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REFERENCE

REFERENCE
&
PIPING DESIGN

Guide for the Selection, Installation

and Maintenance of Pipeline Strainers
Prepared by PIPELINE STRAINER SECTION FLUID CONTROLS INSTITUTE, INC.
FCI 89-1-1992

REFERENCE

CONTENTS
1 Pipeline Strainers Definition, Purposes and Types
2 End Connections
3 Materials of Construction
4 Corrosion Resistance Selection of Materials
5 Perforations and Mesh Sizing
6 Capacity
7 Pressure Loss
8 Specifications and Manufacturer Testing
9 Shock Hydraulic and Thermal
10 Conclusion

PREFACE
Experience has proven the need for strainers in the
protection of pumps, compressors, turbines, meters,
automatic valves, sprinkler heads, burner nozzles,
steam traps and other pipeline equipment
This guide has been established as a technical
reference for project engineers and managers
responsible for specifying and using pipeline
strainers. While strainers remain a relatively low cost
item, when specified properly, the protection they
provide is invaluable. It is the intent of this guide to
provide the background and information necessary
to make knowledgeable and sound engineering
decisions in the specification of pipeline strainers.

The Pipeline Strainer Section of the Fluid Controls

Institute, Inc. acknowledges and appreciates the
assistance of those people who have made the
creation and updating of this technical resource
possible.

Chapter 1
Definition
A pipeline strainer is a device which provides a
means of mechanically removing solids from a
flowing fluid by utilizing a perforated, mesh or wedge
wire straining element. The most common range of
strainer particle retention is 1 inch to 40 micron
(.00156 inch).
Purpose
Strainers are employed in pipelines to protect
downstream mechanical equipment such as
condensers, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors,
meters, spray nozzles, turbines, steam traps, etc.
from the detrimental effect of sediment, rust, pipe
scale or other extraneous debris.
Types of Strainers
Two frequently specified strainers are the Y strainer
and the basket strainer. While there is primarily one
type of Y strainer (Fig. 1A), there are several
variations of basket strainers (Figs. 1B through 1E).

FIGURE 1A

FIGURE 1C

FIGURE 1B

FIGURE 1D
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

- 250 -

FIGURE 1E

There seems to be a general misconception among

engineers and contractors concerning Y strainers
and basket strainers used in steam service. In many
instances, basket and Y strainers will perform
comparably in steam service. It is essential in
ordering strainers for steam service that the
manufacturer be so advised. As mentioned above,
the housings may be furnished without a bottom,
allowing the accumulated debris to be blown out by
opening the blowdown valve (Fig. 4).

FIGURE 4
FIGURE 2
Tee type strainers, suction diffusers and several
variations of basket strainers can also be used in a
right angle flow application (Fig. 3).

While there are some high pressure applications for

basket strainers, (Fig. 5), due to the required
thickness and subsequent high cost, basket strainers
are not normally constructed for pressures above
1,500 psi. Y strainers, on the other hand, are readily
available for working pressures up to 6,000 psi and
higher. In addition to Y and basket types, other
strainers are available such as duplex/twin,
geometric, washdown/back-flushing, automatic self
cleaning, plate or expanded cross section type,
scraper, and magnetic screen types. Descriptions of
these as well as miscellaneous options available with
them, follow.

FIGURE 3
Y strainers and most variations of basket strainers
can be self-cleaning. With the addition of a
blowdown valve and some modification of the
straining element of a basket strainer, the element
can be flushed out by opening and closing the
blowdown valve. This can be done without flow shut
down or disassembling any piping.
In sizes above 4, a single basket strainer will
generally create less pressure drop than a Y type.
Basket strainers are normally installed in a horizontal
pipe with the cover over the basket at the top.
Cleaning of the strainer is generally simple and no
draining is required. Cover flanges for basket
strainers are relatively easy to remove and servicing
is simplified. Replacement of covers on Y-type
strainers is facilitated by some manufacturers
through the use of studs, rather than bolts, which
help to align the cover during the replacement
operations. Hinged covers and screen locking
devices can also make servicing easier.

FIGURE 5
Duplex/Twin Strainers
For applications where continuous operation is
required and the line cannot be disassembled for
cleanout, duplex or twin basket strainers can be
used. Refer also to Automatic Strainers for
continuous service applications. Examples are fuel oil
strainers for industrial or marine oil burners,
lubricating lines on board ships, cooling towers,
continuously running chemical operations, and many
industrial water intake and service lines.

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

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REFERENCE

Vertical piping, frequently found at pump inlets,

necessitates the use of a Y strainer or a tee type
basket strainer. Most basket strainers are intended
for horizontal or slightly inclined piping. Special
attention must be given, however, to maintaining the
position of the debris collection chamber and the
drain (blowdown) connection in their lowest position
(Fig. 2). A Y strainer in vertical piping must be
placed with its screen in the downward position to
trap the sediment in the debris collection chamber.

REFERENCE

When one basket becomes full, the flow is switched

to the other basket. The first basket is removed,
cleaned and replaced. For smaller sizes the plugtype duplex basket strainer (Fig. 6) is generally used
since it is less costly to make and simpler to operate
and maintain than other types. It is basically a plug
valve with two integral basket wells into which flow
can be diverted by rotating the plug. In larger sizes
the plug design becomes unwieldy, and an individual
valving arrangement is used (Fig. 7). Here, flow is
shifted from one basket to the other by integral
sliding gate valves. These strainers are frequently
furnished with an interlocking chain-drive mechanism
so the two valves work in unison (one basket
compartment opens while the other is being valved
off). This prevents accidental shutoff of the line.

FIGURE 8
Geometric (Temporary) Strainers (Fig. 9A through 9C)
Where cost is of prime importance, a geometric
strainer may be installed between flanges in a pipe
line. Variations of geometric strainers include cone
(Fig. 9A), truncated cone (Fig. 9B) and flat geometries
(Fig. 9C). The design considerations with these types
of strainers are:
1. They have a lower net open area than basket
strainers.
2. The pipe line must be disassembled to inspect,
clean or remove these strainers.
3. Structural strength can be difficult to achieve,
particularly in larger sizes, and in the case of wire
mesh.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 9A

FIGURE 9B

FIGURE 7
This type strainer can be furnished with individual
globe valves instead of gate valves. Globe valves give
more positive shutoff, but since these strainers are not
normally used for high pressures they are generally
not needed. The globe- valve-type duplex strainer is
usually more expensive than the gate-valve type.
Twin strainers, two single basket strainers connected
in parallel with individual control valves are also
available (Fig. 8). Where continuous operations is
required, however, a duplex strainer is generally
preferred. It occupies less space and is a one-piece
unit. However, because of the more circuitous path
the liquid must take through a duplex strainer,
pressure drop is higher than through the equivalent
size single basket strainer.

FIGURE 9C
While these strainers were once called temporary or
startup strainers, more frequently than not, they are
now left in the line during operation. As with all types
of strainers, periodic maintenance must be carried
out to ensure efficient operation.
Washdown, Manual, Fixed or Rotary Spray, BackFlushing Strainers (Figure 10)
These strainers are fitted with side inlets or other
devices for the introduction of high velocity liquid (the
same as being strained usually water). The
turbulence created back-flushes the strainer basket
and opening a drain valve evacuates the debris.

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

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FIGURE 10
Automatic Self-Cleaning Strainers
An automatic self-cleaning strainer is a unit which
goes through a complete cleaning cycle, using some
of the fluid flowing through the strainer to flush out
the collected debris, with little or no attention by the
plant personnel. There are numerous styles of
automatic strainers produced and each has its
desirable features; however, only a limited discussion
is presented in this particular article to discuss these
differences.
Figures 11 and 12 are examples of basic types of
automatic self-cleaning strainers. Automatic strainers
are normally more expensive than the manually
cleaned units but their extra cost can often be
justified for one or more of the following reasons:
1. The frequency of cleaning of a manual unit and the
cost of labor for doing this.
2. If there is any danger that the strainer or the
equipment that it is protecting may be damaged by
the strainer not being cleaned when required.
3. The strainer is necessarily located in a place where
it is not readily accessible for cleaning.
4. Plugging of the strainer is unpredictable due to a
variable loading rate such that manual cleaning
cannot be properly scheduled.
5. Insufficient available personnel to perform the
manual cleaning.

FIGURE 11

There are many types of automatic and semiautomatic controls for the strainer and among these
are:
1. Differential pressure switch which senses the
pressure drop through the strainer and initiates a
cleaning cycle at a preset pressure differential.
2. Timer which initiates cleaning cycle of strainer are
preset intervals of time.
3. Pushbutton start for which an operator pushes a
button to initiate a cleaning cycle (semi-automatic).
4. Differential pressure switch alarms which signal the
operator that the strainer needs cleaning (semiautomatic).
5. Any combination of the above controls.
All of the above control systems are normally used
with strainers that clean intermittently. Some
automatic strainers also clean continuously so that a
control to initiate the cleaning cycle is not required.
For intermittent cleaning strainers, the differential
pressure switch control is normally preferred,
because it will initiate a cleaning cycle when required
regardless of strainer plugging rate. If a fairly
constant strainer plugging rate occurs, the timer
control can be utilized. Also, if the strainer may go
through long periods of slow plugging during which it
may not clean, a timer control may be desired to
make certain the strainer operates periodically to
keep it from binding. Normally, because of its
automatic cleaning characteristic, an automatic
strainer is cleaner for longer periods of time, than a
manually cleaned strainer.
When used in process or inplant service water
systems, it is not normally necessary to prescreen the
liquids handled by self-cleaning strainers. It is
essential, however, that any self-cleaning strainer be
protected from logs, long sticks, and heavy
concentrations of large fish when the strainer is
installed in intake systems where water is being taken
from a river, lake or other surface water source. When
very fine process straining is desired, two selfcleaning strainers in series one coarse and one fine
should be considered.

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

- 253 -

REFERENCE

FIGURE 12

REFERENCE

Automatic strainers are most commonly used on

water service, the primary reason being the difficulty
of disposing of the fluid which flushes the debris from
the strainer. However, most automatic strainers can
work on other fluids if the fluid can be disposed of
satisfactorily. Many successful applications have
been made with such fluids as black liquor, white
water, starch, fuel oils (including Bunker C),
lubricating oils, machine coolants, gasoline,
ammonia flushing liquor, caustic solutions and
cooking oils.

Magnetic Strainers (Fig. 15)

An effective solution to the problem of excessive and
premature wear of plump seals and wear rings has
been the magnetic screen assembly. A standard
strainer is fitted with magnets which are removable
for cleaning. These magnets are so spaced and
arranged as to create a magnetic field around the
interior of the screen and attract fine ferrous particle
which could damage downstream equipment.

