowardsMalayaormade
forThailand.Japan'ssurrenderattheendofthewaralsoledtothesurrenderoftheremainingelementsofthe
IndianNationalArmy.TheINAprisonerswerethenrepatriatedtoIndiaandsometriedfortreason.
On6July1944,inaspeechbroadcastbytheAzadHindRadiofromSingapore,BoseaddressedMahatmaGandhi
asthe"FatheroftheNation"andaskedforhisblessingsandgoodwishesforthewarhewasfighting.Thiswas
thefirsttimethatGandhiwasreferredtobythisappellation.[63]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose

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