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agadishChandraBose
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

SirJagadishChandra

JagadishChandraBose

Bose,[1]CSI,[2]CIE,[3]FRS[4](/bos/[5]Bengali
pronunciation:[dgod
itnd
robosu]30

CSI,CIE,FRS

November185823November1937)was

Boselecturingonthe"nervoussystem"ofplantsattheSorbonnein
Parisin1926
Born

30November1858
Munshiganj,BengalPresidency,British
India(nowBangladesh)

Died

23November1937(aged78)
Giridih,BengalPresidency,BritishIndia(now
Giridih,Jharkhand,India)

Residence Kolkata,BengalPresidency,BritishIndia
Fields

Physics,Biophysics,Biology,Botany,Archaeology,Bengali
literature,Bengalisciencefiction

Institutions UniversityofCalcutta
UniversityofCambridge
UniversityofLondon
Almamater UniversityofCalcutta
Christ'sCollege,Cambridge
St.Xavier'sCollege.
Academic
advisors

JohnStrutt(Rayleigh)

Notable
students

SatyendraNathBose,MeghnadSaha

Knownfor Millimetrewaves
Radio
Crescograph
ContributionstoPlantbiology
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Notable
awards

CompanionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire(CIE)(1903)
CompanionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia(CSI)(1911)

KnightBachelor(1917)

apolymath,physicist,biologist,biophysicist,botanistandarchaeologist,aswellasanearlywriterofscience
fiction.[6]LivinginBritishcontrolledIndia,hepioneeredtheinvestigationofradioandmicrowaveoptics,madevery
significantcontributionstoplantscience,andlaidthefoundationsofexperimentalscienceintheIndian
subcontinent.[7]IEEEnamedhimoneofthefathersofradioscience.[8]HeisconsideredthefatherofBengali
sciencefiction.Healsoinventedthecrescograph.Acrateronthemoonhasbeennamedinhishonour.[9]
BorninMymensingh,BengalPresidencyduringtheBritishRaj,[10]BosegraduatedfromSt.Xavier'sCollege,
Calcutta.HethenwenttotheUniversityofLondontostudymedicine,butcouldnotpursuestudiesinmedicine
becauseofhealthproblems.Instead,heconductedhisresearchwiththeNobelLaureateLordRayleighat
CambridgeandreturnedtoIndia.HethenjoinedthePresidencyCollegeofUniversityofCalcuttaasaProfessorof
Physics.There,despiteracialdiscriminationandalackoffundingandequipment,Bosecarriedonhisscientific
research.Hemaderemarkableprogressinhisresearchofremotewirelesssignallingandwasthefirstto
usesemiconductorjunctionstodetectradiosignals.However,insteadoftryingtogaincommercialbenefitfromthis
invention,Bosemadehisinventionspublicinordertoallowotherstofurtherdevelophisresearch.
Bosesubsequentlymadeanumberofpioneeringdiscoveriesinplantphysiology.Heusedhisowninvention,the
crescograph,tomeasureplantresponsetovariousstimuli,andtherebyscientificallyprovedparallelismbetween
animalandplanttissues.AlthoughBosefiledforapatentforoneofhisinventionsbecauseofpeerpressure,
hisreluctancetoanyformofpatentingwaswellknown.Tofacilitatehisresearch,heconstructedautomatic
recorderscapableofregisteringextremelyslightmovementstheseinstrumentsproducedsomestrikingresults,
suchasBose'sdemonstrationofanapparentpoweroffeelinginplants,exemplifiedbythequiveringofinjured
plants.HisbooksincludeResponseintheLivingandNonLiving(1902)andTheNervousMechanismof
Plants(1926).
Contents[hide]
1 Earlylifeandeducation
2 Radioresearch
2.1 Placeinradiodevelopment
3 Plantresearch
4 Studyofmetalfatigueandcellresponse
5 Sciencefiction
6 Boseandpatents
7 Legacy
8 Publications
9 Honours
10 Notes
11 References
12 Furtherreading
13 Externallinks

