Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Educational
PRODUCTS
CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
3
4
4
4
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1:
Experiment 2:
Experiment 3:
Experiment 4:
5
5
6
8
Simple Pendulum
Compound Pendulum
Centre of Percussion
Determination of the Acceleration due to Gravity by
means of a Kater Pendulum
Experiment 5: Bifilar Suspension
Experiment 6: Mass-Spring Systems
Experiment 7: Torsional Oscillations of a Single Rotor
Experiment 8: Torsional Oscillations of a Single Rotor with Viscous
Damping
Experiment 9: Torsional Oscillations of a Two Rotor System
Experiment 10: Transverse Vibration of a Beam with One or More
Bodies Attached
Experiment 11: Undamped Vibration Absorber
Experiment 12: Forced Vibration of a Rigid Body - Spring System with
Negligible Damping
-Spring
System
14: Forced Damped Vibration of a Rigid Body -Spring
10
11
12
14
16
19
20
24
25
System
REFERENCES
27
29
31
A-1
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
The TQ Universal Vibration Apparatus enables
studentsto perform a comprehensiverangeof vibration
experimentswith the minimum amount of assembly
time andthe maximumadaptability.
The experimentslead the studentthroughthe basics
of vibration theory by, initially, very simple
experiments which make way for those of a more
extensivenatureas experimentalaptitudeincreases.
Although the policy of the experimentsis to give the
student a general insight into experimental methods,
there hasbeensomeattemptto evoke further study and
critical appreciationby questionsposed at the end of
someof the tasks.
Figure1 TM16universalvibrationapparatus
TQ Universal Vibration
Portal Frame
List of Components
--
.-- .--
~
--0
--
0'-
<D>
IP~rt No.
Descrl~
181
Pendulumsub-frame(crosa
82
C2
C3
101;1
D3
D4
D5
Experiment
1 ,2.3.4,5
S.
Godball
S.
baR
K
ndulum
W
ndul~
Sin
ndulum
BiNar8~sion
--
87
~1
~
.~
5
jTop adjustinga~1y
lG4JQe~sh~
(Spring)
1
~ing
platform
6,12,13.14
6
~
10
I~~...n_~
~~~
1= =,11fY
\ Out-of-balance
10
discs
I Beam ~
14
~~
\E1
- t2.1~.14
10,11
!2t!1
Su
i E3
E5
Su
E6
Contactor
F:11
G1
l!:!!
I~
It for micrometer
10,11
r10~3.14
10,11
11
IVlbratio~ 8t1S9rber
10,11
.f
(16&':!!!dian!8ter) l!1
IK3
~
~~
Shaftau
Pe
Rotor8
~r8nt
!
8
drum
011
~
c!
8
Table 1
The oil suppliedwith the Universal Vibration Apparatus
is Shell Vitrea oil.
SECTION 3: EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1: Simple Pendulum
Introduction
One of the simplest examples of free vibration with
negligible dampingis the simple pendulum.The motion
is simple harmonic, and is characterised by the
equation:
dlx
--=-8.%
/
Procedure
Measureand note the length /, the distance from the
bottom of the chuck to the centre of the ball. Displace
the pendulum through a small angle 9, and allow to
swing freely. Once settled,measurethe time taken for
50 oscillationsandrecordthe periodic time, t.
Repeatthe procedurefor variousvaluesof / for both
the woodenball and the steel ball. Enter the results in
Table 2. Plot a graph for valuesof r againstvaluesof
length/.
t = 2n II
g
Results
BI
B2
B3
Length
(m)
Period 't
Steel
-r
Steel
0.10
.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
Lengu, of pendulum, I (m)
r=KI
where K is a constant equal to
4~
g
Hence the value of g, the accelerationdue to gravity,
canbe determined.
Figure3
Further Considerations
I. What inaccuracies exist in this method for
calculatinga satisfactoryvalue for g?
2. How can you overcometheseinaccuracies?
fQ Universal Vibration
Apparatus
The compound pendulum consists of a steel rod of
length 762 mrn and diameter 12.7min. The rod is
supported on the cross member B 1 by an adjustable
knife-edge which, when moved along the rod,
effectively altersthe valueof h discussedabove.
Procedure
]e = 0
IA
axis;
9 = Angular displacement;
fA = Moment of inertia of the body aboutthe swing
axis.
This is simple harmonicmotion so the constant:
rh=~2+~2
g
!!!!!!. =r02
IA
d 6L
' d"
2K Th" "
an ulepeno Ictlme t=-.
