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ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Semester: V
Year: 2016-17
Course Title
Analog Communication
Total Teaching Hours
52
Internal Assessment
25
Marks
Course Plan prepared Prof. Basavaraj D. &
by
Prof. Ajit K. Bhovi
Checked by
Prof. Basavaraj D.
Prof. Ajit K. Bhovi
Faculty of department of
who can deal this subject
Prof. Vikas Balikai
Course Code
Teaching hours/week
Semester
Examination
Marks
Date: 11/06/2016
10EC53
04
100
Date : 15/06/2016
Prof. Kalmesh M. W.
Prof. A. V. Kolaki
Course Content
PART-A
UNIT - 1
RANDOM PROCESS: Random variables: Several random variables. Statistical
averages: unction of Random variables, moments, Mean, Correlation and
Covariance function: Principles of autocorrelation function, cross correlation
functions. Central limit theorem, Properties of Gaussian process.
UNIT - 2
AMPLITUDE MODULATION: Introduction AM: Time-Domain description,
Frequency Domain description. Generation of AM wave: square law modulator,
switching modulator. Detection of AM waves: squarelaw detector, envelop
detector. Doubleside band suppressed carrier modulation (DSBSC): TimeDomain description, Frequency-Domain representation, Generation of DSBSC
waves: balanced modulator, ring modulator. Coherent detection of DSBSC
modulated waves. Costas loop.
UNIT - 3
SINGLE SIDE-BAND MODULATION (SSB): Quadrature carrier multiplexing,
Hilbert transform, properties of Hilbert transform, Pre-envelope, Canonical
representation of band pass signals, Single side-band modulation, FrequencyDomain description of SSB wave, Time-Domain description. Phase
discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave, Demodulation of
SSB waves.
UNIT - 4
VESTIGIAL SIDE-BAND MODULATION (VSB): Frequency Domain
description, Generation of VSB modulated wave, Time Domain description,
Envelop detection of VSB wave plus carrier, Comparison of amplitude
modulation techniques, Frequency translation, Frequency division multiplexing,
Application: Radio broadcasting, AM radio.
PART-B
UNIT - 6
ANGLE MODULATION (FM)-II: Demodulation of FM waves, FM stereo
multiplexing, Phase-locked loop, Nonlinear model of the phase locked loop,
Linear model of the phase locked loop, Nonlinear effects in FM systems.
UNIT - 7
NOISE: Introduction, shot noise, thermal noise, white noise, Noise equivalent
bandwidth, Narrow bandwidth, Noise Figure, Equivalent noise temperature,
cascade connection of two-port networks.
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
7 Hours
7 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
UNIT - 8
NOISE IN CONTINUOUS WAVE MODULATION SYSTEMS: Introduction,
Receiver model, Noise in DSB-SC receivers, Noise in SSB receivers, Noise in
AM receivers, Threshold effect, Noise in FM receivers, FM threshold effect, Preemphasis and Deemphasis in FM.
8 Hours
TEXT BOOK:
1. Communication Systems, Simon Haykins, 3rd Edition, John Willey, 1996.
2. An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, Simon Haykins, John Wiley,
2003.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Modern digital and analog Communication systems B. P. Lathi, 3rd ed 2005 Oxford
University press.
2. Communication Systems, Harold P.E, Stern Samy and A Mahmond, Pearson Edn,
2004.
3. Communication Systems: Singh and Sapre: Analog and digital TMH 2nd, Ed 2007.
Evaluation:
1.
Scheme of examination:
One Question to be set from each unit. Students have to answer any FIVE full
questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least 2 questions from part A and 2 questions
from part B.
Evaluation Scheme:
Assessment
Internal Assessment tests
VTU Semester examination
Total
Marks
25
100
125
Prerequisites:
This subject requires the student to know about basics of types of signals,
electromagnetic spectrum. They also need to have a prior knowledge of Fourier series,
Fourier transform, IFT, Bessel Functions, Distribution functions like Guassian distribution,
Random Process, Statistics and Probability theory.
Course Description:
Over view of the course
The contents of the course Analog Communication is designed by the members of
the Boards of Studies (BoS) constituted by Visveswaraya Technological University (VTU)
Belgaum.
Basically, Analog Communication course deals with:
What is Randomness and how to measure the amount of randomness of the event
using different statistical and probability approaches.
Types of modulations. Mathematically representing Amplitude modulation in time
domain and frequency domain. And its implementation and demodulation.
Hilbert transform and its properties which are base for the discussion of SSB
modulation in time domain and frequency domain description.
