NGN NG

S 8

2012

THY M KP TING VIT TH K XIV- XV

QUA CC CH NM C TRONG QUC M THI TP
TS TRN TRNG DNG

Quc m thi tp (QATT) ca

Nguyn Tri (1380 -1442) l kho ng
liu phong ph v ting Vit c cui
th k XIV u th k XV. Trc nay
c mt s bn phin m ch thch
v tc phm ny. Cng c nhiu
bi vit hay cng trnh nghin cu
v ngn ng trong QATT. ng k
nht l lun n tin s Nghin cu
ph m trong Quc m thi tp (Etude
du consonantisme du Quc m thi
tp) ca Nhn Gaston c thc hin
kh sm vo nm 1967 trn c s
bn phin u tin ca nhm Trn
Vn Gip v Phm Trng im (1956).
Tic rng, cho n nay cng trnh ny,
sau gn nm mi nm thc hin,
li cha tng c gii nghin cu
trong nc v nc ngoi s dng.
Nghin cu ca Nhn Gaston cho
thy, thy m kp ting Vit c vo
th k XV phong ph hn nhiu so
vi th k XVII (bl-, ml-/ mnh-, v tl-).
Trn c s k tha nhng kt qu ca
Nhn Gaston v nhiu thnh tu mi
trong nghin cu v ng m ting Vit
cng nh nhng pht hin mi v vn
bn hc trong nhiu nm qua, bi vit
ny tin hnh kho st v nghin cu
h thng thy m kp th k XIV- XV
qua tc phm quan trng hng u
trong lch s ngn ng Vit Nam ny.
Cc c liu so snh i chiu v
vn t hc ch Nm v ng m lch
s, gm c:

1) Cc vn bn c nh: Pht
thuyt i bo ph mu n trng kinh
(vt. Pht thuyt), Thin tng kha h
ng lc, An Nam dch ng, An Nam
quc dch ng, T in Vit B La
2) Cc cng trnh nghin cu
(hoc phin ch) v cc vn bn ny,
tiu biu l ca cc tc gi Nhn Gaston
(1967), o Duy Anh (1976), Nguyn
Ti Cn (1999), Nguyn Quang Hng
(2002, 2008), Nguyn Ngc San (1982,
2003), Vng Lc (1997), Paul Schneider
(1987), Hong Th Ng (1999), Shimizu
Masaaki (2005, 2010), nhm Mai Quc
Lin (2001), nhm Nguyn T Nh
(2008)
3) Cc t liu v cng trnh nghin
cu v lch s ng m ting Vit cng
nh cc phng ng v ngn ng bo
th, tiu biu nh Nhn Gaston (1967),
Nguyn Vn Li (1993), Nguyn Ti
Cn (1997), Michel Ferlus (1999),
Nguyn Ngc San (2003), Nguyn
Vn Ti (2006), V c Nghiu
(2011),
Quy c trnh by nh sau: V
ch Nm, chng ti ct t dng t
nguyn bn, sau tin hnh phn
tch cu trc, trong k hiu vn t
dng ghi yu t u trong thy
m kp lun c a ln trc, bt
lun1 n c v tr nh th no trong
ch Nm , phn tch nh vy

Thy m kp...

47
chng ti thy rng gi thuyt ca
Nguyn Ngc San l c c s. Bi
vit chp nhn tt c cc kiu ti lp
trn, bi cc gi tr ti lp khng loi
tr m b sung cho nhau (t y v
sau xin dng du s cho, biu
th tnh tng ng v mt gi tr
gia cc kiu ti lp ny). Cc kiu
ti lp: *kl 1 / *kr 1 / *ks 1 > so (=
snh, lu tch cn trong so snh, so
b, so k, so o v c th so le na).

(1)
(c + l ); (c +
s ), xut x: Ngn n so min Thi
Thch, Lng kia ma cnh Tiu
Tng (Trn Tnh 42.3), Hung
li bng xun s chim c, So tam
hu chng bng my (Mai thi, 226.4).
y, cc t dng ang xt n u
c nh nhau, c gi tr tng ng
nhau, nn gi nguyn c hai trng
hp. Nhn Gaston ti lp l *kro [6,
150]. Nguyn Quang Hng ti lp l
*klo v *kso [17, 239]. Bn gii ngha
Thin tng kha h ng lc ca Tu
Tnh vo th k XIV ghi , ti v tr
Chng lun so ng tr cng ng
ngu <
(7a4), Trn Trng
Dng ti lp l *kro [36, 34]. C ba
cch ti lp trn u c u im ring.
Cc kiu ti lp nh *kl-, *kr- l bm
st vo t dng Nm. Nguyn Ngc
San da vo cc lu tch ca mt s
th ng Mng, a ra gi thuyt
rng thy m kp *ks- vn l lai nguyn
ca S- hin nay. Vi c liu ch Nm,

(2) (c + lang ), xut x:

Sang cng kh bi chng tri, Ln
mc lm chi cho nhc hi (Ngn
ch 10.1), (Trn tnh 44.1), (T thn
91.2), (Hoa mu n 233.1), (Miu
251.7). So snh vi i ng khang
(Mn c) trong ting Mng, v
i ng hrmang v rmang trong ting
Tnh, Nhn Gaston ti lp l *krang
[6, 148]. Nguyn Quang Hng ti lp
l *kla [17, 239]. Bn gii ngha
Thin tng kha h ng lc (tk XIV)
ghi t dng tng t cc v tr 15b2,
40b3, 70a6; Trn Trng Dng ti
lp l *krang [36, 34]. C hai kiu
ti lp trn u c l. Vi i ng c
thy m kh- trong ting Mng, ta
c th ngh n cc thy m kp:
*khl-, *khr- v *khs-. Cc kiu ti lp:
*khla1/ *khra1/ *khsa1/ *kla1/
*kra1 / *ksa1> sang (tnh t tri
ngha vi hn). Ng t ny cn c
ghi bng ch Nm gi t lang ti
v tr (Thut hng 53.5), nay nn ci
chnh quy v dng c.
(3)
(c + lang ), xut x:
i T Lng cao, thu mt, B
Trng Khin nh, khch sang (Ngn
ch 9.4). Ng t ny cn c ghi
bng ch Nm gi t lang ti v tr
ng mun li sang xun, Xun

48
mun th h li i ln (Thu nguyt
tuyt c 198.1), nay nn ci chnh,
quy v dng c. So snh vi cc i
ng khlng trong ting Brou v srang,
srng trong ting Chm, Nhn Gaston
ti lp l *krang [6, 149]. So snh vi
i ng khm trong ting Ty [11, 404];
[10, 232]. Cc kiu ti lp: *khla1/
*khra1/*khsa1/ *kla1/ *kra1 / *ksa1>
sang (vt qua, chuyn qua).
(4) (c + lit ), xut x:
Hoa cn rng lem t, Ca mt
dng ci st then (Tc s 124.6).
Ng t ang xt ch xut hin duy
nht mt ln trong QATT. Cc tc
gi Trn Vn Gip (1956), Nhn Gaston
(1967), o Duy Anh (1976), Bi
Vn Nguyn (1994), Paul Schneider
(1987), nhm Nguyn T Nh (2008)
u phin lt. Nhm Mai Quc Lin
(2001) phin trt. Nguyn Quang
Hng (2008) chn m st. Nguyn
Hng V (2010) xc nh m st2.
Chng ti theo gi thuyt cui cng.
Cc kiu ti lp: *klet6/ *kret6/ *kset6.
Ba kiu ti lp trn cho php ln ra
cc ng nguyn t ca ch ny trong
ting Vit hin nay. *klet6 > rng
[k-] > lt (trong lt st) v lt (trong
lt bt), c th c lot v qut (trong
lot qut); *kret6 > ha c > trt v
*kset6 > st.
(5) (c + li ), xut x:
Lng tin soi du nht nguyt, Th
xa h c giang san (Thut hng
63.5). T dng
cn tm thy ti
cu Lng thin vc vc, trng soi
gii trong Vnh Vn Yn t ph ca
Huyn Quang. Ng t ny trong QATT
cn c ghi bng ch Nm hu k
l ti cc v tr: Nht nguyt soi
i chn hin, ng h tri xa

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
nay (Trn tnh 45.5), Lt hoa tn
xem ngc rng, Soi nguyt xu ko
n khu (T thn 105.6), nn ti
lp dng c l . So snh vi i ng
xrol, srol, srol, sraj, sral trong
ting Bahnar [6, 41, 150], v yu t
tng ng ri trong ting Vit hin
i [6, 150], so snh vi cc i ng
harei, hurei, trong ting Chm v
suluh trong ting Malais [6, 42], Nhn
Gaston ti lp l *kroi [6, 31, 42, 150].
Cc kiu ti lp: *kl i1 /*kr i1 / *ks i1
> soi (chiu sng, chiu vo).
(6) (tr + lao ), xut x:
n chm n ngc sao Bc, Pht
di c lau gi Ty (Nhn trn 249.3).
Ngoi sao (ngha: ngi sao), cn c
t ng m khc ngha sao (h t:
cm thn, nghi vn), c kh nng cng
c tng ng vo th k XV. Ch
Nm ang xt y thuc loi c
hu ca vn bn QATT, tr l mt
m qut u li, cho nn vic ti
lp khng n gin. Mt s hc gi
c l lit n vo t dng tn nghi
nn khng a vo nghin cu ca
mnh. Nhn Gaston (v sau nh
hng n Paul Schneider) so snh
vi ting Mng (y L), ti lp l
*krao [6, 38]. Chng ti cho rng
kin ny rt ng lu . Bi l, d
ch Nm ghi tin m tit g, th
phn quan trng khng th ph nhn
l thanh ph lao. Tm thi, khi so
snh vi cc c liu ch Nm E2 nh
trnh by trn, chng ti a ra cc
kiu ti lp l: *klao, *krao, *ksao.
Cch ti lp nh trn s c tnh thng
nht kh cao. Tuy nhin, chng ti
mun tho lun thm trng hp
ny. Nh ta bit cc th ng Mng
(Mng Danh, Giai Xun) c i ng
l thao [15, 124]. Mt s phng ng

Thy m kp...
v a phng hin nay vn c cch
c l thao thng (sao sng). Nguyn
Ti Cn cho rng y l lu tch ca
thy m kp u trong ting Mng,
m ting Mng rng mt m rung
-*r- v cui cng ng i n nhn
nh kh quan trng rng lai nguyn
ca S thun Vit giai on Proto
Vit - Cht ng l nhng t hp
ph m u [15,113]. iu ny gi
rng, thy m kp y c kh nng
vn cn tn ti cho n thi ting
Vit c (th k XIII-XVI), m c th
y l ting Vit th k XV trong
QATT ca Nguyn Tri. Trnh by
nh vy thy c tm quan trng
ca c liu ang xt. n y, bi vit
mun so snh vi cc vn bn c c
trc hoc sau thi im ny mt
cht. Pht thuyt tt thy 11 ln u
dng m khng c yu t ghi yu
t u ca thy m kp, c liu ny
xc quyt cho tnh h thng ca thanh
ph Nm ghi ng t ang xt. An
Nam dch ng xut hin sau QATT
mt cht ch ghi:
(tinh: sao),
Vng Lc ti lp l *tsao [40, 115].
So snh vi m si c i ng trong
th ng Mng l *c()r [15, 113],
chng ti xut kiu ti lp *c()rao
hoc *crao cho sao. Nh ta bit, lai
nguyn ca S- Vit gm c cc t hp
*phl-, *khl-, nay vi c liu ny, ta
c th c thm cc kh nng l *choc *c-. Tm li, chng ta c mi
kh nng ti lp: *c()lao1 / *c()rao1 /
*c()sao1 / *clao1 /*crao1 /*csao1
/ *klao1/ *krao1/ *ksao1 v *tsao.
(7) (c + liu ), xut x:
Ph qu treo sng ngn c, Cng
danh gi kin cnh he (T thn
73.3). Ng t ny cn c ghi bng
, nn ti lp dng c l 3 v tr:

49
Tuyt sc treo cy im phn, Qu
ng gii nguyt in cu (Ngn ch
14.3). Nhn Gaston hai v tr ny
ln lt phin l liu v tro, gi
ti lp thy m kp *kl- hoc *kr- [6,
44, 54]. ng cng dn trong nghin
cu ca mnh hng lot th d cho
s i ng kl- (Mng) v tr- (Vit)
nh sau: klai- tri, kli-tri, klaotrao, klng- trng, kln- trn, klttrt, kle- tre, kliu- triu, klin- truyn,
klnh- trnh, kl- tr, kli- tri, klttrt, klk- trc, kli- tri, kln- trn,
kl- tr, klu- tru, [6, 45]. Cc i
ng Mng - Vit cn th hin phong
ph hn na qua thng k ca Nguyn
Vn Ti [24, 281-284]. Nguyn Quang
Hng c l treo v ti lp l *kleu
[17, 239]. Chng ti theo gi thuyt
cui v ti lp l: *klu1 > treo.
(8) (c + lung ), xut x:
C ca hng cho li c thng, Tch
nhiu con chu n trng (Bo knh
cnh gii 130.2). Ng t ny c
ghi bng (lung
+ vng )
(long + trung ), nn ti lp dng
c l cc v tr (Thut hng 51.2),
(Mn thut 26.2), (He 244.2). Pht
thuyt c 3 ch Nm ghi ng t
ny: ghi bng ch Nm hai m
c lung v tr: Trng mt Bt,
con mt chng pht tng thi <
(33a9), ghi bng
c
lung ti v tr: Vng trng gio thc
tha tht <
(3a1), ghi
bng
ti v tr Trng trong tri,
knh trong t <
(43b3).
T in Vit B La ghi: tlo: trng
i, trng cy. tlo thy n: ti
trng i thy s n. tlo cy
ngi: trng cy vo ai. Tro: cng
mt ngha [27, 233]. Nh vy, th
k XV l *kl- / *kr- s chuyn thnh

50

(9) (c + lng ), xut x:

Giang san cch ng ngn dm,
S nghip bun m trng ba (T
thn 94.6). Nhn Gaston ti lp *klng
[6, 41]. Bn gii ngha Thin tng
kha h ng lc (th k XIV) ghi t
dng Nm tng t ti cc v tr 67b3,
75b3, 43b6, Trn Trng Dng ti lp
l *klng [36, 35]. So snh vi mt
s ngn ng nhm Vit Mng: klng
(My), klng (M Ling), klng (an
Lai, Ly H) [40, 59]. T in Vit
B La ghi: tl: trng. nh tl:
nh trng. Gio tl: cng mt ngha.
tl ci: trng trn [27, 233]. Cc kiu
ti lp: *klo5/ *kro5 > trng (ci trng).
(10) (t + bi ), xut x:
Vui chng o lm lnh. (T
thn 99. 8), Ta no u vui th y
(T thn 103.7). Ng t ny cn c
ghi bng ch Nm hu k , nn ti
lp dng c l cc v tr: Vui xa
chng qun eo u (Ngn ch 19.8),
Kh min vui (Thut hng 58.7),
i ln my ng phn hoa, Du ngt
ta vui o ta (Bo knh cnh gii
168.2). So snh vi i ng pui
(Mn c, M Sn, Lng Um, Sui
Sng, Thch Bi) trong ting Mng,
Nhn Gaston ti lp l *kbui [6, 131].
Shimizu Masaaki dn i ng tapuj1
trong ting Rc [29, 769], v dn 2
xut x trong Pht thuyt. Cc kiu
ti lp: *tpui1 / *tbui1 > vui.
(11)
(ba
+ li ) v
(c
+ ln ), xut x: Co que
thay by rut c, Khc khuu lm
chi tri he (Trn tnh 44.4), Mun
n tri dng nn cy, Ai hc th hay
ma l chy (Bo knh cnh gii

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
137.1), (Thut hng 64.4). Ng t
ny cn c ghi bng ch Nm hu
k , nn ti lp dng c l
v
tr: Trng thin nh hm nm chc,
Tri th trai vn nhc am (Thut
hng 64.4). Nh vy ta c 2 bin th
ng m cng tn ti trong mt vn
bn l: *blai5/ *klai5> tri (cy tri).
An Nam dch ng ghi:
:
qu
vin (vn tri) , ngoi ra cn xut
hin cc v tr 188, 239, 595,
Vng Lc ti lp l *plai5 v *blai5
[40, 58]. T in Vit B La tuy khng
c mc t tri tr hoa qu, nhng c
ghi nhn t ng m tri (vi ngha
pha tri, mt tri), nh: tli o,
tay tli, tli ml, ni tli, tli mt
thuc, la tli [27, 230]. Cc kiu
ti lp: *klai5 / *blai5 / *plai5.
(12)
(c
+ lm ), xut
x: Nguyt trong y nc nguyt
trn khng, Xem t lm mt thc
cng (Thy nguyt trung 212.2).
Ng t ny cn c ghi bng ch
Nm hu k , nn ti lp dng c l
v tr: Cha rn no khi tan
con ngh, Hn t hu lm, mt ci
chim (Bo knh cnh gii 150.6).
Nhn Gaston ti lp *klm [6, 62].
Chng ti thy mt s ch Nm c
kh nng mang thy m kp kl- trong
Truyn k mn lc tng b gii m
(lm),
(ln),
tp ch nh:
(ln),
(ly),
(la),
(lc),
(l), (ln),
(lt),
(la) [26,
623]. So snh vi mlm v mnhm
trong T in Vit B La [27, 149].
Kiu ti lp: *klam2 > lm/ nhm.
(13)
(ma
+ l ); (b
khu + ma
+ l ), xut x:
Ch cy sang m p n, Li chng
phi vun khn nghe (Trn tnh 44.2).

Thy m kp...

(14) (c + ln ), xut x:
Chng nga nh u nn ln, No c
su th b canh (Bo knh cnh gii
136.5). So snh vi mt s i ng
trong cc ngn ng bo th nh klan,
glan, long (Stieng), karan (Mon),
mran (Birman), gelen, leng (Santali),
Nhn Gaston ti lp l *kln [6, 40].
Sch Pht thuyt, mt ln ghi ng
t ny c ghi bng ch Nm c
hai m
(ma ln) ti cu No y
Bt mi mc tm ng ting rng
ma-ln bo i chng rng <
(23a7). So snh
vi mln trong T in Vit B La
[27, 150]. C th thy cc din bin t
[ml-] v [mnh-] vi [l-] v [nh-].
Nh vy, ng t ny c hai kh nng
ti lp, cc c liu va nu cho thy,
khng th xc quyt cch ti lp no
l c hn, song vi s ghi nhn ca
T in Vit B La, th n th k XVII,
*kln5 c th bin mt. Song thc
*kln5/ *mln5 c th cng tn ti
trong ting Vit c th k XV. Cc
kiu ti lp: *kln5/ *mln5> ln/ nhn.
(15) /
(c + li ), xut
x: iu khip thin nhan chng

51
n tn, Lui thuyn lng ng trn
dng (Thy nguyt trung 212.8),
Gnh khn ng quyn tng ph,
Lui ng c t Nho thn (Trn
tnh 3.74), V T lui tuy chu di,
B Di lnh mi nn thanh (Bo knh
cnh gii 166.5). Ng t ny thng
c ghi bng cc ch Nm gi t
hoc hnh thanh hu k nh v ,
nn ti lp t dng c l cc v
tr: Thn nhn du ti du lui, Thua
c bng c ai k i (Ngn ch
13.1), Chn x lui m th phn, Li
tu thn khc mc thi th (Mn thut
34. 7), Bo k lm quan c duyn,
Ti lui mc phn t nhin (Thut
hng 53.2), Sng khi ngi vt b
triu quan, Lui ti i th min phn
an (Bo knh cnh gii 160.2). T
in Vit B La khng thy ghi dng
thy m kp ml-. Hin cha tm thy
i ng trong cc phng ng, cng
cha tm thy cc cch ghi ch Nm
c cho ng t ny. Ch Nm ang
xt ch xut hin QATT, nhng
xut hin 3 ln vi hai t dng khc
nhau v mt hnh th. Vi cu trc
ch Nm ghi m nh phn tch,
kiu ti lp c th l: *klui1 > lui/ li.
Tng t nh *kln5> ln trn.
(16) (c
+ mng ), xut
x: Ao quan th gi hai b mung,
t Bt ng nh mt rnh mng
(Thut hng 68.5). Ng t ny cn
c ghi bng , nn ti lp dng
c l cu Ra lng thanh v nc
nc, vun ng i rnh mng ti (Ngn
ch 10.4). So snh vi mt s t c
thy m kp km-, nh kmc (Pht
thuyt),
*kmng (Pht thuyt),
*kmng (Thin Nam ng lc) [8, 9092], v *km, *kmi,
*kmn,
*kmn, *kmt, *kmt, *km,