Plate or Expanded Cross Section Strainers (Fig. 13)

Where short face-to-face dimensions are essential,
the plate strainer may be used (a flat geometric
strainer is also an option). Only low net open areas
are available with this type of strainer. In addition,
operating pressure drops are normally higher and
maximum allowable pressure drops lower than with
other types of strainers.

FIGURE 15
Engineers have specified this type of strainer in pilot
jobs and, after evaluation, have standardized this
specification for all pump strainers. Magnets can be
incorporated in almost any of the Y, basket or
geometric type strainers.

FIGURE 13
Scraper Strainers (Fig. 14)
For applications where continuous operation is
required. A scraper strainer provides removal of
solids without interrupting flow and disassembly is
not required for cleaning. Examples are straining of
industrial cooling water (chemical, petroleum, power,
and steel), cooling towers, water intake, and marine.
Industrial and marine fuel filtration and deluge fire
protection systems. Screens are of the peripheral
inflow design. Rotation of hand wheel rotates the
screen against a scraper bar or brush removing
collected debris from the screens outer surface.
Debris moves to the sump area where it is removed
by periodic flushing. Scraper strainers can normally
be converted from manual to automatic self-cleaning
operation.

Special Application Strainers

A. High Differential Strainers
There is an increasing demand for strainers with
screens which can withstand full line pressure when
clogged. While the types of strainers already
discussed can be structurally enhanced to withstand
fairly high pressures (Fig. 16A and 16B), cases where
extremely high differentials exist may call for special
design. These screens are frequently constructed of
very heavy wire mesh or welded to ensure complete
structural integrity. A few manufacturers can supply
these strainers over a wide range of pressure
requirements.

FIGURE 16A

FIGURE 16B
FIGURE 14
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

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C. High Capacity (Volume) Basket Strainers

These strainers are designed for viscous fluids,
gasoline and fuel oil service where fine straining has
to be combined with a large basket which will not
clog after extended periods. A gasketed seat or close
tolerance metal-to-metal fit for the baskets insures
that no bypassing of fine particles will occur.

FIGURE 18
Quite frequently line sizes are reduced following a
strainer prior to temperature control valves or heating
and cooling coils (Fig. 19). A reducing strainer can
eliminate joints, reduce pressure loss, and still
provide the same offset produced by the reducer. Of
course, the reducer is also eliminated.

Miscellaneous Strainer Options

Strainers can be incorporated into a piping system in
a variety of ways. Mechanical equipment can
incorporate a strainer in the body. This can be
economical and can reduce pipe connections and
labor (Fig. 17).

FIGURE 19
Special processes may warrant special strainer
housings. Steel or stainless steel strainers may be
fitted with a fabricated or cast outer jacket with
connections for the introduction of steam or other
heating or cooling medium (Fig. 20). These types of
strainers are used in applications mainly in process
piping where the liquid handled must be maintained
at other than ambient temperatures.

FIGURE 17
In some cases a strainer is required at the inlet of a
pump or meter which is extremely close to the
ground. An offset strainer (Fig. 18) with a high inlet
and low outlet will satisfy this need. Other designs
may use a tee type basket strainer (Fig. 3) in an angle
flow application.

FIGURE 20

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

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REFERENCE

B. Micronic Strainers
Strainers are available with extremely fine wire mesh
which will remove particles as fine as 5 microns.
These strainers, though expensive, are more
economical than the disposable cartridge-type filters
in that the straining elements can be cleaned and
reused. Corrosion resistance is also better in most
cases. Baskets must be supplied with a gasket, O
ring, or close tolerance metal-to-metal seal to
eliminate bypassing. Oil separation can be
accomplished with cotton or fiber-filled screens.
Water can be separated from gasoline using a fine
mesh. Bronze or stainless steel wool-packed
straining elements also serve certain filter
requirements.

REFERENCE

In addition to special process needs, there may be

special maintenance needs. Simplifying the handling
of strainers during cleanings or inspections reduces
maintenance costs. Strainers are available with many
types of quick-opening covers to reduce the length of
time and labor involved in cleaning operations (Fig.
21). Among these are swing eye bolts, yoke covers,
pinwheel covers and C washers. The variety of
closures are too numerous to mention, but
consideration should be given to them where
reduction of downtime is important. Additionally,
many of these closures can be operated without the
use of tools, which enables operators to service the
strainer where Union contracts require only
maintenance personnel to use tools.

Weld Ends
Butt weld end strainers are generally available in all
sizes, and although many forms of end preparations
can be used, the standard 37-1/2" beveled end is
most common. ANSI B16.25 illustrates the various
types of weld joint preparations available.
It is very important that the purchaser specify the
bore of pipe being used so that the manufacturer can
provide a matching bore in the strainer.
Socket weld end strainers are usually available in
sizes through 3, and again, it is important to specify
the bore of the pipe used. In ordering weld end
strainers of any type, consider whether you desire a
welded blowdown connection.
Special Ends
Grooved ends are available on many strainers, and a
detail of this end should be supplied to the
manufacturer. Other special ends such as O ring
and union ends are also available on special order,
and complete details should be furnished.

FIGURE 21

CHAPTER 2
End Connections
Strainers are available in a variety of end
connections. Iron strainers are most commonly
furnished in either threaded or flanged ends. Steel,
stainless steel and bronze are supplied in any of the
types discussed below. The four most common
groups of end connections are listed and described
below.
Threaded
Usually a tapered female pipe thread, although male
connections are also available.
Flanged
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and
MSS (Manufacturers Standardization Society)
standard flange ratings 25, 125, 150, 250, 300, 400,
600, 900, 1500 and2500 pounds can be supplied.
Ring-type joints (male and female), and tongue and
groove joints are also available. The U.S. Navy also
has some flange standards which are quite different
from the commercial standards. Among these are B176, B177, and MIL-F-20042C.

Most Y-type and certain other types of small

strainers are designed according to the fitting
standards for full pressure ratings and therefore can
be subjected to higher working pressures at lower
temperatures. It should be clearly understood,
however, that most of the larger types and many of
the smaller strainers are designed for the working
pressure requested and should not be operated
above that pressure without consulting the
manufacturer. It is important to note that the flange
rating is not necessarily the same as the pressure
rating of the vessel. A fabricated carbon steel
strainer, for example, may be operated at 40 psig at
500F, designed for 100 psig at 650F, and have
150-lb ANSI flanges. The maximum safe pressure at
any temperature (650F and below) for this vessel is
100 psig, even though the flange can be taken to 170
psig at 500F.
It is important, at the time of initial design, to specify
working pressure, working temperature, design
pressure, design temperature, required flange rating
and any operating conditions affecting vessel
loading.

CHAPTER 3
Materials of Construction
Strainer components can include a body, flanges,
cover, perforated plate, mesh, wedge wire, gasket
and cover fasteners. Listed below are some materials
of construction for these components.

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

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A Housing/Body
Description
Iron Castings
Ductile Iron Castings
Iron-Austenitic Castings
Carbon Steel Castings
Carbon Steel Castings
Carbon Steel Pipe
Carbon Steel Plate
Carbon Steel Forgings
Carbon Moly Castings
Chrome Moly Forgings
Stainless Steel Castings
Chrome Moly Plate
Chrome Moly Pipe
Stainless Steel Pipe
Stainless Steel Plate
Stainless Steel Forgings
Aluminum Castings
Bronze Castings
Monel
Nickel 200 Plate
Hastelloy B Castings
Hastelloy B Plate
Hastelloy C Plate
Hastelloy C Pipe
Titanium Pipe
Titanium Castings

ASTM Specification
A 126, A 278
A 395, A 536
A 436
A 216
A 27
A 53, A 106
A 20, A 285, A 515, A 516
A 105
A 217, A 352
A 182
A 743, A 744, A 351
A 387
A 335
A 312
A 240
A 182
B 26
B 61, B 62
B 164, B 127
B 160, B 162
A 494
B 333
B 575
B 619
B 337
B 367

B Perf. Plate/Mesh/Wedge Wire

Carbon Steel
S.S. (Various Grades Available)
Monel
Hastelloy B
Hastelloy C
Alloy 20
Nickel
Brass
Copper
Galvanized Steel
Incoloy
Inconel
Titanium
Aluminum

C Gaskets
Red Rubber
Teflon
Neoprene
Graphite

D Fasteners
Carbon Steel
Silicon Bronze
316 S.S.

Compressed Nonasbestos
Buna-N, O Ring
S.S. Jacketed
S.S. Spiral Wound

Alloy Steel
304 S.S.
Monel

Corrosion Resistance Selection of Materials

Almost every strainer operating in a pipe line is
subject to some degree of corrosion or erosion. It is
therefore very important that corrosion/erosion
resistance is considered when selecting materials
and/or coatings. The selection of the material or
coating used is also usually based on economic
considerations and should be made by the customer
and/or consulting engineer after some discussion
with the strainer manufacturer.
It is important that the type of fluid, the pressure and
temperature conditions, type of adjacent piping,
desired service life, and the customers prior
experience with similar fluid conditions be known.
Corrosion resistance charts offer some assistance in
the selection of materials or coatings. (See Corrosion
Data Survey Metals Solution, 6th Edition, NACE).
Electrolytic corrosion is also a consideration in some
services and the manufacturer should be advised.
Sometimes the inclusion of magnesium or zincconsumable bars in the body will retard this action.
Most types of strainers can be lined with various
coatings to retard corrosion, and some of these are
listed below:
Epoxy
Asphalt
Teflon
Vinyl
Kel-F
Rubber
Neoprene
Baked Phenolic
Penton (Plating: Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel,Galvanizing, etc.)

