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American Institute of Steel Construction
7.1
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.2
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Course Description
Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered Columns
March 29, 2016
This session will investigate the behavior of bracketed, stepped, and tapered
columns based on elastic buckling analysis. The design of columns with load
introduced along the length versus load introduced at the ends will be
investigated. Bracketed and stepped columns will be compared and an approach
to strength determination will be explained. Tapered columns will be briefly
considered to establish a simple starting point for design.
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.3
Learning Objectives
Gain an understanding of elastic buckling load and effective
length factors
Determine effective length factors for columns with load
applied along their length
Observe the influence of a reduced moment of inertia along
a portion of the length in a stepped column
Apply concepts of stepped column design to the design of
tapered columns
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.4
7.9
Lesson 7
Column design appears to be based on
the determination of effective length
factors
Effective length factors are really just a
short-hand way of determining elastic
buckling load
This lesson will start with a discussion of
elastic buckling load and effective length
factors
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.10
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.5
Lesson 7
It will follow up with determination of
effective length factors for columns with
load applied along their length
This will be followed by discussion of
bracketed columns and stepped columns
Tapered columns will be viewed with the
goal of establishing a starting point for
their design
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.11
L
y
x
Assumptions
Perfectly elastic
Perfectly straight
Constant cross section
Pin ends
Equilibrium at a point on a free body in
the displaced configuration
P
Theres always a solution in steel!
M x = Py
7.12
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.6
M
d2y
= x
2
dx
EI
L
y
x
7.13
k2 =
P
EI
y
x
d2y
+ k2y = 0
2
dx
7.14
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.7
Solution
y = A sin kx + B cos kx
L
y
B=0
A sin kL = 0
7.15
Thus,
and
L
y
x
sin kL = 0
kL = n
The shape of the deflected column is
y = A sin
nx
L
7.16
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.8
Remembering that
k2 =
L
y
P
and kL = n
EI
thus,
P n 2 2
k =
= 2
EI
L
2
7.17
y
x
n 2 2 EI
P=
L2
which has a minimum value
when
n =1
7.18
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.9
y
x
2 EI
Pe = 2
L
7.19
7.20
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.10
1
2
K exact
2 EI
Pcr =
( K exact L) 2
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.21
7.22
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.11
When
Fy
Fe
Fy
Fe
2.25
> 2.25
E3-1
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
E3-2
E3-3
Fcr = 0.877 Fe
7.23
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
Fcr = 0.877 Fe
Eq. E3-3
Inelastic Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Fe =
2 E
KL
E3-2
E3-3
E3-4
7.24
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.12
2 E
KL
E3-4
7.25
7.26
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.13
7.27
Example 1
Determine the buckling load for the given
frame using an elastic buckling analysis
P
All members W8x24
I x = 82.7 in.4
A = 7.08 in.2
rx = 3.42 in.
20.0 ft
10.0 ft
232
= 32.8 ksi
7.08
7.28
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.14
Example 1
Using stress determine K
Fe =
32.8
( KL )
= 32.8 ksi
3.42
K = 93.4
= 2.66
10 (12 )
2 EI
KL
KL
2 E
=
= 93.4
32.8
r
93.4
Pe =
2 E
K=
EI
=
= 2.66
Pe 10(12)
232
7.29
Example 1
Determine the nominal strength of the
columns in this frame
P
I x = 82.7 in.4
Fe = 32.8 ksi
10.0 ft
Fy
Fe
50
= 1.52 < 2.25
32.8
Fy
50
A = 7.08 in.2
rx = 3.42 in.
20.0 ft
7.30
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.15
Example 1
Fcr
Fe
32.8
26.4
7.31
10.0 ft
A = 7.08 in.2
K=
=
EI
Pe
10(12)
460
rx = 3.42 in.
20.0 ft
= 1.89 2.66
7.32
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.16
10.0 ft
10.0 ft
20.0 ft
7.33
10(12)
140
= 3.43
Kupper =
Klower =
10(12)
2 (140 )
10.0 ft
10.0 ft
= 2.42
20.0 ft
Sidesway Permitted
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.34
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.17
10(12)
242
= 2.61
Kupper =
10.0 ft
10(12)
242
= 2.61
Klower =
10.0 ft
20.0 ft
Sidesway Permitted
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.35
10(12)
0
=?
