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Physics XI
Rotational Motion
Pranjal K. Bharti, B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur
2007 P. K. Bharti
All rights reserved.
www.vidyadrishti.org
2013-2015
Rotational Motion
Rotational Kinematics
At time t = t
Anticlockwise rotation
Clockwise rotation
P
B
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Rotational Motion
Angular Acceleration ()
Proof:
= o + t
d
=o + t
dt
d =
0
3.
= o + t
2
(Analogous to v=
2
u 2 + as )
d = d [ ]0
0
= 0 + 2
2
2
2 0 2
= =
2
2
2
0
...(iii)
(Analogous to v = u + at)
d
=
dt
d = dt = dt [ ]
...(ii)
d d d d
=
dt
d dt d
d
=
d
Proof:
+ t ) dt [ ]0
t2
= o [t ]0 +
2 0
t
1.
=
2
0 2 +
Proof:
We know that
=
dt
1
= o t + t 2
2
1
s ut + at 2 )
(Analogous to =
2
1
o t + t 2
2. =
2
o = (t 0)
= o + t
...(i)
= [t ]0
t
We know that, s = r
v=
r
d
ds
=
v=
&
dt
dt
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Rotational Motion
We know that, v = r
d
ds
=
v=
&
dt
dt
Summary
Relation between angular position & linear distance:
s
=
( in radian)
r
Relation between angular velocity & linear velocity:
(v along tangent)
v = r
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NOTE:
These eqns. viz. v = r, at = r & ar = 2 r are not valid
for whole body. It is valid for a particle on the rotating
body at a perpendicular distance r from the axis of
rotation.
Be careful of r. Remember r is the perpendicular distance
of the point of interest from the axis of rotation.
At a particular instant of time angular displacement,
angular velocity & angular acceleration of each particle
(excluding those on axis of rotation) on a rigid body is
same but different particles has different linear
displacement, linear velocity & linear acceleration.
As s = r, v = r, at = r & ar = 2 r , therefore a
point on the rigid body, which is farther away from the
axis of rotation, has larger linear displacement, larger
linear speed, larger tangential acceleration and larger
radial acceleration .
We can write these eqns. in vector form as:
v=
r , at =
a r, a R =
v.
I = mr2
I = mi ri 2
I = r 2 dm
=
I
dm
R =
2
R 2 dm
I=
MR 2
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Rotational Motion
+L/2
M M
x dm
x =
dx
=
I
=
L
L
L/2
L/2
dx
=
dI (=
dm ) x 2 2 x =
dx x 2
x dx
R2
R
=
I
dI
=
0
dx
I
I
x
C
L/2
2M 3
2M x 4
2M R 4 0
x
=
dx
=
0 R 2
R2 4 0
R2 4 4
R
M x3
x
dx
=
L 3 L/2
L/2
2
MR 2
I=
2
+L/2
+L/2
ML2
I=
12
3
3
M L L M 2 L3
=
=
3L 2 2 3L 8
+L/2
dx
L/2
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Rotational Motion
dI dm
x2
=
=
2M
xdx x 2
R2
2M
dI =2 x 3 dx
R
The moment of inertia of the cylinder (I) about the
symmetry axis can be obtained by integrating dI for all
such cylindrical shells into which the cylinder can be
divided i.e. by integrating dI between the limits x = 0 to x
= R. Thus,
R
dI
=
=
I
2M 3
2M
dx
0 R 2 x =
R2
3
x dx
0
2M x 4
R2 4 0
2M R 4
=
I
0
2
R 4
1
2
I =MR
2
2
I = MR 2
5
=
V ( R 2 x 2 ) dx
R2 x2
dx
A
R
Axis
Passing
through
centre and
to the rod
Moment of Inertia
I=
I
L
Circular ring
or hoop of
radius R
Circular ring
or hoop of
radius R
Passing
through its
centre and
to its plane
Diameter
I = M R2
I
R
I=
I
O x
ML2
12
MR 2
2
I
MR 2
2
C dx
Circular disc
of radius R
Passing
through its
centre and
to its plane
