TLE:

1.1 Hardware the physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical parts of

system.
A. Major Hardware Components of a Computer System
1. System Unit The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called chassis.
Parts: Motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses, Ports, Expansion
Slots and Cards.
2. Motherboard / Mainboard / System Board the main circuit board.
Contains all the circuits and components that run the computer.
3. CPU main brain or heart of the computer system. Performs all of the
instructions and calculations.
Pin Grid Array Circular Heat Sink Fan, Land Grid Array Rectangular Heat
Sink Fan
4. Primary storage holds data, instructions for programs waiting to be sent
to secondary storage.
ROM non-volatile, holds data even when the power is ON or OFF
RAM volatile, holds data only when the power is on.
5. Expansion Bus data pathway between several hardware components
inside or outside a computer. Links the CPU with other important hardware.
6. Adapters Printed-circuit boards (interface cards) that enables the computer
to use a peripheral device.
7. Power Supply Unit It converts 120vac into DC voltages.
8. Hard Disk Drive is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the
computer. Used as a permanent storage for data.
PATA Connector Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment; 40 pins,
80 pins
SATA Cable Serial Advanced Technology Attachment; 7 pins
9. Optical Drive storage device that uses lasers to read data from the optical
media. Three types of optical drives: Compact Disc (CD), Versatile Disc (DVD)
and Blu-ray Disc (BD)
10.Digital Versatile Disc optically access data stored on a disk

B. Input Devices Accepts data and instructions from the user or from another
computer system.
2 Types of Input Devices
Keyboard Entry inputted to the computer through a keyboard
Keyboard First input device developed for the PC
Direct Entry does not require data to be keyed. Create machine-readable
data.
Categories of DED
1. Pointing Devices used to move the pointer on the screen
Mouse most common pointing device

Touch screen display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or

stylus
Light pen light-sensitive styles wired to a video terminal
Digitizer Tablet graphics drawing tablet used for sketching new images
tracing old ones
2. Scanning Devices device that can read text or illustrations printed on
paper
3. Voice-Input Devices allow a user to send audio signals to a computer.
C. Output Devices any piece of computer hardware that displays results after
the computer has processed the input data
1. Computer Display Monitor displays information in visual form
Types of Monitor
CRT Cathode Ray Tube. Relatively big and heavy.
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED display and lighting technology used in almost every
electrical and electronic product on the market.
2. LCD Projectors utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid
crystal solution between them.
3. Smart Board display screen, touch sensitive
4. Printer device that prints text or illustrations on paper
Types of printer
Ink-jet or Bubble-jet printer sprays ink at a sheet of paper. Produce
high quality text and graphics.
Laser Printer same technology as copy machines.
LCD and LED similar to a laser printer
Line Printer contains a chain of characters or pins that prints an
entire line at one time
Thermal Printer inexpensive, heat-sensitive paper
5. Speakers used to play sound
D. Ports external connecting sockets on the outside of the computer. It lets
users uses plug in outside peripherals
Serial Port serial type mouse and older camera
Parallel Port printer port. Only for old model printer. It has 25
pins. It is female port
VGA used to connect monitors. It has 15 pins. It is a female
port
USB High speed serial interface. Used to connect latest model
printers, pen drives, cell phones, etc. It has 4 pins.
PS/2 Simple 6-pin, low-speed serial connections
Power Port intended for power cord
S-Video connections are available on certain source
components
Audio Port intended for plugging in the speaker or headset
LAN physical interface often used for terminating twisted pair
type cables used to connect computers onto a local-area
networks

E. Cables and Wires two or more wires bonded, twisted or braided together
to form a single assembly
1.2 Software set of instructions (called of a program) that guides the hardware
to operate effectively.
1. System Software required to support the production or execution of
application programs
2. Application Software designed to help the user to perform singular
related tasks.

Word processing creates, edits, saves and prints

Spreadsheet electronic spreadsheet consisting of rows and
columns. It is used to present and analyze data
Database management used to structure a database
Graphics display results of data manipulation

1.3 People ware refers to people involved in the data processing operations
English:
Literary Devices typical structures used by writers in their works to
convey his / her message
2 Kinds of Literary Devices
Literary Elements
Literary Techniques
Literary Devices

Allusion refers to a well-known story, event, person or object in

order to make a comparison
Alliteration series of words in a row have the same first consonant
sound
Irony used in such a way that their intended meaning is different
or opposite from the actual meaning
Onomatopoeia imitates the natural sound of things or animals
Oxymoron word or group of words that is self-contradicting
Apostrophe a speaker turns from the audience as a whole to
address a single person as a thing
Paradox contradictory words but make some kind of emotional
sense
Synecdoche A part that presents a whole
Anaphora repetition of a word or words of the beginning of two or
more successive clauses
Apposition noun phrase that identifies or renames another noun
directly before or after it
Allegory a work of art, such as story or painting in which the
characters, images act as symbols

Climax words, phrases, clauses are arranged in order of increasing

importance
Euphemism polite or mild word expression used to refer to
something embarrassing, taboo or unpleasant
Tautology says the same thing twice in a sentence
Epistrophe repeated at the end of successive sentences or clauses
Understatement presents a situation or thing as if it is less
important or serious
Eponyms refers to a person or thing for which something is named

Filipino:
Pangungusap tipon ng mga salita na nagpapahayag ng isang buong
diwa
Parirala kalipunan ng mga salita na walang simuno at panaguri
Tatlong uri ng parirala ayon sa anyo
karaniwang parirala
pariralang pawatas
pariralang paukol
Bahagi ng pangungusap

simuno pinaguusapan sa loob ng pangungusap

panaguri nagsasabi at naglalarawan sa simuno

Asimilasyon - kapag ang kasunod na tunog ay alinman sa / d, l, r, s, t /, ang

panlaping pang- ay nagiging pan-. Ito ay nagiging pam- naman
kapag ang kasunod na tunog ay alinman sa / b, p /.
Paalala: Nananatilinng pang- kapag ang kasunod na tunog ay mga katinig na /
k,
m, n, ng, w, y / o patinig ( a, e, I, o, u ). Nilalagyan ng gitling ( - ) kapag
ang salitang ugat ay nagsisimula sa patinig.
Halimbawa:
Pang + lunas = panglunas - panlunas
Pang = baon = pangbaon - pambaon
Pang + kulay = pangkulay
Pang + isahan = pang - isahan
Pagkakaltas - sa pagbabagong ito, may nawawalang ponema sa loob ng
salita
Halimbawa:

Sunod + in = sunodin - sundin

Takip + an = takipan - takpan
Dala + han = dalahan - dalhan
Maypalit - may mga ponemang napapalitan o nagbabago sa pagbuo ng
salita. Nagaganap ang pagpapalitan ng /r/ at /d/ kapag ang /d/
ay nasa pagitan ng dalawang patinig.
Halimbawa :
Ma + dami = madami - marami
Bakod + bakudan bakuran
Pagpapaikli ng salita - Pagpapaikli at pagpapabilis ng pagbigkas ng salita.
Halimbawa :
Hinatay ka = Tayka - teka
Tayo na = Tayna - tena, tana
Wikain mo = Ikamo - kamo
Wika ko = ikako - kako