Kupper =
10(12)
290
= 2.38
Klower =
10.0 ft
10.0 ft
20.0 ft
Sidesway Permitted
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.36
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.18
Pcr =
42 EI
L2
y = A sin
2x
L
7.37
92 EI
Pcr =
L2
y = A sin
3x
L
P
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.38
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.19
162 EI
Pcr =
L2
y = A sin
4x
L
P
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.39
92 EI
Pcr =
L2
y = A sin
3x
L
7.40
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.20
2 EI
Pcr = 2
L
y = A sin
x
L
7.41
W16x77
L = 45 ft
P x
For
buckling
about the
x-axis
7.42
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.21
EI
Pcr
= 0.729
45(12)
2050
7.43
7.44
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.22
P
2
L = 45 ft
W16x77
x
For
buckling
about the
x-axis
7.45
EI
Pcr
= 0.869
45(12)
1442
7.46
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.23
Example 2
Determine if the given bracketed column
will support the applied loads
8 ft 5 ft
P1
P2
H
32 ft
Section Properties
A = 22.6 in.2
rx = 7.00 in.
4
I x = 1110 in.
ry = 2.47 in.
7.47
Example 2
Determine if the given bracketed column
will support the applied loads
8 ft 5 ft
P1
32 ft
7.48
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.24
Example 2
Results of a second-order analysis for
ASD (DG 7)
P1 = 31 kips
P2 = 50 kips
50 ft-kips
P2
35 ft-kips
125 ft-kips
32 ft
Case 2
8 ft 5 ft
P1
Ptotal = 81 kips
Second-order moments
121 ft-kips
7.49
Example 2
Results of a second-order analysis for
ASD (DG 7)
P1
P1 = 33 kips
8 ft 5 ft
Case 3
117 ft-kips
32 ft
P2 = 37.5 kips
Ptotal = 70.5 kips
Second-order moments
P2
110 ft-kips
7.50
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.25
Example 2
To determine column strength we must
determine either the elastic buckling load
or the equivalent effective length factor.
Design Guide 7 includes tables of effective
length factors based on the paper by
Agrawal and Stafeij
AISE Report 13 includes similar tables
7.51
Example 2
Note that we have two load cases. This
will result in different buckling loads
Case 2
P1 = 31 kips
P2 = 50 kips
8 ft 5 ft
P1
Ptotal = 81 kips
P2
H
P1 = 33 kips
P2 = 37.5 kips
32 ft
Case 3
Ptotal = 70.5 kips
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.52
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.26
Example 2
To determine the elastic buckling load of
our structure. Assume a fixed base and a
rotationally rigid top with permitted sway
P
P1 = 0.47 P
8 ft 5 ft
8 ft 5 ft
P1 = 0.38 P
P2 = 0.61P
P2 = 0.53P
32 ft
32 ft
K =1
P
Case 2
Theres always a solution in steel!
Case 3
(See: Anderson and Woodward)
7.53
Example 2
Consider Case 2
P1 = 31 kips
= 1.55
K top =
50 ft-kips
P2 = 50 kips
35 ft-kips
125 ft-kips
Ptotal = 81 kips
( 45 (12 ) ) (1179 ) 81
81
= 0.961
Kbot =
Second-order moments
121 ft-kips
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.27
Example 2
Consider Case 2
P1 = 31 kips
50 ft-kips
P2 = 50 kips
Fe upper
35 ft-kips
125 ft-kips
Ptotal = 81 kips
Fe lower
Second-order moments
121 ft-kips
31
1179
81 = 20.0 ksi
=
22.6
81
1179
81 = 52.2 ksi
=
22.6
Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment
29, 000
KL 0.961( 45 )(12 )
=
= 74.1 < 4.71
= 113
7.00
50
rx
29, 000
KL 1.0 (16 )(12 )
=
= 77.7 < 4.71
= 113
2.47
50
ry
7.56
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.28
Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment
Fe =
2 E
KL
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
2 ( 29, 000 )
( 77.7 )
= 47.4 ksi
50
7.57
Example 2
Determine the flexural strength for bending
about the x-axis of the lower segment
Unbraced length is Lb = 16 ft