IS gIves:
CD
't = 2nII
~-;;;gh
IA
=IG + m~
and
In = mJ!
where k is the radius of gyration of the body about axis
through the mass centre parallel to the swing axis.
Therefore,
Table 3
Theoreticalvalue ofk can be found using Routh's Rule
which for a rod of small cross-sectiongives:
.2 =
TQ Universal Vibration
Further Considerations
I. Calculatethe length of the simple equivalent
pendulum
for theabovecasewhere
~
=21tH
(simplependulum)
is equalto
for a compoundpendulum.
2.
TQ Universal Vibration
Sikiable~t;
Figure 7
Detennine the centre of gravity of the pendulum by
resting the board. with the steel weight at distancey.
&om a knife-edge support. The distance h &om the
knife-edgeof the pendulumto the balancingknife-edge
canthen be detennined(seeFigure 7).
For each position of the steel weight measurethe
time taken for 20 completeoscillations and record the
resultsin Table 4.
From the valuesof t and h in Equation(I) calculate
the valueof kAand comparewith the theoreticalvalues.
Results
Table 4 will indicate the variation of periodic time as
the radius of gyration about the point of suspension
varies.Calculatea theoretical value for k. the radius of
gyration about the centre of gravity, from the
dimensionsof the pendulum.
Test
Number
t = 21&
1*i 2
k
1m)
.1
2
~
~
5
gh
(1)
where
kl
kA
(m)
Table 4
Procedure
Time for 20
oscillations
k2 + h2
h
where
/
k
TQ Universal Vibration
Procedure
Adjust the length of the simple pendulum(86) so that
the length of the bob from the knife-edgeis equalto the
length of the compoundpendulum. Allow the simple
pendulumto swing, so that the sphericalbob strikesthe
edge of the compoundpendulumat its perigee(lowest
point of its path) and causesthe latter to swing.
By constraininghorizontal movementof the simple
pendulum in its V-groove, the only horizontal
TQ Universal Vibration
= 21t~ ~
1~
g~
't2 = 21t1M~ ~
V-~
47
and
4r
=h]+k2
By arrangement
4r r.+~
-=+
g
2(11.
+~)
r.-~
2(11.
-~)
Apparatus
The apparatusrequiredfor this experimentconsistsof a
pendulum having two adjustable knife-edges and an
adjustable cylindrical bob (B4) suspendedfrom the
hardenedsteelcross-beam(BI). SeeFigure 8.
Figure 9
Find the cenb'eof gravity of the pendulumby balancing
it on a knife-edge and measuring hi and h2, the
respectivedistancesof the knife-edgesfrom the cenb'e
of gravity. The distancebetweenthe two edges is the
lengthof the simple equivalentpendulum,L.
Results
Ih1=O.2om
1't1=
1~.O.30m
112.
1
1
Table 5
4r
g
= J!f...:!~ + J!f...:!..:!ll
2(~+~)
2(~-~)
TQ Universal Vibration
Apparatus
Procedure
With the bar is suspendedby the wires, adjust length L
to a convenientsize, and measurethe distancebetween
the wires, b. Displacethe bar through a small angleand
measurethe time taken for 20 complete oscillations.
From this, calculatethe periodictime.
Adjust the length of the wires, L, and measurethe
time taken for a further 20 swings. Increasethe inertia
of the body by placing two massessymmetrically on
either side of the centreline distance x apart, and
repeatingthe procedurefor various valuesof L and the
distancebetween the masses.Calculate the radius of
gyration k of the system as previously outlined.
Tabulatethe resultsin Table 6.
Figure 10
Results
I
Test
number
L
(m)
't
~Jml/=m~!
(ml)
I (kg)
I (kgmz)
1~
4
Table 6 Results for bifilar suspension
It is instructiveto comparethe value of I obtainedin a
particular test with the value of I detemlined
analytically,using L~mx2.
Figure 11
This equationof the angularmotion is:
,
Id2e
mgb2
~pe
dtL
4
gb2
9+,--:-,-,9=0
4klL
gb'
where I is moment of inertia about swing axis through
G(J=mf).
Further Considerations
1. Somenoteworthypoints will have arisenas a result
of performing this experiment. Write out your
conclusions.
2. How would the radius of gyration, and hence
moment of inertia, of a body using the bifilar
suspensionbe determined?