Earlylifeandeducation
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SirJagadishChandraBosewasborninMunshiganj,BengalPresidency,
(presentdayBangladesh)[10]on30November1858.Hisfather,Bhagawan
ChandraBose,wasaBrahmoandleaderoftheBrahmoSamajand
workedasadeputymagistrate/assistantcommissioner
inFaridpur,[11]Bardhamanandotherplaces.[12]
Bose'seducationstartedinavernacularschool,becausehisfather
believedthatonemustknowone'sownmothertonguebeforebeginning
English,andthatoneshouldknowalsoone'sownpeople.Speakingat
theBikrampurConferencein1915,Bosesaid:
Atthattime,sendingchildrentoEnglishschoolswasan
aristocraticstatussymbol.Inthevernacularschool,towhichI
wassent,thesonoftheMuslimattendantofmyfathersaton
myrightside,andthesonofafishermansatonmyleft.They
weremyplaymates.Ilistenedspellboundtotheirstoriesof
birds,animalsandaquaticcreatures.Perhapsthesestories
createdinmymindakeeninterestininvestigatingthe
workingsofNature.WhenIreturnedhomefromschool

JagadishChandraBoseinRoyal
Institution,London

accompaniedbymyschoolfellows,mymotherwelcomedand
fedallofuswithoutdiscrimination.Althoughshewasan
orthodoxoldfashionedlady,sheneverconsideredherself
guiltyofimpietybytreatingtheseuntouchablesasherown
children.Itwasbecauseofmychildhoodfriendshipwiththem
thatIcouldneverfeelthattherewerecreatureswhomight
belabelled'lowcaste'.Ineverrealisedthatthereexisteda
'problem'commontothetwocommunities,Hindusand
Muslims.[12]
BosejoinedtheHareSchoolin1869andthenSt.Xavier'sSchoolatKolkata.In1875,hepassedtheEntrance
Examination(equivalenttoschoolgraduation)ofUniversityofCalcuttaandwasadmittedtoSt.Xavier'sCollege,
Calcutta.AtSt.Xavier's,BosecameincontactwithJesuitFatherEugeneLafont,whoplayedasignificantrolein
developinghisinteresttonaturalscience.[12][13]Hereceivedabachelor'sdegreefromUniversityofCalcuttain
1879.[11]
BosewantedtogotoEnglandtocompetefortheIndianCivilService.However,hisfather,acivilservanthimself,
cancelledtheplan.Hewishedhissontobeascholar,whowouldrulenobodybuthimself.[14]Bosewentto
EnglandtostudyMedicineattheUniversityofLondon.However,hehadtoquitbecauseofill
health.[15][selfpublishedsource]Theodourinthedissectionroomsisalsosaidtohaveexacerbatedhisillness.[11]
ThroughtherecommendationofAnandamohanBose,hisbrotherinlaw(sister'shusband)andthefirst
Indianwrangler,hesecuredadmissioninChrist'sCollege,CambridgetostudyNaturalScience.Hereceived
theNaturalScienceTriposfromtheUniversityofCambridgeandaBScfromtheUniversityofLondonin
1884.[16]AmongBose'steachersatCambridgewereLordRayleigh,MichaelFoster,JamesDewar,Francis
Darwin,FrancisBalfour,andSidneyVines.AtthetimewhenBosewasastudentatCambridge,PrafullaChandra
RoywasastudentatEdinburgh.TheymetinLondonandbecameintimatefriends.[11][12]Laterhewasmarried
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toAbalaBose,therenownedfeminist,andsocialworker.[17]
Ontheseconddayofatwodayseminarheldontheoccasionof150thanniversaryofJagadishChandraBoseon
2829JulyatTheAsiaticSociety,KolkataProfessorShibajiRaha,DirectoroftheBoseInstitute,Kolkatatoldinhis
valedictoryaddressthathehadpersonallycheckedtheregisteroftheCambridgeUniversitytoconfirmthefact
thatinadditiontoTriposhereceivedanMAaswellfromitin1884.