52
*kmi, *kmun, *kmt (Nguyn
T Nh 1998, chuyn dn theo Hong
Th Ng trong [8, 92])4, (xem thm
Nhip Tn trong [26, 624]). Kiu ti
lp: *kmu2> mng (mng ti).
(17) (c
+ mng ), xut
x: Ao quan th gi hai b mung,
t Bt ng nh mt rnh mng
(Thut hng 68.5). Ng t ny cn
c ghi bng , nn ti lp dng
c l cu Ao cn vt bo cy
mung, a thanh pht c ng sen
(Thut hng 69.3). Nhn Gaston ti
lp l *kmung, ng so snh vi cc
t c thy m m- (Vit) c i ng
km- trong mt s ngn ng bo th,
v nh: ma (Vit) - kma (Sch), kama
(Png), kma (Tnh); mi (Vit) - k
muy/ k man (Mng); mng (Vit) kmng (Bahnar) [6, 46]. Kiu ti lp:
*kmu5> mung.
(18) (c + m ), xut x:
Ngn n so min Thi Thch, Lng
kia ma cnh Tiu Tng (Trn tnh
42.4). Mt s ng liu khc: Ma o
Nguyn ng, in V Lng (Chiu
Anh Cc, L kh vn c.24), Nt phong
tao ma chuyn hng lu, Trang thanh
t cng phng bch bch (ng
L ch tr.9), m ti lp: *kmia3> ma
(ngha l ging vi, so vi). Ma
l mt t c c ghi nhn nh sau:
ma. Similis, e.
ma mai.
ma dng.
ma t.
ma
ma.
ma ching. [1, 292]. Ma .n.
Mng tng, gn ging, khng khc g
bao nhiu. Ma mai. Ma ging. Ma
dng. Ma T. Ma ching. Id. [12,
646]. Trc nay, v tr ny thng
c phin l m hay m. Nay ci
chnh theo cc c liu trong t in
c nu trn. T c ma tng c

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
chng ti cp n [31, 48], nhng
thc s c v tr ang xt th phi
k n bi vit ca Trn Uyn Thi v
Nguyn Hu Vinh [35]. Vi cch ghi
ch Nm nh phn tch trn, c
th ti lp l *kmia3 > ma. Thy m
kp *km-, c Hong Th Ng
[8, 90-92] cp n kh chi tit,
nu trn, nay khng nu li na.
(19)
(ba
+ lng ), xut
x: Gi tn rm thay chi qut, Trng
k ca ko n khu (Thut hng
67.4). Ng t ny cn c ghi bng
, nn i tt sang dng c cc
v tr sau: (Ngn ch 16.4), (Mn thut
23.6), (T thn 77.4, 78.3, 97.3, 98.4,
101.3), (Bo knh cnh gii 155.6,
167.6). T in Vit B La ghi blang,
blang tln, blang khuit, sng blang
[27, 39]. So snh vi mt s i ng
plang (M Sn), plong (y L), klang
(Mn c) trong ting Mng, plan
(Sch), plong (Hung, Pong), pulan
(Rc), plang (My) v rlng (Tr,
Hang Koong, Kha, Vn Kiu), balan,
bulan (Chm), bulan (Malais), Nhn
Gaston ti lp l *plng [6, 51]. Chng
ti theo gi thuyt ny. Mt s i
ng b sung theo Nguyn Vn Ti
nh: pl2 (Mng Thi, Tn Phong,
Huy Thng), tl2 (Yn Mao, Ba
Tri, Mng Bi, Mng Khi,...),
kl2 (Mng Thng, Mng ng,
Mng Mc) [24, 281]. Kiu ti lp:
*plang >*bla1> trng/ ging.
(20) (ma + l ), xut x:
o ny trong tri t, Ngha
y bn chng vng (T thn 93.3).
Ch Nm ang xt d rng c coi
l c, nhng li l mt ch Nm gi
t, vn ghi m *mlei2 (> li, nhi)5,
Trong vn bn, ng t tri u c

Thy m kp...
ghi bng mt ch Nm mun hn na
l , xut x: Qun thn cha bo
lng cnh cnh, Tnh ph cm tri
o cha (Ngn ch 8.8, 10.1, 14.8),
(Trn tnh 38.7, 40.1, 45.8), (T thn
85.8, 96.1), (Bo knh cnh gii 146.7,
175.1, 182.5) (Tch cnh thi 209.2),
(Thy thin nht sc 213.1), (Trc
thi 223.2), (Mc hoa 241.1), (Trng
an hoa 246.2), (Lo hc 248.7). y
c th l sn phm dn bn ca nhm
Dng B Cung vo th k XIX.
thng nht chnh t vi ng m, c
l nn ti lp dng c l (ba +
l ), y l t dng khng h xut
hin trong vn bn QATT, nhng li
may mn cn bo lu trong vn bn
Pht thuyt. C th ti lp vn t c
cho cc v tr khc trong ton vn
bn. An Nam dch ng ghi
(s 1),
Vng Lc ti lp *bli [40, 115]. So
snh vi cc i ng tly (Vn Mng,
H Su, Thi Thnh, ng Tn, Ban
Chanh, Thi Lai) v ply (M Sn,
y L, Ban Ken), kly (Sui Sng,
Quy M, Thch Bi), tly, kly (Nho
Quan) trong ting Mng v mt s
i ng trong cc ngn ng bo th
nh ply (Sch), pry (Png), ply
(My, Rc), tly (Arem), bri (Xa
Khao), kre (Brou), bri (Khmu, Tnh),
preah (Khmer), Nhn Gaston ti lp
l *pli v *kli [6, 52], ng cn cho
rng bli l din bin t *pli, iu
c ngha l *pli l dng c hn, c
kh nng thc t vo ting Vit th
k XV [6, 52]. Kiu ti lp: *plei2/
*klei2> tri/ gii.
(21)
(c
+ lc ) xut
x: Ka no T Tn ngy trc, Cha
eo n tng c ai cho? (Thut
hng 66.7), Ch ci hin trc

53
rng di, Cm uc chi m bi
tic xun (Tch cnh thi 204.3). Nhn
Gaston ti lp *klc khi so snh vi
An Nam dch ng v cc i ng klc
(Thch Bi), tlc (Mn c) [6, 43].
An Nam dch ng ghi
(s
72), Vng Lc ti lp
l *tlc
theo T in Vit B La hoc *klc
theo th ng Lm La ca ting Mng
[40, 122]. So snh vi cc i ng
*klk3 (Mng Thi, Tn Phong,
Huy Thng), *tlk3 (Gip Lai, Yn
Mao, Ba Tri, Mng Bi, Mng Khi,
Mng Vi, Mng Khi, Mng
Vang, Mng Ci, Mng Nn...),
*tlk5 (Mng ng, Mng Danh,
Mng D, Tam Hp, Giai Xun,
Sng Con) [24, 284]. Nguyn Quang
Hng ti lp l *klak [17, 239]. Kiu
ti lp: *klk5> trc (i lp vi sau).
(22) (a
+ gia ), xut x:
Gi bao nhiu bi bi lm, Gi tay
o n tng lm (Ngn ch 5.2).
Nguyn Quang Hng ti lp l *?ja ,
ng cho rng a c l th hin m
tc hng *[?-] hoc xt hng *[h-]
[17, 238]. Nhn Gaston khng cp
v ti lp cho v tr ny. Qua kho st
hn chc ch Nm hai m c trong
Pht thuyt, Hong Th Ng cho rng
a l du vt ca cc m tin thanh
hu ha (prglottalises) u m tit
v cc yu t tin m tit, th d
acht ach (43b3) dng ghi ch
git gi (ra ry, sm hi), hay
ad (d = nh) [8, 58, 110, 114], tc
gi cho rng, nhng c liu trn
trng kht vi gi thuyt m Michel
Ferlus xut v mt m *?j- [8,
113] bn cnh cc m *?b-, *?d-, *?g-.
Kiu ti lp: * ?j1 > gi.

54
(23) (c
+ triu ), xut
x: Giu my kip tham lam by,
Sng bao lu o mng (Thut
hng 55.3), (T thn 77.1, 88.5, 105.7),
(Bo knh cnh gii 139.1, 170.8, 175.3).
Nhn Gaston ti lp l *kw, t vic
so snh vi cc i ng o (Bi nh,
Bn Ken) trong ting Mng. ng
cng a ra trng hp gi (chn cng)
c cc i ng k (Canh Nan), k
(Ban o) trong ting Mng, v k
c trong ting Sch [6, 35]. Nhip Tn
kho st ch xut hin vi tn s
12 ln trong Truyn k mn lc tng
b gii m tp ch, tc gi cn cung
cp thm ng t gip c vit bng
ch Nm { c (trn) + chp
(di)} xut hin mt ln (Truyn k
mn lc QIV 57a) [26, 627]. Kiu
ti lp: *kjau2> giu (tri vi ngho).
(24) (c
+ phiu ), vit
nhm t (c + lt ) xut x:
Lt hoa tn xem ngc rng, Soi nguyt
xu ko n khu (T thn 105.5).
Nguyn Quang Hng cho l lm t
(c
+ lm ) nn ti lp l
*klam, v phin chuyn l lm [17,
239]. Tuy nhin, vn bn QATT nhm
c h thng gia lt v phiu
khi ghi cc t st ( < ), trt ( <
). Lt/ nht cn thy trong mt s
t nh: lm lt, lm nht. Nhn
Gaston ti lp l *klt [6, 43, 62]. T
in Vit B La ghi mlt, mnht [27,
149]. Chng ti theo kiu ti lp ca
Gaston. Nh vy, *klt6 l m vo
th k XV, trong khi n th k XVII
l mlt, mnht. Hin cha r qu trnh
bin i gia cc thy m kp ny,
c th th k XV vn tn ti song thc,
nhng n th k XVII, *kl- bin
mt, ch cn *ml- (xem thm mc t

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
ln ti s 14 ca bi ny). Kiu ti lp:
*klt6> lt/ nht.
(25) (c + lm ) xut hin
168.3. V tr ny trc nay c
phin thnh ngm, cch phin ny ri
b hon ton s k m ca ch Nm
m c theo cm thc ngn ng ca
ting Vit hin i. Ti v tr 226.2,
ng t ang xt c ghi bng (lm
+ c nhy ), trc nay c phin
l thm, cch phin ny l hu l, tuy
nhin cc nh phin ch ch mc nhn
m khng l gii v sao li c nh
vy. Ta th xem li ton b ng cnh:
Thm xem mai hay tuyt n, Say
thng nguyt l thu qua (Bo knh
cnh gii 168.3), Bng tha nh
nc ng ngi vay, Thm a hng
mt nguyt hay (Mai thi 226.2). S
d c th xc nh m c nh vy,
bi ng cnh kh r rng. Chng
ti cho rng, thm hin nay vn c
c l sm v sm li c m c c
hn vi thy m kp. Ta bit s- / thl mt cp c quan h. Theo Nguyn
Ngc San, s-> th- c on nh
l xy ra vo th k XVI [22, 38]. Hn
na, s- c hn th-, cn kl- li l lai
nguyn c hn na ca s-. V ngha,
ng t ang xt c dng dch
ch m trong cu
m
hng ph ng nguyt hong hn
(Hng thm ni ng nguyt
hong hn) - mt cu th ni ting
ca Lm B. Ngoi cc c liu trn,
chng ti cn tm c cch i dch
tng t trong bn gii ngha Thin
tng kha h ng lc ca Tu Tnh
(th k XIV), Thm ging my tc
mai trng <
. Ng t
trn cn c ghi bng ch Nm
ti v tr 37b.46, c th ti lp thy m
kp l tl- (dng d- ghi t), hoc l bo

Thy m kp...
lu mt tin m tit ?r- nh nghin
cu ca Hong Th Ng trong sch
Pht thuyt [8, 61]. Ng liu trn cho
thy mt din mo phong ph v tnh
a kh ca thy m kp t ting Vit
tin c n ting Vit c. Ch sm/
thm l mt ph t ng trc ng
t: thm a, thm xem, thm ging
cng nh thm ngh, thm nh trong
ting Vit hin nay. Cc kiu ti lp:
*klm2/*krm2 / *ksm2> sm > thm
(ngm, lng).
(26) (c + ng ), xut x:
Ng tnh hnh nm ca trc, Say lu
thu ng ng thng (Thut hng
61.3). V tr ny thng c phin
l ng, ch c bn Bi Vn Nguyn
phin l ng, chng ti theo cch phin
chuyn ny, bi l ng l ng t, chun
i vi say cu di. Ng t ny cn
c ghi bng v
cc v tr:
Hng chim ng khi thuyn , Vng
nht ln khu nc cng (Trn
tnh 42.5), ng th nm i li n,
Vic vn ai hi o b cn (T thn
110.1), nn dng dng c l . Nhn
Gaston ti lp l *kng [6, 46]. Chng
ti theo gi thuyt ny. Thy m kp
*k- xut hin kh t trong ch Nm.
Nhip Tn kho st mt trng hp
nh (ngui) (ng) v ghi thy
m kp *k- trong Truyn k mn
lc tng b gii m tp ch ti cc
v tr QI trang 26a v QI trang 10a
[26, 624] Chng ti b sung mt s
trng hp nh sau. Ng c ghi
bng trong cu tr ngu: vung vc
c ng c nhng (Ch Nam ngc m,
58a); ngn c ghi bng
trong
cu Ngi c Trang Khng tt
ngn ngn (Thi kinh gii m 40b).
n y, chng ti mun b sung mt
s c liu na v t hp k- trong

55
Pht thuyt, nh ngm (mt t gc
trong
Hn)7 c vit thnh
cu nhn chu a-ngm trong lng <
(42a7), Hong Th Ng cho
rng a l mt m tin thanh hu ha,
tc gi ti lp m u l *?ng- v gii
thch rng cc m ?m, ?n, ?nh, ?ngl du vt ca ?b-, ?d-, ?j-, ?g- khi
chng chuyn sang cc m phn chiu
mi ha [8, 114-115], cc th d c
a ra (c gc Hn) nh: ?bn <
, ?bng <
, ?nghe <
,... Vi
tnh hnh c liu ch Nm nh nu,
kh nng thy m kp *k- cng c
th xy ra trn thc t. Bc tranh v
cc thy m kp c -- cn phi tip
tc nghin cu trong thi gian ti vi
nhng c liu mi phong ph hn.
Kiu ti lp: *ku3 > ng.
(27)
(t + b ), xut x:
Vua Nghiu Thun dn Nghiu Thun,
Dng y ta ph tha nguyn (T
thn 74.7). Ng t ny cn c ghi
bng v tr n vua lung nhiu
phn i, Vic nc no ch m b
(T thn 100.3). So snh vi cc i
ng pua (Mn c) trong ting Mng,
v qua thanh ph pwo, Nhn Gaston
ti lp l *kbua [6, 131], tuy nhin
ng khng gii thch ch
t c
chc nng g trong cu trc ca ch
Nm. Chng ti cho rng t cng
l mt yu t biu m dng ghi
yu t t- ca thy m kp *tp- hoc
*tb- nh ti lp trn. Pht thuyt
ghi ng t ny bng (vit tt t
) ti cu Knh l B Tt ct vai
tay m vua cha <
(5a1), Hong Th Ng cho rng y
l ch Nm ghi thnh t ph (tc yu
t th nht ca thy m kp), nhng
tc gi khng a ra kiu ti lp ca
mnh [8, 73]. Shimizu Masaaki cho

56
rng y c kh nng l mt ch
Nm ghi cu trc song m tit trong
ting Vit c ( thuc nhm b-4), ng
cho l l t1 o5 [29, 769]. S d
vy bi ch vui, c ghi bng ch
Nm , vn c i ng dng song
tit trong ting Rc l tapuj1 [29, 769].
Tuy nhin, ng t ang xt l t song
tit hay l t c thy m kp th chng
ti xin c tho lun trong mt dp
khc, y tm chp nhn l thy
m kp. Kiu ti lp: *tpua1/ *tbua1
> bua> vua.
(28) (c + tc ), xut x:
Th ngho s bin nhiu bng tc,
Nh lnh quan thanh ngt na n
(Thut hng 46.5). Ng t tc cn
c ghi bng
cc v tr (Trn
tnh 43.4), (Thut hng 46.5), (Thut
hng 65.6); t tc (T thn 80.1), bin
tc (T thn 82.6, 99.5), (T thut
112.5), 113.4), (Bo knh cnh gii
165.4). So snh vi cc i ng k
siak (Lng Lum), k ak (Ai Thng),
k sak v sak (Canh Nan), ky sak
(Ban o), sak (ng Tn, Lm La),
tk (Cao Trai), ak (Ban P Ngoai,
Ban Ken, Thi Lai, Ban Chanh), thk
( Nang, Tn Ly, Bi nh), thak
(Sui Sang, Lng Um) trong ting
Mng8, vi cc i ng k sk trong
ting Sch, souk ting Png, tsk, tsk
ting Bahnar, Nhn Gaston ti lp l
*ksk [6, 35]. Chng ti thy cch ti
lp trn l c l. Kiu ti lp: *ks k5.
(29) (c + tt ), xut x:
t vng chng tr cu Hy Dch,
Khinh bc mng ngm th Cc Phong
(Bo knh cnh gii 178.3). V tr ny
trc nay c phin l cht. Nhn
Gaston phin l dt, ti lp l *kst,

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
v cho qu trnh bin m t *kst >
*tst> tt > cht [6, 36-37]. Chng
ti phin l t v nhng l do sau.
Thanh ph tt (v t) thng
dng ghi t trong cc vn bn
ch Nm, tng ng thy m t- v
-. V quan trng hn, t lun c
dng i dch vi ch on ( )
trong Hn vn, th d: on: t, ti:
may; lit: by, thao: giu (Tam thin
t, 102).Vic i dch m tit nh
vy cn li lu tch trong t t
on ca ting Vit hin nay9. Th d,
bn gii ngha Thin tng kha h
ng lc ca Tu Tnh (th k XIV) c
cu Ting d ngm xui t ( ) ngn
bch dng <
(16a10), Pht thuyt c cu Bng
vn ku du con, gan lng t ( )
lm tm tc <
(15b9); Truyn k mn lc tng b
gii m tp ch c cu M chng
mch Kinh Thi, Kinh Th hu t ( )
m li ni <
(I
11a1). Cu th t vng chng tr
cu Hy Dch y vn dch t
cm
Nh nhn ng
tm k li on kim (hai k mt
lng, th sc bn c th cht t
c vng) t sch Kinh dch. Ng
t ny cn c ghi bng (t) cc
v tr D t khn cm b nga d,
Quan cao no n dng ngi
ngy (Bo knh cnh gii 137.3, 142.5,
174.7, 176.3), nay nn i v dng c.
Thy m kp *k- tng c Hong
Th Ng nghin cu k lng khi kho
st cc ch Nm trong Pht thuyt.
Tc gi cho rng ghi *kt > nt,
*ki > di,
*knh > dnh
(QATT), *kng > dng (i Vit
thng s), v *ki > di [8, 93];

Thy m kp...
[9]. Mt s bn gii Nm c in vo
i L nh: Gia l, Ch Nam ngc
m gii ngha, C Chu Php Vn
Pht bn hnh ng lc, Truyn k mn
lc tng b gii m tp ch, S Nghiu
i thoi... cn gi li c du vt
ca cc cch ghi c nh:
*km
>m, *kng > ng, *ky >
y, *kn > n,
*ki > i.
Vi c liu ch Nm nu, kiu ti
lp c th l *ktwt5. Qu trnh bin i
ng m c th l *ktwt5> *kwt5> wt5.
Ri t wt5 (t) mi sang dwt5 (dt).
(30)
(c
+ nh ), xut
x: H phch phc linh nhn mi
bit, Dnh cn dn ny (Tng
220.4). Nguyn Quang Hng cho rng
y l ch Nm hi m chnh ph
gi danh (c khng tham gia biu m
m ch c chc nng bo hiu c chch
m), nn khng tin hnh ti lp m
ch phin l dnh [17, 243]10. So snh
vi i ng pdieng trong ting Bahnar,
v thanh mu ( nh) ca thanh ph
, Nhn Gaston ti lp l *kdjnh [6,
35]. Hong Th Ng cng phin dnh
v ti lp l *knh [8, 93]. Kiu ti
lp cui cng l c l, bi tc gi
a ra hng lot cc chng c ch
Nm ghi thy m kp *k- trong Pht
thuyt v mt s chng c vn bia vn Nm t kho st ca Nguyn T
Nh nh *km, *kng, *ky, *kn,
*ki,... [chuyn dn 8, 93-94]. Ng
v
t ny cn c ghi bng
ti v tr (T thn 90.7) v (Bo knh
cnh gii 146.8), nay nn ci chnh
v dng c. Pht thuyt ghi ng t dy
bng ch Nm ti v tr hng sc
phn sp dy <
(15a2).
2
Nh vy, kiu ti lp l *kda .

