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AISC Night School

March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

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Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.1

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

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Theres always a solution in steel!

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Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.2

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016


The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is for
general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be
applied to any specific application without competent professional examination and verification
by a licensed professional engineer. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability
arising from such use.

Theres always a solution in steel!

Course Description
Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered Columns
March 29, 2016
This session will investigate the behavior of bracketed, stepped, and tapered
columns based on elastic buckling analysis. The design of columns with load
introduced along the length versus load introduced at the ends will be
investigated. Bracketed and stepped columns will be compared and an approach
to strength determination will be explained. Tapered columns will be briefly
considered to establish a simple starting point for design.

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.3

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Learning Objectives
Gain an understanding of elastic buckling load and effective
length factors
Determine effective length factors for columns with load
applied along their length
Observe the influence of a reduced moment of inertia along
a portion of the length in a stepped column
Apply concepts of stepped column design to the design of
tapered columns

Theres always a solution in steel!

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10


Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Lesson 7 Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered Columns
Presented by
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor at Penn State University
Former Vice-President at AISC

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.4

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on


AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Night School 10
Lesson 7
Bracketed, stepped, and tapered columns

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.9

Lesson 7
Column design appears to be based on
the determination of effective length
factors
Effective length factors are really just a
short-hand way of determining elastic
buckling load
This lesson will start with a discussion of
elastic buckling load and effective length
factors
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.10

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.5

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Lesson 7
It will follow up with determination of
effective length factors for columns with
load applied along their length
This will be followed by discussion of
bracketed columns and stepped columns
Tapered columns will be viewed with the
goal of establishing a starting point for
their design
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.11

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
P

L
y
x

Assumptions
Perfectly elastic
Perfectly straight
Constant cross section
Pin ends
Equilibrium at a point on a free body in
the displaced configuration

P
Theres always a solution in steel!

M x = Py
7.12

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.6

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
From the principles of mechanics
using small displacement theory

M
d2y
= x
2
dx
EI

L
y
x

Combining and rearranging terms


d2y P
+
y=0
dx 2 EI

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.13

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
Define

k2 =

P
EI

The result is the differential equation


of the column

y
x

d2y
+ k2y = 0
2
dx

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.14

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.7

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
P

Solution

y = A sin kx + B cos kx
L
y

From boundary conditions

B=0
A sin kL = 0

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.15

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
P

Thus,
and
L

y
x

sin kL = 0

kL = n
The shape of the deflected column is

y = A sin

Theres always a solution in steel!

nx
L

7.16

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.8

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
P

Remembering that

k2 =
L
y

P
and kL = n
EI

thus,

P n 2 2
k =
= 2
EI
L
2

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.17

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
P

So the final solution for the


differential equation is
L

y
x

n 2 2 EI
P=
L2
which has a minimum value
when

n =1

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.18

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.9

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
P

Thus, we have the well known


Euler Equation for the elastic
buckling load:

y
x

2 EI
Pe = 2
L

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.19

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Our design approach is assisted by
comparing the real column/structure to the
perfect, Euler Column
The elastic buckling load for a real column,
as part of a real structure with real
imperfections can be thought of as

Pcr = Pe (modification factor)


Theres always a solution in steel!

7.20

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.10

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


If the modification factor is defined as:
modification factor =

1
2
K exact

The elastic buckling load for a real column


would be given by:

2 EI
Pcr =
( K exact L) 2
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.21

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Every approach proposed to determine
the effective length factor, K, is really an
attempt to determine the exact effective
length factor, Kexact, such that the exact
elastic buckling load may be determined,
without the need to actually resort to an
elastic buckling analysis.

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.22

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.11

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

E3. Flexural Buckling


For nonslender element members in
uniform compression
Pn = Fcr Ag
When

When

Fy
Fe

Fy
Fe

2.25

> 2.25

E3-1

Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy

E3-2

E3-3

Fcr = 0.877 Fe

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.23

E3. Flexural Buckling


For nonslender element members in
uniform compression
Fy = 36 ksi
Eq. E3-2

Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy

Fcr = 0.877 Fe
Eq. E3-3
Inelastic Buckling

Elastic Buckling

Theres always a solution in steel!

Fe =

2 E
KL

E3-2

E3-3

E3-4

7.24

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.12

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

E3. Flexural Buckling


Fe is the elastic buckling stress, what we
usually call the Euler buckling stress
Fe =

2 E
KL

E3-4

This is derived from what we call the


perfect column or the Euler column as
we just saw
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.25

E3. Flexural Buckling


However, the use of K is not the only way to
determine the elastic buckling stress
We are used to starting with K
and determining Fe

Theres always a solution in steel!