Time domain and frequency domain description of VSB modulation and its
comparison of all types of Amplitude modulation techniques. Study of Super
Hetrodyne receiver.
Different types of Frequency modulation, Bandwidth estimation and its generation
methods.
Demodulation of FM wave using direct and indirect method.
Noise, Different types of noise and noise parameters.
Noise in different types of receivers, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM.
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
PO
2
PO
3
PO
4
PO
5
PO
6
PO
7
PO
8
PO
9
PO
10
PO1 PO1
1
2
Understanding
Applying
Analyzing
Evaluation
Creating
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
Planned hours: 07
Learning objectives:
1. In communication systems the noise signals are random in nature. To handle
mathematically the randomness behavior statistical and probabilistic tools necessary.
Hence we are discussing the same in this chapter.
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
CLO
BLO
No.
L1
Random variables: Several random variables
3,4
L1, L2
L2
Statistical averages: function of Random variables, moments
3,4
L1, L2
L3
Mean, Correlation and Covariance function
3,4
L1, L2
Principles of autocorrelation function, cross correlation 3,4
L1, L2
L4
functions
L5
Central limit theorem.
3,4
L1, L2
L6
Gaussian process and its Properties
3,4 L1,L2,L4
L7
Problems
3,4 L3,L4,L5
Assignment questions:
1. Explain the following
a. Functions of a random variable
b. Statistical Mean
c. Auto Correlation
d. Cross Correlation
2. List the properties of Gaussian Process and autocorrelation function.
3. Let X be a continuous random variable having a uniform probability distribution
defined in the range 2 x 4. Let y = (3x + 2). Find the mean mx and my.
Planned hours: 07
Learning objectives:
1. To understand what is modulation and its mathematical representation.
2. Circuits to implement modulation and demodulation.
3. Spectrum analysis of modulated wave to estimate bandwidth to transmit.
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
CLO BLO
No.
L8
Introduction AM: Time-Domain description
1,2 L3,L4
L9
Frequency Domain description
2
L3,L4
Generation of AM wave: square law modulator, switching
2
L2
L10
modulator
L11
Detection of AM waves: squarelaw detector, envelop detector
2
L2
Doubleside band suppressed carrier modulation (DSBSC): Time2
L3,L4
L12
Domain description, Frequency-Domain representation
Generation of DSBSC waves: balanced modulator, ring
2
L2
L13
modulator
L14
Coherent detection of DSBSC modulated waves. Costas loop
2
L2
Assignment questions:
1. Describe generation techniques of AM waves.
2. Explain generation of DSBSC modulated wave using ring modulator.
3. Describe detection techniques of AM Waves.
4. Analyse time domain and frequency domain analysis of standard AM and DSBSC.
5. An amplitude modulated signal is given by S (t) = [10cos (2 x 10 6t) + 5cos (2 x
106t) cos (2 x 103t) + 2cos (2 x 106t) cos (4 x 103t)] volts. Find i) total modulated
power ii) sideband power and net modulation index.
Planned hours: 06
Learning objectives:
1. Hilbert transformer as tool for signal separation on phase selectivity.
2. Band-pass signal representation in terms of in-phase and quadrature components
(Canonical form).
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
CLO
BLO
No.
Quadrature carrier multiplexing, Hilbert transform, properties
1
L2
L15
of Hilbert transform
L16
Pre-envelope, Canonical representation of band pass signals
1
L2
Single side-band modulation, Frequency-Domain description
2
L2,L3
L17
of SSB wave
Time-Domain description, Phase discrimination method for
2
L2,L3,L4
L18
generating an SSB modulated wave
L19
Demodulation of SSB waves
2
L2,L3,L4
L20
Problems
2
L5
Assignment questions:
1. Obtain the expression for SSB modulated wave using time domain description.
2. Explain generation of SSB modulated wave using frequency discrimination method.
3. Explain the properties of Hilbert transform.
4. Explain with a neat diagram of Quadrature carrier multiplexing.
5. Define Hilbert transform and obtain HT of the following
I.
X(t) = cos(2fct)
II.
X(t) = sin(2fct)
Planned hours: 06
Learning objectives:
1. To optimize the bandwidth and transmission power requirement VSB is the best
compromise between the DSBSC and SSB modulation techniques.
2. The most practically preferred AM radio broadcast receiver is super heterodyne type.
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
CLO BLO
No.