TQ Universal Vibration
Figure 13
Figure 12
Ax
is the 'deflection coefficient' in
4F
metresper newton.
The reciprocal of this is the stiffness of the spring
and is the force required to produceunit deflection. A
rigid body of massM under elastic restraint,supported
by spring(s).fonDSthe basisof all analysisof vibrations
in mechanical systems.The basic equation is of the
form:
Slope of the line
Mx=-k;x
where k = stiffness of the spring
Procedure: Part A
Fix the specimenspring to the portal frame, with the
loading platfonn suspendedunderneathand the guide
rod passingthroughthe guide bush.Carefully adjustthe
systemto ensurethat the guide bush is directly below
the top anchoragepoint, since any misalignment will
produceexperimentalerrorsdueto friction. Friction can
be minimisedby usinggreaseor oil aroundthe bush.
Using the gauge measurethe length of the spring
with the platfonn unloaded.Add weights in increments,
taking note of the extensionin Table 7, until reachinga
suitable maximum load. Remove the weights, again
noting the length at each increment, as the system is
unloaded.From thesevaluesdetenninethe mean value
of extensionfor the spring.
M
~.
DefI-.l:tlon x
Loadlnq
Unloadin~
Mean k
Imml
~.
'C-
~7tJ
~
...Q!
Q
Apparatus
Figure 13 showsthe requiredset-upfor the experiment.
Suspendanyone of the three helical springs supplied
from the upper adjustableassembly(CI) and clamp to
the top memberof the portal frame.
To the lower end of the spring is bolted a rod and
integralplatform (C3) onto which 0.4 kg massesmay be
added.The rod passesthrougha brassguide bush,fixed
to an adjustableplate (C2), which attachesto the lower
member.A depth gaugeis supplied which, when fitted
to the upper assemblywith its movable stem resting on
the top plate of the guide rod, can be used to measure
deflection,and therebythe stiffness,of a given spring.
-.1!
2.0
M
-1:!.
..1.1.
M4.0
Table 7
Plot a graph for the extension against load, and from
this determinethe spring stiffness,k.
TO Universal Vibration
Procedure: Part B
Add massesto the platfonn in varying increments,pull
down on the platfonn and releaseto produce vertical
vibrations in the system.For each incrementof weight
notethe time taken for 20 completeoscillationsin Table
8, and from this calculatethe periodictime, "to
: Meancoil diameter:
Meanwire diameter:
Number of coils:
Time for 20
oscillations
At
k
Period't
(6)
(a2)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Mass,M (kg)
5.0
6.0
,
..
Table 8
Note that
't2
(~)M
E
.5.
Ic
c
0
~
.
~
1.0
2.0
3.0
Mass, M' (kg)
4.0
Further Considerations
1. State your conclusionsin the light of the results
obtained.Hasthe basictheory beenverified?
2. From the experimentsso far perfonned,discussthe
relative merits of each in calculating an accurate
valuefor g. Criteria for your commentsshouldbe:
a. Easeof experimentation;
b. Inherentinaccuracies;
c. Easeof computation.
3. Choosing some typical results, what error is
introduced in calculating g by neglecting the
effectivemassof the spring?
TQ Universal Vibration
't = 2x fJiVOJ
where:
L = Effective length of the shaft;
G= Modulusof rigidity of the materialof the shaft
J = Polarmomentof areaof the shaft section.
Apparatus
For experimentson undampedtorsional vibrations, the
inertia is provided by two heavy rotors, cylindrical in
shape, one 168mm diameter the other 254 mm
diameter.Figure 16 shows the smaller diameter rotor,
H2. The rotor mounts on a short axle, which fits in
either of the vertical membersof the portal frame, and
securesby a knurled knob.
The rotor is fitted with a chuck designedto accept
shaftsof different diameter.An identical chuck rigidly
clampsthe shaft, which is an integral part of a bracket
(II). This is at the sameheight as the flywheel chuck
and adjustable,relative to the baseof the portal frame.
Three steel test shafts are supplied - 3.18,4.76and
6.35 mm in diameter,each965 mm long.
Theory
Apply the basic energy equation: W = M to the two
phasesof the motion of the system.
Accelerationperiod
Decelerationperiod
- Tfn2(27t)=i~
- 0)2
mgh =
,mv'"+
J~
..