But we could also start with Fe


and determine K

7.26

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.13

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


An elastic buckling analysis is the solution
to an eigenvalue problem
There are many ways to solve that
problem, usually involving a computer
solution
For all elastic buckling analysis solutions
in this lesson I have used the computer
program GT STRUDL
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.27

Example 1
Determine the buckling load for the given
frame using an elastic buckling analysis
P
All members W8x24
I x = 82.7 in.4
A = 7.08 in.2
rx = 3.42 in.
20.0 ft

10.0 ft

This structure will buckle in a


sidesway buckling mode at a
critical load
Pe = 232 kips
From this we determine the
elastic buckling stress as
Fe =

Theres always a solution in steel!

232
= 32.8 ksi
7.08
7.28

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.14

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 1
Using stress determine K

Fe =

32.8

( KL )

= 32.8 ksi

3.42
K = 93.4
= 2.66
10 (12 )

Using force determine K

2 EI

KL

KL
2 E
=
= 93.4
32.8
r

93.4

Pe =

2 E

K=

29, 000 ( 82.7 )

EI
=
= 2.66
Pe 10(12)
232

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.29

Example 1
Determine the nominal strength of the
columns in this frame
P

From our buckling


analysis

I x = 82.7 in.4

Fe = 32.8 ksi

10.0 ft

All members W8x24

Fy
Fe

50
= 1.52 < 2.25
32.8

Fy
50

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658 32.8 50 = 26.4 ksi

Pn = 26.4 ( 7.08 ) = 187 kips

A = 7.08 in.2
rx = 3.42 in.
20.0 ft

Note that we determined the nominal


strength without using effective length
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.30

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.15

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 1

Fcr

The critical stress


is determined
without first
obtaining the
slenderness ratio

Fe

32.8
26.4

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.31

Elastic Buckling Analysis


So it appears that for this structure, K = 2.66.
But for this same structure with different
loading, the buckling load is Pe = 460 kips.
All members W8x24
I x = 82.7 in.4

10.0 ft

A = 7.08 in.2

K=
=

EI
Pe

29, 000 ( 82.7 )

10(12)
460

rx = 3.42 in.
20.0 ft

Theres always a solution in steel!

= 1.89 2.66
7.32

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.16

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Now consider how load location might
impact the buckling strength of a two story
structure
P
P
The frame is permitted to
sway sideways, L = 10 ft

All members are W8x24

10.0 ft

10.0 ft

20.0 ft

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.33

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Both stories loaded
Pcr = 140 kips
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

10(12)
140
= 3.43

Kupper =

Klower =

29, 000 ( 82.7 )

10(12)
2 (140 )

10.0 ft

10.0 ft

= 2.42
20.0 ft

Sidesway Permitted
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.34

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.17

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Top story loaded
Pcr = 242 kips

29, 000 ( 82.7 )

10(12)
242
= 2.61

Kupper =

10.0 ft

29, 000 ( 82.7 )

10(12)
242
= 2.61

Klower =

10.0 ft

20.0 ft

Sidesway Permitted
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.35

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Bottom story loaded
Pcr = 290 kips
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

10(12)
0
=?

Kupper =

29, 000 ( 82.7 )

10(12)
290
= 2.38

Klower =

10.0 ft

10.0 ft

20.0 ft

Sidesway Permitted
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.36

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.18

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


P

In our earlier derivation, we took the


minimum buckling load represented by
n = 1. For higher modes of buckling, the
integer n will increase.
L

Thus, for n = 2, the mode shape will be


a full sine wave and the buckling load
will be 4 times greater.

Pcr =

42 EI
L2

y = A sin

2x
L

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.37

Elastic Buckling Analysis


P

Thus, for n = 3, the mode shape will be


1 sine waves and the buckling load
will be 9 times greater.

92 EI
Pcr =
L2

y = A sin

3x
L

P
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.38

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.19

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


P

And, for n = 4, the mode shape will be


2 sine waves and the buckling load will
be 16 times greater.