57
+ hai < ), xut
(31) (c
x: Nhn ngha trung cn ch tch
ninh, Kh th hay khn kho hay hanh
(Bo knh cnh gii 131.2). Ng t
ny trc nay nht lot u c c
l hay. Nhng ch duy nht c Nhn
Gaston tin hnh ti lp ng m. ng
a ra 6 c liu sau: (1) Thanh ph
hai thuc thanh mu hiu (khai
khu). So snh vi mt s i ng
trong ting Mng nh hi (Bi nh),
hi (Dan Ken), hay (Lng Lum, Ban
o, ng Tn), hai (Ban P Ngoai,
Sui Sng, Lng Um), hay (Thch
Bi); (2) Dn mt s c liu ca J.
Cuisinier (1946)11 v thy m kp
*kh- trong ting Mng, nh h (Vit)
c i ng k h trong th ng Ai
Thng, Ban o; hiu (Vit) c i
ng k hi (Ai Thng), hnh c i
ng k hn (Ai Thng); (3) So snh
h (l mt t gc Hn, thuc mu
hiu ) vi mt s i ng trong ngn
ng bo th nh: khal (Png), hal
(My), kohal (Rc), khal (Mng),
khn (Ngun), ku hal (Sch); (4) Hoa
Di dch ng ghi
(s 134),
trong h c phin m bng
(thuc thanh mu kin , khai khu,
*ka/ka-/kia; (5) Dn mt s lu tch
ca thy m kp *kh- cn tn ti trong
ting Vit nh: khng - hng, ngi
(ci)12 - hi; (6) Dn l thuyt ca Maurice
Granmont trong sch Trait de
phontique (Paris: 1960, p.169) v
kiu thy m kp gm mt m tc
(occlusive) ng trc kt hp vi mt
m ht vo (aspiration) pha sau.
Cui cng, Nhn Gaston ti lp l
*khaj (thy m kp *kh-), qu trnh
bin i m t *khaj > rng k- > haj
(hay) [6, 38-39]13. Cch ti lp ca Nhn
Gaston l c th xy ra trn thc t.

58
Chng ti cn tm thy mt s c liu
b sung nh di y. Pht thuyt
dng ch Nm ghi ng t hai
trong cu hai c l nghip sn <
(10b3). Sch ny cn dng
ch Nm (c + hng) ghi ng
t hng cu K-hng no nu vt
mnh <
(16a7),
(c
hng) ti cu k-hng sc phn sp
dy <
(15a2) v dng
ch Nm
(ba hng) ghi ng
t hng cu bn cng h hng
vui du ba-hng tri <
(20a5)14. Nhip Tn tm thy ch
(c + h) ghi ng t h
Nm
(trong h hng), v cho rng y l
ch hi m chnh ph [26, 627], tuy
nhin tc gi coi ch c ch c chc
nng chnh m. Theo chng ti c
kh nng y rt c th l lu tch
ca thy m kp *kh-. Kiu ti lp: *khaj1.
(32)
(c + n), xut x: ti
v tr 117.7. Nguyn cu ny trc
nay c phin m l Dng y ca
no cho bc na, hm dao o c
cng mang, v ca c hiu l mt
danh t, ring Nhn Gaston cho rng
nn phin
l c no, coi thy m
ca
v c dng ghi thy
m kp *kn- trong ting Vit c. Nhn
Gaston dn mt s i ng k - n (Quy
M, Ban Chanh, Ban P Ngoai, Thi
Lai), hay k - no (Canh Nan, Ban ken),
k - n (ng Tn), k - no (Ai Thng),
ka - no (Ban o), k - no (Thch
Bi) [6, 46-47] v dn chng thm mt
s ng t c thy m kp kn- nh:
nch (Vit) c i ng ku nek (Mng),
ku n (Sch), k n (Bahnar), k nei
(Stieng) [6, 46-47]. V mt ngha, t
no y l mt t c, ngha l ,
lu tch cn thy trong t no ca
ting Vit hin i. Trong Pht thuyt,

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
ch no vi ngha xut hin 13
ln, u ghi bng ch Nm n no.
Trong khi, no vi ngha khi, lc li
c 4 ln c ghi bng c no ti
cc v tr 13b3, 17a5, 27a5, 29b5.
Hong Th Ng cho rng y ch l
cc cch ghi khc nhau cho thy m
kp kn-. Trong ,
l vit di
dng hai m ch tch ri; dng {
c (trn) + no (di)} l ch Nm
mt m nhng c hai thnh t ghi
m trn cng mt m ch Nm n;
v ch l dng ch Nm n mt
thnh t ( loi b thnh t th nht,
ch gi li thnh t th hai). Tc gi
xut cch ti lp ng m cho c 3
cch ghi Nm trn l *kno [8, 94-95].
Tc gi cn dn thm cc th d khc
cho thy m kp *kn-. Nh ch
( + ) ghi *knng (nng) trong cu
y mi thc tr c n nng (*knng)
ng n (30a5), ch trong ( n
nang) trong cu Lng n nang
(knang) trc mt (42b-1) v mt
s a danh, nhn danh trn bia i
Trn (bia Dc Thy, Ninh Bnh) nh:
C Ni,
C Ni,
C Nam [8, 95]. Tc gi cng dn
mt s c liu do Nguyn T Nh
kho st nh:
Ghi ni bng
*kni > ni

(c + ni) =

- na - (c + na) =*kna>
Na (ni Na)
- nom > nom

(c + nam) = *knom

- nem (c + nim) = knem

> nem (chuyn dn Hong Th Ng
trong [8, 96]).
Vi nhng c liu b sung nh
trn, cch phin chuyn v gi thuyt

Thy m kp...
ti lp thy m kp *kn- cho ch no
trong QATT ca Nhn Gaston l c
c s thc t. m ti lp c th l
*kn 1. Cn mt s im hin nay cha
th gii quyt c. Song gi thuyt
trn vn nu ra y nh l mt gi
cho nhng nghin cu tip theo.
Tm li, nh trn trnh by,
chng ti tin hnh ti lp ng m
v ti lp vn t c cho 32 ng t
xut hin vi tn s 98 ln. Trn c
s 47 lt ch Nm c dng E2 (ghi
cc t c thy m kp u), chng
ti tin hnh ti lp c 55 lt
ch Nm c cho vn bn Dng B
Cung. Trong nh chnh c hai
trng hp ch Nm ghi tri v lt.
15 thy m kp c ti lp qua
cc ch Nm c E2 gm c: (1) *kl(*ks-, *kr-), *kl- (> *bl-), *kl- (> *ml), (2) *khl- (*khr-, *khs-), (3) *tp(*tb-), (4) *cr-, (5) *ml-, (6) *km-, (7)
*pl- (> *tl-, *bl-), (8) *?j-, (9) *kj-,
(10) *k-, (11) *ks- (> *kt-), (12) *kt >
*k-, (13) *kd-, (14) *kh- v (15) *kn-.
Khng nhng th, cc ch Nm c
trn cn cho ta thy mt din mo
phong ph hn, phc tp hn ca cc
thy m kp vo th k XIV- XV. S
lng cc thy m kp cng nh cc
ng t trong QATT khng ch gii
hn y, m cn tip tc kho st
qua cc ch Nm hu k, vn ny
s c trnh by trong bi vit khc15.
CH THCH
S d ni l bt lun bi l cc
k hiu ch Hn dng ghi yu t u
ca thy m (d ng trn, bn phi,
hay bn tri ch), vn ch c chc nng
duy nht l ghi yu t u ca thy m
kp. S d c nhng cch vit khc nhau
nh vy l do ngi vit b tr kt
cu, gian gi ca cc k t trong mt
1

59
khi vung. Nhng sp xp y thun
phc v cho hnh th, thuc v lnh vc
th php c in.
2
Xem thm Nguyn Hng V, 2010.
3
Tra t in Ch Nm ca Vin
NC Hn Nm, thy t dng ang xt l
t dng duy nht n nay tm c dng
ghi m c ca ng t ny. Cc ch
Nm trong cc vn bn khc ch dng
thanh ph liu dng lu tch, cha k
n cc ch Nm hu k ghi chnh xc
bng thanh ph c TR- hoc CH-.
4
Nm 2009, chng ti khai thc
mt s ch Nm ghi thy m kp *kmnh sau: ghi Kmng (nghe) [26b3,
41b4, 43b5, 69b6, 57a6, 57b3, 57b5,
72b5, 73a6]. ghi Kmt [13b1, 13b1,
23a3]. ghi Kmn [22a2, 24a1, 48b5,
67b6]. ghi km [18a1]. ghi kmi
[10a3]. ghi kmi [19a2]. ghi kmn
[21b6, 49a6]. ghi kmng [8a6]. ghi
km [34b6, 37a6, 40a4]. ghi km [6a5,
6a5]. ghi km [8a1]. ghi kma [9b3,
23b1, 24b5, 25b2, 31a6, 34a3, 37a2,
38a1, 47a5, 47a6, 47b1, 53a1, 55b3, 55b5,
55b6, 60b6, 74a6]. ghi kmc [57a2].
ghi kmi [65a2]. [37, 38]. Ngoi ch
ghi Kmng v
ghi kma, cc
trng hp cn li, v mt vn bn v
vn t l khng chnh xc so vi vn bn
gc. Cc ch ny u c cc k hiu ph,
ch khng h c b khu. y l nhm
ln nghim trng trong qu trnh vi tnh
ha v nghin cu ca chng ti. Nhn
y, chng ti xin ci chnh v xin li.
5
Lu y l *ml- v *bl- l cc
thy m kp c v tr cu m gn nhau,
u c cu trc: m mi mi+ m lng.
6
Trc y (2009), chng ti phin
l sm (Trn Thi Tng, 2009: 149), nay
xin ci chnh.
7
Xin xem Trn Trng Dng. T
nguyn ca mt s t n tit gc Hn.
K yu Hi tho Quc t o to v
nghin cu ngn ng hc Vit Nam:

60
Nhng vn l lun v thc tin. Nxb
HQG, H Ni, 2011.
8
Qua kho st ca Nguyn Vn
Ti (2006: 279) th ting Mng cui
thp k by mi ca th k XX nht
lot bin mt cc thy m kp. Vn
ny cn tip tc tm hiu.
9
y l mt c ch to nn hng
lot t vng song m tit trong ting
Vit. Tuy nhin, n nay cha c thng
k v nghin cu c th v vn ny.
10
Tic rng Nguyn Quang Hng
khng nu nhng tiu ch phn bit
gia trng hp ny vi cc ch Nm
ghi thy m kp.
11
Jeanne Cuisinier. 1946. Les Muong:
Geographie Humaine et Sociologie. Paris:
Institut d'ethnologie, 618 p. Bn dch ting
Vit: Jeanne Cuisinier. Ngi Mng:
a l nhn vn v x hi hc. Nxb Lao
ng, 2007.
12
Nguyn vn, Nhn Gaston ch
dn ngi, nay chng ti b sung thm ci.
13
(thanh ph: cm). m ti lp:
h
3
*k ham > gm/ hm. Cm l m Hn
Vit, nh trong t thp cm, li c m
Hn Vit Vit ha l gm. Da vo c
liu ny, Nhn Gaston ti lp l *khm,
din bin: *khm> hm [6, 37]. Da
vo i ng gm trong ting Bahnar,
Paul Schneider c l gm (1987: 425).
Kiu ti lp ca Nhn Gaston v cch
phin ca Paul Schneider l c l. Hm
(ngha: cm go v lu qu nn b mc
i, mt cht v c mu en), c l ng
nguyn vi t cm (en) trong go cm,
np cm. T in Vit B La ghi HM,
GO HM: go en mc mc. Go hm:
cng mt ngha [27, 112]. Khch hin
no qun quen cng l, Cm i ni chi
hm min kh. (Bo knh cnh gii 141.4).
14
C iu tic l c ba ch Nm
c trn u khng c a vo T in
ch Nm (2006) ca Vin NC Hn Nm,

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
mc d cc tc phm u nm trong din
kho st.
15
Trn Trng Dng. Thy m kp
th k XV qua ch Nm hu k trong
Quc m thi tp (bn tho hon chnh)
v Mt s t gc Hn c cu trc CCVC
qua ng liu th Nm trong Quc m
thi tp (bn tho hon chnh).
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bhaine, Pierre Pegneaux de
(B a Lc B Nhu), Dictionarium
Anamitico Latinum 1772-1772 (T v
An nam La tinh), Hng Nhu Nguyn
Khc Xuyn dch v gii thiu, Nxb
Tr, 1999.
2. Bi Vn Nguyn, Th quc
m Nguyn Tri, Nxb GD, H., 1994.
3. Ferlus, Michel, S bin ha ca
cc m tc gia (obstruentes mediales)
trong ting Vit. (Vn H dch), Trong
Giao lu vn ha v ngn ng Vit Php, Nxb Tp H Ch Minh, 1999,
Tr.116-145.
4. Ferlus, Michel, Nhng s
khng hi ha thanh iu trong ting
Vit Mng v nhng mi lin quan
lch s ca chng, Vng Lc dch.
Trong Giao lu vn ha v ngn ng
Vit - Php, Nxb Tp H Ch Minh, 1999,
Tr.147-161.
5. Ferlus, Michel, The origin of
Tones in Viet-Muong, Southeast Asian
Linguistic Society XIth Conference,
Bangkok, Thailand, 2001, May 16-18
2001.
6. Gaston, Nhn, Etude du consonantisme du Quc m thi tp (Nghin
cu h thng ph m u ca Quc
m thi tp, Lun n Tin s tam cp),
INACO, Php, 1967, 243 tr.
7. Gnibrel, J.F.M., Dictionnaire
Annamite- Franais (
), SaiGon Imprimerie de la mission
Tn nh, Si Gn, 1898.

Thy m kp...
8. Hong Th Ng, Ch Nm v
ting Vit qua bn gii m Pht thuyt
i bo ph mu n trng kinh, Nxb
KHXH, H., 1999.
9. Hong Th Ng, Du tch ca
cc thy m kp u KB, KM, KN, K
qua cch ghi ch Nm c, Trong Mch
o dng i, Nxb KHXH, H., 2002,
tr.198-208.
10. Hong Triu n, T in ch
Nm Ty, Nxb KHXH, H., 2003.
11. Hong Vn Ma, T in Vit
Ty Nng, Nxb KHXH, H., 1984.
12. Hunh Tnh Paulus Ca,
(i Nam quc m t v),
SaiGon Imprimerie REY, CURIOL & Cie,
4, rue dAdran, 4, Nxb Tr, 1998 (theo
n bn 1895-1896).
13. Mai Quc Lin vcs (phin
ch), Quc m thi tp, Trong Nguyn
Tri ton tp tn bin (T3), Nxb Vn
hc, Trung tm nghin cu Quc hc,
H., 2001.
14. Matisoff, Jimes A., Tonogenesis
in Southeast Asia, in: Hyman, Larry
M. (ed.) Consonant Types and Tones,
Southern California Occasional Papers
in Linguistics 1, 1973, 71- 96.
15. Nguyn Ti Cn, Gio trnh
lch s ng m ting Vit (s tho),
Nxb GD, H., 1997.
16. Nguyn Ti Cn, V ch Nm
thi Quc m thi tp, Trong Mt s
chng tch v ngn ng - vn t - vn
ha, Nxb HQG, H., 1989, (Ti bn 2001).
17. Nguyn Quang Hng, Khi
lun vn t hc ch Nm, Nxb GD,
H., 2008.
18. Nguyn Quang Hng, m tit
v loi hnh ngn ng, Nxb HQG,
H., 2002.

61
19. Nguyn T Nh, Cc phng
thc biu m trong cu trc ch Nm
Vit, Nxb KHXH, H., 1997.
20. Nguyn T Nh (ch tr), Tng
tp vn hc Nm Vit Nam, Tp 1, Nxb
KHXH, H., 2008.
21. Nguyn Ngc San, Gp vi
kin v m u ting Vit c qua c liu
Pht thuyt, T/c Ngn ng, S 3, 1982.
22. Nguyn Ngc San, Tm hiu
ting Vit lch s, Nxb HSP, H., 2003a.
23. Nguyn Hng V, Nhng ghi
chp ch ngha khi c Quc m thi
tp ca Nguyn Tri, Thng bo Hn
Nm hc 2009, Nxb KHXH, H., 2010.
24. Nguyn Vn Ti, Ng m
ting Mng qua cc phng ngn,
Nxb T in Bch khoa, H., 2006.
25. Nguyn Vn Li, Ting Rc,
Nxb KHXH, H., 1993.
26. Nhip Tn, Ch hi m chnh
ph trong bn gii m Truyn k mn
lc, Trong o to v nghin cu Ngn
ng hc Vit Nam: nhng vn l
lun v thc tin, Nxb HQG, H., 2011,
tr.621-635.
27. Rhodes, A. de., Dictionarivm
Annnamiticivm Lvsitanvm et Latinvm
ope Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda
Fide in Lucem Editum ab Alexandro
de Rhodes e Societati Jesu, Eiusdemque
Sacra Congregationis Missionario
Apostolico, Romae: typis & sumptibus
eiusdem Sacr, Congreg, 1651 p. 633.,
Thanh Lng, Hong Xun Vit v
Quang Chnh phin dch, Nxb KHXH,
H., (tb 1994).
28. Schneider, Paul, Nguyen Trai
et son Receuil de Poemesen en Langue
Nationale, Centre National de la
Rechercher Scientifique, Paris, 1987.

62
29. Shimizu Masaaki, Kho st
s lc v cu trc m tit ting Vit
vo th k XIV-XV qua hai c liu ch
Nm, Trong Cc nh Vit Nam hc
nc ngoi vit v Vit Nam (Tp 2),
Nxb Th gii, H., 2002.
30. Shimizu Masaaki, A Phonological
Reconstruction of 15th Century Vietnamese
Using Ch Nm
Materials, 2010,
International Conference and Taiwanese
Studies, National Cheng Kung University,
Taiwan, 2010.
31. Trn Trng Dng, i tm
m c c cho ch l th, T/c Hn
Nm, S 3, 2006.
32. Trn Trng Dng, Tnh hnh
cu trc ch Nm qua Kha h lc
gii ngha v Kha h lc gii m",
T/c Hn Nm, S 2, 2008.
33. Trn Trng Dng, Th tm
nguyn hai ch tha la, Trong Nghin
cu v ch Nm, Hi bo tn Di sn
ch Nm Hoa K, Nxb Nxb KHXH,
H., tr.169-180, (2008b).
34. Trn Trng Dng, Nguyn
Tri Quc m t in (bn tho sp
in), Alphabook, Nxb KHXH, H., 550 tr.
35. Trn Uyn Thi - Nguyn Hu
Vinh, Ai v c, ai xa c? Du
vt m Vit c: t song tit v ph m
kp, Tham lun Hi ngh Quc t v
ting Vit, Vin Vit hc, California,
USA, 2007.
36. Trn Thi Tng, Thin tng
kha h ng lc, Tu Tnh gii ngha,
Trn Trng Dng kho cu, dch v
phin ch, Nxb Vn hc & TT Nghin
cu Quc Hc, H., 2009.

Ngn ng s 8 nm 2012
37. Trng c Qu, Vn dng
tri thc ng m lch s trong nghin
cu cu trc ch Nm, Trong Mch
o dng i, Vin Nghin cu Hn
Nm, H., 2002, tr. 221-237.
38. V c Nghiu, n tit, n
tit ho v a tit, a tit ho trong qu
trnh pht trin ca ting Vit, K yu
hi tho quc t v ngn ng v ngn
ng hc lin , H., 2005, tr. 202 - 213.
39. V c Nghiu, Lc kho
lch s t vng ting Vit, Nxb GD Vit
Nam, H., 2011.
40. Vng Lc, An Nam dch ng,
Trung tm T in hc & Nxb Nng,
Nng, 2001.
SUMMARY
This article studies the consonant
clusters in ancient Vietnamese (XIVthXVth century) through an analysis of
the ancient Nom scripts in Quoc am thi
tap of Nguyen Trai- the most important
work in the history of Vietnamese. I
reconstruct the phonology of 32 words
which appeared 98 times. Fifteen consonant
clusters are reconstructed by using some
dialects and the demotic writting system
in the text. They are: (1)*kl- (*ks-, *kr),
*kl- (>*bl-), *kl- (>*ml-), (2) *khl- (*khr-,
*khs-), (3)*tp- (*tb-), (4)*cr-, (5)*ml-,
(6)*km-, (7) *pl- (>*tl-, *bl-), (8) *?j-,
(9) *kj-, (10) *k-, (11) *ks- (>*kt-),
(12) (*kt>-)*k-, (13) *kd-, (14) *kh- v
(15) *kn-. The result shows that Vietnamese
historical phonology in XIVth-XVth century
has lot of consonant clusters (compare
with bl-, ml-, tl- in XVIIth century Vietnamese).