~
II,
Figure 16
By bolting two pairs of steel arms to each side and
attachingheavymassesat eachend, we can increasethe
Notation
m = massof the falling body (kg).
h = height of fall (m).
v = maximum velocity of the body striking ground
(m/s).
w = correspondingmaximum angular velocity of the
wheel (rad/s).
TQ Universal Vibration
Results
L
{!!!.!!!l
~
~
200
Time for 20
Perlod't
oscillations
~~L
~
~
375
450
Table 9
Oscillations
Further Considerations
1. Using the falling weight method, if the string
wrapped around the axle of the wheel instead of
aroundits rim how would this affect the results?
2. What change(s)in procedurewould be necessaryif
you useda steppedshaft insteadof one of uniform
sectionthroughoutits length?
TQ Universal Vibration
Experiment 8: Torsional
Oscillations
Introduction
In this experiment,the effect of including a damperin a
systemundergoingtorsional oscillations is investigated.
The amountof damping in the systemdependson the
extentto which the conical portion of a rotor is exposed
to the viscouseffectsof a gjven oil.
Theory
The equationof the angularmotion is:
K1
where a=-
=0
and b=-
k
J
e = ce(-a/2t)cos(Pt + ",)
where C and
. are constants.
K2
t=
2K
P
K3
K4
XD
Figure 18
Apparatus
Figure 18 showsthe apparatus,and consistsof a vertical
shaft gripped at its upper end by a chuck attachedto a
bracket(KI) and by a similar chuck attachedto a heavy
rotor (K3) at its lower end.
The rotor K3 suspendsover a transparentcylindrical
container,K4, containingdampingoil. The oil container
can be raisedor loweredby meansof knurled knobs on
its underside,allowing the contactarea betweenthe oil
in the containerand the conical portion of the rotor to
vary. This effectively varies the damping torque on the
rotor when the latter oscillates. Record damned
TQ Universal Vibration
(mm)
i1
~
~
~
~
~
Xs=
2
~
~
"
log.I~.
&'.
Table 10
Results
Plot a graphof lo8e(xo/ xn) to a baseof n. Confim1that
[r2-;-j;i.
Results
Tabulatetheseasin Table II
Figure20
TQ Universal Vibration
r
(mm)
25.0
37.5
~
82.5
~
87.5-
Mean radius
rm (mm)
Area A
(mm2)
A.rm
(mmJ)
~
~
18.75
25.00
~
~
~.75
~
g
1~
.
'5
0
c
.
~
c
~
!.
.
~
es
~
c
"Q.
E
.
Q
100
Dwnplng.,..
200
300
400
L
x eff8Ct1ve (me.n) radius mm x 10
Figure 21
State the probable relationship between the two
parameters.
Perlod'f
(s)
Constanta
Damping
coefficient
TQ Universal Vibration
Experiment
Introduction
With the addition of a second rotor, the apparatus
describedin Experiment7B can be usedto investigate
the oscillation of a two rotor system.For sucha system
the periodic time is:
t-
Procedure
~ GJ(/. + /2
where
II = Momentof inertiaof therotor 1;
h = Moment of inertia of rotor 2;
L = Length of the shaftbetweenthe rotors;
G = Modulus of rigidity of the materialof the shaft;
J = Polar second moment of area of the shaft
section.
~
4.76
_6.35
Table 12
11
k~!!!~-
12
-~~
Further Considerations
When oscillating torsionally, the two rotors oscillate
back-to-backabout a non-moving section of the shaft,
called the node.It is instructiveto locatethe position of
the node for a given pair of inertiasand their shaft.This
can be doneby introducinga third (dummy) rotor in the
form of a cardboard disc (of negligible inertia) and
moving it along the shaftto a position where it becomes
fixed in space.
Time for 20
oscillations
-
Period
't
Theoretical value of
period
TQ Universal Vibration
Experiment 10: Transverse Vibration of a Beam with One or More Bodies Attached
Introduction
The frequencyof transversevibrations of a beam with
bodies attached is identical to the critical (whirling)
speed of a shaft of the same stiffness as the beam,
carrying rotors of masseswhich COITespond
to those of
the bodieson the beam.
One has to think in terms of small size rotors,
otherwisegyroscopiceffectsare involved. In the caseof
a beam with just one body attached,the basic theory is
the sameas that in Experiment6. For a beamwith two
or more bodies attached,other methodscan determine
the frequency of free transversevibrations. Examples
are as follows:
Rayleighor energymethod(gives good results);
Dunkerley equation (only approximate,but quite
adequate);
Rigorous(accurate)analysis(arduous);
Experimental analysis, using the equipment
describedbelow, (fairly simple and quick).