I=
3
3M
dm
=
( R 2 x 2 ) dx
4 R3
Circular disc
of radius R
Diameter
I=
MR 2
4
I
R
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Rotational Motion
Body
Right
circular solid
cylinder of
radius R and
length L
Axis
Symmetry
axis
Right
circular
hollow
cylinder of
radius R and
length L
Symmetry
axis
Solid sphere
of radius R
Diameter
Moment of Inertia
I = MR
I=
MR 2
2
I=
2
MR 2
5
I cm = mi ri 2
...(i)
i =1
O
Hollow
sphere
radius R
Diameter
of
I=
2
MR 2
3
Symmetry
axis
M (L + B
2
=i n=i n
2
i
i
=i 1 =i 1
h) m (r
m ( r +=
=i n
=i 1
Rectangular
plane sheet
Square plane
sheet
Passing
through
centre and
parallel to
its length
Symmetry
axis
I=
ML2
12
=i n=i n
2
2
i i
i
=i 1 =i 1
m r
Passing
through
centre and
parallel to
its breadth
I
=
12
Rectangular
plane sheet
+h
+ h 2 + 2ri h )
m + 2h m r
i i
...(ii)
=i n=i n
0 g mi ri =
0
(m g )r =
i
i
=i 1 =i 1
i=n
As g 0, mi ri =
0
i =1
ML2
I=
12
i=n
Also, m=
M
= total mass of the body.
i
I
B
Ma 2
6
mi
B
Rectangular
plane sheet
ri
i =1
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Rotational Motion
xi
= r F
Torque is a vector quantity. Its direction is obtained by
right hand thumb rule. Its S. I. unit is Nm.
= r F
O
yi
ri
mi
y
I x= m y + m2 y + m3 y + ...m3 y =
2
1 1
2
2
2
3
2
n
=
rF sin
i=n
m y
i =1
2
i
...(i)
i=n
. ..(ii)
i =1
i=n
...(iii)
= F r
i =1
=i n
2
i i
=i 1
I +I =
=
=
m y + m x =
mi ( yi2 + xi2 )
2
As is clear from figure, ri=
xi2 + yi2
Iy
Ix +
=
i =1
i i
i=n
r
m=
(Torque)
Iz
Hence I=
Ix + I y ,
z
which proves the theorem of perpendicular axes.
I
I = mk2 k =
m
where, I = MI of the object about the given specified axis
and k = radius of gyration.
i.
ii.
=
I
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Rotational Motion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Kinetic
Energy
of
the
rotating about fixed axis is given by:
KE = I2
rigid
body
W = d
1
Special case:
Work done by a constant torque: W =
Average Power:
Work done
P = work done / time taken
Pavg =
time
Instantaneous
power
(power) is
given
dW
P =
=
dt
Work Kinetic Energy Theorem:
2
1
by
L= r p
Angular momentum is a vector quantity. Its direction is
obtained by right hand thumb rule.
L=I
(Angular momentum)
1.
2.
3.
= I
d
But, =
dt
Therefore, we have
d d
I=
I =
=
I
dt dt
dL
=
dt
( )
W = K K = I I
2
(Kinetic Energy)
L = constant
L1 =
L2
Proof:
dL
.
We know that =
dt
Therefore, in the absence of external torque,
dL
have, =
= 0L=
constant
dt
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= 0 , we
Rotational Motion
position vector is OA = r and after a small time interval t;
AB = r + r r = r
r
A
Area of parallelogram OABC= r r
1
r r
2
The area of the triangle OAB represents the area swept by the
position vector of the particle in time interval t. If the area
p
If p is linear momentum of the particle, then v =
m
Therefore, the above equation becomes
1 p
A
1
A=
r t =
r p
t 2m
m
2
Since r p =
L, angular momentum of the particle about Z=
or area of triangle OAB
( )
axis, we have
A
L
=
t 2m
A
L=
2m
t
A
Now,
= time rate, at which the area is swept by the
t
position vector of the particle and is called areal velocity of
the particle. Thus, geometrically, the angular momentum of a
particle is equal to twice the product of its mass and areal
velocity i.e.