NGN NG

S 11

2012

TM HIU H T GC HN TRONG
THIN NAM NG LC
BI DUY DNG

1. Do cc nhn t a l, chnh
tr x hi nn ting Vit v ting Hn
c s tip xc t lu i. H qu
ca qu trnh tip xc Hn - Vit l
ting Vit vay mn khi lng
ln t ng ting Hn bao gm c thc
t v h t. Nghin cu lp t vay
mn ny t lu c cc nh khoa
hc nh o Duy Anh, Nguyn Ti
Cn, Vng Lc, Nguyn Vn Khang
quan tm v t c nhng thnh
tu ng k, nhng ch yu tp trung
vo cc thc t cn h t vn cha
c quan tm mt cch y . D
cho, l mt b phn ng vai tr
quan trng trong b cng c ng php
ting Vit.
Trong bi vit ny, chng ti xin
trnh by nhng kho cu ca mnh
v h t gc Hn xut hin trong Thin
Nam ng lc (TNNL) - mt tc phm
c v tr c bit trong lch s vn hc
Vit Nam. Trong th th Nm lc bt
trung i, TNNL (th k XVII) l tc
phm c quy m ln nht: 8136 cu
th ch Nm, cng vi 31 bi th,
cp th ch Hn v 2 bi th Nm.
TNNL cn l tc phm tiu biu cho
th loi din ca lch s dn tc, l s
hp lu ca hai dng vn hc vit v
vn hc dn gian truyn ming. Ng

liu nghin cu y da trn bn

phin m sang ch quc ng gn y
nht ca Nguyn Th Lm [6]. Tm
hiu TNNL kha cnh ngn ng hc
s gip chng ta thy c nhng gi
tr v lch s t vng v ng php
ting Vit thi trung i.
2. Theo cch hiu thng thng,
h t l nhng t khng c ngha
t vng chn thc, dng din t
cc ngha ng php hoc quan h
ng php gia cc thc t hoc gia
cc b phn ca cu hoc gia cc
cu vi nhau. H t ting Vit c mt
b phn bt ngun t ting Hn. Lp
h t ny bao gm nhng h t Hn
Vit, c Hn Vit v Hn Vit Vit
ha. Theo Nguyn Ti Cn [2], trong
s cc h t ting Vit hin nay c
ti 1/3 l h t gc Hn. Th d:
+ C Hn Vit: chng, bn, chn...
+ Hn-Vit: nhn, tuy, do...
+ Hn-Vit Vit ho: cng - cng
(); bn - tin (); v - vi ()...
Trong TNNL, chng ti thng
k c 50 h t gc Hn. Nhng h
t ny thuc cc tiu loi nh h
t c Hn Vit (7 t: bn, cng, cng,
c, lin, ngoi, phi) v Hn Vit
Vit ha (9 t: ang, kh, mi, t,

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012

60
tng, v, v, v, vn), cn li 34 h t
Hn Vit (u, cc, cc, do, ha, min,
ngoi). Nng lc hot ng ca cc
h t kh a dng vi tn s xut
hin cao thp khc nhau. C nhng
h t xut hin vi tn s thp, mt
hoc hai ln nh: cc, lp tc, ti, do,
kh...; c nhng h xut hin vi tn
s cao n vi trm ln nh: bn, c,
ngoi, nh... Trong TNNL, tn s xut
hin c th ca cc h t y nh sau:
t (33), u (hn, l) (20), bng (80),
bn (227), cng (36), cc (6), chn (11),
chng (61), cng (303), c (15), cc
(1), do (2), ang (7), ng (12), c
(211), h (8), ha (130), hung (8),
kh (2), khng (9), lin (77), min (3),
mi (32), ngoi (9), ngoi (157), nhn
(34), nh (190), phi (91), qu (17),
ti (6), t (74), t (77), ta (20), tuy
(25), tng (6), thm (1), tha (17), v
(19), v (9), v (90), vn (27), thc (6),
chuyn (3), lp tc (1), ti (1), thng
(13), thng thng (1), kh (2), l
no (12), v (6).
Di y, l mt s phn loi
v miu t c th:
2.1. Phn loi theo v tr v chc nng

ng v tnh ng), chng thng ng

trc hoc sau ng t/ tnh t trung
tm. Th d nh: bn, cng, ang, ng,
c, khng, lin, phi, qu...
- Nhm th ba gm nhng h t
th hin quan h ng php gia cc
b phn ca cu vi nhau hoc gia
cu vi cu trong vn bn. Th d nh:
do, ha, tuy, v, v, nhn, hung...
2.1.1. Trong ngun ng liu ang
xt, h t gc Hn ng km trc
danh t trung tm ca danh ng, u
l nhng h t ch s nhiu. Loi
ny c 2 h t l: cc, mi.
a. H t cc
Theo T in h t Hn ng c
i v hin i [3], cc trong ting
Hn ng vai tr l ph t v i t.
Cc ng trc ng t lm ph t
vi ngha: mi th, mi bn, mi ngi,;
cc ng trc danh t biu th
tng ci hoc s nhiu, vi ngha: cc,
mi. Tuy nhin, trong TNNL, cc ch
c s dng 6 ln vi ngha v
chc nng th hai - lm ch t nh
du v biu th ngha s nhiu ca
danh t ging nh ngy nay.

C th chia h t gc Hn thnh
3 nhm nh sau:

327. Truyn cho d tng cc ni,

- Nhm th nht gm nhng h

t chuyn tham gia lm thnh t ph
trong ng danh t (danh ng), thng
ng trc danh t trung tm, nh:
cc, mi.

(Ghi ch: s th t cu th trong

TNNL c vit u)

- Nhm th hai gm nhng h

t c kh nng chuyn tham gia lm
thnh t ph trong ng v t (ng

5391. Cc quan phin hy ngh y,

b. H t mi
Cng nh cc, trong TNNL, mi
c dng lm ch t nh du v biu
th ngha s nhiu ton th ca danh
t. Tuy nhin, mi c dng vi tn
s cao hn, l 32 ln.

Tm hiu...

61
v thch. Tuy nhin, vi 12 ln xut
hin trong TNNL, h t ng phn
ln tng ng vi h t thch ting
Hn nt ngha ch s tip din ca
hnh ng, tnh cht hay s vic:

161. Nh nng u C mi b,
3485. K by mi s trc sau,
iu c bit, trong nhm cc
h t ng ngha ch s nhiu, tham
gia vo cu trc ng danh t, ngoi
cc h t gc Hn nh cc, mi, trong
TNNL, chng ta cng thy xut hin
h t phi Hn Vit l nhng. H t
nhng c s dng vi tn s 103
ln, cao hn hn so vi h t cc v
mi, cho chng ta thy s phn cng
chc nng, ng dng v ng ngha
ca cc h t ng ngha khi tham
gia th hin ngha ng php s nhiu
trong ting Vit. Th d:

5373. Bt ng thin nh mi ngoi,

7417. Thi tri ng m t Trn.
Trong qu trnh bin i ng m
lch s, h t ng dn c chuyn
sang pht m l ang. Hin ny, ng
ch c nhn din qua mt s cu
trc t nhiu mang tnh c nh nh:
ng nhin, ng th...
Bn l mt h t c Hn Vit,
tng ng vi mt lot cc h t trong
ting Hn nh ni, toi, tc [3]. Bn
thng ng trc ng t, biu th
s lin ngay lp tc ca hnh ng
tip theo sau hnh ng trc , hoc
c th l hu qu ca hnh ng
trc. Trong cc vn bn c trung i,
h t bn c s dng vi tn s rt
cao nh Truyn k mn lc gii m
(43 ln) [13], Thin Nam ng lc
(227 ln)...

496. Tn cng dp ra nhng

li king khem.
4918. Cung tn nhng la, i tri
nhng binh.
2.1.2. Cc h t gc Hn tham
gia vo cu trc ng v t (kt hp
vi ng t, tnh t) chim s lng
nhiu nht, gm c: bn, chn, chng,
cng, c, cc, ang, ng, c, h,
kh, khng, lin, phi, qu, tng, thm,
tha, vn, thc, chuyn, lp tc, ti,
thng, thng thng, kh... Nhng
h t ny lm thnh phn ph trong
ng v t, chng thng ng trc
v t v c s dng khng khc
nhiu so vi ting Vit hin nay. Th
d nh h t tng v vn:

6579. Bn truyn v s trc sau,

7740. Bn n ni cng Cnh
D s duyn.
2.1.3. Nhng h t gc Hn khng
lm thnh t ph trong cu trc ca
ng danh t, ng v t nh trn, m
thc hin chc nng ni kt gia t
vi t trong cm t hoc ni kt gia
cc thnh phn cu, gia cc cu vi
nhau, cng c nhng ngha v cch
dng nh ngy nay. Trong TNNL xut
hin mt lot cc h t loi ny nh:
ha, cng, bng, do, tuy, v, t, nh...
Chng ta phn tch mt vi h t sau.

2645. Anh cha tng thy bu tri,

8094. Cho s tri dng vn c
my nhiu.
Theo N.V Stankevich [13], h t
ng c dch t h t Hn ng

61

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012

62
H t tuy xut hin 25 ln, biu
th iu sp nu ra l mt s tht ng
l lm cho iu c ni n khng
th xy ra, nhm nhn mnh ngha
ca iu vn xy ra y.

- Mt s h t mt hoc gn
nh khng c dng trong ting Vit
hin i. Chng ti gi l nhng
h t c gc Hn nh: tha, ha, chn,
chng, hung, h (chng l).

1253. Tuy cng Thi t kt nguyn,

- Mt s h t m ngha v chc
nng ca chng hin nay thay i
so vi thi TNNL: c trng hp pht
trin, c trng hp thu hp, thm ch
c trng hp va pht trin va thu
hp. i khi, c nhng t hin nay
chng ta ch gp trong mt vi t hp
(ng) nht nh nh: u trong u hn,
u l..., v trong v chng, v li...,
v trong v nh, v th...

1254. Ngoi tnh nt y chng

king trong lng.
5413. Lng tuy c th ho hnh,
5414. Lng cn bit l nhn tnh
s lai
Trong loi h t ny, chng ta
thy xut hin nhng nhm h t gc
Hn ng ngha, th d v - do, bng nh... iu ny s dn n s phn
chia v th ca mi h t trong nhm.
Nhiu nhm h t vn gi c s
phn chia v th sut t th k XVII
n by gi. Th d nh, ch ngha
nguyn nhn, l do, trong TNNL, t
v c s dng ph bin ti 90 ln
trong khi t do ch c s dng
c 2 ln. Th d:
1167. Long Bin thnh hiu Thng
Long,
1168. V xa rng dy di sng
Nh H
1633. Do thng T nh d ngi,
1634. Trc khoe c vc, sau si
la l
2.2. Nhn t gc pht trin
ngn ng
Nhng h t gc Hn trong TNNL
c nhng bin i nht nh so vi
ngy nay. Tnh hnh c th nh sau:

- Cc h t nh: t, bng, bn,

cng, cc, cng, c, ang, c,h,
khng, lin, min, mi, ngoi, nhn,
nh, phi, qu, ti, t, t, ta, tuy,
tng, v, v, v... u ang tn ti v
c s dng vi tn s cao hoc kh
cao trong ting Vit hin i. Theo
V c Nghiu [10], i chiu vi
T in tn s nm 1980, chng ti
thy cc h t gc Hn c tn s nh
sau: bng (518), cc (5257), cng (459),
cng (720), c (790), ang (1470),
khng (4185), mi (707), ngoi (501)...
2.2.1. Nhng h t c gc Hn
khc rt nhiu so vi lp h t ting
Vit hin nay, nn chng ti s i su
vo tm hiu cc h t ny
a) H t chn
- c s dng 10 ln thng
ng trc tnh t biu th ngha
nh gi mc y , ng chun,
khng cn cht nghi ng no na (tng
t vi vn, tht):

Tm hiu...

63
- Kt hp vi bi, nhn, v biu
th nguyn nhn

633. Ly sng lm him chn gh,

634. Thc Vng c cnh chng
th s bay.

1155. V chng duyn c v chng,

1156. Hiu Ty Chu tnh trong
Loa thnh.

- Ngoi ra, h t chn c 1 ln

th hin ngha hn nh, duy nht
khi tham gia vo ng ng t:

- Biu th i tng sp nu ra
l i tng nhm n (tng t t
cho, vi)

3463. Ngha b thi hu l anh,

3464. Chm cy chn thy ho
cnh m thng

1629. Nng bn mi bc ln n,
1630. Vi chng thin a giang
sn qu thn.

b) H t chng
Trong giai on vn hc trung
i, chng l mt h t c Hn Vit
hot ng rt tch cc. Chng ta c
th thy r iu ny qua mt s vn
bn thi trung i nh: Quc m thi
tp v Hng c quc m thi tp c
45 t chng, Truyn k mn lc gii
m c 276 ln t chng v TNNL s
dng 61 t chng. Theo Stankevich
[13], chng ng vi mt lot cc h
t Hn nh chi, ph, , vu. Cc nt
ngha ca h t Hn c bo ton,
chuyn dch sang h t chng, vi
cc nt ngha sau:

- Dng trc i t, danh t ring:

biu th iu sp nu ra l i tng
c quan h trc tip vi iu c ni
n (tng t t i vi)
4645. C chng Cng Un ngi ny,
4646. C trung, c hiu, c ngay,
c hin.
c) H t h
y l mt h t c s dng
vi ngha gi nh iu ang c ni
ti. N gn nh t hi, nhng khng
nh iu nu ra l tri vi l l, khng
c l. Hin nay, h t c s dng
m c thay th bng "chng l".

- Biu th ni, chn tn ti hay

din ra s vt, s vic c ni n
(tng t t , ti):

1613. Nc ta h thiu nhn ti,

1614. Cho thng T nh ngi
t hng

3931. M Nam, con Bc cu sinh,

3932. Ti bng mt mnh lc n
chng y.

4075. Ch rng: xun bt ti lai,

- Biu th phm vi thi gian din

ra s vic c ni n (tng t t
ng, trong)

4076. Mt ngy h c hm mai

hai ln

6487. Chng khi nc gp lon li,

6488. em mnh u gic, k chi
lm ngi.

Biu th ngha so snh vi s

tnh v trc, tng ng vi hn
na, na l trong ting Vit hin nay.

d) H t hung

63

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012

64
6727. Hung nay hong hu c con,

55. Thi cho ch trng lm tin,

6728. i bn mt cht ngha

cn ng tng

56. Hung nay thi t ha hin

ha khn.

7619. Bn b thu nhiu sn vi,

Chnh ngha ny, chng ta

thy xut hin cp lin t haha
biu th ngha c hnh ng, trng
thi xy ra ng thi. Hin nay, cp
h t ny bin i thnh cp h t
va...va..., vi bc chuyn trung
gian l cp h t Hn Vit Vit ha
v...v... m chng ta gp trong ngn
ng vn xui cui th k XIX u th
k XX, th d: v ni v khc, v i
v ni, v ku v bay... [8].

7620. Chim bay chng khi hung

chi l ngi.
Hin nay, t hung ch xut hin
trong mt s t hp nht nh nh hung
h, hung g, hung chi, hung na.
e) H t ha
- C ngha l tt c, thng ng
trc danh t, v c th kt hp vi
khp v c nhm nhn mnh thm
ngha ch ton th.
149. Khp ha ty bc ng nam,
150. Mi thu bn b tr em mt nh.
5659. M nn khn c ha on,
5660. Chng bng liu lng cho
an qua i.
- C ngha, chc nng nh mt
lin t (tng t nh v), chng hn:
2251. Ho thm hng thnh ph
nhiu,
2252. Ai ng thi vn, ai nhiu
kp vay.
- C ngha biu hin mi quan
h ci thuyt minh v ci c thuyt
minh trong danh ng, n thng ng
ngay sau danh t c thuyt minh
(tng t t m)
7029. C chu v mu lo
7030. Ta ho vy ai l k toan?
- C ngha, chc nng nh mt
ph t ng trc v t, (tng t nh
va), chng hn:

f) H t kh
Trong TNNL, kh c th i km
vi ng t, c ngha nh ng, nn
hin nay ch s nh gi iu g hay
vic g l hp l, xng ng. Th d:
2517. Kh tn ln ng to vng,
8071. Tr thi kh snh h Hng.
TNNL, c 2 ln kh kt hp
vi t ph nh chng to thnh mt
t hp c ngha "khuyn bo, nhc
nh" tng ng vi chng nn. Th
d: 4603. Thy rng: chng kh l
u/, 6206. Y lnh ng hnh vic chng
kh sai. Theo , hai th d ny c th
din t li l: Thy rng: chng nn
lm th/ Y lnh m lm, vic khng
nn lm sai.
g) H t tha thng ng trc
danh t, cu to nn danh ng vi
ngha sau:
- Dng ch ci g thuc v ca
ai
2379. Chng khi trong trn pho tn,

Tm hiu...

65

2380. V vua ra sc qun

tha mnh.

H t thc/ tht trong TNNL

thng kt hp vi t l, to thnh
t hp thc l biu th s khng
nh mt cch chn chn iu c
ni ti. Th d:

- Hoc hi ch ni v ngi hoc

s vic ni trn:
6443. Xa tin hong di li

791. Triu thy con ni ra,

6444. Tha cng lnh y mun

i chng qun

792. Mu ny khi ngha, thc

l cng con!

2.2.2. Nhng h t gc Hn n
nay vn tn ti, nhng trong ngha
v chc nng ca chng c s
bin ng

7459. Mnh ta Tn Du sinh ra,

7460. Tn kim sc trng thc l
bch k.

a) V trng hp pht trin thm

cc ngha, chc nng mi, ng thi
tng cng kh nng tham gia vo cc
cu trc ng php, c th kho st h
t ti v thc lm th d.

i chiu vi t thc/ tht trong

T in Vit - B - La [1, 751], chng
ta thy cng ch tn ti nt ngha ny.
Nh vy, c th thy h t thc/ tht
trong th k XVII cha c s a dng
v ngha v chc nng nh hin nay.
Hin nay, t thc/ tht c th ng
trc tnh t biu th ngha nh
gi mc y , ng chun, khng
c cht nghi ng no (th d: Tnh hnh
tht cng thng.), hoc c dng
nh gi mc khng nh theo
ch quan ca ngi ni trc mt hin
tng, hnh ng no (th d: T
tht, th m n chng trao i g vi
ti c).

H t ti trong TNNL thng

ng trc danh t, vi ngha tng
ng vi h t ti trong ting Hn
[3] ch thi gian, ni chn, nh
cc cu sau:
6037. Tha: L Phc Man l ti,
6038. Sinh qu vn ti ni
dn ny.
7995. n thu Hong T ti th,
7996. Cng tn vng tht, k
v hong tng.

b) V trng hp thu hp ngha

v chc nng ng php, chng ta xt
cc trng hp sau:

Trong T in Vit B La (th

k XVII) ca A.de.Rhodes cng thi
vi TNNL, chng cng tm thy t
ti [1, 715] vi ch mt nt ngha
ch ni chn hay thi gian, tng ng
vi t hin nay. Tuy nhin, ngy nay,
t ti cn ng vai tr lm lin t, biu
th nguyn nhn gy ra hnh ng c
ni n trong cu, tng ng vi t
do, v hin nay.

- H t phi
Trong TNNL, phi xut hin
n 91 ln, trong nhiu trng hp
khc nhau v kh nng kt hp v
ngha nh:
- Biu th ngha gp chuyn
khng hay, iu xu:

65

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012

66
1914. Phi thi lon lc, gp tun
c hoang.

s phn b b tc gia b v phi trong

cch dng nh hin nay.