W16x77 has compact flange and web
From Manual Table 3-2
Lp = 8.72 ft
Mp
Mr
= 234 ft-kips
7.58
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.29
Example 2
Available moment strength
M n M p BF
=
( Lb Lp )
= 374 7.34 (16.0 8.72 ) = 321 ft-kips
Interaction
Pr
81
=
= 0.186 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pc 436
Pr M r
+
1.0
2 Pc M c
H1-1b
81
125
+
= 0.093 + 0.389 = 0.482 1.0
2 ( 436 ) 321
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.59
Example 2
Consider Case 3
P1 = 33 kips
P2 = 37.5 kips
K top =
117 ft-kips
= 1.41
70.5
= 0.967
Kbot =
Second-order moments
110 ft-kips
7.60
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.30
Example 2
Consider Case 3
P1 = 33 kips
P2 = 37.5 kips
Fe upper
117 ft-kips
Second-order moments
33
1166
110 ft-kips
7.61
Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment
29, 000
KL 1.41( 45 )(12 )
=
= 109 < 4.71
= 113
7.00
50
rx
29, 000
KL 1.0 ( 8.0 )(12 )
=
= 38.9 < 4.71
= 113
2.47
50
ry
7.62
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.31
Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment
Fe =
2 E
KL
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
2 ( 29, 000 )
(109 )
= 24.1 ksi
50
7.63
Example 2
For bending about the x-axis, Lb = 8.0 ft
Lb = 8.0 < L p = 8.72 ft
Interaction
Mn M p
=
= 374 ft-kips
Pr
33
=
= 0.116 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pc 284
Pr M r
+
1.0
2 Pc M c
33
117
+
= 0.058 + 0.313 = 0.371 1.0
2 ( 284 ) 374
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.64
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.32
7.65
45 ft
I bottom = 1110 in.4
7.66
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.33
7.67
EI
Pcr
= 1.22
45(12)
738
7.68
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.34
7.69
Pcr
P
= cr
( P1 + P2 ) Ptotal
so that
P1
2 EI T
K = 2
L ( P1 )
2
T
2 EIB
K = 2
L ( P1 + P2 )
2
B
IT
IB
P2
IB
2 EIB
KB2
IB P1
L2 ( P1 + P2 ) ( P1 + P2 )
7.70
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.35
KT
=
KB
P2
1 +
P1
I T P1 + P2
=
IB P1
IB I T
P2
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.44
IB
IT
7.71
Example 3
Determine if the stepped column given will
be adequate to support the loading shown
8 ft 5 ft
P1
I x = 285 in.4
rx = 5.25 in.
32 ft
ry = 1.54 in.
rx = 9.23 in.
J = 1.71 in.4
ho = 23.1 in.
ry = 1.38 in.
S x = 131 in.3
I x = 1550 in.
c = 1.0
7.72
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.36
Example 3
Results of a second-order analysis for
ASD (DG 7)
Case 2
8 ft 5 ft
P1
53.3 ft-kips
P1 = 31 kips
P2 = 50 kips
60.4 ft-kips
P2
32 ft
Ptotal = 81 kips
127 ft-kips
7.73
Example 3
As for Example 2, we will assume a fixed
base and a rotationally rigid top with
permitted sway
P
8 ft 5 ft
P1 = 0.38 P
P2 = 0.62 P
I x = 1550 in.4
(full length)
32 ft
K =1
P
= 0.896
K top =
( 45 (12 ) ) ( 916 ) 81
81
= 1.29
Kbot =
7.74
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.37
Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment
KL 0.896 ( 45 )(12 )
29, 000
=
= 92.2 < 4.71
= 113
rx
5.25
50
29, 000
KL 1.0 ( 8 )(12 )
=
= 62.3 < 4.71
= 113
1.54
50
ry
7.75
Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment, assume
Q=1
( 29, 000 )
E
F =
=
= 33.7 ksi
2
KL
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
( 92.2 )
50
7.76
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.38
Example 3
Check column element slenderness,
Section E7.2(a) using Fcr for Q = 1
h
E
29, 000
= 36.2 < 1.49
= 1.49
= 48.9
tw
Fcr
26.9
7.77
Example 3
Determine the flexural strength for bending
about the x-axis of the upper segment
Unbraced length is Lb = 8 ft
W12x35 has compact flange and web
From Manual Table 3-2
Lp = 5.44 ft
Mp