CHAPTER 5
Perforations and Mesh Sizing
An extremely important consideration in the selection
of a strainer is the size of the perforations, mesh or
wire opening used in the making of the straining
element. A tendency exists to select smaller holes
than those actually needed, leading to too-frequent
cleaning, excessive pressure drops, and screens
constructed of thinner metal which will withstand less
pressure differential.
Generally, stainless steel perforated metal can only
be obtained in a thickness which is one gage
thickness less than the diameter of the punched
holes. Carbon steel and brass can be obtained in
approximately the same thickness as the hole
diameter. These limitations are important
considerations. For example, a strainer made with
stainless steel plate perforated with 1/64 diameter
holes in a 16 line would be impractical, as the plate

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REFERENCE

CHAPTER 4

REFERENCE

would be about 17 in diameter and only .014 thick,

and would have a very low maximum allowable
differential pressure.
The most common way to accomplish fine straining
in large strainers is by mesh lining a larger hole,
heavier gage perforated plate.
The following table illustrates available perforations,
mesh, and wedge wire and their respective straining
capability. The main criteria for choosing hole and
mesh size is the size and quantity of particles which
can pass through downstream equipment without
causing damage.
PERFORATED METAL**
Hole Diameter x Hole Spacing

Percent Open Area

.020 x .043

20

.027 x .066

17

*.033 x .077

20

*.045 x .086

28

*.057 x .121

25

*.062 x

3/32

41

*.094 x

5/32

33

.100 x

5/32

37

*1/8 x

3/16

40

*5/32 x

3/16

63

3/16 x

1/4

51

*1/4 x

3/8

40

5/16 x

7/16

47

3/8 x

1/2

51

7/16 x 19/32

49

1/2 x 11/16

48

5/8 x 13/16

54

3/4 x

51

1 x 1-3/8

48

*These are standards as they appear in the Designers,

Specifiers and Buyers Handbook for Perforated Metals
published by the Industrial Perforators Association.
**Perforated plate listed is for staggered pattern only.

MESH
Mesh
Wire
(Openings Diameter
(Inches)
(Inches)
2
.063
2
.092
3
.063
4
.47
4
.063
5
.041
6
.035
7
.035
8
.028
10
.025
11
.018
12
.023
14
.020
16
.018
18
.017
20
.016
30
.013
40
.010
50
.009
60
.007
80
.005
24 x 115
.0056
100
.0045
120
.0037
30 x 160
150
.0026
40 x 200
170
.0024
30 x 260
200
.0021
250
.0016
50 x 250
.0024
28 x 480
300
.0015
325
.0014
400
.0010
80 x 700
125 x 600
165 x 800
165 x 1400
200 x 1400
250 x 1400
25 x 2300
5 x 2400
400 x 2800

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Percent
Open
Micron Area
11100
76.4
10360
66.6
6860
65.6
5160
65.9
4750
56.0
4040
63.2
3350
62.7
2740
57.2
2460
60.2
1910
56.3
1850
64.5
1520
51.8
1300
51.0
1130
50.7
980
48.3
872
46.2
513
37.1
384
36.0
282
30.3
231
33.9
180
36.0

Opening
Inches
.437
.407
.270
.208
.187
.159
.132
.108
.097
.075
.073
.060
.051
.044
.038
.034
.020
.015
.011
.009
.0075
.0055
.0046
.0046
.0041
.0033
.0035
.0029
.0029
.0024
.0023
.0018
.0017
.0015
.0012

141
118
118
105
85
79
75
74
62
62
59
46
44
39
40
30
28
17
10
83
53
4
3

30.3
30.1
37.4
35.1
33.6
36.0

29.7
30.0
36.0

Opening

Micron

.003

75

.005

127

7.7

.010

254

14.3

.015

381

25

.020

500

25

.031

775

34

.034

864

20

.062

1550

51

.063

1600

50

.094

2350

44

.125

3175

66

.156

3962

71

As an example, fuel oils are generally strained to a

fine degree to protect small orifices in burner nozzles.
This requires a fine woven mesh be used in series
with a reinforcing perforated plate. Due to the fact
that the perforated plate may have a 50% open area
and the mesh 30%, the resultant combined open
area may be considered to be only 15% if there is not
flow path other than line of sight through the two
elements in series. This, of course, would mean that
to have a OAR of 250%, a high capacity, large bodied
strainer is required.

% Open

This same strainer using only the perforated plate

would have an OAR more than three times as great.
So, it may be seen that in any given strainer, the OAR
may be varied by using various perforations or
meshes having different open areas. Thus, it is
essential to specify not only the OAR desired, but the
straining element opening size and the method for
calculating OAR.

CHAPTER 6
Capacity
The capacity ratio, or open area ratio (OAR) of a
strainer influences such operating characteristics as
the length of time it can operate without cleaning and
the created pressure loss. The ratio/OAR is the
relationship between internal cross sectional area
(flow area) of the pipe and the open flow area of the
material which makes up the straining element.
A 100% OAR, or 1-to-1 ratio would give an
unrestricted flow area equal to that of the pipe while
the element was clean. As clogging occurs, however,
flow would be inhibited. A 200% OAR, or 2-to-1 ratio
would provide full flow, after the element became
50% clogged. A 250% OAR is a good standard for
general heating and air conditioning service.
However, larger OARs or ratios would be appropriate
for flow in which much debris is expected to be
strained or where very viscous fluids are being
handled.
When considering the OAR of a straining element,
there are two accepted methods of analysis used by
various specifying agencies and manufacturers. One
method maintains a line of sight reasoning and
uses the multiple of the open areas for elements in
series. In this method, a 60% open area material in
series with a 40% open area material has a resultant
combined open area of 24% (i.e. as in accordance
with military standards). An alternative method allows
the open area of the more restrictive element in series
to be used. This would be 40% for the example
above (i.e. as in accordance with Underwriter
Laboratories Standards). The method used
influences the estimated operating pressure drop, as
well as design decisions such as sizing.

CHAPTER 7
Pressure Loss
Because strainers are made with various dimensions
and configurations, most reputable manufacturers
have tested and published pressure drop results.
Most pump installations designed for reasonable
velocities will permit approximately a 2-psi drop
across the strainer. When a screen becomes
clogged, the pressure drop varies with the clogging
pattern experienced and the type of strainer being
used. While some manufacturers speculate as to the
change in head loss at different percentages of
clogging, it should be recognized that this type of
testing is very difficult to relate to actual line
performance. This is because of differences in
strainer clogging characteristics a 1/4 perforated
basket two-thirds full of 1/2 stones will be less
affected than a small amount of fine leaves on a large
100-mesh basket. If large amounts of solids are
expected, use a strainer with a high net open area as
discussed in Chapter 6.
As a strainer becomes clogged to the point where the
OAR of the strainer approaches the pipe area, the
pressure drop across the strainer increases very
rapidly and unpredictably. It is at this point, therefore
that it is recommended the strainer be cleaned.
Otherwise, a large differential pressure will develop.
The maximum differential pressure a strainer can
withstand varies widely with strainer type, line size
and material used. Always consult the manufacturer
for maximum differential pressure a straining element
can withstand.

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

- 259 -

REFERENCE

WEDGE WIRE

REFERENCE

From the foregoing discussion, it is obvious that

periodic cleaning is essential in any strainer
installation. Once the rate of clogging is established,
a cleaning schedule can be set up. Pressure gauges
on each side of the strainer can be valuable to
determine when the strainer requires cleaning.
Differential pressure switches can be set up to
operate warning lights or alarms if so desired.
Some manufacturers have related their strainers
pressure drop to equivalent feet of pipe at various
turbulent flow rates, and this can simplify the
computation of head loss for an entire system.
However, varying field conditions and fluid properties
can affect the accuracy of general type pressure drop
estimations. Further, operating viscous fluids under
laminar flow conditions requires analysis different
from that for fluids under turbulent conditions.
Accordingly, the manufacturer should always be
consulted for the most specific and accurate
estimated pressure loss.

(a) Voltage and frequency of power supply;

(b) Air supply pressure if available;
(c) Type of controls desired;
(d) Type of motor, switch and control panel
enclosure required.
B - Flow data
1 Liquid:
(a) Description of fluid.
(b) Rate of flow gallons per minute (gpm) or
pounds per hour (lbs/hr).
(c) Viscosity SSU.
(d) Specific gravity/density.
(e) Temperature.
(f) Concentration (if acid or other corrosive).

Gas:
(a) Description of Gas
(b) Rate of flow standard cubic feet per
minute (scfm).
- actual cubic fee per minute (cfm).
(c) Specific gravity.
(d) Temperature and pressure.
(e) Molecular weight.

Steam:
(a) Flow-pounds per hour.
(b) Temperature.
(c) Pressure.
(d) Density.
(e) State of flow.

CHAPTER 8
Specifications and Manufacturer Testing
Needless to say, the more information provided to the
manufacturer when ordering strainers, the better the
chance of obtaining a strainer which is appropriately
suited for a particular job. It is for this reason that
considerable space is devoted to the preparation of
specifications.
Specification
To allow the manufacturer to make selection or
recommendations for a particular strainer, as much
as possible, the following information should be
provided:
A
1
2
3
4
5

Physical characteristics
Pipe size and schedule.
Strainer type requires.
End connections.
Material (body, screen, studs, gaskets).
Pressure rating (design/operating including
shock).
6 Temperature rating (design, operating,
minimum).
7 Straining element opening size.
8 Capacity:
(a) Net effective open area required.
(b) Method of net open area calculation.
9 Special requirements (hinged cover, vent
tapping, jacketed, etc.).
10 Applicable specifications (military
specifications, special nondestructive tests or
other QC Requirements).
11 For automatic self-cleaning strainers, specify
the following:

C - Solids to be removed
Specify the nature and relative size of the sediment.
Parts per million (ppm) or percent by volume or cubic
inches per hour or percent by weight can also be
specified.
NOTE: If strainer is to be steam jacketed, the following
information for the heat transfer fluid or steam must be
given:

(a) Type of fluid.

(b) Rate of flow.
(c) Temperature.
(d) Pressure.
(e) Type and size connections desired.
(f) Material for jacket construction.
(g) Whether strainer end flanges are oversized to
match jacketed pipe.
D Allowable pressure drop (psi):
1 Clean.
2 50% clogged.
NOTE: Operating pressure drop is a function of operating
conditions, fluid characteristics and strainer geometry.
Consequently, if specifying a strainer type and geometry,
a desired pressure drop may not be obtainable if fluid

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

- 260 -

opening valve on the outlet flange is rapidly opened

to determine that no damage is sustained by the
basket. Normally, a military requirement.

Available Types of Manufacturer Testing

A - Hydrostatic:
Most common test usually 1-1/2 times working
pressure to determine that a strainer body, cover
gaskets, etc., are sound.

J Helium leak test:

A very stringent test where the strainer is pressurized
with helium and leaks are checked with sensitive
instruments. A maximum leak rate is usually
specified. Used mostly for nuclear plants for
radioactive water piping.

B Radiographic examination:
To determine if the casting or welded joint has any
slag or sand inclusions, gas pockets or subsurface
defects. This type of test is quite expensive and
usually specified only for high pressure strainers.

K Ferroxyl:
A test to detect free iron in stainless steel strainers
where the iron would contaminate the product.

