MA. ALODIA A.

DUMAPIAS
D., Ph.D.
Methods of Research

GLENN R. ANDRIN, Ed.

March 12, 2016

Quantitative Method of Research

Descriptive Method
1. TRENDS AND PROJECTION STUDIES

Trend and projection method is a classical method of business forecasting.

This method is essentially concerned with the study of movement of variable through
time. The use of this method requires a long and reliable time series data.
The trend projection method is used under the assumption that the factors responsible for
the past trends in variables to be projected (e.g. sales and demand) will continue to play
their part in future in the same manner and to the same extend as they did in the past in
determining the magnitude and direction of the variable.

2. EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH

It is ideal for conducting social research when is not possible or acceptable to manipulate
characteristics of human participants.
It is a substitute for true experimental research and can be used to test hypothesis about
cause- and-effect or correlational relationships.
It can transform a non-experimental research design into a pseudo-experimental study
then, is a method of teasing out possible antecedents of events that have happened but
cannot, be manipulated by the investigator.
ADVANTAGES OF EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
Data are already collected
Obtaining permission to conduct study is less involved than enrolling participants
Less time is involved in conducting the study than by creating new data

LIMITATIONS OF EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH

There is no random assignment to treatment so there could be inherent confounds in the
variables studied.
The sample cannot be considered random, so generalization is limited.
There is often little information about any dropouts from the treatment.

3. PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH

Its focus is on the process and capacity building.

Its process of conducting research is as important as the research outcome.
Its process is intended not only to produce useful and sound information, but also to build
capacity among the research participants.
Capacity building occurs as community members identify research questions, carry out
research activities, and in the process develop research skills and techniques.
What really matters is the question How can we do this work together, and involve
everyone who should be involved?
STAGES OF THE PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH
Stage 1 : Clarity purpose of the research
Strategy: Develop a mission statement. Mission statement should describe the:
Goals
General strategy
Values of the research partners
Tools: Strategic planning
Stage 2 : Identifying and involving diverse stakeholders in the research
Strategy: Identify all stakeholders affected by the research. Regardless of why
parties choose to be
involved, it is crucial that their participation is treated with respect.
Tools: Make a list of affected stakeholders

 Stage 3: Building Trust is a necessary stage prior to developing the research

question. It takes a lot of time and patience.
Strategy: Create space for informal communication and regular interaction
amongst research partners on
order to build trust.
Tools:
Gatherings in peoples homes
Field visits
Training sessions
Informal meetings and meetings in small groups
Getting together over food
Stage 4 : Building Common Understanding
Questions to design a process that builds common understanding:

Is the language being used understandable to all?

Do all stakeholders recognize and respect the different individual and cultural
approaches to communication?

Do some stakeholders require technical or financial support to participate more

fully? How can it be provided?
Tools: Organized a meeting. Some of the tools that can be used in a meeting format
are:
1.
Note card exercise
2.
Brainstorming creative solutions
3.
Venn Diagrams
Stage 5 : Identify the Research Question or Questions
Strategy: Choose criteria for building research questions, and then rank potential
questions based on the
selected area.
Tool: One method for ranking could be the use of matrices to prioritize amongst
identified choices or
alternatives.

4.DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS

It is a social research which is used as a tool for obtaining relevant documentary evidence
to support and validate facts stated in a research, especially during the chapter of
literature review.
The exercise involves analytic reading and review of lots of written material.
This is valuable to help the researcher to extract the relevant portions that can be deemed
as statements of facts to validate individual research objectives.
The sources of reading materials have to be acknowledged to prevent plagiarism.

Three Primary Types of Documents :

Public records - Official , ongoing records of an organizations activities
student transcripts, mission statements, annual reports, policy manuals, student
handbooks, syllabi, strategic plans
Personal Documents - First- person accounts of an individual actions, experiences and
beliefs
Calendars, e-mails, scrapbooks, reflections/journals, newspapers, Facebook posts
Physical Evidence Physical objects found within the study setting
o Flyers, posters, agendas, handbooks, training materials