Frequency Domain description, Generation of VSB modulated
2
L2,L3
L21
wave
L22
Time Domain description
2
L3,L4
Envelop detection of VSB wave plus carrier, Comparison of
2
L2,L4
L23
amplitude modulation techniques
L24
Frequency translation, Frequency division multiplexing
2
L3
L25
Application: Radio broadcasting, AM radio
2
L3
L26
Problems
2
L5
Assignment questions:
1. Derive the expression for VSBM wave using time domain description.
2. Explain the generation of VSB modulated wave using frequency domain description.
3. Compare the amplitude modulation techniques.
4. Explain super heterodyne receiver.
Planned hours: 06
Learning objectives:
1. To study the most efficient modulation technique which provides a practical means of
exchanging channel bandwidth for improved noise performance.
2. Estimation of transmission bandwidth for NBFM and WBFM.
3. Methods for generation of FM signals.
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
No.
L27
Basic definitions
L28
FM, narrow band FM
L29
Wide band FM
L30
Transmission bandwidth of FM waves
L31
Generation of FM waves: indirect FM and direct FM
L32
Problems
CLO
BLO
1
1
1
2
2
2
L1
L1,L2
L1,L2
L4
L2
L5
Assignment questions:
1. Define the terms: average frequency, instantaneous frequency, phase modulation,
deviation ratio, frequency multiplier.
2. Explain generation of FM wave using direct method.
3. A sinusoidal modulating wave of amplitude 10 V and frequency of 1 KHz is applied
to an FM generator that has frequency sensitivity constant of 40 Hz/V. Determine the
frequency deviation and modulation index.
10
Planned hours: 06
Learning objectives:
1. To study the most popular device PLL as a frequency demodulator.
2. To handle the non-linear effects in the FM systems.
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
No.
L33
Demodulation of FM waves (frequency discriminator method)
L34
Phase Locked Loop (PLL) - Nonlinear model
L35
Linear model of the phase locked loop
L36
Nonlinear effects in FM systems
L37
FM stereo multiplexing
L38
Problems
CLO
BLO
1,2
2
2,5
2
2
2
L2
L2,L3
L2,L3
L2
L2,L4
L5
Assignment questions:
1. Explain the demodulation of FM wave using linear model of PLL.
2. Explain the demodulation of FM wave using balanced frequency discriminator.
3. Explain the nonlinear effects in FM systems.
4. For a WBEM if a narrow band carrier f 1 = 0.1MHz, second carrier f2 = 9.5MHz,
output carrier frequency = 100MHz and f = 75KHz. Calculate multiplying factor n 1
and n2 if NBFM deviation is 20Hz. Draw the block diagram of modulator.
11
Unit-7 : Noise
Learning objectives:
1. To know the effects of noise over communication system performance and
minimizing the same by using different circuits.
2. To study the noise measurable parameters and calculation of noise figure for two port
networks.
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
No.
L39
Introduction, shot noise
L40
Thermal noise, white noise
L41
Noise equivalent bandwidth, Narrowband noise
L42
Noise Figure
L43
Equivalent noise temperature
L44
cascade connection of two-port networks and problems
CLO
BLO
1
1
3
3
3
3
L1,L2
L1,L2
L2
L2
L2
L4
Assignment Questions:
1. What is thermal noise? List the properties of thermal noise.
2. Write short note on equivalent noise temperature.
3. Obtain the expression for auto correlation function of filtered noise n(t) in case of:
a. Ideal low pass filtered white noise
b. RC low pass filtered white noise
4. Explain noise figure with its significance, with derivation.
5. An amplifier 1 has noise figure of 9dB and power gain of 15dB. It is connected in
cascade to amplifier 2 with noise figure of 20dB. Calculate the overall noise figure.
12
Planned hours: 08
Learning objectives:
1. To index the performance of analog receivers in terms of SNR of the receiver for
different types of analog communication systems.
2. To know pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM.
Lesson Schedule:
Class
Portion to be covered per lecture (class)
No.
L45
Introduction, Receiver model
L46
Noise in DSB-SC receivers
L47
Noise in SSB receivers
L48
Noise in AM receivers, Threshold effect
L49
Noise in FM receivers
L50
Noise in FM receivers
L51
FM threshold effect, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM
L52
Problems
CLO
BLO
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3,4
L2
L4
L4
L4
L4
L4
L3
L5
Assignment questions:
1. Obtain the figure of merit of noise in DSBSC receiver.
2. Write short notes on pre-emphasis, de-emphasis and amplitude limiters in FM
systems.
3. An AM receiver operating with a sinusoidal wave and 80% modulation has an output
signal to noise ratio of 30dB calculate the corresponding carrier to noise ratio.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26