- Biu th ngha ng, trng:

- H t u: Trong TNNL, u xut

hin 20 ln, c s dng trong hu
ht cc trng hp vi ngha v chc
nng ch s phng on v mt
kh nng c th xy ra s vic:

2092. Ngi Ng n bn tn cung

phi nng.
- Biu th ngha c bn phn,
c nhim v phi lm ci g
5178. Ch pht ch a u cng
phi nghe.
Tuy nhin, cho n nay, phi
c xu hng thu hp v mt ngha khi
nt ngha gp chuyn khng hay, iu
xu t khi dng n, c chng ch thy
xut hin trong cc t hp mang tnh
thnh ng: giy ny ln nh a phi
vi, hoc cch ni: phi gi. Chnh
s bin i v ngha ko theo s thay
i v kh nng kt hp. TNNL,
phi kt hp ph bin vi nhng t
mang sc thi ngha khng tt, th
d: chc (mu), mt, oan, ch, thua...
ting Vit hin thi, nhng kt hp
kiu nh vy khng cn xut hin,
thay vo l s th chn ca b, nh:
b mt, b oan, b ch, b thua...
Ni v nguyn nhn ca s thay
th ny, inh Vn c [5] cho rng:
b v phi c ngun gc t ting Hn.
Do c im ca b l mt yu t cu
to t cho nn b cha c tc dng
trong t t, n ch tn ti nh mt hnh
v. Yu t phi c dng rng ri hn
so vi khi thy, vic dng b din
t ngha ri, xu nhm khc phc
tnh nhiu ngha ca phi. Quy lut
tit kim ca ngn ng khng cho php
dng hai hnh thc din t cho cng
hin tng, bi vy ting Vit c

3673. Quy cng ph cn nh nhau,

3674. Bo u nh si, mnh u
nh hm
7429. Nguyn n t v chc mu,
7430. Bo ton cho ko ly u
h hng.
H t u thng dng trong ngn
ng vn chng (Nghn xa u cng
th ny, T bi u liu bt tay mi va
(Truyn Kiu)) hoc dng trong nhng
cu ca thn (Thi, u cng ti ci s),
cn hin nay ngha v chc nng
phng on c thay th bng h
t c l. i b phn nhng trng
hp s dng t u trong TNNL, chng
ta c th thay bng h t c l s c
mt cu nh ting Vit hin nay. Th
d nh:
1974. o thi nhc sc chm
u m ru.
(o th mt nhiu sc, cn chm
c l s m ru)
3566. Thn th manh hnh u
chng c lu.
(Thn th mnh d, yu ui, c
l s khng sng c lu)
c) V trng hp va pht trin
thm ngha, chc nng ny, va thu
hp li ngha, chc nng khc, chng
ta phn tch h t cng.

Tm hiu...

67
cu t cu mong, ngh (nh:
Bu i, thng ly b cng (ca dao);
hoc dng trong li gi, li h ho,
ngha tng ng nh tha (nh: Cng
ng bo ton quc (H Ch Minh).

Trong TNNL, cng c s dng

303 ln, hu ht th hin ngha v
chc nng sau:
+ Dng trc ng t biu
th rng hnh ng y c nhiu ngi
tham gia.

2.2.3. Nhm h t th ba l cc
h t m ngha v chc nng t th
k XVII n ngy nay gn nh khng
thay i. l cc h t gc Hn c
s dng ph bin nh: t, bn, cng,
cc, cng, c, ang, c, h, khng,
lin, min, mi, ngoi, nhn, nh, phi,
qu, ti, t, t , ta, tuy, tng, v, v,
v trong nhng th d sau:

198. T ng ba hc, di trn

cng th.
943. Quan qun c nh cng nh,
+ Dng trc nhm t ch i
tng ca hnh ng.
3949. Xin con cng ch y,
4444. Trc sau nng mi bch
tha cng thy

1879. ua nhau ra sc anh hng,

1880. Dn nh b cc ku khng
n tri.

+ Dng ch s lin hp ca hai

s vt, hnh ng.

5257. Thy lin bin php tng thn,

6256. Vua cng vn v mng nh

hi Tn

5258. Ra thnh vo ci n gn
Cnh Linh.

7759. N cng Gim nh lm c

3997. Bui hay gi o tam tng,

Theo din tin lch s, cng dn

dn san s v th, nhim v, chc nng
ca mnh vi mt h t khc l vi.
Trong TNNL, vi ch c s dng
13 ln, lm lin t ch s lin hp hoc
ch i tng ca hnh ng. Hin
nay, trong ting Vit hin i, h t
vi li chim u th. Theo kho st
ca Nguyn Quc Dng [4], trong vn
bn ca Dng Thu Hng, tn s
s dng h t vi l 197 ln, cn tn
s s dng h t cng l 28 ln.

3998. Vn lng knh tn, chng

lng t gian.
R rng, nhng h t trong cc
th d trn khng khc g nhng h
t trong nhng cu ting Vit ngy
nay nh: Ti khng i u c./ Nghe
ting ng, hn lin b chy./ ng y
vn l mt chin s C H. Nhng h
t thuc nhm ny khng nh c
sc sng ca mnh theo thi gian. Chng
c vay mn t ting Hn v
vn tn ti vi y ngha v chc
nng cho n tn ngy nay. chnh
l nhng t liu quan trng cho chng
ta thy c s k tha, tip ni trong
lch s ng php ting Vit.

Tuy nhin, cng vi vic san s

ngha, chc nng ng php vi h
t khc, ngy nay, h t cng cng
c b sung thm nhng ngha v
chc nng mi. Cng c th ng cui

67

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012

68
3. Kt lun
Trong bi nghin cu ny, chng
ti kho st v phn tch nhng h
t gc Hn trong TNNL, t rt ra
mt s nhn xt sau:
- Trc ht, chng ta thy h t
gc Hn hot ng kh tch cc trong
TNNL. iu ny hon ton hp l v
ting Vit trung i khng ch vay
mn ting Hn nhng thc t m
cn vay mn c h t. Chnh nhng
h t cung cp thm cho ting
Vit mt b phn cng c ng php
cn thit gp phn pht trin ng
php ting Vit, lm cho n kh
nng th hin y c cc quan
h ng php v ngha ng php ca
ngn ng.
- Qua nhng phn tch trn, chng
ta cng thy c din mo v vai
tr ca h t gc Hn trong TNNL
trong cu to cc ng danh t, ng
v t (ng ng v tnh ng). Khng
ch c vy, lp h t ny cn th hin
quan h ng php gia cc b phn
trong cu vi nhau. Tuy nhin, trong
TNNL, khng thy cc h t tnh thi
nh t, ru, vay... C l, bi TNNL l
mt tc phm ng lc, khng mang
nhiu sc thi vn chng, bnh gi,
cm thn.
- Cc h t gc Hn trong TNNL
phn ln cn li n nay tuy nhin
ngha, chc nng ca chng t nhiu
bin i. iu ny l tt yu. Bi v,
vo thi TNNL, nhng t ny ang
trong qu trnh nhp h vo ting
Vit. Chng phi chu tc ng p
vo ca nhng h t ting Vit khc.

Nhng cng c ng php ting Vit

dn dn c hnh thnh v tng bc
chim ly v th ca mnh trc cc
h t gc Hn. H qu l, nhng h
t gc Hn c th b thay th hon
ton bng nhng h t ting Vit nh:
chng c thay th bng , ti, bi,
hn , n, cho...; ha c thay th
bng va, v, m... v tr thnh h t
c. Hoc chng phi m rng hoc thu
hp phm vi hot ng ca mnh
ph hp vi nhng h t ting Vit khc.
- Vic tm hiu h t gc Hn
trong cc tc phm vn hc trung i
Vit Nam l mt vic lm c ngha.
Hiu c ngha v chc nng ca
nhng h t, s gip chng ta c c
nhng thng tin c th v chnh xc
trong vn bn. iu ny c bit hu
ch trong nghin cu vn bn v c
(hiu) vn bn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. A.de.Rhose, T in Annam Lusitan - Latinh, Nxb KHXH, H., 1991.
2. Nguyn Ti Cn, Mt s chng
tch v ngn ng, vn t v vn ho,
Nxb HQG H Ni, 2001.
3. Trn Vn Chnh, T in h
t Hn ng c i v hin i, Nxb Tr,
Tp. HCM, 2002.

4. Nguyn Quc Dng, Ngn ng

trong "Truyn cc thnh" ca Majorica kha cnh t vng v ng php, Lun
n thc s, Hu, 2009.
5. inh Vn c, Nguyn Vn
p, Mt vi nhn xt v cc c im
ng php ca loi t ting Vit th
k XVII, T/c Ngn ng, S 2, tr.43-53,
1983.

Tm hiu...

69

6. Nguyn Th Lm, Thin nam

ng lc (Kho cu, phin m, ch gii),
Nxb Vn hc, H., 2001.

14. Stankievich N.V., Mt vi suy

ngh bc u v vic nghin cu ng
php lch s ting Vit, T/c Ngn ng,
S 4, 1978.

7. Vng Lc, T in t c, Nxb

Nng, 2001.

SUMMARY

8. V c Nghiu, H t ting
Vit th k XV trong Quc m thi tp v
Hng c quc m thi tp, T/c Ngn
ng, S 12, 2006.

This paper deals with Vietnamese

empty words of Chinese origin used in
Thien Nam ngu luc in the 17th Century.
Followings are what we have found:

9. V c Nghiu, H t trong
bn Gii m Truyn k mn lc, T/c
Ngn ng, S 11, 2010.

- There are 50 Vietnamese empty

words of Chinese origin including 7
emty words of ancient Sino-Viet, 9
empty words of Vietnamized Sino-Viet
and 34 empty words of Sino-Viet.

10. V c Nghiu, Lc kho

lch s t vng ting Vit, Nxb GD, H.,
2011.

12. Nguyn Anh Qu, H t trong

ting Vit hin i, Nxb KHXH, H.,
1988.

- With regards to their positions

and grammatical functions, these empty
words can take a place in the noun
phrases, verbal phrases and adjective
phrases; or act as connectors between
sentence components or between sentences.

13. Stankevich N.V., Vi nhn xt

v cc h t ting Vit th k XVI (T
liu rt t Truyn k mn lc gii m),
T/c Ngn ng, S 9, 2006.

- From the development aspect,

we have highlighted the evolution of
these empty words from the 17 th century
until present.

11. Hong Trng Phin, Cch dng

h t ting Vit hin i, Nxb Ngh An,
2003.

69

NGN NG

S 11

2012

TING VIT NAM TI TRUNG QUC:

LCH S V TRIN VNG
PGS. TS LU CH CNG*

1. Lch s
1.1 Thi k nh Tng n nh
Thanh
Theo s sch ca Trung Quc
th ting Vit c ngi Trung Quc
nhc n bt u t thi k nh Tng.
Chu Kh Phi trong cun Lnh Ngoi
i p k rng: Ti tng sai ngi
dch so snh ting Giao Ch v vn
Trung Hoa, hai th hon ton khc
nhau, ch c ch Hoa khng cn dch,
hon ton ging nhau [1, 160]. Vit
Nam bt u c lp t th k th X,
cho d u th k th XI, Nh Tng
v Triu L c xy ra xung t, nhng
quan h giao lu kinh t, vn ha vn
l xu th chnh thi , cho nn trong
khi lu li vng Nam Trung Quc Chu
Kh Phi bit c ting Vit.
Thi k nh Nguyn, Trung
Quc khng c mt cun sch no
nhc n ting Vit. Nhng theo i
Vit s k ton th th lc ngi
Vit hiu ting Trung tng i nhiu.
Thi nh Minh, nhng ghi chp
lin quan n ting Vit mi ngy cng
nhiu. Minh Thi T Chu Nguyn
Chng ch trng chnh sch lng
ging thn thin, pht trin quan h hu
ngh vi cc nc xung quanh. Nm
1382, triu nh nh Minh ra d bin

son Hoa di dch ng l b sch s

dng ting Hoa ghi li ting nc
ngoi hoc ting cc dn tc khc. Trong
b sch c cun An nam dch ng,
l cun sch ghi li ting Vit nhiu
nht thi phong kin Trung Quc. [4,
139-140]. Nm 1407, triu nh nh
Minh cho thit lp c T di quan,
c quan chuyn ph trch tip n
cng s nc ngoi v phin dch vn
th qua li. Theo Minh Hi in th
thi k nh Minh c 2 thng s chnh
thc chuyn ph trch phin dch ting
Vit. Trong khi triu Mnh c ti
3 ngi ph trch dch ting Chm [5a].
Nhng phn ln nhng thng s ny
cha c o to qua chuyn mn.
H l nhng ngi n t bin gii
hoc l di dn ngi Vit, ngi Chm.
p ng nhu cu bang giao, nm
1421, triu nh nh Minh ra d tuyn
thi hc sinh u t hc ting v ch
nc ngoi. Nhng do lc Vit Nam
vn s dng ch Nho, nn thi nh
Minh cha tuyn ngi chuyn hc
ting Vit. Nhng ngi chuyn ph
trch phin dch ting Vit phn ln
l cc di dn ngi Vit sang Trung
Quc v c triu nh tuyn dng [6].
.................................
*

i hc Dn tc Qung Ty, Trung Quc.

22
Nh Thanh tip ni th ch ca
nh Minh, nhng do nh Thanh thc
hnh chnh sch b quan ta cng
nn giao lu i ngoi khc hn
thi nh Minh. Mc d quan h giao
lu vn ha thi k ny khng bng
thi k trc, nhng s sch thi nh
Thanh vn c ni v ting Vit. T
Dim Hc (1819 - 1886), khi lm Tun
Ph Qung Ty, tng dn qun
sang Vit Nam nh qun Php, trong
cun Vit Nam tp lc, ng ghi
li nhiu t ng ting Vit bng ch
Nm [7, 106].
Nh vy, trong sut thi k nh
Tng n thi Minh, ting Vit cha
c nh thng tr hoc nh gio dc
Trung Quc coi trng. Chng ti cho
rng c hai nguyn nhn chnh. Mt
l do thc thin triu ca nh phong
kin Trung Quc lun coi thng ngn
ng cc dn tc khc, nht l thi k
nh Tng. i Vit s k ton th ghi
li rng thng 8 nm th 5 Thi Bnh
Hng Quc nh Tng, Hong nh
Tng sai s thn sang Vit Nam, s
thn ni rng: dn Vit i li nh ngi
d, ta c phng tin xe nga; dn Vit
ung nh nga, ta c ru cm; dn
Vit ct tc, ta c trang phc; ting
dn Vit nh ting chim, ta c thi th,
s dy cho dn Vit [3b, 405]. Hai
l thi phong kin Trung Quc, quan
nim xut thn khoa c c mt nh
hng rt su sc vo t tng tr thc
Trung Quc, theo khoa c tc l theo
con ng chnh. Do vy, Nho sinh
lc hu nh khng chu b khoa
c m theo hc Di ng. Theo s sch
Trung Quc, nm 1421, vua Vnh Lc
triu Minh ra d tuyn chn thi hc
sinh gii v u t hc ting v ch

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012
cc nc phin thuc, nhng phn ln
thi hc sinh khng mun hc [8, 3921].
1.2. Thi k na u th k XX
Thng 11 nm 1942, do chin
tranh chng Nht Bn cn phi c nhiu
ngi phin dch ti chin trng, nn
B Gio dc Trung Hoa dn quc
thnh lp Trng Chuyn khoa Ng
vn phng ng quc lp ti huyn
Thnh Cng, thnh ph Cn Minh,
tnh Vn Nam. Nm 1943, trng ng
bo tuyn sinh trong c nc. Lc u
trng ch c bn chuyn ngnh,
l ting Vit Nam, ting Thi Lan, ting
Min in, ting n v thi gian
hc l hai nm. Nh vy ting Vit
Nam chnh thc c o to chuyn
ngnh ti Trung Quc bt u t nm
1943. Lc u gio vin ging dy
ting Vit l Hoa kiu Vit Nam. S
sinh vin hc ting Vit cng khng
nhiu, ch c khong chc ngi. Nm
1945, cuc khng chin chng Nht
ginh c thng li, Trng Chuyn
khoa Ng vn phng ng quc
lp c chuyn sang Tn Khai, mt
thnh ph gn Trng Khnh, tnh T
Xuyn. Nm 1946, trng li chuyn
sang thnh ph Nam Kinh [2, 24-26].
Nm 1949, nc Cng ha nhn
dn Trung Hoa c thnh lp, Trng
Chuyn khoa Ng vn phng ng
quc lp c sp nhp vo khoa
ng ng i hc Bc Kinh. Mt
phn sinh vin tt nghip t Trng
Chuyn khoa Ng vn phng ng
quc lp c tuyn lm gio vin
ging dy ti i hc Bc Kinh. Trong
gm c GS Hong Mn Trung, GS
Trn Ngc Long v.v.. H cng vi cc
gio vin khc nh Nhan Bo, Phm

Ting Vit...
Hng Bo... tr thnh i ng ging
dy ting Vit u tin ti Trung Quc.
H khng nhng o to hng lot
nhn ti ng gp cho quan h hu
ngh Trung Vit, bn thn h cng tr
thnh chuyn gia Vit Nam v mt
lnh vc no . GS Hong Mn Trung
phin dch v cho xut bn 7 tc
phm t ting Vit, trong c 5
cun l tc phm Vn hc. GS Phm
Hng Bo ln u tin phin dch
v cho xut bn tc phm ca nh s
hc Minh Tranh v Trn Huy Liu.
GS Trn Ngc Long chuyn v lch
s v vn ha Vit Nam, GS Nhan Bo
cng phin dch v cho xut bn
vi tc phm ca Vit Nam. Ngoi ra,
ng cn l mt chuyn gia v ch Nm...
Hin nay, hc tr ca cc GS ang c
vai tr quan trng trn nhiu lnh vc
cng tc lin quan n ting Vit.
T khi Trung Quc mi thnh
lp n nhng nm cui thp nin 60
ca th k XX, quan h Trung Quc Vit Nam l thn thin nht, n mc
cha tng c trong qu trnh bang giao.
L do Trung Quc gip Vit Nam chng
Php v M, cn phi c nhiu phin
dch i theo chin trng v cc lnh
vc khc. Do vy cng vi i hc
Bc Kinh, ting Vit cn c ging
dy ti i hc Mu dch Kinh t i
ngoi Bc Kinh (nm 1954), i hc
Ngoi ng Bc Kinh (nm 1961), i
hc Dn tc Qung Ty (nm 1964),
i hc Ngoi ng Ngoi thng Qung
ng (nm 1970) v.v..
1.3. Thi k na cui th k XX
T nhng nm 50 n 60 ca th
k XX l giai on ting Vit c pht
trin rc r ti Trung Quc. S pht

23
trin ca giai on ny, bt ngun t
quan h chnh tr hai nc, o to
hng lot nhn ti thng tho ting
Vit phc v cho quan h hu ngh
Trung - Vit thi v hin nay.
Cuc u tranh Phn hu v
10 nm Cch mng Vn ha gy
nh hng trm trng n s pht trin
ting Vit ti Trung Quc. Nhng nm
50, phong tro Phn hu Trung Quc
bng n, nhiu gio vin ting Vit
hoc chuyn gia ging dy lch s vn
ha b i x oan ung, trong c
hai GS ca i hc Bc Kinh. Nm
1955, mt GS tuy khng phi l gio
vin dy ting Vit, nhng l cn b
Trng Chuyn khoa Ng vn phng
ng quc lp xa do b i x oan
ung t t. S kin ny gy nh
hng khng nh trong tm l gio
vin ging dy ting Vit, v nhng
ngi ny c cng ln trong vic
t chc v qun l Trng Chuyn khoa
Ng vn phng ng quc lp xa.
Nm 1966, Cch mng Vn ha
bng n ti Trung Quc, nhiu sinh
vin i x khng cn thn thin
vi gio vin. Do vy, ngnh gio dc
Trung Quc hu nh b ngng li [9],
nht l trong chuyn ngnh ngoi ng.
Nhiu trng i hc ngng tuyn sinh,
nhiu gio vin b i x khng nhn
o. Do , sau nm 1976, khi Cch
mng Vn ha kt thc, nhiu gio vin
dy ting Vit thi vic ging dy,
chuyn sang lm ngh khc. Trong
10 nm ny, ting Vit khng nhng
khng c ging dy, khng c
nghin cu nhiu, m n c cc cng
trnh bin son t in, sch ging dy
u b hon li.