162 EI
Pcr =
L2

y = A sin

4x
L

P
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.39

Elastic Buckling Analysis


P

But all this depends on how we define L


For this column to buckle in any of these
other modes, it must be braced appropriately.
L

Thus, if it is braced at the 1/3 points it


buckles in the mode defined for n = 3 when
the column length is given as the full length
as shown

92 EI
Pcr =
L2

Theres always a solution in steel!

y = A sin

3x
L
7.40

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.20

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


P

However, if the length is defined as shown


here, n = 1 because it buckles in a half sine
wave over that length

So the important point here, and particularly


for our discussion to come for columns
loaded along their length, is how do you
define length.

2 EI
Pcr = 2
L

y = A sin

x
L

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.41

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Now consider how the point of load
application might impact buckling
P

W16x77

L = 45 ft

P x

For
buckling
about the
x-axis

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.42

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.21

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


If we are then to determine the effective
length factor it too will vary with point of
load application
For x = 21 ft, Pcr = 2050 kips
K=
=

EI
Pcr

29, 000 (1110 )

= 0.729
45(12)
2050

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.43

Elastic Buckling Analysis


The bracketed and stepped columns we
are going to be looking at will have load
applied at the top (roof load) and also at
an intermediate point (crane rail load)
Now look at how application of two loads
on a column will influence the buckling
load

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.44

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.22

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


If equal loads are applied at the top and at
an intermediate point
P
2

P
2

L = 45 ft

W16x77
x

For
buckling
about the
x-axis

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.45

Elastic Buckling Analysis


The effective length factor starts at 1.0
when all load is applied at the top, the
Euler Column
For x = 21 ft, Pcr = 1442 kips
K=
=

EI
Pcr

29, 000 (1110 )

= 0.869
45(12)
1442

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.46

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.23

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
Determine if the given bracketed column
will support the applied loads
8 ft 5 ft

P1

P2
H

The column is a W16x77 braced


out of the plane at the roof truss,
the crane rail girder and at 16 ft
o/c below that

32 ft

Section Properties
A = 22.6 in.2

rx = 7.00 in.
4

I x = 1110 in.

ry = 2.47 in.

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.47

Example 2
Determine if the given bracketed column
will support the applied loads
8 ft 5 ft

P1

Use Association of Iron and Steel


Engineers Technical Report No. 13
P2

32 ft

Two load cases will be considered


Case 2: DL, LL, Crane Load
Case 3: DL, Crane Vertical, Wind
See Design Guide 7

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.48

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.24

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
Results of a second-order analysis for
ASD (DG 7)
P1 = 31 kips
P2 = 50 kips

50 ft-kips

P2

35 ft-kips

125 ft-kips

32 ft

Case 2

8 ft 5 ft

P1

Ptotal = 81 kips

Second-order moments

121 ft-kips
7.49

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 2
Results of a second-order analysis for
ASD (DG 7)
P1

P1 = 33 kips

8 ft 5 ft

Case 3
117 ft-kips

32 ft

P2 = 37.5 kips
Ptotal = 70.5 kips

Second-order moments

P2

110 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.50

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.25

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
To determine column strength we must
determine either the elastic buckling load
or the equivalent effective length factor.
Design Guide 7 includes tables of effective
length factors based on the paper by
Agrawal and Stafeij
AISE Report 13 includes similar tables

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.51

Example 2
Note that we have two load cases. This
will result in different buckling loads
Case 2
P1 = 31 kips
P2 = 50 kips

8 ft 5 ft

P1

Ptotal = 81 kips

P2
H

P1 = 33 kips
P2 = 37.5 kips

32 ft

Case 3
Ptotal = 70.5 kips
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.52

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.26

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
To determine the elastic buckling load of
our structure. Assume a fixed base and a
rotationally rigid top with permitted sway
P

P1 = 0.47 P

8 ft 5 ft

8 ft 5 ft

P1 = 0.38 P

P2 = 0.61P

P2 = 0.53P

32 ft

Pcr = 1090 kips

32 ft

Pcr = 1166 kips

Pcr = 1179 kips

K =1

P
Case 2
Theres always a solution in steel!