Radioresearch

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Seealso:Inventionofradio
TheScottishtheoreticalphysicistJamesClerk
Maxwellmathematicallypredictedtheexistence
ofelectromagneticradiationofdiversewavelengths,buthe
diedin1879beforehispredictionwasexperimentallyverified.
Between1886and1888GermanphysicistHeinrich
Hertzpublishedtheresultsofhisexperimentsthatshowedthe
existenceofelectromagneticwavesinfreespace.
Subsequently,BritishphysicistOliverLodge,whohadalsobeen
researchingelectromagnetic,conductedacommemorative
lectureinAugust1894(afterHertz'sdeath)onthequasioptical
natureof"Hertzianwaves"(radiowaves)anddemonstrated
theirsimilaritytolightandvisionincludingreflectionand
transmissionatdistancesupto50meters.Lodge'sworkwas
publisheditinbookformandcaughttheattentionofscientists

Bose's60GHzmicrowaveapparatusattheBose
Institute,Kolkata,India.Hisreceiver(left)used
agalenacrystaldetectorinsideahornantennaand
galvanometertodetectmicrowaves.Boseinvented
thecrystalradiodetector,waveguide,hornantenna,
andotherapparatususedatmicrowavefrequencies.

indifferentcountriesincludingBoseinIndia.[18]
ThefirstremarkableaspectofBose'sfollowupmicrowaveresearchwasthathereducedthewavestothe
millimetrelevel(about5mmwavelength).Herealisedthedisadvantagesoflongwavesforstudyingtheirlightlike
properties.[18]
DuringaNovember1894(or1895[18])publicdemonstrationatTownHallofKolkata,Boseignitedgunpowderand
rangabellatadistanceusingmillimetrerangewavelengthmicrowaves.[19]LieutenantGovernorSirWilliam
MackenziewitnessedBose'sdemonstrationintheKolkataTownHall.BosewroteinaBengaliessay,Adrisya
Alok(InvisibleLight),"Theinvisiblelightcaneasilypassthroughbrickwalls,buildingsetc.Therefore,messages
canbetransmittedbymeansofitwithoutthemediationofwires."[18]
Bose'sfirstscientificpaper,"Onpolarisationofelectricraysbydoublerefractingcrystals"wascommunicatedto
theAsiaticSocietyofBengalinMay1895,withinayearofLodge'spaper.Hissecondpaperwascommunicatedto
theRoyalSocietyofLondonbyLordRayleighinOctober1895.InDecember1895,theLondonjournal
theElectrician(Vol.36)publishedBose'spaper,"Onanewelectropolariscope".Atthattime,theword'coherer',
coinedbyLodge,wasusedintheEnglishspeakingworldforHertzianwavereceiversordetectors.
TheElectricianreadilycommentedonBose'scoherer.(December1895).TheEnglishman(18January1896)
quotedfromtheElectricianandcommentedasfollows:
ShouldProfessorBosesucceedinperfectingandpatentinghisCoherer,wemayintimeseethe
wholesystemofcoastlightingthroughoutthenavigableworldrevolutionisedbyaBengaliscientist
workingsinglehandedinourPresidencyCollegeLaboratory.
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Boseplannedto"perfecthiscoherer"butneverthoughtofpatentingit.[18]
BosewenttoLondononalecturetourin1896andmetItalian
inventorGuglielmoMarconi,whohadbeendevelopingaradio
wavewirelesstelegraphysystemforoverayearandwastryingtomarket
ittotheBritishpostservice.Inaninterview,Boseexpresseddisinterestin
commercialtelegraphyandsuggestedothersusehisresearchwork.In
1899,Boseannouncedthedevelopmentofa"ironmercury
ironcohererwithtelephonedetector"inapaperpresentedattheRoyal
Society,London.[20]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose

Diagramofmicrowavereceiverand
transmitterapparatus,fromBose's1897
paper.

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