24
Nm 1977, Trung Quc bt u
khi phc li th ch thi i hc
b Cch mng Vn ha bi b trc
. Mt s trng i hc khi phc
tuyn sinh ting Vit, ting Vit vn
c th rt c ch trng ti Trung
Quc, nhng li v quan h Trung Vit lc xu i nhiu, nn nhiu
trng i hc khng mun tuyn sinh,
nhiu sinh vin cng khng mun hc
ting Vit, v lo khng c cng n vic
lm sau khi ra trng. Mi n nm
1991, quan h Trung - Vit c khi
phc li bnh thng. Do quan h chnh
tr, ngoi giao, vn ha, nht l kinh
t cn khi phc v pht trin tng
bc, nn mt s trng i hc bt
u tuyn sinh i hc v cao ng
p ng nhu cu x hi. Tuy nhin,
iu ng ch l cc trng i hc
ni ting Trung Quc t gia tng quy
m tuyn sinh sinh vin ting Vit,
cn cc trng tuyn sinh nhiu phn
ln tp trung tnh Qung Ty v tnh
Vn Nam.
Nm 1992, i hc Dn tc Qung
Ty ngoi tuyn sinh chnh quy ra,
bt u o to sinh vin ting Vit
cp cao ng. Phn ln sinh vin cao
ng c xt tuyn, khng cn d
thi i hc. Cng nm , i hc Dn
tc Qung Ty kt ngha vi i
hc Ngoi ng - i hc Quc gia H
Ni, vi nm sau, sinh vin chuyn
ngnh ting Vit c o to theo
m hnh 3+1 y. Trong 4 nm
i hc th c 3 nm o to ti Trung
Quc, 1 nm c o to ti Vit Nam.
Nm 1999, Trung Quc thi hnh
chnh sch Pht trin kinh t min
Ty, Qung Ty v Vn Nam l hai
tnh nm trong chnh sch ny. y

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012
l hai tnh gip Vit Nam, vn c quan
h kinh t truyn thng, do chnh sch
pht trin kinh t cn c phi hp v
ngoi ng giao lu, nn quy m
o to ting Vit li c tng thm.
Nh vy, thi k na cui th k
XX, ting Vit c pht trin ti Trung
Quc phn ln l do quan h chnh
tr. Nhng ng thi n cng b chnh
tr km ch, nht l v Cch mng Vn
ha. Sau khi quan h Trung - Vit bnh
thng ha, ting Vit c khi phc
o to theo hnh thc mi, trong thi
k ny i hc dn tc Qung Ty
ng gp nhiu nht p ng nhu
cu th trng kinh t.
1.4. Thi k u th k XXI
Thi k ny, chnh sch kinh t
thc y ngnh o to ting Vit
pht trin n mc cao nht cha tng
c trong lch s Trung Quc. Trong
c my nhn t chnh nh sau:
Nm 2000, U ban Dn tc Trung
Quc xut v thc thi chnh sch
Hng bin ph dn (lm hng thnh
bin gii, nhn dn bin gii giu
ln). Chnh sch ny mt phn thc
y s pht trin ca ngnh o to
ting Vit ti Trung Quc. Nht l
cc huyn, thnh ph bin gii nm
trong khu vc bin gii, nhiu lp hc
thm ting Vit c trin khai tuyn
sinh. Lc , nhn dn bin gii c
mt quan nim rng, ch c bit ting
v ch Vit mi lm giu nhanh c.
Nm 2001, Trung Quc v 10
thnh vin khi ASEAN t c nhn
thc chung l n nm 2010 thnh lp
Khu Mu dch T do Trung Quc ASEAN. S kin mang ngha lch
s ny lm cho quan h Trung Quc -

Ting Vit...
ASEAN tin ln mt bc mi. t
bit, nm 2004, Hi ch Trin lm
Trung Quc - ASEAN bt u c
t chc hng nm ti thnh ph Nam
Ninh, tnh Qung Ty. Hi ch trin
lm ny thu ht nhiu nh doanh
nghip Trung Quc v Vit Nam.
p ng nhu cu thc t ny, phin
dch ting Vit c o to vi s
lng nhiu hn tt c cc thi k trc.
Nm 2005, th tng Trung Quc
n Gia Bo tuyn b s khuyn khch
cc doanh nghip Trung Quc i ra
nc ngoi. Vit Nam nh chnh tr
n nh, chnh sch kinh t ci m,
nn tr thnh i tng lm n ca
nhiu doanh nghip Trung Quc. Nhiu
cng ti v c quan n cc trng i
hc tuyn sinh vin tt nghip ting
Vit i lm phin dch, do cng i
hi quy m o to phi ln hn na.

25
Quc. Tuy ng Trn Thy Bin thi
chc nhiu nm, nhng hn chc nm
nay, vn u t ca i Loan sang Vit
Nam vn lun ng hng u trong
cc nc u t sang Vit Nam. Do
quan nim cng l Trung Hoa v
do mt s nguyn nhn khc, cc cng
ti i Loan k thch hp ng vi ngi
Trung Quc lm phin dch ting Vit
hn l dng ngi Vit. iu cng
mt phn i hi quy m o to chuyn
ngnh ting Vit Qung Ty v Vn
Nam ln hn.
Nh vy, cng vi s pht trin
ca gio dc ngnh ngh ha ti Trung
Quc, nhiu trng cao ng, dn lp
cng t chc o to chuyn ngnh
ting Vit, mc dch chnh ca h l
li ch kinh t.

Quan h kinh t Qung Ty, Vn

Nam vi Vit Nam ngy cng cht ch
cng lm cho chuyn ngnh ting Vit
ngy cng pht trin. Bt u t nm
2000, Vit Nam lin tc 10 nm
tr thnh i tc thng mi hng u
ca Qung Ty. ng thi, Vit Nam
cng dn dn tr thnh i tc quan
trng ca tnh Vn Nam. Qung Ty
v Vn Nam tng cnh tranh vi
nhau lm cu ni hp tc cho quan
h Trung Quc - ASEAN, nht l phc
v cho quan h Trung - Vit. y l
nguyn nhn chnh dn n ting
Vit c pht trin mnh nht ti hai
tnh ny ca Trung Quc.

Vi nm gn y, ting Vit
tr thnh ngoi ng c pht trin
vi tc kh nhanh ti Trung Quc,
c tnh c nc Trung Quc c hn
30 trng i hc o to chuyn ngnh
ny. l cha k ting Vit l ngoi
ng c o to ti cc trung tm
hc thm ngoi ng. Trong s c
mt s i hc ni ting nh i hc
Bc Kinh, i hc Ngoi ng Bc Kinh,
i hc ngoi ng Thng Hi, i
hc Mu dch Kinh t i ngoi v.v..
Mt s trng i hc khc nh i
hc Dn tc Qung Ty, i hc Ngoi
thng - Ngoi ng Qung ng, i
hc Dn tc Vn Nam v.v.. cng l
nhng i hc c cht lng trong
vic o to chuyn ngnh ting Vit.

Bt u t nm 1997, cu lnh
o i Loan - Trn Thy Bin thc
thi chnh sch Nam tin, tc khuyn
khch nh u t i Loan u t vo
Vit Nam hn l u t i lc Trung

V s lng o to, t nm 2004

n 2010, hng nm Trung Quc o
to sinh vin chnh quy v cao ng
chuyn ngnh ting Vit c tnh hn
2000 ngi. Ti hai tnh Qung Ty

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012

26
v Vn Nam, s lng sinh vin hc
ting Vit c khi cn nhiu hn sinh
vin hc ting Anh.
iu ng ch l quy m o
to ting Vit pht trin ch yu tp
trung hai tnh Qung Ty v Vn
Nam, cn ti cc trng ni ting nh
i hc Bc Kinh, i hc Ngoi ng
Bc Kinh... s lng o to vn rt
khim tn, v mc tiu chnh ca h
vn l o to cc sinh vin cho gii
khng ch thun ty v mt ting Vit.
M c sinh vin gii th khng nn
tuyn sinh vin nhiu, v cn b ging
dy, ngun o to cng c hn. Mt
khc, cc i hc ni ting Trung Quc
c chuyn ngnh o to chnh ca
h, khng phi i hc no cng ci
trng o to ting Vit nh Qung
Ty v Vn Nam.
2. Cch thc v i ng gio vin.
2.1. M hnh o to
M hnh o to ca chuyn ngnh
ti Trung Quc ty theo cc trng
i hc. Cc trng i hc v trng
cao ng ti Qung Ty v Vn Nam
thng p dng m hnh 3+1, nh
i hc Dn tc Qung Ty v i
hc Dn tc Vn Nam. Nhng i hc
p dng m hnh o to ny ch yu
do mc ch ca h l o to nhn
ti mang tnh ng dng, phc v
kinh t v x hi. Nhng cng c trng
hp khc, nh i hc Qung Ty ch
a sinh vin hc ting Vit sang Vit
Nam hc na nm. Cn cc trng
i hc ni ting khc th thng khng
sang du hc Vit Nam m ch sang
thc tp nhn dp ngh h, v cc trng
i hc ny thng ch trng ti s
pht trin ton din ca c nhn trong
tng lai ch khng ch hn ch trong

mt k nng ngoi ng. Cc sinh vin

ngoi ng coi ting Vit l ngoi ng
th hai ti cc trng i hc cao ng
i khi cng sang thc tp Vit Nam
t 1 n 2 thng.
i hc Dn tc Qung Ty l
i hc u tin p dng m hnh o
to 3+1 ti Trung Quc. M hnh
o to ny mang li nhiu danh
ting cho trng. V nhiu sinh vin
theo m hnh ny thng rt gii v
khu ng, c cc c quan, nht l
cc cng ti a thch khi tuyn nhn vin.
Tt nhin, vi nm nay chng ti c
bit l cc trng i hc c xu th
rt ngn thi gian du hc ti Vit Nam
v hiu qu o to cng khng km
g i hc Dn tc Qung Ty, tc l
kh nng ni ting Vit khng km
g cc sinh vin theo m hnh 3+1
m kin thc tng hp li rng hn.
i hc Dn tc Qung Ty cng
sm nhn nhn vn ny, nhng v
nhiu l do nn vn cha ci thin li
m hnh o to trc y ca mnh.
2.2. Cn b ging dy
Cn b ging dy ting Vit hin
nay ti Trung Quc c t nhiu ngun
khc nhau. Lc u, phn ln cc trng
i hc c chuyn ngnh ting Vit
u gi li mt s sinh vin gii
lm gio vin. Vi nm nay cch lm
ny c phn thay i. Nh i hc
Dn tc Vn Nam c tuyn gio vin
tt nghip t i hc Dn tc Qung
Ty, i hc Ngoi thng - Ngoi
ng Qung ng cng c tuyn gio
vin n t Hc vin Ngoi ng Lc
Dng v i hc Dn tc Qung Ty.
iu ny chng t s giao lu v cng
nhn cht lng ca nhau gia cc
trng i hc dy chuyn ngnh ny

Ting Vit...
Trung Quc c xu th gia tng.
Cn cc trng i hc mi m
chuyn ngnh ting Vit th phn ln
gio vin n t i hc Ngoi ng
Lc Dng v i hc Dn tc
Qung Ty. V hai i hc ny o to
sinh vin c trnh thc s v ting
Vit tng i nhiu p ng yu
cu l mt gio vin i hc hin nay
ti Trung Quc t nht phi c trnh
thc s tr ln.
V t l nam n trong cn b ging
dy th phn ln gio vin ging dy
ti cc trng i hc l gio vin n.
V theo quan nim truyn thng, sinh
vin nam ti Trung Quc khng thch
chuyn ngnh ngoi ng nn sau khi
ra trng, nam gii thng khng mun
li lm gio vin.
2.3. Nghin cu khoa hc v
ting Vit
Ti Trung Quc, cc gio vin
ting Vit ti i hc Bc Kinh v
Hc vin Ngoi ng Lc Dng rt
gii v nghin cu khoa hc. Theo
lnh vc nghin cu th cng c th
chia lm my loi. Cc GS th h u
tin ti i hc Bc Kinh chuyn v
phin dch tc phm vn hc Vit Nam
sang ting Trung Quc, trong chng
ti khng th khng nhc n GS Hong
Mn Trung, GS Nhan Bo v GS Phm
Hng Khoa. Trong thi k thp nin
50 n 60 ca th k XX, cc ng
phin dch hn chc tc phm ca Vit
Nam sang ting Trung Quc. Sau Cch
mng vn ha, h vn cho ra i mt
s tc phm nghin cu v ng php
ting Vit v Vn hc ch Nm. Cc
gio vin i theo h phn ln cng
l nhng chuyn gia v ngn ng v
Vn hc Vit Nam.

27
Nhiu nm nay, cc gio vin ti
Hc vin Ngoi ng Lc Dng l
nhng ngi c nhiu tc phm nghin
cu khoa hc nht trong gii Vit ng
Trung Quc. V hin nay Hc vin
Ngoi ng Lc Dng ang c mt
i ng nghin cu khoa hc nhiu
nht v mnh nht.
Nhiu nm nay, cc gio vin ti
i hc Bc Kinh v Hc vin Lc
Dng ra tc phm nghin cu khoa
hc nhiu, c l bi hai l do chnh.
Mt l, hai trng ny u c truyn
thng lm khoa hc, cc thy c gio
th h trc truyn li cho th h sau,
h c mt nn tng su. Hai l, hai
trng u tuyn sinh khng nhiu,
gio vin c thi gian tng i nhiu
nghin cu khoa hc.
Cc trng i hc khc c chuyn
ngnh ting Vit, v khng c truyn
thng lm khoa hc, hn na, gi ging
dy dnh cho gio vin qu nhiu, nn
thi gian lm khoa hc tng i t.
iu ng mng l vi nm nay, cc
trng i hc khc cng ang c gng
lm nghin cu khoa hc, v h
nhn thc rng, khng c nghin cu,
th hiu qu ging dy cng kh nng
cao c.
2.3. Cc t chc v hot ng
lin quan n ting Vit Trung Quc
T nm 1949 n nay, gii ging
dy v nghin cu ting Vit ch c
mt t chc chung l Hi ng Ging
dy v Nghin cu ting Vit Trung
Quc. T chc ny c mt Ch tch,
vi Ph Ch tch, ngi m chc
thng l nhng GS c uy tn, thnh
vin l nhng gio vin, thng l ch
nhim khoa ting Vit ng chc,
thuc cc trng m nhim. Hi ng

Ngn ng s 11 nm 2012

28
ny thng t chc hi tho trong 1 hoc
2 nm mt ln tho lun cc vn
ging dy ting Vit ti Trung Quc.
T nm 2003, hai nm mt ln,
Trung Quc t chc mt cuc thi khu
ng ting Vit mang tnh ton quc.
Hot ng ny t hiu qu khuyn
khch sinh vin c gng hc ting Vit
v trao i kinh nghim hc tp ting
Vit trong ton quc. iu ng ni
l cc hot ng ca gii Vit ng
qu t so vi cc ngoi ng khc nh
ting Triu Tin (Hn Quc), ting
Nht, ting Thi v.v..
3. Trin vng
3.1. S suy thoi trong nhng
nm gn y
Vi nm trc, c th ni ting
Vit l ngoi ng gi vai tr hng u
ti tnh Qung Ty, nht l nm 2005,
khi Ch tch nc Vit Nam sang thm
i hc Dn tc Qung Ty. ng
ch thn thm Khoa Vit ng trng
ny. Nhng bt u nm 2010, ting
Thi Lan c xu th vt qua ting Vit
tr thnh ngoi ng c vai tr quan
trng nht ti tnh Qung Ty. Chng
ti cho rng ti tnh Vn Nam cng c
xu th nh vy, v Vn Nam cn gn
Thi Lan hn. Vi nm nay Thi Lan
rt coi trng nh hng ca ngn ng
h ti Trung Quc, v ngi ta coi n
c quan h cht ch vi lc lng mm
(soft power) ca ni lc quc gia. Mt
khc, quan h chnh tr kinh t hai nc
kh n nh cng khin cho ting Thi
Lan c mt xu th pht trin n nh
ti Trung Quc.
S giao lu vn ha x hi chu
nh hng ca nhn t chnh tr. S
pht trin ca ting Vit cng vy.

Nm 2010 v 2011, trong k tuyn

sinh i hc nm 2011, nhiu trng
i hc ch tuyn c mt s lng
rt khim tn sinh vin vo hc chuyn
ngnh ting Vit, t hn hn so vi nhng
nm trc. Th d, nm 2011, s lng
sinh vin vo hc chuyn ngnh ting
Vit i hc Dn tc Qung Ty
ch bng mt na so vi nm 2010.
Cc trng cao ng ti Qung Ty
cng gp phi tnh trng nh vy.
Tuy nhin cc trng i hc trng
im ca Trung Quc c th s khng
gp phi tnh th ny. V phn ln sinh
vin thi vo i hc trng im Trung
Quc khng phi dnh cho chuyn
ngnh ting Vit, mc ch ca h l
vo trng i hc trng im trong
c chuyn ngnh ting Vit.
3.2. Ting Vit ti Trung Quc
s c mt tng lai nh th no?
Chng ti ngh rng, trong tng
lai, ting Vit chc chn khng th b
xa b trn mc lc ngoi ng Trung
Quc, v hai nc l lng ging,
l thc t khng th thay i c, hai
nc c truyn thng giao lu v mt
chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha, x hi v.v..
S pht trin ca mt ngn ng ti
Trung Quc khng th tch ri cc
nhn t tch cc nh: quan h hu ngh
gia Trung Quc v Vit Nam; s quan
tm ca cc c quan c thm quyn,
cc c quan gio dc Trung Quc
v s ng h ca pha Vit Nam; mt
i ng cn b ging dy, nghin cu
ln mnh v nng ng; s giao lu
thng xuyn gia cc c quan ging
dy v nghin cu hai nc.
L mt ngi Trung Quc hc
ting Vit Nam hn chc nm nay, ti
ngh rng ting Vit Trung Quc

Ting Vit...
ang rt cn mt mi trng n nh
c mt bc pht trin mi. Tt
nhin, iu ny phi cn c thi gian.
Vi cng v l mt trong nhng gio
vin ging dy v nghin cu ngn
ng v vn ha Vit Nam, ti ngh
rng chng ti phi c trch nhim
ging dy ting Vit trn tinh thn lng
ging hu ngh, ng thi cng mong
mun gii ngn ng hc Vit Nam
ng h hn na s nghip o to ting
Vit ti Trung Quc. Bi khi chng
ta cng thu hiu ngn ng v vn ha
ca nhau th chc chn hai bn Trung Vit s cng hiu nhau hn, thc y
s hp tc hu ngh lng ging mc
su sc hn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Chu Kh Phi (Nh Tng), Lnh
Ngoi i p, Bc Kinh, Trung Hoa
Th Cuc, 1999.
2. Chen Yan, Hi k Chen Yan, Nxb
Khoa hc, Bc Kinh, 2010.
3. Ng S Lin,
a. i Vit s k ton th, Bn k,
Quyn 1, H Tokyo, Tokyo, 1977.
b. i Vit s k ton th, Bn k,
Quyn 6, H Tokyo, Tokyo, 1977, tr.
405.
4. Fan Honggui & Liu Zhiqiang,
S Tho Ngn ng v Vn ha Vit
Nam, Nxb Dn tc, Bc Kinh, 2008.

29
5. Long Vn Tn (Nh Minh),
a. Minh Hi in, Trung Hoa Th
Cuc, Bc Kinh, 1956.
b. Minh Hi in, Quyn 109, Bc
Kinh, Trung Hoa Th Cuc, 1956,
6. Liu Zhiqiang, Tin s Giao Ch
thi nh Minh, Tp san Khoa c hc,
Nxb Xian zhuang, S 1, 2009.
7. T Dim Hc (Nh Thanh), Vit
Nam tp lc, Qun Ph Ng Chu ,
Qung Ty, 1877.
8 T Hc T (Nh Minh), Quc
triu in hi, Quyn 60, Nxb H
Bc Kinh, Bc Kinh, 1993.
9. Wang Xuemei, Khi lc v
ngnh ngoi ng trong thi k Cch
mng Vn ha, Journal of Yanshan
University, China, S 2, 2011.
SUMMARY
This article is to give a brief
introduction on Vietnamese as a foreign
language in China. I divided the history
of Vietnamese language in China into
four periods: from Song to Qing dynasty;
the beginning of 20th century; from the
middle of 20th century to the late 20th
century and since the beginning of 21th
century. I will discuss the development of
Vietnamese in China in the backgroud of
a new Sino - Vietnamese relationship.

NGN NG
S 3

2012

HIN TNG LP T
TRONG MT S VN BN NM
THI TING VIT C V TRUNG I
PGS.TS V C NGHIU
TRN HNG THC

Trong Vit ng hc, s to lp

v t cch cng nh c tnh ng ngha,
ng php ca nhng n v nh: ngy
ngy, m m, ngi ngi, quay
quay, git git, m m... c
cp nghin cu t lu, nhng cc vn
v chng vn cha phi l c
gii quyt ht.
Khi kho st mt s vn bn Nm
thuc giai on ting Vit c v ting
Vit trung i, vi nhng ng liu thu
thp c, chng ti thy cn phi tr
li nhng dng lp t lm r
thm nhng tnh cht c bit ca
chng c v phng din ng ngha
ln phng din ng php.
Di y l nhng phn tch c th
cng vi mt s nhn xt v tho lun.
1. Ngun ng liu kho st
Trong bi vit ny, chng ti
kho st ng liu mt s tc phm
Nm sau y:
- Pht thuyt ph mu i bo
n trng kinh (nin i khong th
k XI, XII) [1].
- C trn lc o ph, c th
lm tuyn thnh o ca, Hoa yn t
ph, Gio t ph (gi tt l Bn bi
ph i trn) [2].

- Thin tng kho h ng lc (gi

tt: Kha h lc; nin i khong
cui th k XIV [3].
- Truyn k mn lc gii m (gi
tt Truyn k mn lc; nin i khong
th k XIV) [4].
- Thin Nam ng lc; nin i
khong cui th k XVII [5].
- Thin tng bn hnh; nin i
khong cui th k XVII [6].
2. Kt qu kho st
2.1. S liu v cc dng lp t
thu c trong cc ngun ng liu.
V i tng kho st, phn tch
l nhng dng lp t nh: bt bt, bi
bi, chn chn, ng ng, m m,
m m, lp lp, ngt ngt, nng nng,
st st, thm thm, thot thot... nn
chng ti s khng quan tm n:
a) Nhng trng hp nh: "Con
bm bm nhp nn chng th gii
chim bao" [3, 70a].
b) Nhng dng t ng ch n
thun l nhc li, lit k, hoc c
th l sn phm ca th php lp tu
t, thuc phng cch to lp vn bn,
trong c vn bn th ca (th d nh:
Knh l Thnh C tr n nng ng

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012

14
n; Knh l...; Knh l...; Knh l...; Knh
l M C Thnh L Ma a [1, 142]).

dng lp nh knh l v nhng t ly

nh bm bm.