Case 3
(See: Anderson and Woodward)

7.53

Example 2
Consider Case 2
P1 = 31 kips

Effective length factors


2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )
2
31
( 45 (12 ) ) (1179 ) 81


= 1.55

K top =

50 ft-kips

P2 = 50 kips
35 ft-kips

125 ft-kips

Ptotal = 81 kips

2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )


2

( 45 (12 ) ) (1179 ) 81

81
= 0.961

Kbot =

Pcr = 1179 kips

Second-order moments

121 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

Note that in both cases we are


using the full length, L = 45 ft
7.54

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.27

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
Consider Case 2
P1 = 31 kips

We could have obtained Fe


directly from Pcr

50 ft-kips

P2 = 50 kips

Fe upper
35 ft-kips

125 ft-kips

Ptotal = 81 kips
Fe lower

Pcr = 1179 kips

Second-order moments

121 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

31
1179
81 = 20.0 ksi
=
22.6
81
1179
81 = 52.2 ksi
=
22.6

However, in our case the


other axis is going to
control so we will not be
taking advantage of
these.
7.55

Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment
29, 000
KL 0.961( 45 )(12 )
=
= 74.1 < 4.71
= 113
7.00
50
rx

29, 000
KL 1.0 (16 )(12 )
=
= 77.7 < 4.71
= 113
2.47
50
ry

For compression, y-axis controls


Theres always a solution in steel!

7.56

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.28

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment
Fe =

2 E
KL

Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe

2 ( 29, 000 )

( 77.7 )

= 47.4 ksi

This is the y-axis,


for the x-axis we
had Fe = 52.2 ksi

50

Fy = 0.658 47.4 ( 50 ) = 32.2 ksi

Pn = 32.2 ( 22.6 ) = 728 kips

Pn = 728 1.67 = 436 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.57

Example 2
Determine the flexural strength for bending
about the x-axis of the lower segment
Unbraced length is Lb = 16 ft
W16x77 has compact flange and web
From Manual Table 3-2
Lp = 8.72 ft
Mp

Lr = 27.8 ft BF = 7.34 ft-kips/ft


= 374 ft-kips

Mr
= 234 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.58

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.29

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
Available moment strength
M n M p BF
=

( Lb Lp )


= 374 7.34 (16.0 8.72 ) = 321 ft-kips

Interaction

Pr
81
=
= 0.186 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pc 436

Pr M r
+
1.0
2 Pc M c

H1-1b

81
125
+
= 0.093 + 0.389 = 0.482 1.0
2 ( 436 ) 321
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.59

Example 2
Consider Case 3

Effective length factors

P1 = 33 kips
P2 = 37.5 kips

K top =
117 ft-kips

2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )


2
33
( 45 (12 ) ) (1166 ) 70.5

= 1.41

Ptotal = 70.5 kips

2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )


2

( 45 (12 ) ) (1166 ) 70.5

70.5
= 0.967

Kbot =

Pcr = 1166 kips

Second-order moments

110 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.60

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.30

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
Consider Case 3

We could have obtained Fe


directly from Pcr

P1 = 33 kips
P2 = 37.5 kips

Fe upper

117 ft-kips

Ptotal = 70.5 kips


Fe lower

Pcr = 1166 kips

Second-order moments

33
1166

70.5 = 24.1 ksi


=
22.6
70.5
1166

70.5 = 51.6 ksi


=
22.6

110 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.61

Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment
29, 000
KL 1.41( 45 )(12 )
=
= 109 < 4.71
= 113
7.00
50
rx
29, 000
KL 1.0 ( 8.0 )(12 )
=
= 38.9 < 4.71
= 113
2.47
50
ry

For compression, the x-axis controls


Theres always a solution in steel!

7.62

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.31

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment
Fe =

2 E
KL

Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe

2 ( 29, 000 )

(109 )

= 24.1 ksi

Note that this is the


same Fe = 24.1 ksi
that we had just
calculated, without
using K

50

Fy = 0.658 24.1 ( 50 ) = 21.0 ksi

Pn = 21.0 ( 22.6 ) = 475 kips

Pn = 475 1.67 = 284 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.63

Example 2
For bending about the x-axis, Lb = 8.0 ft
Lb = 8.0 < L p = 8.72 ft

Interaction

Mn M p
=
= 374 ft-kips

Pr
33
=
= 0.116 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pc 284

Pr M r
+
1.0
2 Pc M c
33
117
+
= 0.058 + 0.313 = 0.371 1.0
2 ( 284 ) 374
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.64

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.32

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


In order to consider stepped columns, we
must investigate the influence of reducing
the moment of inertia along a portion of
the column length
We will consider the same pin-pin column
that was the basis for our consideration of
load applied at various points along the
length
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.65

Elastic Buckling Analysis


The W16x77 used earlier will be the base of this
column. The upper portion will have the
moment of inertia
P

I top = 555 in.4

45 ft
I bottom = 1110 in.4

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.66

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American Institute of Steel Construction
7.33