C Magnetic Particle:
A reasonably low cost examination to reveal relatively
shallow subsurface cracks, gas pockets, etc. Iron
dust is sprinkled on the surface of the casting/weld
and a magnetic force is induced electrically, causing
the dust to align over defects and cracks showing
their location and size. Can be used only on iron and
steel.
D Dye penetrant:
Equivalent to magnetic particle testing, except used
mainly with nonmagnetic castings/welds to reveal
surface defects, cracks, depressions, etc.
E Air test:
Either under water or with part covered with soap
solution. This is a more stringent test for porosity and
gasket leakage than hydrostatic, and leaks often are
more obvious. Sometimes not done, due to relative
danger involved.
F Hydrostatic burst test:
Sometimes done to establish manufacturers
maximum working pressure rating, or at the request
of purchaser.
G Shock:
Usually a government requirement where strainers
will remain operative or intact in the event of a nearproximity explosion. Test normally conducted on a
machine where weighted hammer strikes plate on
which strainer is mounted.
H Vibration:
Normally a government requirement where strainers
must withstand a vibration test which involves a
number of frequencies. This usually simulates
shipboard vibrations, earthquake, etc.
I Surge test:
A strainer is pressurized with water and a quick-

NOTE: Many tests by their very nature can be more or

less stringent. Acceptance standards should be included
in any inquiry calling for such tests. Naturally, the more
stringent the test requirements, the more costly the
ultimate strainer becomes.

CHAPTER 9
Shock-Hydraulic and Thermal
Any liquid being transmitted in a pipe line possesses
a certain amount of energy (weight times velocity). A
rapid change in velocity results in a momentary
shock wave. In the case of a quick-closing valve, the
energy of the flowing fluid must be used up in some
way, and the resulting shock, or water hammer, is
clearly audible. A pressure wave, in some cases,
travels at over 3,000 feet per second and traverses
the pipeline in one direction, then the other, until it
dissipates. A theoretical figure of 54 psi for each foot
per second that is stopped by the valve may be used.
A 12 foot per second velocity could produce a shock
wave having a peak of 648 psi; therefore,
consideration should be given to the shock and nonshock rating of the strainer.
No attempt will be made here to go into the highly
technical field of hydraulic shock, and it is covered
briefly to point out that even if your system can
produce only a specific head, if the possibility of
shock is present, tremendous overpressures may
result.
Commonly known is the phenomenon of pouring hot
tea into a glass and watching the glass crack. This is
an example of thermal shock. Rapid changes of
temperature in piping systems can have the same
effect, and in selecting strainers consideration must
be given to this possibility.
In improperly trapped steam lines, condensate can
collect in low points and subsequently become a slug
of water traveling at high velocity down the line.
Almost all strainers cause a change in direction of

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

- 261 -

REFERENCE

parameters are fixed. The trade-off relationship between

fluid conditions, strainer geometry and operating pressure
drop establishes what compromises must be made.

REFERENCE

flow due to their configuration, and the result can be

obvious if the strainer cannot absorb this type of
shock. In considering this situation, it is important to
remember that steam velocities of 4,000 to 20,000
feet per minute are quite common.

steam jackets, cover lifting davits, magnets,

motorized cleaning devices and automatic vent
valves. They are supplied with screwed, flanged,
socket weld, butt weld, ring joint and silver brazing
end connections.

CHAPTER 10

Accordingly, the implementation of a strainer needs

to be well thought out and engineered. While it is
good practice to use a strainer to protect
downstream equipment, it is very important to
carefully consider the options available. Choosing the
correct strainer can save money not only by
protecting equipment, but also by keeping
operations and maintenance costs at a minimum.

Conclusion
Strainers are no longer confined to a simple cast
body with a wire mesh screen, but are a technical,
highly refined, carefully designed piece of equipment.
Sometimes they operate at 1,500F and 10,000 psig
or at cryogenic temperatures. They are modified with

List of Figures
Fig. 1A Y type strainer, cast
Fig. 1B Basket type strainer, slant entry, cast
Fig. 1C Tee type basket strainer
Fig. 1D Basket type strainer, side entry
Fig. 1E Basket type strainer, top entry
Fig. 2
Self-cleaning Y strainer fitted with a
blowdown valve
Fig. 3
Tee type basket strainer, right angle flow
Fig. 4
Basket strainer with blowdown assembly
Fig. 5
High pressure fabricated basket strainer
Fig. 6
Plug type duplex basket strainer
Fig. 7
Sliding gate type duplex basket strainer
Fig. 8
By-pass twin basket straining assembly
with individual control valves
Fig. 9A Geometric strainer, cone
Fig. 9B Geometric strainer, truncated cone

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

9C
10
11
12
13
14
15
16A

Geometric strainer, flat plate

Wash down strainer
Automatic self-cleaning strainer
Automatic (motorized) strainer
Plate or expanded cross-section strainer
Manual type scraper
Magnetic screen strainer assembly
Structurally stiffened tee type basket
straining element
Fig. 16B Structurally stiffened wire cone geometric
strainer
Fig. 17 Steam trap with integral strainer
Fig. 18 Offset basket strainer
Fig. 19 Reducing basket strainer
Fig. 20 Strainer housing equipped with steam
jacket
Fig. 21 Example of a quick-opening cover

Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute

- 262 -

REFERENCE

NOTES:

- 263 -

FLANGE STANDARDS
CAST IRON
125 lb. CAST IRON
34

Diameter of Flange

Thickness of Flange (min)a

14

4/

4/

7/

8/

10

11

13 /

16

19

7 16

12

9 16

58

11 16

34

13 16

15 16

15 16

11/8

13/16

11/4

Diameter of Bolt Circle

31/8

31/2

37/8

43/4

51/2

71/2

81/2

91/2

113/4

141/4

17

Number of Bolts

12

12

12

12

12

58

58

58

58

58

34

34

34

78

78

Pipe Size

REFERENCE

ANSI STANDARD B16.1

12

Diameter of Bolts

a 125 lb. cast iron flanges have plain faces.

11/4
58

11/2

21/2

250 lb. CAST IRON

3
12

31/2
12

8
12

10

12

ANSI STANDARD B16.1

Pipe Size

/2

34

1 /4

1 /2

21/2

31/2

10

12

Diameter of Flange

47/8

51/4

61/8

61/2

71/2

81/4

10

11

121/2

15

171/2

201/2

Thickness of Flange (min)b

11

34

Diameter of Raised Face

13 16

78

11/8

13/16

11/4

13/8

17/16

15/8

17/8

11

2 /16

3 /16

3 /16

4 /16

15

4 /16

11

5 /16

6 /16

15

6 /16

8 /16

11

15

167/16

9 /4

10 /8

13

15 /4

173/4

12

12

16

16

34

34

78

11/8

/16

Diameter of Bolt Circle

3 /2

3 /8

4 /2

5 /8

6 /8

7 /4

7 /8

Number of Bolts

5
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
Diameter of Bolts

/8
b 250 lb. cast iron flanges have a 1/16" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.

9 /16 11 /16 14 /16

BRONZE
150 lb. BRONZE

ANSI STANDARD B16.24

/2

34

11/4

11/2

21/2

31/2

10

12

Diameter of Flange

31/2

37/8

41/4

45/8

71/2

81/2

10

11

131/2

16

19

Thickness of Flange (min)c

/16

11 32

38

13 32

7 16

12

9 16

58

11 16

11 16

34

13 16

15 16

11/16

2 /8

2 /4

3 /8

3 /2

3 /8

4 /4

5 /2

7 /2

8 /2

9 /2

Pipe Size

11 /4

14 /4

17

12

12

1
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
Diameter of Bolts
/2
c 150 lb. bronze flanges have plain faces with two concentric gasket-retaining grooves between the port and the bolt holes.

78

78

10

12

Diameter of Bolt Circle

Number of Bolts

300 lb. BRONZE

Pipe Size

/2

Diameter of Flange
3 /4
Thickness of Flange (min)d 1/2
Diameter of Bolt Circle

ANSI STANDARD B16.24

1

Number of Bolts

/4

11/4

11/2

21/2

4 /8

4 /8

17

19

25/8

31/4

31/2

37/8

/32

/32

5 /4
5

/8

6 /2

6
1

7 /2

8 /4

10

11

12 /2

15

/4

13

29

31

/32

11/16

11/8

13/16

13/8

41/2

57/8

65/8

71/4

77/8

91/4

105/8

13

12

12

/16

/16

/32

11

6 /2

31/2

5
5
5
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
1/2
/8
/8
/8
/4
/8
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
/8
Diameter of Bolts
d 300 lb. bronze flanges have plain faces with two concentric gasket-retaining grooves between the port and the bolt holes.

- 264 -

FLANGE STANDARDS
STEEL

Pipe Size

ANSI STANDARD B16.5

1

/2

34

11/4

11/2

4 /8

/16

12

9 16

21/2

31/2

7 /2

8 /2

10

11

13 /2

16

19

58

11 16

34

13 16

15 16

15 16

11/8

13/16

11/4

8
1

10

12

Diameter of Flange

Thickness of Flange (min)e

Diameter of Raised Face

21/2

27/8

35/8

41/8

51/2

63/16

75/16

81/2

105/8

123/4

15

Diameter of Bolt Circle

31/8

31/2

37/8

43/4

51/2

71/2

81/2

91/2

113/4

141/4

17

Number of Bolts

12

12

Diameter of Bolts

12

12

58

58

58

58

58

34

34

34

78

78

/2

e 150 lb. steel flanges have a 1/16" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.

300 lb. STEEL

Pipe Size
Diameter of Flange

ANSI STANDARD B16.5

1

/2

1 /4

1 /2

21/2

31/2

10

12

5 /4

6 /8

7 /2

8 /4

10

11

121/2

15

171/2

201/2

34

4 /8
11

6 /2

Thickness of Flange (min)f

34

13 16

78

11/8

13/16

11/4

13/8

17/16

15/8

17/8

Diameter of Raised Face

21/2

27/8

35/8

41/8

51/2

63/16

75/16

81/2

105/8

123/4

15

Diameter of Bolt Circle

31/2

37/8

41/2

57/8

65/8

71/4

77/8

91/4

105/8

13

151/4

173/4

Number of Bolts

12

12

16

16

Diameter of Bolts

58

34

58

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

78

11/8

/8

/16

f 300 lb. steel flanges have a 1/16" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.