Mr
= 79.6 ft-kips
7.78
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.39
Example 3
Available moment strength
M n M p BF
=
( Lb Lp )
= 128 4.34 ( 8.0 5.44 ) = 117 ft-kips
Interaction
Pr
31
=
= 0.187 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pc 166
Pr M r
+
1.0
2 Pc M c
H1-1b
31
53.3
+
= 0.093 + 0.456 = 0.549 1.0
2 (166 ) 117
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.79
Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment
29, 000
KL 1.29 ( 45 )(12 )
=
= 75.5 < 4.71
= 113
9.23
50
rx
29, 000
KL 1.0 (16 )(12 )
=
= 139 > 4.71
= 113
1.38
50
ry
7.80
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.40
Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment, assume
Q=1
( 29, 000 )
E
F =
=
= 14.8 ksi
2
KL
(139 )
7.81
Example 3
Check column element slenderness,
Section E7.2(a) using Fcr for Q = 1
h
E
29, 000
= 50.1 < 1.49
= 1.49
= 70.4
tw
Fcr
13.0
7.82
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.41
Example 3
Determine the flexural strength for bending
about the x-axis of the lower segment
Unbraced length is Lb = 16 ft
W24x62 has compact flange and web
From Manual Table 3-2
Lp = 4.87 ft
Mp
Mr
= 229 ft-kips
7.83
Example 3
Since Lb > Lr, determine flexural strength
from Eqs. F2-3 and F2-4
M n = Fcr S x =
Cb 2 ES x
Lb
rts
1 + 0.078
Jc Lb
S x ho rts
1 + 0.078
16 (12 )
1.75
= 3850 in.-kips 321 ft-kips
(1.71)(1.0 ) 16 (12 )
M n 321
=
= 192 ft-kips
1.67
7.84
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.42
Example 3
Interaction
Pr
81
=
= 0.570 > 0.2 use H1-1a
Pc 142
Pr 8 M r
+
1.0
Pc 9 M c
H1-1a
81 8 127
+
= 0.570 + 0.588 = 1.16 > 1.0
142 9 192
7.85
Example 3
The result is that the upper segment will
work fine for this loading condition
But, the lower segment will not be
adequate for this loading condition
Increasing the size of the lower segment
will
Change the second-order analysis results
Change the elastic buckling load
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.86
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.43
7.87
EI
Pe
Pe
2E
L2 Pe
2E
7.88
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.44
7.89
b f = 8.00 in.
t f = 0.500 in.
L = 360 in.
tw = 0.188 in.
7.90
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.45
2 EI small
L2 Pe
2 EI large
Klarge =
L2 Pe
2 ( 29, 000 )( 3400 )
( 360 ) ( 3730 )
2
= 0.678
( 360 ) ( 3730 )
2
= 1.42
7.91
2 EI
we can determine
L2 Pe
K 2 L2 Pe (1.0 ) ( 360 ) ( 3730 )
=
= 1690 in.4
2 E
2 ( 29, 000 )
2
I =
7.92
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.46
I = 2 4 + 0.25 +
= 1690 in.4
2
12
d = 26.1 in.
x = 162 in. = 0.45 L
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.93
x = 0.5 L small
I
large
Theres always a solution in steel!
0.0732
7.94
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.47
7.95
Example 4
Determine the nominal compressive strength
for this column first without considering the
influence of slender elements
L
x
b f = 8.00 in.
t f = 0.500 in.
tw = 0.188 in.
L = 360 in.
7.96
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.48
Example 4
We already know that the elastic buckling
load is
Pe = 3730 kips
So, at the top, with Q = 1 (ignoring element slenderness)
Fe =
Pe
3730
=
= 252 ksi
Alarge 14.8
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
Fy
Fe
50
= 0.198 < 2.25
252
50
7.97
Example 4
Check element slenderness
Flange b = 8.0 = 8.0 k = 4 = 4
f
2t f
2 ( 0.5 )
36
h
=
= 191
tw 0.188
h tw
r = 0.64
191
Web
r = 1.49
E
29, 000
= 1.49
= 35.9 < 191
50
Fy
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.49
Example 4
Determine effective width
be = 1.92 ( 0.188 )
E7-17
Effective area
A = 2 ( 8.0 ( 0.5 ) ) + 0.188 ( 8.66 ) = 9.63 in.