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Note that when the column is a full height
with I = 1110 in.4 the elastic buckling load
is the same as it was for our previous
study of load placement
Pcr = 1090 kips
When I is cut in half for the full length, the
elastic buckling load is also cut in half
Pcr = 545 kips
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.67

Elastic Buckling Analysis


If we then determine the effective length
factor it too will vary as we alter the
moment of inertia
For x = 21 ft, Pcr = 738 kips
K=
=

EI
Pcr

29, 000 (1110 )

= 1.22
45(12)
738

Note that for this plot we have used,


I = 1110 in.4 in our determination of K
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.68

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.34

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


When it comes to design, we will want to
use the properties of the individual
segments
We must also account for the magnitude
of force in each segment
So consider the stepped column with
loads applied at the top and the step

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.69

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Define

Pcr
P
= cr
( P1 + P2 ) Ptotal

so that

P1

2 EI T
K = 2
L ( P1 )
2
T

2 EIB
K = 2
L ( P1 + P2 )
2
B

IT

IB

P2

Take the ratio


IT
2 EI T
2
2
L ( P1 )
( P1 ) = I T P1 + P2
KT
=
=

IB
2 EIB
KB2
IB P1
L2 ( P1 + P2 ) ( P1 + P2 )

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.70

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.35

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Solve for KT in terms of KB
P1

KT
=
KB

P2
1 +
P1
I T P1 + P2

=
IB P1
IB I T

P2

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.44
IB
IT

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.71

Example 3
Determine if the stepped column given will
be adequate to support the loading shown
8 ft 5 ft

P1

Upper segment W12x35c, L = 13 ft


A = 10.3 in.2
P2

I x = 285 in.4
rx = 5.25 in.

32 ft

ry = 1.54 in.

Lower segment W24x62c, L = 32 ft


A = 18.2 in.2

rts = 1.75 in.

rx = 9.23 in.

J = 1.71 in.4
ho = 23.1 in.

ry = 1.38 in.

Theres always a solution in steel!

S x = 131 in.3

I x = 1550 in.

c = 1.0

7.72

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American Institute of Steel Construction
7.36

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 3
Results of a second-order analysis for
ASD (DG 7)
Case 2

8 ft 5 ft

P1

53.3 ft-kips

P1 = 31 kips
P2 = 50 kips

60.4 ft-kips

P2

32 ft

Ptotal = 81 kips

127 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.73

Example 3
As for Example 2, we will assume a fixed
base and a rotationally rigid top with
permitted sway
P

8 ft 5 ft

P1 = 0.38 P

P2 = 0.62 P

I x = 1550 in.4

(full length)

Pcr = 1520 kips

32 ft

K =1
P

Theres always a solution in steel!

2 ( 29, 000 )( 285 )


2
31
( 45 (12 ) ) ( 916 ) 81


= 0.896

K top =

2 ( 29, 000 )(1550 )


2

( 45 (12 ) ) ( 916 ) 81

81
= 1.29

Kbot =

Pcr = 916 kips

7.74

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.37

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment
KL 0.896 ( 45 )(12 )
29, 000
=
= 92.2 < 4.71
= 113
rx
5.25
50
29, 000
KL 1.0 ( 8 )(12 )
=
= 62.3 < 4.71
= 113
1.54
50
ry

For compression, the x-axis controls


Theres always a solution in steel!

7.75

Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the upper segment, assume
Q=1
( 29, 000 )
E
F =
=
= 33.7 ksi
2

KL

Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe

( 92.2 )

50

Fy = 0.658 33.7 ( 50 ) = 26.9 ksi

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.76

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.38

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 3
Check column element slenderness,
Section E7.2(a) using Fcr for Q = 1
h
E
29, 000
= 36.2 < 1.49
= 1.49
= 48.9
tw
Fcr
26.9

So the element slenderness does not


impact column strength
Pn = 26.9 (10.3) = 277 kips

Pn = 277 1.67 = 166 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.77

Example 3
Determine the flexural strength for bending
about the x-axis of the upper segment
Unbraced length is Lb = 8 ft
W12x35 has compact flange and web
From Manual Table 3-2
Lp = 5.44 ft
Mp

Lr = 16.6 ft BF = 4.34 ft-kips/ft


= 128 ft-kips

Mr
= 79.6 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.78

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.39

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 3
Available moment strength
M n M p BF
=

( Lb Lp )


= 128 4.34 ( 8.0 5.44 ) = 117 ft-kips

Interaction

Pr
31
=
= 0.187 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pc 166

Pr M r
+
1.0
2 Pc M c

H1-1b

31
53.3
+
= 0.093 + 0.456 = 0.549 1.0
2 (166 ) 117
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.79

Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment
29, 000
KL 1.29 ( 45 )(12 )
=
= 75.5 < 4.71
= 113
9.23
50
rx
29, 000
KL 1.0 (16 )(12 )
=
= 139 > 4.71
= 113
1.38
50
ry

For compression, the y-axis controls


Theres always a solution in steel!