Apparatus
The basic apparatusfor dris experimentis in Figure 23.
A bar of steel of rectangular cross-section(E6) is
supportedat eachend by trunnion blocks. The left-hand
support (01) pivots in two baII bearingsin a housing
locatedon the insideface of the vertical fi'amemember.
Frequency
((Hz)
kCJ
x 10
Natural
frequency
of
the
system,
i.
e. Deam
Dunkerley's equatior
is given by:
+
TQ Universal Vibration
m = 0, Ji = and/=h
00
f~
where
L =
F =
I =
mo =
(N/m1;
Secondmomentof areaof the beamsection;
Mass of the beam by itself (kg); no masses
attached.
00
= -j["i;11J:ii,+'~
Vibration
of a
Introduction
Damping forces are counteractingforces in a vibration
system,which gradually reduce the motion. Damping
occurs in all natural vibrations and may be causedby
Coulomb friction (rubbing between one solid and
another), or viscous resistanceof a fluid as in this
experimenton dampedtransversevibration of a beam
wherea dashpotis use.
Apparatus
This is shown in Figure 23 (the same set up as for
Experiment lOA, but with certain additions). In this
experimentyou will require the amplitude of vibration
and phaseangle.Fit a dashpot(02) and its support(E2)
to the beamto createdamping. Use the contactor(E5)
with its vertically mountedmicrometerto determinethe
amplitude and phase angle very accurately at any
exciting frequency. The electric circuit, of which a
stroboscopeis a part, completes when the contact
element(E5) touchesthe plungerof the micrometer.
Procedure
Allow the speed control unit time to warm-up, then
adjustthe micrometerplunger so that it just touchesthe
contactor.When the stroboscopeswitches to external
stimulus, a discharge occurs on contact. Take the
micrometerreading.Use this value as a datum position
from which valuesof amplitudemay be determined.
Energisethe motor to produce a definite amplitude
at a predetermined frequency. To determine the
amplitude,lower the micrometerheadand then bring up
again to produce contact. It is important that the
stroboscope discharges at a uniform frequency, so
careful adjustment must be made to ensure steady
conditions. At this point. find the amplitude of the
vibration by comparing the new micrometer reading
with that of the original datumposition.
You may also fmd the phaseangle by focusing the
stroboscopeon the graduateddisc on the motor shaft.
Since the stroboscopic discharge should be at a
frequencycorrespondingto the rotational speedof the
motor, the disc may be effectively stopped and the
phaseangle correspondingto the datum mark on the
motor read off. By following this procedurefor a range
of frequencies,you can assessthe effect of dampingby
varying the piston areaof the dashpotand thus altering
the dampingcharacteristicsof the system.
Rotate the two orifice plates inside the dashpot
relative to one another to vary the effective area.
Comparethe resultsobtainedwith thesesettingswith an
undampedcondition (the system minus dashpot).Plot
graphs of amplitude and phase angle against the
frequencyratio, ro/OOn i.e. (excitingfrequency/natural
frequency).
Massm kg
Figure 24 Graph of 1/r against m for the system
Ta Universal Vibration
Results
Motor speed
(rev/mln)
Motor speed
w
w
~
Phase angle
log (O)
Amplitude
x max. (mm)
(rev/mln)
.
.
Phase angle
log (O)
Amplitude
x max. (mm)
~
~
~
c.!!L
eoo
1.QQ...
~
~
121.9.
~
~
.~
~
~
~
~
.~
1075
1100
~
JJ.!!!.
~
1400
).l!!l:
1300
~
~
~
~
.~
2500
Table 16
Table 14
Phase angle
Motor speed
(rev/mln)
~
~
..lQQ.
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
1055
~
12!.
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
2500
Table 15
log (O)
Amplitude
x max. (mm)
17.36Hz
17.50Hz
17.58Hz
TQ Universal Vibration
Figure 26
0.5
1.0
sg, (ForcinG
1.5
freQuency)
Figure25
2.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
t. (Forclna freQuency)
fn (Natural frequency)
2.0
TQ Universal Vibration
Apparatus
Procedure
For a given frequency, the massesof the vibration
absorber are adjustable along their cantilevered leaf
spring so that the energy of vibration tJansmitsto the
absorber and the amplitude of the main (primary)
system,i.e. the motor andbeam,is reducedto zero.