400 lb. STEEL

Pipe Size
Diameter of Flange

ANSI STANDARD B16.5

12

33/4

Thickness of Flange (min)g 9/16

Diameter of Raised Face
Diameter of Bolt Circle

1/38
25/8

34

58

78

14

1/

14

12

18

12

6/

7/

8/

1/

12

3
14

31/2

10

12

10

11

121/2

15

171/2

201/2

4/

4/

5/

58

11 16

13 16

78

11/8

11/4

13/8

13/8

11/2

15/8

17/8

21/8

21/4

111/16

21/2

27/8

35/8

41/8

51/2

63/16

75/16

81/2

105/8

123/4

15

78

12

14

78

14

14

3/

12

3/

3/

6/

21/2

4/

78

5/

58

6/

7/

7/

58

9/

10 /

13

14

15 /

173/4

Number of Bolts

12

12

16

16

Diameter of Bolts

12

58

58

58

34

58

34

34

78

78

78

78

11/8

11/4

12

g 400 lb. steel flanges have a 1/4" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.

600 lb. STEEL

Pipe Size

ANSI STANDARD B16.5

1

/2

/4

1 /4

1 /2

21/2

31/2

10

Diameter of Flange

33/4

45/8

47/8

51/4

61/8

61/2

71/2

81/4

103/4

13

14

161/2

20

22

Thickness of Flange (min)h

9 16

58

11 16

13 16

78

11/8

11/4

13/8

11/2

13/4

17/8

23/16

21/2

25/8

Diameter of Raised Face

13/8

111/16

21/2

27/8

35/8

41/8

51/2

63/16

75/16

81/2

105/8

123/4

15

78

12

14

12

12

17

191/4

Diameter of Bolt Circle

58

2/

14

3/

12

3/

3/

4/

78

5/

58

6/

7/

12

8/

10 /

11 /

34

13 /

Number of Bolts

12

12

16

20

Diameter of Bolts

11/8

11/4

11/4

/2

/8

/8

/8

/4

/8

/4

/4

/8

h 600 lb. steel flanges have a 1/4" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.

- 265 -

/8

REFERENCE

150 lb. STEEL

PIPE DATA TABLES

REFERENCE

Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)
1/8

.405

1/4

.540

3/8

.675

1/2

.840

3/4

1.050

1.315

11/4

1.660

11/2

1.900

2.375

21/2

2.875

Weight
Class

Carbon
Steel
Sched.

STD
XS

STD
XS

STD
XS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

40
80

40
80

40
80

40
80
160

40
80
160

40
80
160

40
80
160

40
80
160

40
80
160

40
80
160

Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)

10S
40S
80S
10S
40S
80S
10S
40S
80S
5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

.049
.068
.095
.065
.088
.119
.065
.091
.126
.065
.083
.109
.147
.187
.294
.065
.083
.113
.154
.219
.308
.065
.109
.133
.179
.250
.358
.065
.109
.140
.191
.250
.382
.065
.109
.145
.200
.281
.400
.065
.109
.154
.218
.344
.436
.083
.120
.203
.276
.375
.552

.307
.269
.215
.410
.364
.302
.545
.493
.423
.710
.674
.622
.546
.466
.252
.920
.884
.824
.742
.612
.434
1.185
1.097
1.049
.957
.815
.599
1.530
1.442
1.380
1.278
1.160
.896
1.770
1.682
1.610
1.500
1.338
1.100
2.245
2.157
2.067
1.939
1.687
1.503
2.709
2.635
2.469
2.323
2.125
1.771

1.27

1.70

2.12

2.64

3.30

4.13

5.22

5.97

7.46

9.03

- 266 -

.96
.85
.68
1.29
1.14
.95
1.71
1.55
1.33
2.23
2.12
1.95
1.72
1.46
.79
2.89
2.78
2.59
2.33
1.92
1.36
3.72
3.45
3.30
3.01
2.56
1.88
4.81
4.53
4.34
4.02
3.64
2.81
5.56
5.28
5.06
4.71
4.20
3.46
7.05
6.78
6.49
6.09
5.30
4.72
8.51
8.28
7.76
7.30
6.68
5.56

Flow
Area
(sq. in.)

Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)

.074
.057
.036
.132
.104
.072
.233
.191
.141
.396
.357
.304
.234
.171
.050
.665
.614
.533
.433
.296
.148
1.103
.945
.864
.719
.522
.282
1.839
1.633
1.495
1.283
1.057
.630
2.461
2.222
2.036
1.767
1.406
.950
3.958
3.654
3.355
2.953
2.241
1.774
5.764
5.453
4.788
4.238
3.546
2.464

.19
.24
.31
.33
.42
.54
.42
.57
.74
.54
.67
.85
1.09
1.31
1.71
.69
.86
1.13
1.47
1.94
2.44
.87
1.40
1.68
2.17
2.84
3.66
1.11
1.81
2.27
3.00
3.76
5.21
1.28
2.09
2.72
3.63
4.86
6.41
1.61
2.64
3.65
5.02
7.46
9.03
2.48
3.53
5.79
7.66
10.01
13.69

Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus

.032
.025
.016
.057
.045
.031
.101
.083
.061
.172
.155
.132
.102
.074
.022
.288
.266
.231
.188
.128
.064
.478
.409
.375
.312
.230
.122
.797
.708
.649
.555
.458
.273
1.066
.963
.882
.765
.608
.420
1.72
1.58
1.45
1.28
.97
.77
2.50
2.36
2.07
1.87
1.54
1.07

.004
.003
.002
.007
.005
.004
.012
.010
.007
.021
.019
.016
.012
.009
.003
.035
.032
.028
.022
.015
.008
.057
.049
.045
.037
.027
.015
.096
.085
.078
.067
.055
.033
.128
.115
.106
.092
.073
.049
.206
.190
.174
.153
.116
.092
.299
.283
.249
.220
.184
.128

.00437
.00523
.00602
.01032
.01227
.01395
.01736
.0216
.0255
.0285
.0341
.0407
.0478
.0527
.0577
.0467
.0566
.0706
.0853
.1004
.1103
.0760
.1151
.1328
.1606
.1903
.2136
.1250
.1934
.2346
.2913
.3421
.4110
.1662
.2598
.3262
.4118
.5078
.5977
.2652
.4204
.5606
.7309
.9790
1.1040
.4939
.6868
1.064
1.339
1.638
1.997

Pipe
Size
(in.)
1/8

1/4

3/8

1/2

3/4

11/4

11/2

21/2

PIPE DATA TABLES CONTD.

3.500

4.500

5.563

6.625

8.625

10 10.750

Weight
Class

Carbon
Steel
Sched.

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

STD

XS

XXS

STD
XS

XXS

40
80
160

40
80
120
160

40
80
120
160

40
80
120
160

20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140

160

20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160

Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S
40S
80S

5S
10S

40S

80S

5S
10S

40S
80S

.083
.120
.216
.300
.438
.600
.083
.120
.237
.337
.438
.531
.674
.109
.134
.258
.375
.500
.625
.750
.109
.134
.280
.432
.562
.719
.864
.109
.148
.250
.277
.322
.406
.500
.594
.719
.812
.875
.906
.134
.165
.250
.307
.365
.500
.594
.719
.844
1.000
1.125

3.334
3.260
3.068
2.900
2.624
2.300
4.334
4.260
4.026
3.826
3.624
3.438
3.152
5.345
5.295
5.047
4.813
4.563
4.313
4.063
6.407
6.357
6.065
5.761
5.501
5.187
4.897
8.407
8.329
8.125
8.071
7.981
7.813
7.625
7.437
7.187
7.001
6.875
6.813
10.482
10.420
10.250
10.136
10.020
9.750
9.562
9.312
9.062
8.750
8.500

11.00

14.14

17.48

20.81

27.10

33.77

10.47
10.24
9.64
9.11
8.24
7.23
13.62
13.38
12.65
12.02
11.39
10.80
9.90
16.79
16.63
15.86
15.12
14.34
13.55
12.76
20.13
19.97
19.05
18.10
17.28
16.30
15.38
26.41
26.17
25.53
25.36
25.07
24.55
23.95
23.36
22.58
21.99
21.60
21.40
32.93
32.74
32.20
31.84
31.48
30.63
30.04
29.25
28.47
27.49
26.70

- 267 -

Flow
Area
(sq. in.)

Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)

8.730
8.347
7.393
6.605
5.408
4.155
14.75
14.25
12.73
11.50
10.31
9.28
7.80
22.44
22.02
20.01
18.19
16.35
14.61
12.97
32.24
31.74
28.89
26.07
23.77
21.15
18.84
55.51
54.48
51.85
51.16
50.03
47.94
45.66
43.46
40.59
38.50
37.12
36.46
86.29
85.28
82.52
80.69
78.86
74.66
71.84
68.13
64.53
60.13
56.75

3.03
4.33
7.58
10.25
14.32
18.58
3.92
5.61
10.79
14.98
19.00
22.51
27.54
6.36
7.77
14.62
20.78
27.04
32.96
38.55
7.60
9.29
18.97
28.57
36.39
45.35
53.16
9.93
13.40
22.36
24.70
28.55
35.64
43.39
50.95
60.71
67.76
72.42
74.69
15.19
18.65
28.04
34.24
40.48
54.74
64.43
77.03
89.29
104.13
115.64

Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus

3.78
3.62
3.20
2.86
2.35
1.80
6.39
6.18
5.50
4.98
4.47
4.02
3.38
9.72
9.54
8.67
7.88
7.09
6.33
5.61
13.97
13.75
12.51
11.29
10.30
9.16
8.16
24.06
23.61
22.47
22.17
21.70
20.77
19.78
18.83
17.59
16.68
16.10
15.80
37.39
36.95
35.76
34.96
34.20
32.35
31.13
29.53
27.96
26.06
24.59

.454
.434
.384
.343
.281
.216
.766
.740
.661
.597
.536
.482
.405
1.17
1.14
1.04
.945
.849
.759
.674
1.68
1.65
1.50
1.35
1.24
1.10
.978
2.88
2.83
2.69
2.66
2.60
2.49
2.37
2.26
2.11
2.00
1.93
1.89
4.48
4.43
4.29
4.19
4.10
3.88
3.73
3.54
3.35
3.12
2.95

.744
1.041
1.724
2.225
2.876
3.424
1.249
1.761
3.214
4.271
5.178
5.898
6.791
2.498
3.029
5.451
7.431
9.250
10.796
12.090
3.576
4.346
8.496
12.22
14.98
17.81
20.02
6.131
8.212
13.39
14.69
16.81
20.58
24.51
28.14
32.58
35.65
37.56
38.48
11.71
14.30
21.15
25.57
29.90
39.43
45.54
53.22
60.32
68.43
74.29

Pipe
Size
(in.)