7.80

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.40

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 3
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment, assume
Q=1
( 29, 000 )
E
F =
=
= 14.8 ksi
2

KL

(139 )

Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877 (14.8 ) = 13.0 ksi

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.81

Example 3
Check column element slenderness,
Section E7.2(a) using Fcr for Q = 1
h
E
29, 000
= 50.1 < 1.49
= 1.49
= 70.4
tw
Fcr
13.0

So the element slenderness does not


impact column strength
Pn = 13.0 (18.2 ) = 237 kips

Pn = 237 1.67 = 142 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.82

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.41

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 3
Determine the flexural strength for bending
about the x-axis of the lower segment
Unbraced length is Lb = 16 ft
W24x62 has compact flange and web
From Manual Table 3-2
Lp = 4.87 ft
Mp

Lr = 14.4 ft BF = 16.1 ft-kips/ft


= 382 ft-kips

Mr
= 229 ft-kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.83

Example 3
Since Lb > Lr, determine flexural strength
from Eqs. F2-3 and F2-4
M n = Fcr S x =

Cb 2 ES x
Lb

rts

1 + 0.078

1.02 ( 29, 000 )(131)


2

Jc Lb

S x ho rts

1 + 0.078

16 (12 )

1.75
= 3850 in.-kips 321 ft-kips

(1.71)(1.0 ) 16 (12 )

131( 23.1) 1.75

Theres always a solution in steel!

M n 321
=
= 192 ft-kips
1.67
7.84

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.42

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 3
Interaction
Pr
81
=
= 0.570 > 0.2 use H1-1a
Pc 142

Pr 8 M r
+
1.0
Pc 9 M c

H1-1a

81 8 127
+
= 0.570 + 0.588 = 1.16 > 1.0
142 9 192

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.85

Example 3
The result is that the upper segment will
work fine for this loading condition
But, the lower segment will not be
adequate for this loading condition
Increasing the size of the lower segment
will
Change the second-order analysis results
Change the elastic buckling load
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.86

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.43

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Now consider how we might treat a
tapered member.
We will only consider members loaded at
their ends (no intermediate loads)
Remembering that the ultimate goal is to
determine the elastic buckling load, based
on Design Guide 25 we will determine a
modified moment of inertia and hold K = 1
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.87

Elastic Buckling Analysis


If we are determining an effective length
factor
K=

EI
Pe

If instead we determine an effective


moment of inertia, using K= 1.0
( KL )
I=

Pe

2E

Theres always a solution in steel!

L2 Pe
2E
7.88

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.44

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


Define the tapered member
We will base our discussion of the
tapered column on the properties at
the top and the bottom. These will
generally be referred to as the large
end and small end although it really
does not matter which end is up.

We will then define properties at


another point, x from the small end.

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.89

Elastic Buckling Analysis


If our software permits us to model the
taper, we can do an elastic buckling
analysis of this member
Consider these properties
L

b f = 8.00 in.

hlarge = 36.0 in.

t f = 0.500 in.

L = 360 in.

tw = 0.188 in.

I small = 776 in.4

hsmall = 18.0 in.

Theres always a solution in steel!

I large = 3400 in.4

7.90

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.45

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


An elastic buckling analysis yields
Pe = 3730 kips

By our previous approach we might want


to determine the effective length factors so
that
K small =
=

2 EI small
L2 Pe

2 EI large

Klarge =

2 ( 29, 000 )( 776 )

L2 Pe
2 ( 29, 000 )( 3400 )

( 360 ) ( 3730 )
2

= 0.678

( 360 ) ( 3730 )
2

= 1.42

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.91

Elastic Buckling Analysis


However, there is another approach that
will prove more useful in the end
If we set K = 1.0 we can then determine an
equivalent moment of inertia that will give
us the same elastic buckling load
From K =

2 EI
we can determine
L2 Pe
K 2 L2 Pe (1.0 ) ( 360 ) ( 3730 )
=
= 1690 in.4
2 E
2 ( 29, 000 )
2

I =

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.92

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.46

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


With a bit of calculating of section
properties, we can determine that this
moment of inertia will exist on this specific
column when
2
d
0.188d 3

I = 2 4 + 0.25 +
= 1690 in.4
2

12

d = 26.1 in.
x = 162 in. = 0.45 L
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.93

Elastic Buckling Analysis


A study presented in DG 25 shows that
the distance x can be determined, as a
function of the moment of inertia at each
end, which leads to prediction of the
elastic buckling load with very good
accuracy
I

x = 0.5 L small
I

large
Theres always a solution in steel!