angular momentum = 2 (mass areal velocity)
10
OC = r
r + r
If v is velocity of particle
r = vt
r and F are
A
L = 2m
t
Since angular momentum of the planet is a constant
vector,
A
L
= a constant vector
=
t 2m
Therefore, areal velocity of the planet must always remain
constant. It is exactly what Kepler predicted about
planetary motion in 1602, i.e. the line joining the planet to
the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
It is known as the Keplers second law of planetary
motion.
General Motion (Combined Motion)
1
1
=
KE
I cm 2 + mvcm 2
2
2
=
L I cm + r mv cm
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Rotational Motion
L=
Io
=
I cm + r mv cm
o
where, Io = Moment of Inertia about axis passing through
point O.
vcm
,
vcm , acm
cm
= R
vcm = R
a
cm
= R
11
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Rotational Motion
Physics Class Schedule for Std XIIth (Session 2014-15) by Pranjal Sir
Sl.
No.
Main Chapter
Basics from XIth
1.
2.
Electrostatic Potential
and Capacitance
PART TEST 1
3.
Current Electricity
PART TEST 2
SUMMER BREAK
4.
Moving charges and
Magnetism
PART TEST 3
5.
6.
Electromagnetic
12
Topics
Board level
Unit 1 & 2
4th May
NA
6th, 8th, 10th, 13th
May
NA
11th May
6th, 8th, 10th, 13th
May
NA
18th May
NA
21st May 2013 to 30th May 2013
31st May, 1st & 3rd
Force on a charged particle
Jun
(Lorentz force), Force on a
current carrying wire,
Cyclotron, Torque on a current
carrying loop in magnetic field,
magnetic moment
Biot Savart Law, Magnetic field 5th, 7th & 8th Jun
due to a circular wire, Ampere
circuital law, Solenoid, Toroid
Competition Level
NA
Unit 4
15th Jun
NA
17th, 19th & 21st
Jun
Faradays Laws, Lenzs Laws,
24th, 26th & 28th
Unit 3
NA
20th May
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Rotational Motion
Induction
PART TEST 4
7.
8.
Alternating current
Electromagnetic Waves
Jun
Jun
NA
6th Jul
NA
8th, 10th & 12th Jul
NA
19th & 20th July
15th July
19th & 20th July
PART TEST 5
Unit 7 & 8
27th Jul
27th Jul
Revision Week
Upto unit 8
Upto Unit 8
Grand Test 1
Reflection
Refraction
Prism
Optical Instruments
Competition Level
Huygens Principle
Interference
Diffraction
Polarization
Competition Level
NA
26th Aug
28th & 30th Aug
31st Aug
2nd Sep
NA
9.
Ray Optics
10.
Wave Optics
PART TEST 6
Grand Test 2
14th Sep
14th Sep
Unit 9 & 10
REVISION ROUND 1 (For JEE Main & JEE Advanced Level): 13th Sep to 27th Sep
Upto Unit 10
28th Sep
28th Sep
3rd Aug
14th Sep
28th Sep
Dual Nature of
Radiation and Matter
Grand Test 3
12.
Upto Unit 10
12th Oct
12th Oct
12th Oct
Unit 14 & 15
Competition Level
9th Nov
NA
9th Nov
8th, 9th & 11th Nov
NA
18th Nov to
Board Exams
16th Nov
18th Nov to Board
Exams
NA
8th, 9th, 11th, 13th & 15th
Nov
16th Nov
18th Nov to Board
Exams
Atoms
13.
Nuclei
X-Rays
PART TEST 7
14.
Semiconductors
PART TEST 8
Unit 11, 12 & 13
PART TEST 9
Revision Round 2
(Board Level)
Revision Round 3
(XIth portion for JEE)
30 Full Test Series
13
Complete Syllabus
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Rotational Motion
14
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