10

REFERENCE

Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)

PIPE DATA TABLES CONTD.

REFERENCE

Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)

12 12.750

14 14.000

16

16.00

18

18.00

Weight
Class

STD

XS

XXS

STD

XS

STD
XS

STD

XS

Carbon
Steel
Sched.

20
30

40

60
80
100
120
140
160

10
20
30
40

60
80
100
120
140
160

10
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160

10
20

30

40
60
80
100
120
140
160

Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)

5S
10S

40S

80S

5S
10S

5S
10S

5S
10S

.156
.180
.250
.330
.375
.406
.500
.562
.688
.844
1.000
1.125
1.312
.156
.188
.250
.312
.375
.438
.500
.594
.750
.938
1.094
1.250
1.406
.165
.188
.250
.312
.375
.500
.656
.844
1.031
1.219
1.438
1.594
.165
.188
.250
.312
.375
.438
.500
.562
.750
.938
1.156
1.375
1.562
1.781

12.438
12.390
12.250
12.090
12.000
11.938
11.750
11.626
11.374
11.062
10.750
10.500
10.126
13.688
13.624
13.500
13.376
13.250
13.124
13.000
12.812
12.500
12.124
11.812
11.500
11.188
15.670
15.624
15.500
15.376
15.250
15.000
14.688
14.312
13.938
13.562
13.124
12.812
17.67
17.62
17.50
17.38
17.25
17.12
17.00
16.88
16.50
16.12
15.69
15.25
14.88
14.44

40.06

43.98

50.27

56.55

- 268 -

39.08
38.92
38.48
37.98
37.70
37.50
36.91
36.52
35.73
34.75
33.77
32.99
31.81
43.00
42.80
42.41
42.02
41.63
41.23
40.84
40.25
39.27
38.09
37.11
36.13
35.15
49.23
49.08
48.69
48.31
47.91
47.12
46.14
44.96
43.79
42.61
41.23
40.26
55.51
55.37
54.98
54.59
54.19
53.80
53.41
53.02
51.84
50.66
49.29
47.91
46.73
45.36

Flow
Area
(sq. in.)

Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)

Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus

121.50
120.57
117.86
114.80
113.10
111.93
108.43
106.16
101.64
96.14
90.76
86.59
80.53
147.15
145.78
143.14
140.52
137.88
135.28
132.73
128.96
122.72
115.49
109.62
103.87
98.31
192.85
191.72
188.69
185.69
182.65
176.72
169.44
160.92
152.58
144.50
135.28
128.96
245.22
243.95
240.53
237.13
233.71
230.30
226.98
223.68
213.83
204.24
193.30
182.66
173.80
163.72

20.98
24.17
33.38
43.77
49.56
53.52
65.42
73.15
88.63
107.32
125.49
139.67
160.27
23.07
27.73
36.71
45.61
54.57
63.44
72.09
85.05
106.13
130.85
150.79
170.28
189.11
27.90
31.75
42.05
52.27
82.58
82.77
107.50
136.61
164.82
192.43
233.64
245.25
31.43
35.76
47.39
58.94
70.59
82.15
93.45
104.87
138.17
170.92
207.96
244.14
274.22
308.50

52.65
52.25
51.07
49.74
49.00
48.50
46.92
46.00
44.04
41.66
39.33
37.52
34.89
63.77
63.17
62.03
60.89
59.75
58.64
57.46
55.86
53.18
50.04
47.45
45.01
42.60
83.57
83.08
81.74
80.50
79.12
76.58
73.42
69.73
66.12
62.62
58.64
55.83
106.26
105.71
104.21
102.77
101.18
99.84
98.27
96.93
92.57
88.50
83.76
79.07
75.32
70.88

6.31
6.26
6.12
5.96
5.88
5.81
5.63
5.51
5.28
4.99
4.71
4.50
4.18
7.64
7.57
7.44
7.30
7.16
7.03
6.90
6.70
6.37
6.00
5.69
5.40
5.11
10.02
9.96
9.80
9.65
9.49
9.18
8.80
8.36
7.93
7.50
7.03
6.70
12.74
12.67
12.49
12.32
12.14
11.96
11.79
11.62
11.11
10.61
10.04
9.49
9.03
8.50

19.2
22.0
30.2
39.0
43.8
47.1
56.7
62.8
74.6
88.1
100.7
109.9
122.6
23.2
27.8
36.6
45.0
53.2
61.3
69.1
80.3
98.2
117.8
132.8
146.8
159.6
32.2
36.5
48.0
59.2
70.3
91.5
116.6
144.5
170.5
194.5
220.0
236.7
40.8
46.4
61.1
75.5
89.6
103.4
117.0
130.1
168.3
203.8
242.3
277.6
305.5
335.6

Pipe
Size
(in.)

12

14

16

18

PIPE DATA TABLES CONTD.

20

20.00

22

22.00

24

24.00

30

30.00

Weight
Class

Carbon
Steel
Sched.

STD
XS

STD
XS

STD
XS

STD
XS

10
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160

10
20
30
60
80
100
120
140
160

10
20

30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160

10

20
30

Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)

5S
10S

5S
10S

5S
10S

5S
10S

.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.594
.812
1.031
1.281
1.500
1.750
1.969
.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
1.875
2.125
.218
.250
.375
.500
.562
.688
.969
1.219
1.531
1.812
2.062
2.344
.250
.312
.375
.500
.625

19.62
19.56
19.50
19.25
19.00
18.81
18.38
17.94
17.44
17.00
16.50
16.06
21.62
21.56
21.50
21.25
21.00
20.25
19.75
19.25
18.75
18.25
17.75
23.56
23.50
23.25
23.00
22.88
22.62
22.06
21.56
20.94
20.38
19.88
19.31
29.50
29.38
29.25
29.00
28.75

62.83

69.12

75.40

94.25

61.65
61.46
61.26
60.48
59.69
59.10
57.73
56.35
54.78
53.41
51.84
50.46
67.93
67.75
67.54
66.76
65.97
63.62
62.05
60.48
58.90
57.33
55.76
74.03
73.83
73.04
72.26
71.86
71.08
69.31
67.74
65.78
64.01
62.44
60.67
92.68
92.29
91.89
91.11
90.32

- 269 -

Flow
Area
(sq. in.)

Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)

Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus

302.46
300.61
298.65
290.04
283.53
278.00
265.21
252.72
238.83
226.98
213.82
202.67
367.25
365.21
363.05
354.66
346.36
322.06
306.35
291.04
276.12
261.59
247.45
436.10
433.74
424.56
415.48
411.00
402.07
382.35
365.22
344.32
326.08
310.28
292.98
683.49
677.71
671.96
660.52
649.18

39.78
46.06
52.73
78.60
104.13
123.11
166.40
208.87
256.10
296.37
341.09
379.17
43.80
50.71
58.07
86.61
114.81
197.41
250.81
302.88
353.61
403.00
451.06
55
63
95
125
141
171
238
297
367
430
483
542
79
99
119
158
196

131.06
130.27
129.42
125.67
122.87
120.46
114.92
109.51
103.39
98.35
92.66
87.74
159.14
158.26
157.32
153.68
150.09
139.56
132.76
126.12
119.65
113.36
107.23
188.98
187.95
183.95
179.87
178.09
174.23
165.52
158.26
149.06
141.17
134.45
126.84
296.18
293.70
291.18
286.22
281.31

15.71
15.62
15.51
15.12
14.73
14.44
13.78
13.13
12.41
11.79
11.11
10.53
19.08
18.97
18.86
18.42
17.99
16.73
15.91
15.12
14.34
13.59
12.85
22.65
22.53
22.05
21.58
21.35
20.88
19.86
18.97
17.89
16.94
16.12
15.22
35.51
35.21
34.91
34.31
33.72

57.4
66.3
75.6
111.3
145.7
170.4
225.7
277.1
331.5
375.5
421.7
458.5
69.7
80.4
91.8
135.4
117.5
295.0
366.4
432.6
493.8
550.3
602.4
96.0
109.6
161.9
212.5
237.0
285.1
387.7
472.8
570.8
652.1
718.9
787.9
172.3
213.8
255.3
336.1
414.9

Pipe
Size
(in.)

20

22

24

30

REFERENCE

Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)

CONVERSION TABLES
CONVERSIONS of PRESSURE AND HEAD

LIQUID WEIGHTS and MEASURES

REFERENCE

To
Convert
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Feet
Cu. Feet
Cu. Feet
Cu. .Feet
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters.
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water

Inches
Inches
Inches
Feet
Feet
mm
mm
cm
cm
Meters

Sq. Inches
Sq. Inches
Sq. Feet
Sq. Feet
Sq. Feet
Sq. cm
Sq. cm
Sq. cm
Sq. Meter
Sq. Meter

To
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
LINEAL MEASURES
mm
cm
Meters
cm
Meters
Inches
Feet
Inches
Feet
Feet
AREA
Sq. Feet
Sq. cm
Sq. Inches
Sq. cm
Sq. Meters
Sq. Inches
Sq. Feet
Sq. Meters
Sq. Inches
Sq. Feet

Multiply
By
3.7853
231
0.1337
0.00379
8.339
0.26418
61.025
0.0353
0.001
2.202
0.00433
0.01639
0.00058
0.000016
0.0362
7.48052
28.316
1728
0.0283
62.371
264.17
999.972
61023.74
35.3145
2202.61
0.11992
0.45419
27.643
0.01603
0.000454

25.4
2.54
0.0254
30.48
0.3048
0.03937
0.00328
0.3937
0.03281
3.28

0.006944
6.4516
144
929.03
0.0929
0.155
0.00108
0.0001
1550
10.76

To
Convert
Lbs .per Sq .In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins.of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water

To
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M

- 270 -

Multiply
By

To
Convert

144
0.06805
27.728
2.3106
2.03602
51.715
0.06895
0.070307
703.070
0.0069445
0.000473
0.1926
0.01605
0.014139
0.35913
0.000479
0.000488
4.88241
14.696
2116.22
407.484
33.957
29.921
760
1.01325
1.0332
10332.27
0.03609
5.1972
0.002454
0.08333
0.07343
1.8651
0.00249
0.00253
25.375
0.432781
63.3205
0.029449
12
0.88115
22.3813
0.029839
0.03043
304.275

Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm

To

Multiply
By

Lbs. per Sq. In.

Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. M

0.491154
70.7262
0.033421
13.6185
1.1349
25.40005
0.033864
0.03453
345.316
0.019337
2.7845
0.001316
0.53616
0.04468
0.03937
0.00133
0.00136
13.59509
14.2233
2048.155
0.96784
394.38
32.865
28.959
735.559
0.98067
10000

Note: All weights and measures of water are based

on temperature of 60F.
Note: Temperature of Water and Mercury is 68F
and 32F respectively.
TEMPERATURE
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:

F - 32
1.8

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: (1.8 x C) + 32

VELOCITY
1 Ft per Sec. = 0.3048 M Per Sec.
1 M per Sec. = 3.2808 Ft. per Sec.

Gage Indicated

PROPERTIES OF WATER

Absolute Pressure

PSIG

Inches of Hg

PSIA

-14.70000
-14.69998
-14.69996
-14.69994
-14.69992
-14.69990
-14.69981
-14.69961
-14.69942
-14.69923
-14.69903
-14.69806
-14.69613
-14.69449
-14.69226
-14.69032
-14.68066
-14.66698
-14.64197
-14.62262
-14.60329
-14.50658
-14.40980
-14.31320
-14.21840
-14.20870
-14.11970
-13.75700
-12.28300
-10.31800
-8.84400
-7.37000
-5.89600
-4.91300
-3.93000
-2.94800
-1.96500
-0.98300
-0.49100
-0.24600

29.92000
29.91996
29.91992
29.91988
29.91984
29.91980
29.91961
29.91921
29.91882
29.91843
29.91803
29.91606
29.91212
29.90818
29.90424
29.90030
29.88063
29.84126
29.80189
29.76252
29.72315
29.52630
29.32940
29.13260
28.93570
28.920
28.740
28.000
25.000
21.000
18.000
15.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
1.000
0.500

0.0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.00010
0.00019
0.00039
0.00058
0.00077
0.00097
0.00194
0.00387
0.00551
0.00774
0.00968
0.01934
0.03302
0.05803
0.07738
0.09671
0.19342
0.29020
0.38680
0.48160
0.49130
0.58030
0.94330
2.41700
4.38200
5.85600
7.320
8.804
9.787
10.770
11.752
12.735
13.732
14.209
14.454

Inches of Hg Torricelli
0.0
0.00004
0.00008
0.00012
0.00016
0.00020
0.00039
0.00079
0.00118
0.00157
0.00197
0.00394
0.00788
0.01182
0.01576
0.01970
0.03937
0.07874
0.11811
0.15748
0.19685
0.39370
0.59060
0.78740
0.98430
1.000
1.181
1.920
4.920
8.920
11.920
14.920
17.920
19.920
21.920
23.920
25.920
27.920
28.920
29.420

0.0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
25.400
30.000
48.770
124.970
226.570
302.770
378.970
455.770
505.970
556.770
607.570
658.370
709.170
733.570
747.270

Water Saturation
Temp. Pressure
Deg. F

PSIA

32
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700

0.0886
0.1216
0.1780
0.2561
0.3629
0.5068
0.6981
0.9492
1.2750
1.6927
2.2230
2.8892
3.7184
4.7414
5.9926
7.5110
9.340
11.526
14.123
14.696
17.186
24.968
35.427
49.200
67.005
134.604
247.259
422.55
680.86
1045.43
1543.2
2208.4
3094.3

+ 0.30
+ 1.00
+ 2.00
+ 10.00

0.0

14.700

29.920

760.000

15.000
15.700
16.700
24.700

30.540
31.970
34.000
50.290

775.720
811.910
863.630
277.35

Weight
Density

lbs/Gallon lbs/Cu.Ft.
8.344
8.345
8.343
8.338
8.329
8.318
8.304
8.288
8.270
8.250
8.228
8.205
8.180
8.154
8.126
8.097
8.067
8.035
8.002
7.996
7.969
7.898
7.823
7.743
7.661
7.431
7.172
6.880
6.543
6.143
5.655
4.999
3.651

62.414
62.426
62.410
62.371
62.305
62.220
62.116
61.996
61.862
61.713
61.550
61.376
61.188
60.994
60.787
60.569
60.343
60.107
59.862
59.812
59.613
59.081
58.517
57.924
57.307
55.586
53.648
51.467
48.948
45.956
42.301
37.397
27.307

Specific
Volume
Cu.Ft./lb
0.016022
0.016019
0.016023
0.016033
0.016050
0.016072
0.016099
0.016130
0.016165
0.016204
0.016247
0.016293
0.016343
0.016395
0.016451
0.016510
0.016572
0.016637
0.016705
0.016719
0.016775
0.016926
0.017089
0.017264
0.01745
0.01799
0.01864
0.01943
0.02043
0.02176
0.02364
0.02674
0.03662

NOTE:
Weight of water per gallon is based on 7.48052
gallons per cubic foot.
Specific gravity of water @ 60F = 1.00

ATMOSPHERIC
0.0

Weight

- 271 -

REFERENCE

PRESSURE TO VACUUM

STEAM TABLE*
h = Total heat of steam, Btu per pound
v = Specific volume, cubic feet per pound

REFERENCE

Pres- Tempersure ature

psi
F
(gage) (sat.)

TOTAL TEMPERATURE, F

Saturated
Liquid

Saturated
Vapor

220

240

260

280

300

1154.4
27.15

1164.2
28.00

1173.8
28.85

1183.3
29.70

1192.8
30.53

1162.3
20.48

1172.2
21.11

1182.0
21.74

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

1202.3
31.37

1211.7
32.20

1221.1
33.03

1230.5
33.85

1239.9
34.68

1249.3
35.50

1258.8
36.32

1268.2
37.14

1191.6
22.36

1201.2
22.98

1210.8
23.60

1220.3
24.21

1229.7
24.82

1239.2
25.43

1248.7
26.04

1258.2
26.65

1267.6
27.25

212

h
v

180.1
0.0167

1150.4
26.80

228

h
v

196.2
0.0168

1156.3
20.089

10

240

h
v

208.4
0.0169

1160.6
16.303

1170.7
16.819

1180.6
17.330

1190.5
17.836

1200.2
18.337

1209.8
18.834

1219.4
19.329

1229.0
19.821

1238.5
20.31

1248.1
20.80

1257.6
21.29

1267.1
21.77

15

250

h
v

218.8
0.0170

1164.1
13.746

1169.1
13.957

1179.3
14.390

1189.3
14.816

1199.1
15.238

1208.9
15.657

1218.6
16.072

1228.3
16.485

1237.9
16.897

1247.5
17.306

1257.0
17.714

1266.6
18.121

20

259

h
v

227.9
0.0171

1167.1
11.898

1167.5
11.911

1177.9
12.288

1188.1
12.659

1198.1
13.025

1208.0
13.387

1217.8
13.746

1227.5
14.103

1237.2
14.457

1246.8
14.810

1256A
15.162

1266.1
15.512

25

267

h
v

236.0
0.0171

1169.7
10.498

1176.5
10.711

1186.8
11.040

1197.0
11.364

1207.0
11.684

1216.9
12.001

1226.7
12.315

1236.5
12.628

12462
12.938

1255.9
13.247

1265.5
13.555

30

274

h
v

243.4
0.0172

1172.0
9.401

1175.0
9.484

1185.6
9.781

1195.9
10.072

1206.0
10.359

1216.0
10.643

1225.9
10.925

1235.8
11.204

1245.6
11.482

1255.3
11.758

1265.0
120033

40

287

h
v

256.3
0.0173

1175.9
7.787

1183.0
7.947

1193.6
8.192

1204.0
8.432

1214.3
8.668

1224.4
8.902

1234.3
9.134

1244.3
9.364

1254.1
9.592

1263.9
9.819

50

298

h
v

267.5
0.0174

1179.1
6.655

1180.3
6.676

1191.3
6.889

1202.0
7.096

1212.5
7.300

1222.7
7.501

1232.9
7.700

1242.9
7.896

1252.9
8.091

1262.8
8.285

60

308

h
v

277.4
0.0175

1181.9
5.816

1188.9
5.9321

1199.9
6.116

1210.6
6.296

1221.1
6.473

1231.4
6.648

1241.6
6.820

1251.7
6.991

1261.7
7.161

70

316

h
v

286.4
0.0176

1184.2
5.168

1186.4
5.200

1197.7
5.366

1208.7
5.528

1219.4
5.687

1229.9
5.843

1240.2
5.997

1250.4
6.150

1260.6
6.301

80

324

h
v

294.6
0.0177

1186.2
4.652

1195.5
4.773

1206.7
4.921

1217.7
5.065

1228.3
5.207

1238.8
5.347

1249.2
5.485

1259.4
5.621

90

331

h
v

302.1
0.0178

1188.1
4.232

1193.2
4.292

1204.7
4.429

1215.9
4.562

1226.7
4.693

1237.4
4.821

1247.9
4.947

1258.2
5.071

100

338

h
v

309.1
0.0178

1189.7
3.882

1190.8
3.895

1202.7
4.022

1214.1
4.146

1225.2
4.267

1236.0
4.385

1246.6
4.502

1257.1
4.617

125

353

h
v

324.8
0.0180

1193.0
3.220

1197.3
3.258

1209.4
3.365

1211.1
3.468

1232.3
3.569

1243.3
3.667

1254.1
3.764

150

366

h
v

338.5
0.0182

1195.6
2.752

1204.5
2.818

1216.7
2.910

1228.4
2.998

1239.8
3.085

1251.0
3.169

175

378

h
v

350.8
0.0183

1197.6
2.404

1199.3
2.414

1212.2
2.498

1224.5
2.577

1236.3
2.655

1247.8
2.730

200

388

h
v

361.9
0.0185

1199.3
2.134

1207.4
2.180

1220.3
2.253

1232.6
2.324

1244.5
2.393

225

397

h
v

372.1
0.0186

1200.6
1.9183

1202.5
1.9276

1216.0
1.9964

1228.8
2.062

1241.1
2.126

250

406

h
v

381.6
0.0187

1201.7
1.7422

1211.5
1.7870

1224.9
1.8488

1237.6
1.9081

275

414

h
v

390.5
0.0188

1202.6
1.5954

1206.8
1.6130

1220.8
1.6717

1234.0
1.7277

300

422

h
v

398.8
0.0190

1203.2
1.4711

1216.5
1.5222

1230.3
1.5755

350

436

h
v

414.1
0.0192

1204.1
1.2720

1207.5
1.2831

1222.4
1.3326

400

448

h
v

428.1
0.0194

1204.6
1.1194

450

460

h
v

440.9
0.0196

1204.6
0.9985

500

470

h
v

452.9
0.0198

1204.2
0.9004

550

480

h
v

464.1
0.0200

1203.7
0.8191

600

489

h
v

474.7
0.0202

1203.0
0.7503

1214.0
1.1468

*Adapted with permission from Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, Keenan and Keyes, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