0.0732

7.94

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.47

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Elastic Buckling Analysis


As we have seen in our previous examples,
once we know the elastic buckling load, we
can determine the elastic buckling stress,
Fe, and then proceed to determine the
nominal compressive strength.

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.95

Example 4
Determine the nominal compressive strength
for this column first without considering the
influence of slender elements

L
x

b f = 8.00 in.

Asmall = 11.4 in.2

t f = 0.500 in.

Alarge = 14.8 in.2

tw = 0.188 in.

I small = 776 in.4

hsmall = 18.0 in.

I large = 3400 in.4

hlarge = 36.0 in.

L = 360 in.

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.96

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.48

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 4
We already know that the elastic buckling
load is
Pe = 3730 kips
So, at the top, with Q = 1 (ignoring element slenderness)
Fe =

Pe
3730
=
= 252 ksi
Alarge 14.8
Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe

Fy
Fe

50
= 0.198 < 2.25
252

50

Fy = 0.658 252 ( 50 ) = 46.0 ksi

Pn = 46.0 (14.8 ) = 681 kips


Theres always a solution in steel!

7.97

Example 4
Check element slenderness
Flange b = 8.0 = 8.0 k = 4 = 4
f

2t f

2 ( 0.5 )

36
h
=
= 191
tw 0.188

h tw

r = 0.64

191

= 0.289 < 0.35

0.35 ( 29, 000 )


kc E
= 0.64
= 9.12
50
Fy

So the flange is not slender

Web
r = 1.49

E
29, 000
= 1.49
= 35.9 < 191
50
Fy

Theres always a solution in steel!

So the web is slender


7.98

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.49

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 4
Determine effective width
be = 1.92 ( 0.188 )

29, 000 0.34 29, 000


1
= 8.66 in.
46.0 191
46

E7-17

Effective area
A = 2 ( 8.0 ( 0.5 ) ) + 0.188 ( 8.66 ) = 9.63 in.

Slender element reduction factor


Q=

Ae 9.63
=
= 0.651
Ag 14.8

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.99

Example 4
Determine nominal strength at column top
QFy
Fe

0.651( 50 )
= 0.129 < 2.25
252

QFy

Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe

Fy = 0.651( 0.6580.129 ) ( 50 ) = 30.8 ksi

Pn = 14.8 ( 30.8 ) = 456 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

For the column top

7.100

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American Institute of Steel Construction
7.50

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 4
So, at the bottom, with Q = 1 (ignoring element slenderness)
Fe =

Fy

Pe
3730
=
= 327 ksi
Asmall 11.4
Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe

Fe

50
= 0.153 < 2.25
327

50

Fy = 0.658 327 ( 50 ) = 46.9 ksi

Pn = 46.9 (11.4 ) = 535 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.101

Example 4
Check element slenderness
Flange b = 8.0 = 8.0 k = 4 = 4
f

2t f

2 ( 0.5 )

h tw

95.7

= 0.409

18
h
=
= 95.7 r = 0.64 kc E = 0.64 0.409 ( 29, 000 ) = 9.86
t w 0.188
50
Fy

So the flange is not slender

Web
r = 1.49

E
29, 000
= 1.49
= 35.9 < 95.7
50
Fy

Theres always a solution in steel!

So the web is slender


7.102

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.51

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 4
Determine effective width
be = 1.92 ( 0.188 )

29, 000 0.34 29, 000


1
= 8.18 in.
46.9 95.7
46.9

E7-17

Effective area
A = 2 ( 8.0 ( 0.5 ) ) + 0.188 ( 8.18 ) = 9.54 in.