Ae 9.63
=
= 0.651
Ag 14.8
7.99
Example 4
Determine nominal strength at column top
QFy
Fe
0.651( 50 )
= 0.129 < 2.25
252
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe
7.100
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.50
Example 4
So, at the bottom, with Q = 1 (ignoring element slenderness)
Fe =
Fy
Pe
3730
=
= 327 ksi
Asmall 11.4
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
Fe
50
= 0.153 < 2.25
327
50
7.101
Example 4
Check element slenderness
Flange b = 8.0 = 8.0 k = 4 = 4
f
2t f
2 ( 0.5 )
h tw
95.7
= 0.409
18
h
=
= 95.7 r = 0.64 kc E = 0.64 0.409 ( 29, 000 ) = 9.86
t w 0.188
50
Fy
Web
r = 1.49
E
29, 000
= 1.49
= 35.9 < 95.7
50
Fy
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.51
Example 4
Determine effective width
be = 1.92 ( 0.188 )
E7-17
Effective area
A = 2 ( 8.0 ( 0.5 ) ) + 0.188 ( 8.18 ) = 9.54 in.
Ae 9.54
=
= 0.837
Ag 11.4
7.103
Example 4
Determine nominal strength at bottom
QFy
Fe
0.837 ( 50 )
= 0.128 < 2.25
327
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe
7.104
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.52
Example 4
Example summary
Column Top
Q
Pn kips
1.0
0.651
Column Bottom
Q
Pn kips
681
1.0
535
456
0.837
453
7.105
Example 4
If we were to take this example to its
proper conclusion and determine the final
nominal compressive strength we would
need to address
The flanges at the top are slender
The flanges at the bottom are not slender
The web at the top is slender
The web at the bottom is less slender
Theres always a solution in steel!
7.106
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.53
Summary
We looked at the effect of placing half the
load at the top and half along the member
Any other division of the applied load will give
different elastic buckling loads
7.107
Summary
We have worked with pin end columns in
our parameter studies
Other boundary conditions will give different
results
7.108
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.54
Conclusion
Recognizing the complexities associated
with using the effective length factor
should raise the question;
Isn't there a better way?
7.109
References
Agrawal, K. M., and Stafiej, H. A., Calculation of Effective Lengths
of Stepped Columns, Engineering Journal, Vol. 17, No.4, 1980,
AISC, Chicago
Anderson, J. P., and Woodward, J. H., Calculation of Effective
Lengths and Effective Slenderness Ratios of Stepped Columns,
Engineering Journal, Vol. 9, No.4, 1972, AISC, Chicago
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, Technical Report No. 13,
Guide for the Design and Construction of Mill Buildings, AISE,
Pittsburgh, PA 2003
Vasquez, J., and Riddell, R., A Simple Stepped-Column Buckling
Model and Computer Algorithm, Engineering Journal, Vol. 48, No.1,
2011, AISC, Chicago
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Lesson 8
Our next and final lesson will address
column base plates
Base plates are required to distribute the
column load to the concrete foundation
We will look at base plates that transfer
compression only
Those that transfer tension
And those that also must transfer moment
Theres always a solution in steel!
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Thank You
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8-Session Registrants
CEU/PDH Certificates
One certificate will be issued at the conclusion of
all 8 sessions.
8-Session Registrants
Quizzes
Access to the quiz: Information for accessing the quiz will be emailed to you by
Thursday. It will contain a link to access the quiz. EMAIL COMES FROM
NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG
Quiz and Attendance records: Posted Wednesday mornings.
www.aisc.org/nightschool - click on Current Course Details.
Reasons for quiz:
EEU must take all quizzes and final to receive EEU
CEUs/PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take quiz for CEUs/PDHs.
REINFORCEMENT Reinforce what you learned tonight. Get more out of the
course.
NOTE: If you attend the live presentation, you do not have to take the quizzes to
receive CEUs/PDHs.
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
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8-Session Registrants
Recording
Access to the recording: Information for accessing the
recording will be emailed to you by this Thursday. The recording
will be available for two weeks. For 8-session registrants only.
EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG.
CEUs/PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take
AND PASS the quiz for CEUs/PDHs.
Thank You
Please give us your feedback!
Survey at conclusion of webinar.
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American Institute of Steel Construction
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