S d nh vy l v cc dng lp
nh ng ng (< ng), chn chn
(< chn) trong nhng cu nh: "ng
ng chng tho..." [1, 171]; "...chn
chn u oanh ku lu lo bm bay
php phi" [3, 7b]... c ng ngha,
ng php c t chc theo cch khc
hn so vi ng ngha, ng php ca

Vi i tng c xc nh nh
vy, chng ti kim trong 6 ngun
ng liu gii thiu bn trn v thu c
s liu sau y (s bn tri vch ngang
l s dng lp t, s bn phi vch
ngang th hin s ln c s dng
trong vn bn tng ng):

Ngun ng liu

S n v lp

Th d

Pht thuyt

07 - 07

bi bi, ng ng, rng rng...

Bn bi ph i Trn

28 - 34

ngt ngt, r r, vng vng...

Kho h lc

64 - 103

cnh cnh, chn chn, m m...

Truyn k mn lc
gii m

71 - 129

con con, chu chu, lm lm...

Thin Nam ng lc1

120 - 294

dn dn, nga nga, c c, ni

ni...

Thin tng bn hnh

22 - 40

i i, gia gia, xao xao, rn rn...

Nu phn tch theo t loi th trong cc ngun ng liu c kho st, cc

dng lp t c phn b nh sau (s bn tri vch ngang l s dng lp t,
s bn phi vch ngang th hin s ln c s dng trong vn bn tng ng):
Ngun ng liu

Danh t

V t

T loi khc

Pht thuyt

2-2

2-2

3-3

Bn bi ph i Trn

26 - 32

2-2

Kho h lc

18 - 28

39 - 57

7 -18

Truyn k mn lc gii m

09 - 12

58 - 97

4 - 20

Thin Nam ng lc

20 - 37

85 - 204

15 - 53

Thin tng bn hnh

5-9

13 -20

4 - 11

Hai bng s liu trn y cho

thy: trong cc ngun ng liu c
kho st, dng lp nhiu nht v hay
c dng nht l lp v t (bao gm

c nhng t tng thanh miu t trng

thi ng ca s vt nh , dnh
dnh/ nh nh, oang oang, rch
rch, xc xc...), tip l dng lp

Hin tng...
danh t v cui cng l dng lp ca
cc t loi khc cn li. C th l:
V mt s lng, dng lp v t
nhiu hn dng lp danh t ti khong
hn 4 ln (223/ 54) v nhiu hn dng
lp thuc cc t loi khc khong 6,5
ln (223/ 34).
V mt tn s s dng, dng lp
v t c dng nhiu hn dng lp
danh t gn 5 ln (412/ 88) v nhiu
hn dng lp thuc cc t loi khc
4 ln (412/ 104).
Di y l mt s phn tch chi tit.
2.2. Lp danh t
Cc ng liu c kho st cho
thy, lp danh t khng nhiu nh lp
v t. Trong 4 ngun c kho st
nu trn, chng ti gp nhng dng
lp c th nh sau:
Pht thuyt: 02 dng: bi bi,
ng ng
Kha h lc: 18 dng: bi bi,
bc bc, cnh cnh, chn chn, t
t, a a, gi gi, k k, kip kip,
ngy ngy, ngn ngn, ngi ngi,
nh nh, pht pht, sm sm (D), tng
tng, t t, vt vt.
Truyn k mn lc: 09 dng:
cnh cnh, chu chu, con con (D),
m m, kip kip, khonh khonh
(D), ln ln (= trng trng (D)), my
my, tng tng.
Thin Nam ng lc: 20 dng:
anh anh, bi bi, ch ch, dn dn,
m m, i i, ng ng (cnh -),
dng dng (- ch), giy giy (- pht),
kip kip, hng hng, nm nm, mnh
mnh (t - -), nga nga, ngi ngi,
nh nh, ni ni, tng tng, thuyn
thuyn, voi voi.

15
Thin tng bn hnh: 05 dng:
i i, gia gia, th th, st st, trn
trn.
Trong s cc dng lp trn y,
nay ch c mt s rt t cn gp c
trong ting Vit hin i (m cng ch
gp ch yu mt s li ni hn ch
hoc tng i hn ch no ) nh:
chn chn, ngy ngy, m m, ngi
ngi, nh nh, kip kip (trong i
i kip kip), tng tng (trong tng
tng lp lp). Cn nhng dng lp nh:
bi bi (D), bc bc, cnh cnh,
chu chu, con con (D), ng ng,
khonh khonh (D), ngn ngn, pht
pht, t t, vt vt, voi voi, nga nga...
v c bn, c th ni l hon ton khng
cn c cu to v s dng na.
Thc t ng liu kho st c
cho thy rng cc dng lp danh t
y c ba im chung:
- Tt c u c n v (t) gc
n tit cng tn ti song song i
chiu so snh.
- V mt hnh thc v c ch cu
to, tt c u ch n gin l nhn i
t gc n tit ban u, theo phng
cch cu to t ly hon ton - nhn
i m tit - ca ting Vit. Th d:
bi - bi bi, bc - bc bc,
chn - chn chn, chu - chu chu,
m - m m, gi - gi gi, kip kip kip, nh - nh nh, tng - tng
tng...
Nu so snh cc dng lp ny vi
cc t ly nh: co co, ba ba, chun
chun, bm bm, nng nc... th thy
r rng l hnh thc cu to ca hai
bn ch l mt.
- V mt ngha, nt chung ph
bin v r rt nht l: so vi dng gc

15

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012

16
(t n) th dng lp biu th ngha
"nhiu, tt c/ ton th". C th khng
nh: dng lp y l biu th
ngha ng php s nhiu.
Th d: bi - bi bi, bc - bc
bc, cnh - cnh cnh, chn - chn
chn, chu - chu chu, con (D) - con
con, ng - ng ng, m - m m,
kip - kip kip, ngn - ngn ngn,
nh - nh nh, tng - tng tng, pht pht pht, thuyn - thuyn thuyn, t t t, vt - vt vt, voi - voi voi, nga nga nga...
C th kim chng iu nu trn
y qua mt s ng cnh c th sau:
(1) ng ng chng tho...
[1, 171]
(2) (...) dao dao bng ngi m
nng, ngy ngy ta mi mt...
[1, 151]
(3) Vt v ang cn lc khi bi
bi bay.
[3, 12b]
(4) Cnh cnh, ngn ngn dng
cng trc mt Bt.
[3, 33b]
(5) (...) k k bn sing nng m
tu thn.
[3, 34a]
(6) ...cnh cnh nh la hu
chy.
[4, 172]
(7) Ging th c thnh con con
chu chu.
[4, 347]
(8) Di thnh binh k ngn ngn
b b thuyn thuyn nga nga voi voi.
[5, cu 4924]

(9) ng ng thy b cht ng

a co nh d a xng nh c.
[5, cu 2495]
(10) Gia gia ngng chc thnh
minh cu trng.
[6, 52]
(11) Trn trn st st Nh lai.
[6, 56]
(12) Th th thch t tu hnh.
[6, 89]
2.3. Lp v t
1) Dng lp ca v t trong cc
ngun ng liu m chng ti kho st,
nh trn trnh by, c s dng
nhiu hn rt nhiu so vi lp danh
t v lp cc t loi khc. Nu phn
bit hai loi: loi A l nhng dng lp
hin nay c n v gc r rng i
chiu, loi B l nhng dng lp hin
nay n v gc i chiu khng c
hoc khng c tht r (v n v
gc - t n - , khng hoc hu nh
khng cn c dng na, hoc
hon ton b m ngha...) th kt qu
nh sau2:
Loi A:
- Trong Pht thuyt: 01 trng
hp: dng dng (rng rng)
- Trong bn bi ph i Trn: 17
trng hp. Th d: dnh dnh (nh
nh), ng ng, ha h, lu lu, l
l, ngt ngt, nh nh, quang quang,
r r, thnh thnh, trng trng, trng
trng, a a, vc vc, vng vng, vui
vui, xanh xanh.
- Trong Kha h lc: 32 trng
hp. Th d: bc bc, bt bt, bi bi,
chi chi, o o, dy dy, ,

Hin tng...
n n, lng lng, lng lng, mt mt,
m m, lp lp, nng nng, phy phy,
quay quay, rn rn, r r, sng sng,
thm thm, thi thi, thc thc...
- Trong Truyn k mn lc: 35
trng hp. Th d: bi bi, bn bt,
du du, dng dng/ dng dng, n
n, khoan khoan, lu lu, mn mn,
m m, ngi ngi, rng rng, st st,
thm thm, thot thot, vng vng,
vn vn...
- Trong Thin Nam ng lc: 58
trng hp. Th d: c c, n n,
chng chng, y y, n n, hiu
hiu, lt lt, l l, mau mau, m m,
mn mn, ngu ngu, tha tha, vn vn,
xa xa, xiu xiu...
Trong Thin tng bn hnh: 08
trng hp. Th d: dng dng, ng
ng, lu lu, phc phc, rn rn, rp
rp, rng rng, trng trng.
Loi B:
- Trong Pht thuyt: 01 trng
hp: dao dao.
- Trong bn bi ph i Trn: 9
trng hp. Th d: cm cm, dn
dn, ht ht, hiu hiu, la la, mc mc,
tc tc, v v, xc xc.
- Trong Kha h lc: 7 trng
hp. Th d: cy cy, chm chm, ng
ng, u u, hy hy, vanh vanh,
vnh vnh.
- Trong Truyn k mn lc: 23
trng hp. Th d: cy cy, cm cm,
chn chn, chi chi, du du, dn
dn, di di, din din, u u, khn
khn, lm lm, lim lim, np np,
ngi ngi, ngn ngn, thng thng,
th th, vn vn, v v.
Trong Thin Nam ng lc: 27
trng hp. Th d: bo bo, chan chan,

17
d d, d d, donh donh, lm lm,
lng lng, nhn nhn, xng xng...
Trong Thin tng bn hnh: 5
trng hp. Th d: ng ng, khn
khn, vc vc, xao xao, dnh dnh.
2) V mt ngha, c hai iu ng
ch cc dng lp v t l:
- Th nht, trong rt nhiu trng
hp nt ngha +[lp i lp li c chu
k v ko di] (ca trng thi, s tnh...)
hin din rt r rng. Ngay c nhng
trng hp m hin nay c coi l
biu th gim mc hoc s khng
hon ton r rng ca trng thi, hnh
ng, th ti cc ngun ng liu c
kho st, cn c vo tng ng cnh
c th phn tch, tnh hnh c th
khng hn vy. Ti cc ng cnh ,
d ly ci nhn ngy nay nh gi,
cng phi thy rng hu ht cc dng
lp vn dng biu th mc
tng (cao) ca trng thi, hnh ng
(c biu th n v gc). Th d:
(13) ...nn sinh ng hu n
dao dao bng ngi m nng...
[1, 151]
(14) ng m mc en en m
no khn thng bit.
[3, 75b]
(15) ng trong th gian hy
cn m m nhng cc chng sinh yn
lng bt bt.
[3, 70b]
(16) ...mt mt m m chng bit
tha ng v u.
[3, 18b]
- Th hai, tuy nhin, vn phi
thy trng hp lp biu th gim mc

17

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012

18
, cng ca trng thi, hnh ng
cng khng phi l khng thy (mc d
i khi cng c trng hp kh khng
nh chc chn). Th d:
(17) Nng am vng bt hin t
bi gi hiu hiu my nh nh.
[2, 135]
(18) C chiu gi lt dn vui vui.
[2, 134]

(19) ...trng vc vc ni xanh xanh.

[2, 136]
(20) Du l , bc bc ch
cn m mt.
[3, 18a]
(21) ...g gy vng vng ngn
trc nh ni.
[4, 268]

(22) ...dn mt ngi p din

din, du du bi phng ng m li.
[4, 149]
Nh vy, c th ni, c hai xu
hng biu ngha trong cc dng lp
ang c ni n y l xu hng
biu th mc tng v xu th biu
th mc gim. S biu th mc
tng hay gim ca trng thi, hnh
ng, khng phi l mt xu hng c
tnh ton th v u n; m ty nghi
tng trng hp c th. Tuy nhin,
xem xt c th th chng ti thy trong
cc ngun ng liu c kho st, xu
hng biu th mc tng ca trng
thi, s tnh l xu hng p o. C
th l:

Ngun ng liu

V t
V t
biu th mc tng biu th mc gim

Pht thuyt

2/ 2

0/ 2

Bn bi ph i Trn

20/ 26

6/ 26

Kho h lc

34/ 39

5/ 39

Truyn k mn lc gii m

48/ 58

10/ 58

Thin Nam ng lc

69/ 85 (01 trng hp 16/ 85

khng xc nh tng/
gim: song song)

Thin tng bn hnh

13/ 13

(Tuy nhin, khi no lp biu th

mc tng v khi no lp biu th
mc gim ca trng thi, s tnh...
s phi c nghin cu ring, chng
ti cha c iu kin trnh by
y).
2.4. Dng lp cc t loi khc
(i t, ph t, s t...)

0/ 13
- Trong Pht thuyt c: ai ai, dn
dn, mt mt.
- Trong bn bi ph i Trn c:
thay thy, vn vn (vn = vn)
- Trong Kha h lc c: ba ba
(mt vi - vi ba; ba = vi), dn dn,
song song (i, mt vi; song = 2), ai
ai, hng hng, thy thy.

Hin tng...

19

- Trong Truyn k mn lc c: dn
dn, ln ln (= dn dn), hng hng,
thy thy.
- Trong Thin Nam ng lc c:
ai ai, chi chi, dn dn, u u, dng
dng, khng khng, ln ln (dn dn),
ph ph, thy thy, thng thng,
mun mun (vn), ngn ngn (nghn),
vn vn (vn), vn vn.
- Trong Thin tng bn hnh c:
ai ai, nh nh, thin thin (nghn), vn
vn (vn).
2.4.1. Cc dng lp y c
to lp t nhng t gc l i t nghi
vn, i t ch nh, s t, lng t
v ph t. Cc dng lp ca i t (ai,
thy, ph), ph t (hng, mt, khn
[khng/ kh c th]), s t biu th
ngha nhiu (mun, vn, nghn, thin)
c xu hng bin i chung l biu
th ngha "nhiu, ton th" (ca ngi,
vt ...) hoc "mc tng" (ca trng
thi, s tnh). Th d:
(23) ...mng Bt tha tht ai ai
pht nguyn rng...
[1, 162]
(24) Ai ai u dng mnh xem xt
trong mnh...
[3, 34a]
(25) ...mt mt (nht thit ch mt
lng) thng u nguyn cho Bt du
xt.
[1, 174]
(26) ...ni nh dng y chn
thc khn khn (khng/ kh c th) vy.
[3, 17b]
(27) Khn chuyn thn, khn v
u hng hng u tri dt chng chn
b kh.
[3, 6a]

(28) Tri hu sng, thy thy tn i.

[4, 115]
(29) Mt thnh lng phm tht
cch nhn vn vn (vn vn) thin l.
[2, 125]
Tuy nhin, y cng khng phi
l mt xu hng trit v u n,
m c tnh ty nghi tng trng hp
c th. Trong trng hp di y
chng hn, dng lp ba ba ca ba (vi
ba), dng lp song song ca song (vi)
khng th hin mc tng ca trng
thi t do ba v song biu th: "Hp
ba ba (vi ba) nhng ging bn ru
ch kt song song (vi) ph on hoa
nguyt" [3, 41b].
2.4.2. Thc t ng liu cho thy,
nhiu khi, vic lp t to ra dng
lp y hnh nh khng ch hon
ton nhm mc ch biu hin ngha,
m cn nhm c vo mc ch ng
dng, biu th thi ca ch th pht
ngn nhn mnh mc cao ca trng
thi, s tnh c nh gi. Th d:
(30) Knh ng n th k gi ra
lng tin ti l Bt mt mt (nht thit
ch mt lng) thng u nguyn cho
Bt du xt (mt = ch, ch ton l).
[1, 174]
(31) Khn chuyn thn khn v
u hng hng u tri dt chng chn
b kh (hng = thng).
[3, 6a]
(32) Tuy rng, ni nh dng
y chn thc khn khn (khn = khng
th, kh c th) vy (khn = khng/
kh c th).
[3, 17b]

19

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012

20
(33) Mt thnh lng phm tht
cch nhn vn vn (vn vn) thin l
(vn = vn).
[2, 125]
C l nhng li ni i khi c
s dng trong ting Vit ngy nay nh:
rt rt vui, rt rt kh khn, hng ngn
hng ngn ngi... phng theo m
thc lp t nu trn, mt m thc vn
tn ti v hot ng t thi xa trc.
3. Nhn xt, tho lun
3.1. C ch lp to ra cc dng
lp t, thc ra, c cp trong
nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v Vit
ng. Tuy nhin, cn c mt im hu
quan ca vn ny cha c quan
tm y l phi t n trong bi
cnh tip xc Hn - Vit xem xt.
Khi so snh nhng dng lp kho st
c y vi ngun ng liu Hn
Vit tng ng, chng ti thy c mt
tnh hnh rt c bit nh sau:
3.1.1. Bn cnh nhng dng lp
ca Vit khng c dng lp tng ng
bn Hn vn nh c c, dc dc, du
du, n n, ng ng, ha h, lu

lu, lm lm, lng lng, lng lng, mnh

mnh, mn mn, mt mt, nh nh,
ni ni, r r, rm rm, rn rn, rng
rng (dng dng), r r, sm sm, thy
thy thnh thnh, trng trng, a a,
vc vc..., c nhng dng lp m hai
bn, c Hn ln Vit, tng ng vi
nhau mt cch k l.
Trong mt s bn gii m (dch)
t Hn vn sang ting Vit (ghi bng
ch Nm), nhiu khi, th hin trung
thnh nhng dng lp t v ngha
tng ng ca chng trong Hn vn,
ting Vit xa tm ti, sng to v
s dng nhng dng lp tng ng
c s tng ng rt cht ch. iu
ny c l c c s rt ng k nhng
tng ng v c im loi hnh, v
cc c im cu trc hnh thi ca
t gia hai ngn ng. S b i chiu
gia bn Hn vn Thin tng kha h
ng lc ca Trn Thi Tng vi bn
gii ngha Nm tng ng ca Tu
Tnh (cui th k XIV) [3] lm th
d, chng ti thy trong bn gii ngha
Nm c nhng dng lp t c dng
i dch nhng t ng Hn vn cng
l dng lp nh sau:

Dng lp bn Dng lp bn
vn bn Nm Hn vn

Dng lp bn vn Dng lp bn
bn Nm
Hn vn

ba ba (vi ba)

tam tam

bi bi

thm thm

chm chm

nhiu nhiu

chi chi

chc chc

chn chn

u u

chn chn

x x

o o

dch dch

u u

lc lc

u u

ct ct

dy dy (y)

thao thao

gi gi

thi thi

hng hng

vng vng

k k

c c

lp lp

n n

Hin tng...