- 272 -

STEAM TABLE*
h = Total heat of steam, Btu per pound
v = Specific volume, cubic feet per pound
TOTAL TEMPERATURE, F

Temp- Preserature sure

F
psi
(sat.) (gage)

480

500

520

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

700

720

740

750

1277.6
37.96

1287.1
38.78

1296.6
39.60

1306.2
40.41

1315.7
41.23

1325.3
42.04

1334.8
42.86

1344.5
43.68

1354.2
44.49

1363.8
45.31

1373.5
46.12

1383.2
46.94

1393.0
47.75

1402.8
48.56

1407.7
48.97

h
v

212

1277.1
27.86

1286.6
28.46

1296.2
29.06

1305.7
29.67

1315.3
30.27

1324.8
30.87

1334.4
31.47

1344.1
32.07

1353.8
32.67

1363.5
33.27

1373.2
33.87

1382.9
34.47

1392.7
35.07

1402.6
35.67

1407.5
35.96

h
v

228

1276.6
22.26

1286.2
22.74

1295.8
23.22

1305.3
23.71

1314.9
24.19

1324.5
24.68

1334.1
25.16

1343.8
25.64

1353.5
26.12

1363.2
26.60

1372.9
27.08

1382.6
27.56

1392.5
28.04

1402.3
28.52

1407.2
28.76

h
v

240

10

1276.2
18.528

1285.7
18.933

1295.3
19.337

1304.9
19.741

1314.5
20.144

1324.2
20.547

1333.8
20.95

1343.5
21.35

1353.2
21.75

1362.9
22.15

1372.6
22.56

1382.4
22.96

1392.3
23.36

1402.1
23.76

1407.0
23.96

h
v

250

15

1275.7
15.862

1285.3
16.210

1294.9
16.558

1304.5
16.905

1314.1
17.251

1323.8
17.597

1333.5
17.943

1343.2
18.288

1352.9
18.633

1362.6
18.977

1372.3
19.322

1382.1
19.666

1391.9
20.01

1401.8
20.35

1406.7
20.52

h
v

259

20

1275.2
13.862

1284.8
14.168

1294.5
14.473

1304.1
14.778

1313.8
15.082

1323.4
15.385

1333.1
15.688

1342.8
15.990

1352.5
16.293

1362.3
16.595

1372.1
16.896

1381.9
17.198

1391.7 1401.6
17.499 17.8001

1406.5
7.951

h
v

267

25

1274.7
12.307

1284.4
12.580

1294.0
12.852

1303.7
13.123

1313.4
13.394

1323.1
13.665

1332.8
13.935

1342.5
14.204

1352.2
14.473

1362.0
14.742

1371.8
15.011

1381.6
15.279

1391.5
15.547

1401.4
15.815

1406.3
15.949

h
v

274

30

1273.7
10.044

1283.4
10.269

1293.2
10.493

1302.9
10.717

1312.6
10.940

1322.4
11.162

1332.1
11.384

1341.9
11.605

1351.7
11.826

1361.5
12.047

1371.3
12.268

1381.1
12.488

1391.0
12.708

1400.9
12.927

1405.8
13.037

h
v

287

40

1272.7
8.478

1282.5
8.670

1292.3
8.861

1302.1
9.051

1311.9
9.240

1321.7
9.429

1331.5
9.618

1341.3
9.806

1351.1
9.993

1360.9
10.181

1370.8
10.368

1380.6
10.555

1390.5
10.741

1400.4
10.928

1405.4
11.021

h
v

298

50

1271.6
7.329

1281.5
7.496

1291.4
7.663

1301.3
7.829

1311.1
7.994

1321.0
8.159

1330.8
8.323

1340.6
8.486

1350.5
8.649

1360.3
8.812

1370.2
8.975

1380.1
9.138

1390.0
9.300

1399.9
9.462

1404.9
9.543

h
v

308

60

1270.6
6.450

1280.6
6.599

1290.5
6.747

1300.5
6.894

1310.4
7.041

1320.2
7.187

1330.1
7.332

1340.0
7.477

1349.9
7.622

1359.8
7.766

1369.7
7.910

1379.6
8.054

1389.6
8.198

1399.5
8.341

1404.5
8.413

h
v

316

70

1269.5
5.756

1279.6
5.891

1289.6
6.024

1299.6
6.156

1309.6
6.288

1319.5
6.419

1329.4
6.550

1339.4
6.680

1349.3
6.810

1359.3
6.940

1369.2
7.069

1379.1
7.199

1389.1
7.327

1399.0
7.456

1404.0
7.520

h
v

324

80

1268.5
5.195

1278.6
5.317

1288.7
5.439

1298.8
5.559

1308.8
5.679

1318.8
5.799

1328.7
5.918

1338.7
6.036

1348.7
6.154

1358.6
6.272

1368.6
6.389

1378.5
6.506

1388.5
6.623

1398.5
6.740

1403.5
6.798

h
v

331

90

1267.4
4.730

1277.7
4.843

1287.8
4.955

1297.9
5.066

1308.0
5.176

1318.0
5.285

1328.1
5.394

1338.1
5.503

1348.0
5.611

1358.0
5.719

1368.0
5.827

1378.0
5.934

1388.1
6.041

1398.1
6.148

1403.1
6.201

h
v

338

100

1264.7
3.860

1275.2
3.954

1285.5
4.047

1295.8
4.140

1306.0
4.232

1316.2
4.323

1326.4
4.413

1336.5
4.503

1346.6
4.593

1356.6
4.683

1366.7
4.772

1376.8
4.861

1386.9
4.949

1397.0
5.038

1402.0
5.082

h
v

353

125

1261.9
3.252

1272.6
3.334

1283.2
3.414

1293.6
3.494

1304.0
3.573

1314.3
3.652

1324.6
3.730

1334.8
3.807

1345.0
3.884

1355.2
3.960

1365.3
4.037

1375.4
4.113

1385.6
4.188

1395.8
4.264

1400.8
4.301

h
v

366

150

1259.0
2.804

1270.0
2.877

1280.8
2.948

1291.4
3.019

1302.0
3.089

1312.4
3.157

1322.8
3.226

1333.2
3.294

1343.5
3.361

1353.7
3.429

1363.9
3.495

1374.2
3.562

1384.4
3.628

1394.6
3.694

1399.7
3.727

h
v

378

175

1256.0
2.460

1267.3
2.525

1278.3
2.590

1289.2
2.653

1299.9
2.716

1310.5
2.777

1321.0
2.839

1331.4
2.900

1341.8
2.960

1352.2
3.019

1362.5
3.079

1372.8
3.139

1383.1
3.198

1393.3
3.256

1398.5
3.286

h
v

388

200

1253.0
2.187

1264.5
2.247

1275.8
2.306

1286.9
2.364

1297.8
2.421

1308.5
2.477

1319.2
2.533

1329.8
2.587

1340.3
2.642

1350.7
2.696

1361.1
2.750

1371.5
2.804

1381.9
2.857

1392.2
2.910

1397.3
2.936

h
v

397

225

1249.9
1.9654

1261.7
2.021

1273.2
2,076

1284.5
2.129

1295.6
2.181

1306.5
2.233

1317.3
2.284

1328.0
2.334

1338.7
2.384

1349.2
2.434

1359.7
2.483

1370.2
2.532

1380.6
2.580

1391.0
2.629

1396.2
2.653

h
v

406

250

1246.6
1.7816

1258.8
1.8338

1270.6
1.8846

1282.1
1.9342

1293.4
1.9829

1304.5
2.031

1315.5
2.078

1326.3
2.125

1337.0
2.171

1347.7
2.217

1358.3
2.262

1368.8
2.307

1379.3
2.352

1389.8
2.396

1395.0
2.418

h
v

414

275

1243.3
1.6266

1255.8
1.6759

1267.9
1.7237

1279.7
1.7703

1291.2
1.8159

1302.5
1.8607

1313.6
1.9048

1324.5
1.9483

1335.4
1.9912

1346.1
2.034

1356.8
2.076

1367.4
2.118

1378.0
2.159

1388.6
2.200

1393.8
2.220

h
v

422

300

1236.4
1.3795

1249.6
1.4243

1262.4
1.4675

1274.7
1.5094

1286.6
1.5501

1298.2
1.5900

1309.7
1.6291

1320.9
1.6676

1332.0
1.7056

1343.0
1.7430

1353.9
1.7801

1364.7
1.8168

1375.4
1.8531

1386.1
1.8892

1391.4
1.9071

h
v

436

350

1229.0
1.1908

1243.2
1.2325

1256.6
1.2724

1269.4
1.3108

1281.8
1.3480

1293.9
1.3842

1305.7
1.4196

1317.2
1.4544

1328.6
1.4885

1339.8
1.5222

1350.9
1.5554

1361.9
1.5883

1372.8
1.6207

1383.6
1.6529

1389.0
1.6689

h
v

448

400

1221.2
1.0416

1236.3
1.0811

1250.5
1.1186

1264.0
1.1544

1276.9
1.1889

1289.4
1.2224

1301.6
1.2550

1313.5
1.2868

1325.1
1.3180

1336.5
1.3488

1347.8
1.3789

1359.0
1.4088

1370.1
1.4382

1381.1
1.4675

1386.5
1.4819

h
v

460

450

1212.8
0.9204

1229.0
0.9584

1244.0
0.9941

1258.3
1.0280

1271.8
1.0604

1284.8
1.0917

1297.3
1.1221

1309.6
1.1516

1321.5
1.1805

1333.2
1.2088

1344.7
1.2367

1356.1
1.2641

1367.3
1.2913

1378.4
1.3180

1384.0
1.3313

h
v

470

500

1221.4
0.8565

1237.4
0.8909

1252.4
0.9234

1266.5
0.9542

1280.0
0.9838

1293.0
1.0124

1305.6
1.0401

1317.8
1.0671

1329.8
1.0935

1341.6
1.1195

1353.2
1.1449

1364.6
1.1700

1375.8
1.1947

1381.4
1.2070

h
v

480

550

1213.2
0.7703

1230.3
0.8040

1246.1
0.8353

1261.0
0.8649

1275.1
0.8931

1288.5
0.9203

1301.5
0.9465

1314.1
0.9720

1326.3
0.9968

1338.3
1.0211

1350.2
1.0450

1361.8
1.0684

1373.2
1.0916

1378.9
1.1030

h
v

489

600

*Adapted with permission from Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, Keenan and Keyes, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.