Slender element reduction factor


Q=

Ae 9.54
=
= 0.837
Ag 11.4

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.103

Example 4
Determine nominal strength at bottom
QFy
Fe

0.837 ( 50 )
= 0.128 < 2.25
327

QFy

Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe

Fy = 0.837 ( 0.6580.128 ) ( 50 ) = 39.7 ksi

Pn = 11.4 ( 39.7 ) = 453 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

For the column bottom

7.104

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.52

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Example 4
Example summary
Column Top
Q

Pn kips

1.0
0.651

Column Bottom
Q

Pn kips

681

1.0

535

456

0.837

453

The smaller section has the lower strength, but not by as


much when we include element slenderness.
There may be other locations along the column length that
might control. Based on what we have calculated, we dont
know.
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.105

Example 4
If we were to take this example to its
proper conclusion and determine the final
nominal compressive strength we would
need to address
The flanges at the top are slender
The flanges at the bottom are not slender
The web at the top is slender
The web at the bottom is less slender
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.106

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.53

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Summary
We looked at the effect of placing half the
load at the top and half along the member
Any other division of the applied load will give
different elastic buckling loads

We have illustrated the impact of a 2:1


ratio for moment of inertia
Any other ratio will result in different elastic
buckling loads.
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.107

Summary
We have worked with pin end columns in
our parameter studies
Other boundary conditions will give different
results

Combining all these variables we see that


there are an infinite number of possibilities
Then we looked at a tapered member and
see yet another approach
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.108

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.54

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Conclusion
Recognizing the complexities associated
with using the effective length factor
should raise the question;
Isn't there a better way?

There is, it is the Direct Analysis Method


given in Chapter C of the Specification.
With it, you always use K = 1 and you let the
analysis take care of things for you
(See Design Guide 28)
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.109

References
Agrawal, K. M., and Stafiej, H. A., Calculation of Effective Lengths
of Stepped Columns, Engineering Journal, Vol. 17, No.4, 1980,
AISC, Chicago
Anderson, J. P., and Woodward, J. H., Calculation of Effective
Lengths and Effective Slenderness Ratios of Stepped Columns,
Engineering Journal, Vol. 9, No.4, 1972, AISC, Chicago
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, Technical Report No. 13,
Guide for the Design and Construction of Mill Buildings, AISE,
Pittsburgh, PA 2003
Vasquez, J., and Riddell, R., A Simple Stepped-Column Buckling
Model and Computer Algorithm, Engineering Journal, Vol. 48, No.1,
2011, AISC, Chicago

Theres always a solution in steel!

7.110

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.55

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Lesson 8
Our next and final lesson will address
column base plates
Base plates are required to distribute the
column load to the concrete foundation
We will look at base plates that transfer
compression only
Those that transfer tension
And those that also must transfer moment
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.111

Thank You

American Institute of Steel Construction


One East Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60601
Theres always a solution in steel!

7.112

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.56

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

Individual Webinar Registrants


CEU/PDH Certificates
Within 2 business days
You will receive an email on how to report attendance from:
registration@aisc.org.
Be on the lookout: Check your spam filter! Check your
junk folder!
Completely fill out online form. Dont forget to check the
boxes next to each attendees name!

Theres always a solution in steel!

Individual Webinar Registrants


CEU/PDH Certificates
Within 2 business days
Reporting site (URL will be provided in the forthcoming
email).
Username: Same as AISC website username.
Password: Same as AISC website password.

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.57

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

8-Session Registrants
CEU/PDH Certificates
One certificate will be issued at the conclusion of
all 8 sessions.

Theres always a solution in steel!

8-Session Registrants
Quizzes
Access to the quiz: Information for accessing the quiz will be emailed to you by
Thursday. It will contain a link to access the quiz. EMAIL COMES FROM
NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG
Quiz and Attendance records: Posted Wednesday mornings.
www.aisc.org/nightschool - click on Current Course Details.
Reasons for quiz:
EEU must take all quizzes and final to receive EEU
CEUs/PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take quiz for CEUs/PDHs.
REINFORCEMENT Reinforce what you learned tonight. Get more out of the
course.
NOTE: If you attend the live presentation, you do not have to take the quizzes to
receive CEUs/PDHs.

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.58

AISC Night School


March 29, 2016

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics


Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered
Columns

8-Session Registrants
Recording
Access to the recording: Information for accessing the
recording will be emailed to you by this Thursday. The recording
will be available for two weeks. For 8-session registrants only.
EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG.
CEUs/PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take
AND PASS the quiz for CEUs/PDHs.

Theres always a solution in steel!

Thank You
Please give us your feedback!
Survey at conclusion of webinar.

Theres always a solution in steel!

118

Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
7.59

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