21

mt mt

nhiu nhiu

mt mt

mng mng

mt mt

hn hn

m m

manh manh

m m

mang mang

m m

hn hn

ngt ngt

thm thm

phy phy

t t

quay quay

ba ba

r r

huy huy

song song

lng lng

thi thi

dch dch

thc thc

thng thng

vanh vanh

nhiu nhiu

3.1.2. Trong cc ngun ng liu

c kho st, c mt s dng lp t
c vay mn hon ton t nguyn
gc Hn vn (c th c bin i t nhiu
mt ng m theo quy lut chung trong
cu to dng lp v t ly hon ton
ca Vit). Th d nh: quang quang
(sng) [2]; c c ((thm) phng phc),
ng ng, hng hng, song song, vn
vn... [3]; ip ip, ng ng,
lm lm, minh minh, oanh oanh, song
song... [5]; gia gia, th th, st st,
trn trn, trng trng, thin thin, vn
vn... [6].
Di y l mt s ng liu c th:
(34) Nim lng vc vc; gic tnh
quang quang.
[2, 128]
(35) ... nm phn hng c c
trong sch.
[3, 48a]
(36) ... kt song song (vi) ph
on hoa nguyt.
[3, 41b]
(37) ng ng sng Ngn Hn
hng ngang sao Sm u.
[3, 62b]

(38) ... hng hng u tri dt

chng chn b kh.
[3, 6a]
(39) Sng cng Thi t minh minh...
[5, cu 7971]
(40) Uy linh lm lm thu sng...
[5, cu 4811]
(41) Oanh oanh chin trn, ng
ng thin uy.
[5, cu 720]
(42) Gia gia ngng chc thnh
minh cu trng.
[6, cu 8]
(43) Th th thch t tu hnh.
[6, cu 667]
(44) Ngi ta c o thin thin,
vn vn.
[6, cu 704]
3.1.3. Bn cnh nhng dng lp
vay mn t nguyn gc Hn vn nh
th, li cng c nhng trng hp Vit
ng vay mn t n Hn Vit ri to
dng lp theo kiu Vit. Th d: o
o (<o ), khuynh khuynh (<khuynh),
thn thn (<thn), dn dn (<dn),
vn vn (<vn), b b (<b), thuyn
thuyn (<thuyn)... Xin quan st mt
s ng liu c th nh:

21

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012

22
(45) ... li ni s chim bao l
quay quay o o thi thi thc thc.
[3, 13b]
(46) Lng nguyt hoa y bng lin
khuynh khuynh.
[5, cu 3768]
(47) Thn thn ngha chng phai
lng.
[5, cu 3475]
(48) Ngi Nhun Chi t tha ly
chu chi m vn vn dng y.
[4, 312]
(49) Dn dn v s nh nh bnh
yn.
[5, cu 2174]
(50) Di thnh binh k ngn ngn
b b, thuyn thuyn nga nga voi
voi.
[5, cu 4924]
3.1.4. Cng c khi dng lp c
to lp theo kiu cn ke t ng Hn
vn, ng theo phng cch gii m
v ging sch quen thuc trong vic
ging dy Hn vn thi xa Vit Nam.
So snh:
- Trong Pht thuyt: mt mt c
dng dch dng lp nht nht.
- Trong Thin tng kha h ng
lc, chng ti thy ba ba (= vi ba)
c dng dch dng lp tam tam
ca Hn vn; song song (= vi, i;
cng l t ng gc Hn nhng quen
dng) c s dng dch dng lng
lng ca Hn vn (cha quen dng)).
Th d:
(51) Knh ng n th k gi ra
lng tin ti l Bt mt mt (nht thit

ch mt lng) thng u nguyn cho

Bt du xt.
[1, 174]
(52) Hp ba ba (vi ba) nhng
ging bn ru ch kt song song (vi)
ph on hoa nguyt.
[3, 41b]
(53) ... chn chn (x x) u oanh
ku lu lo bm bay php phi.
[3, 7b]
(54) L trong mnh th m m m
m (hn hn, mang mang].
[3, 6a]
(55) R r (huy huy) chi chi
sng khp chng in ngc (...).
[3, 40a]
Nh vy, cu tr li cho cu hi:
Php lp to nn nhng dng lp
t, th hin nhng ngha t vng v
ng php nh trn y xut pht t
u? vn cn phi tip tc c tm ti.
Cc dng lp , trc ht, c th
xut pht t chnh bn thn ting Vit,
nhng cng c th c tip thu, vay
mn t ting Hn hoc c to lp,
phng theo gi t ting Hn qua
s tip xc vi Hn ng ri cng t
hi trong ting Vit. Tt nhin, trong
s , vn c nhng trng hp, vic
xc quyt ngun gc ca chng xut
pht t Hn hay Vit hin vn ang
cn rt kh khn. Th d:
(56) Bng dng y th th chn
kh by st st.
[4, 367]
(57) ...dn mt ngi trai mnh
vc cc ln m mt st ru ria dng
con bc ti trong sn np np.
[4, 149]

Hin tng...

23

3.2. Cc dng lp t c kho

st v trnh by trn y, nh phn
tch, chc chn khng ch n gin
l kt qu ca php lp thuc v th
cch din t. Chng c vai tr biu
hin ng ngha, ng php v ng dng.
3.2.1. V mt ng ngha, chng
ta thy rt r rng cc dng lp u
c cha mt hoc hai trong s ba nt
ngha sau y.
a. +[nhiu/ tt c/ ton th] (cc
s vt, hin tng...)
Th d:
(58) ng ng chng tho; y
bi ngh d m ra.
[1, 171]
(59) Cnh cnh ngn ngn dng
cng trc mt Bt.
[3, 33b]
b. +[lp i lp li c chu k v ko
di] (ca trng thi, s tnh...). Th d:
(60) ...li ni s chim bao l quay
quay o o thi thi thc thc.
[3, 13b]

V mt ng dng, c khi cc dng

lp ny th hin s nh gi, nhn mnh
tuyt i ca ch th pht ngn i
vi s vt/ s vic c biu th t
gc n tit. So snh:
bi bi, ng ng, bc bc,
cnh cnh, chn chn, t t, a
a, k k, kip kip, ngy ngy, ngn
ngn, ngi ngi, nh nh, pht pht,
tng tng, t t, vt vt, chu chu,
con con (D), dn dn, m m, khonh
khonh, my my, tng tng, ai ai, thy
thy,thin thin, vn vn...
Quan st mt s ng cnh c th
trong cc ngun ng liu c kho
st, chng ta c th thy rt r ni dung
ng ngha, ng dng nu trn.
(62) ng ng chng tho y bi
ngh d m ra.
[1, 171]
(63) Cnh cnh ngn ngn dng
cng trc mt Bt.
[3, 33b]
(64) Ging th c thnh con con
chu chu.
[4, 347]

c. +[mc cao/ thp] hoc

+[cng mnh/ yu] (ca trng thi,
s tnh, s lng...). Th d:

(65) ... mng Bt tha tht, ai ai

pht nguyn rng...

(61) M m, thm thm bng sa

chng ci ti tm...

(66) Tri hu sng thy thy tn i.

[4, 207]
3.2.2. Nt ngha + [nhiu/ tt c/
ton th] (cc s vt hin tng ...) trn
y l nt ngha ph bin v c th
hin u n cc dng lp danh t
cng nh dng lp i t v mt s
dng lp s t (khi s t gc vn biu
th ngha "nhiu").

[1, 162]
[4, 115]
(67) Ai ai u dng mnh xem xt
trong mnh k k bn sing nng m
tu thn.
[3, 34a]
(68) Mt thnh lng phm tht
cch nhn vn vn (vn vn) thin l.
[2, 125]

23

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012

24
(69) Ngi ta c o thin thin
vn vn.
[6, cu 704]
3.2.3. Nt ngha +[lp i lp li
c chu k v ko di] (ca trng thi,
s tnh...) l nt ngha ph bin cc
dng lp v t v mt s ph t (hng
hng, mt mt, khn khn). Th d:
bt bt, bi bi, chm chm, chm
chm, chi chi, dc dc, du du, dn
dn, dy dy, dng dng/ dng dng,
o o, n n, ng ng, h h,
hng hng, khoan khoan, khn khn,
lu lu, ln ln (= trng trng), lp
lp, l l, lm lm, lng lng, lng lng,
mnh mnh, mt mt, mn mn, mt
mt, m m, m m, m m, ngi ngi,
ngt ngt, ngt ngt, nh nh, nng
nng, phy phy, quay quay, quang
quang, r r, rm rm, rn rn, rng
rng (dng dng), r r, sng sng,
sm sm, thay thy, thm thm, thnh
thnh, thi thi, thc thc, trng trng,
trng trng, a a, vc vc...
C th kim chng ni dung ng
ngha nu trn qua mt s ng cnh
nh sau:
(70) ... dao dao bng ngi m
nng ngy ngy ta mi mt...
[1, 151]
(71) ... li ni s chim bao l quay
quay o o thi thi thc thc.
[3, 13b]
(72) ... mt mt m m chng bit
tha ng v u.
[3, 18b]
(73) Lng lng trn u hng i
tri cao thm thm.
[3, 26a]

(74) ... ngy ngy hng u u

trong vic th gian sm sm hng m
m chng trong li nghip.
[3, 21b]
(75) Chng lng tht mn mn
chng bi u c thng.
[4, 194]
(76) C sn st st li gii mt
tri x.
[4, 309]
(77) ...dng c phn chng t
rt rt chng dt.
[4, 289]
3.2.4. Nt ngha +[mc cao/
thp hoc cng mnh/ yu] (ca
trng thi, s tnh...) c th hin
khng u n v nht qun tt c
cc dng lp v t, m ty tng trng
hp c th.
Chng c th biu th mc cao/
cng mnh ca trng thi, s tnh...
nh trong cc ng cnh:
(78) Lng lng trn u hng i
tri cao thm thm.
[3, 26a]
(79) ...chy nc mt rng rng
ku khc mt sng...
[1, 167]
(80) ...sa xung di t mt mt
m m chng bit tha ng v u.
[3, 18b]
(81) ...ngy ngy hng u u
trong vic th gian sm sm hng m
m chng trong li nghip.
[3, 21b]
Nhng cng c th biu th mc
thp/ cng yu ca trng thi,
s tnh... nh trong cc ng cnh3:

Hin tng...

25

(82) Du l bc bc ch
cn m mt.
[3, 18a]
(83) Xy mng g gy vng vng
ngn trc nh ni.
[4, 268]
(84) Xun vng vng xy khua
khi mng ri.
[4, 269]
(85) ... dn mt ngi p din
din du du bi phng ng m li.
[4, 149]
(86) Nng am vng bt hin t
bi gi hiu hiu my nh nh.
[2, 135]
(87) C chiu gi lt dn vui vui.
[2, 134]
(88) ...trng vc vc ni xanh xanh.
[2, 136]
3.3. Nh vy, khi cu to cc dng
lp ca t nh trn y, hiu qu ng
ngha u n do php lp em li l
s biu th cc nt ngha:
a. +[nhiu/ tt c/ ton th] (cc
s vt hin tng...) ( dng lp danh
t, lp i t v mt s dng lp s
t khi s t gc vn biu th ngha
nhiu).
b. +[lp i lp li c chu k v ko
di] ca trng thi, s tnh... ( dng
lp v t v mt s ph t).
C th ni y l hai nt ngha
khi qut, thng trc ca dng lp
danh t v v t.
Ring nt ngha c. +[mc cao/
thp hoc cng mnh/ yu] (ca
trng thi, s tnh...) c th hin

khng nht qun tt c cc dng lp

v t m ty tng trng hp c th,
th cn c coi l nt ngha c th
ca tng t. Ngoi ra, cn c mt im
quan trng na l: nu phn tch c
cu ngha ca cc dng lp ny th phi
thy nt ngha c) nm trong c cu
ngha t vng ca chng, bi v mc
cao hay thp, tng hay gim, cng
mnh hay yu ca trng thi, hnh
ng c biu th s c phn tch,
miu t khc nhau, ty thuc vo tng
t ring bit.
3.4. Nhng ng liu s b kho
st c v trnh by trn y cho thy:
trong ting Vit c v trung i c hin
tng lp t hot ng vi t cch
mt phng thc ng php th hin
ngha s nhiu (ca ngi, vt,
s vt... do danh t biu th) v ngha
lp i lp li c chu k, ko di ca
trng thi, s tnh (do v t biu th).
Nhng dng lp nh: non non, nc
nc, my my, tnh tnh, nm nm,
thng thng... hoc: ngi ngi, ngnh
ngnh, nh nh, m m, ngy ngy,
au u, ng ng, lng lng, ngi
ngi... thi ting Vit cn i v hin
ang c s dng trong ting Vit
ngy nay, c l chnh l kt qu
c to lp t xa, hoc l kt qu
mi c to lp theo chnh phng
thc lp . Nhng trng hp m nay
ta thng d ng vi nhau coi l
t ly nh: cun cun, m m, ip
ip, phau phau, song song, trng trng,
vc vc, vng (vng) vng, vnh (vnh)
vnh, thnh thnh, xng xng, dn dn,
thy (thay) thy, thng thng... trn
thc t, vn hin din rt nhiu trong
cc ngun ng liu thi ting Vit c,
trung i. Chng chnh l nhng sn
phm c to nn mun nht cng

25

26
l t thi hoc cn phi sm hn
th na rt nhiu.
Nhng nhn thc nu trn y
khng phi l hon ton mi. iu
ng ni l ch: i vi hin tng
lp t v c ch lp t, c hai kha
cnh t nh cn c phn bit: th
nht, n l mt phng thc ng php,
to ra dng lp ca t th hin
ngha ng php; th hai, n c coi
l mt trong nhng phng thc to
t, to nn nhng n v t vng trc
nay vn thng c gi l t ly hon
ton, ng cu tuyt i vi nhng n
v nh: co co, ba ba, chu chu,
chun chun, bm bm...
Cho n nay, chng ta cha c
c bng chng chc chn ni rng,
ting Vit c cc n v (t) gc n
tit nh: ba, a, co, chu, le, chun,
bm, bm... ri t cc n v y, theo
cch lp (ly) hon ton m to nn
cc t ba ba, a a, co co, chu chu,
le le, chun chun, bm bm, bm
bm... tng ng. V vy, mc d ting
Vit hin nay vn c nhng cp i
nh le - le le, s - se s, ve - ve ve, chun chun chun, bm - bm bm, bm bm bm, tro (so) - tro tro
(phng ng Ngh An, H Tnh)...
nhng tht kh lng xc quyt c:
le le, se s, ve ve, chun chun, bm
bm, bm bm, tro tro... l kt
qu ca qu trnh lp (ly/ nhn i)
ca le, s, ve, chun, bm, bm, tro...
hay ngc li, le, s, ve, chun, bm,
bm, tro... l kt qu ni tt ca
le le, se s, ve ve, chun chun, bm
bm, bm bm, tro tro... m thnh.
V vy, nhn b ngoi, tuy thy
hnh thc l nh nhau, nhng r rng

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012
cc dng lp (cnh cnh, ngn ngn,
pht pht, ngy ngy, gi gi...) v
cc t (co co, ba ba, le le, chun
chun...) l nhng sn phm hon ton
khng ng cht, mt ng l dng
lp biu th s nhiu, cn mt
ng th hon ton khng phi vy.
Th m trc nay, khi bn lun v
phng thc lp t vi t cch l mt
phng thc ng php th hin
ngha ng php, c khng t trng
hp, vic minh nh nhng kha cnh
khc bit t nh ny b b qua, hoc
t nht cng c quan tm khng
y .
Trong tin trnh pht trin lch
s ca ting Vit, tng trng hp
c th, gia hai kha cnh nu trn
c th c nhng c im v/ hoc
nhng bin i an xen vo nhau lm
cho chng ta ngy nay rt kh x l,
kh nhn din ra u l chn tng
ca chng. Th d: nhng trng hp
nh: ai ai, dn dn, t t, thng thng,
(b) con con, nht nht, thay thy...;
v c bit l nhng trng hp khi
to lp dng lp c km theo s bin
thanh, bin vn nh: chnh chch, dng
dng, vnh vnh, vng vc, bng bc,
thin tht, san st... th, vi cch nhn
thun ng i ngy nay, dng nh
ngi ta thng khng ngn ngi g
khi nht lut coi chng l nhng t
ly hon ton. M nu nht lut coi
cc trng hp l t ly th hnh
nh y r l c s chuyn ho
t dng lp sang t ly.
Nhng vn nu trn y u
trc tip lin quan n l lun ng php
hc, v tr nn kh phc tp, cn
c tip tc phn tch k trn nhiu
ngun ng liu y v rng ri hn.

Hin tng...

27

CH THCH

NGUN NG LIU

S liu v lp t trong vn bn ny,

chng ti da trn bng t do Bi Duy
Dng cung cp rt ra, x l v tnh
ton li. Xin trn trng cm n.

1. Pht thuyt ph mu i bo
n trng kinh, (Hong Th Ng phin
m, ch gii; Trong sch: Ch Nm v
ting Vit qua bn gii m Pht thuyt
ph mu i bo n trng kinh, Nxb
KHXH, H., 2002).

Trong ting Vit hin i, cc dng

lp t v t ly c th c bin thanh v/
hoc bin vn. Tuy nhin s bin thanh,
bin vn y khng c th hin trn ch
Nm v chng xy ra vo thi gian no
trong qu kh, chng ta cha bit c
mt cch chc chn v nghim tc. V
vy, chng ti vn phc hin v kho st
chng nguyn dng nh ch Nm ghi,
khng tnh n s bin thanh, bin vn
nh trong ting Vit hin nay.
2

Nh trn chng ti trnh by,

ngay c nhng dng lp ny, khi t trong
ng cnh c th ti cc ngun ng liu
c kho st xem xt th thy s biu
th mc thp/ cng yu ca trng
thi, hnh ng khng phi trng
hp no, lc no cng c th khng nh
chc chn c. Ngoi nhng ng liu
dn ra y, chng ta c th so snh thm
dng lp xanh xanh trong vn bn Chinh
ph ngm (th k XVIII): Cng trng
li m cng chng thy, Thy xanh xanh
nhng my ngn du, Ngn du xanh ngt
mt mu, Lng chng thip ai su hn
ai. Trong trng hp ny, r rng khng
th ni xanh xanh th biu th mc
gim ca xanh, cn xanh ngt th biu
th mc tng ca xanh trong khi ang
ni v cng mt i tng ngn du. R
rng xanh xanh ch biu th mc lin
tip, lin tc, m rng, tri di ca s
tnh xanh ghi nhn trong v t [- ng]
xanh m thi.
3

2. C trn lc o ph, c th
lm tuyn thnh o ca, Hoa yn t
ph, Gio t ph, (Gi chung l bn
bi ph i Trn), Trong sch: Thin
tng bn hnh, Hong Th Ng phin
m, ch gii, Nxb Vn hc, H., 2009.
3. Thin tng kho h ng lc, Tc
gi bn Hn Vn: Trn Thi Tng, Bn
gii ngha vit bng ch Nm ca Tu
Tnh, c nin i khong cui th k
XIV, Trn Trng Dng kho cu, phin
ch, Nxb Vn hc, H., 2009.
4. Truyn k mn lc gii m, Nguyn
Quang Hng phin m, ch gii, Nxb
KHXH, H., 2001.
5. Thin Nam ng lc, (Nguyn
Th Lm kho cu, phin m, ch gii),
Nxb Vn hc, Trung tm vn ho ngn
ng ng Ty, 2001.
6. Thin tng bn hnh, (Hong
Th Ng kho cu, phin m, ch gii),
Nxb Vn hc, 2009.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bright W. (Editor in chief),
Encyclopedia of Linguistics; Oxford
University Press, 1992.
2. Chen Linhua, An Introduction
to Linguistics, 1998, 2008.
3. Dip Quang Ban, Ng php ting
Vit; Nxb GD, H., 2005.
4. David Crystal, An encyclopedic
dictionary of language and linguistics,
Penguin books, 1992.

27

Ngn ng s 3 nm 2012

28
5. Hu Chu, T vng ng
ngha ting Vit; Nxb GD, H., 1996.
6. inh Vn c, Ng php ting
Vit: T loi, Nxb HQG, H., 2001.
7. Finegan E., Language: its structure
and use, Harcourt Brace College Publisher,
1994.
8. Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller,
The Handbook of linguistics, Blackwell
Publishers Ltd, 2001.
9. Matthews P.H., Morphology,
Cambridge University Press, 1991.
10. Nguyn Ti Cn, Ng php
ting Vit, Nxb HQG, H., 1996.
11. Nguyn Thin Gip (ch bin),
on Thin Thut, Nguyn Minh Thuyt,
Dn lun Ngn ng hc, Nxb GD, H.,
1995.
12. Nguyn Thin Gip, T vng
hc ting Vit, Nxb HQG, 1998.
13. Spencer A., Morphological
theory, Blackwell, 1981.
14. ..,
(Dn lun ngn ng hc),
, , , 1983.
15. ..,
(Dn lun ngn ng
hc), , , , 1967.
SUMMARY
This paper deals with reduplications
in some Nom texts in the old or medieval
Vietnamese, eg. cnh (a branch) - cnh
cnh (branches)...

Followings are what we have found

from the analysis of data.
Most of reduplications here are verbal
ones, noun reduplications are fewer than
these. The reduplications of other parts
of speech are very few.
Some reduplications strictly correspond on a one-to-one basis with Chinese
reduplications, eg. mt (dark. Vietnamese) =
HN (dark. Sino Vietnamese). mt mt
(darker/ darkest) = HN HN (darker/
darkest). Reason for this should be
continued to discuss.
Reduplications can have the following
meanings: a) plural meaning of nouns
or b) cyclic frequentative reduplication
of acts or states denoted by verbs or c)
high or low level, strong or week strength
of acts or states denoted by verbs.
Meanings a) and b) are permanent
ones of these reduplications. They should
be considered grammatical meanings.
Reduplication is a grammatical manner
for their implementation. Semantic
feature c) is nonpermanent one due to
its dependence on each reduplication.
That is why it is lexical meaning.
Those reduplications had been formed
in the medieval or old Vietnamese or in
the earlier period. Phonetically, many of
them can be more or less changed, then
be naturally considered reduplicatives.