The aim is to detenninethe length I, the distanceof
the centreof eachof the bodiesfrom the midpoint of the
cantilever so that the natural frequency of transverse
vibration of this sub-systemcon-esponds
to the running
speedof the main (primary) system,i.e. the motor and
the beam.
The fonnula for detenniningI is:
f=~~
2n V.m13'
Here
f
system;
m = Massof eachof the bodies;
EI = Flexuralrigidity oftbe doublecantilever.
Figure 27
Figure 27 shows the vibration absorber(GI) clamped
below the motor. It comprisestwo bodies of equal mass
TQ Universal Vibration
Experiment 12: Forced Vibration of a Rigid Body Spring System with Negligible Damping
Introduction
When external forces act on a system during its
vibratory motion, it is termed forced vibration. Under
conditions of forced vibration, the systemwill tend to
vibrate at its own natural frequencysuperimposedupon
the frequencyof the excitationforce.
Friction and dampingeffects,though only slight are
presentin all vibrating systems;that portion of the total
amplitude not sustained by the external force will
gradually decay. After a short time, the system will
vibrate at the frequency of the excitation force,
regardlessof the initial conditionsor natural frequency
of the system.In this experiment,observeand compare
the natural frequency of the forced vibration of a
rectangularsectionbeamwith the analyticalresults.
Theory
Amplitude:
Resonanceoccurs when b -
<Ii
= o. So the critical
Apparatus
~1
D&-
05.
09,
Figure 28
-Spring!
-:f
D1
02'
D3
I'
01
[J6
Weight
'"
J5
..
T -&..I... ! S- S.I
Figure 29
I,
~ MLl
mLZ
1
F0 = Maximumvalueof thedisturbingforce;
ro = Angular velocity of rotationto the discs.
The aboveequationreducesto the fonD:
d29
+ ho9
= Asinro/
TQ Universal VIbration
C~
m
m
m
Table 17
The
S
b=-=
/A
Nm-J
kgm2
.,,: It
TQ Univel$8l Vibration
downward. The
dt
equationof the angularmotion becomes:
fAe
= -(c49}L) -
(s~e)~
Xo
xI
where:
9+a9+b9=O
Apparatus
The apparatus is as shown in Figure 28 and Figure 29 in
Experiment 12, except that the exciter motor is not
required since only free vibrations are of interest. The
Excitor Motor and Speed Control unit is required in
order to drive the drum on the recorder unit D7. The
system is set vibrating freely by pulling down on the
free end of the beam a short distance (15 - 25 mm) and
releasing. Use the chart recorder to obtain a trace of just
three successive amplitudes on the same side of the
mean position. Vary the damping by moving the
.
ratio
x
-!-
x,
~
~
~
0.25
Table 18 Maximum damping
Log
dec
Log
at
-
Constant
a =-cIJ. and
Amplitude
Procedure
Switch on the speedcontrol unit and connectthe lead
from the motor of recorder unit 07 to the auxiliary
supply socketon the Excitor Motor and SpeedControl
box. Set the dashpotat distanceL, (the distancefrom
the trunnion mounting to the centre of the beamclamp
09), and then pull the beam down a short distance,
underthe point of attachmentof the spring,andrelease.
Bring the recording pen into contactwith the paper
to produce a trace of the decaying amplitude of
vibration and thus produce a trace of the decaying
appliedamplitudeon the chart recorderpaper.
For a given piston area,selectand obtain tracesfor
various valuesof LI. Choosea different piston areaand
repeatthe process.
For eachpiston area and value L" use the trace to
evaluatethe logarithmic decrement.Find the periodic
time of one complete oscillation, 't, in the manner
describedin Experiment12.To recap:
Ln-
Length L1 (m)
.!L
Constant a
Damping
coeff c
(N/m S.1)
TQ Universal Vibr8tion
Length L1 (m)
Amplitude
ratio
x
-!..
X1
I
x
Log dec Log-!x,
Constant a
Damping
coeff c
(HIm s-')
0.10
0.15
Q.~
Table 19 Minimum damping
1:7
.
it
E
MaxImum
piston
aree
I
.
I
Z
C.I
i
S
'A. E
t7'
~rea
TQ Universal Vibration
where
m = Mass corresponding to hole in each disc (kg);
r = Radius to centre of hole (m);
(3)
It can be shown that:
Dm
!_-J 9 = (Fsin(JX)4~_~e)f1-(~9~
which reduces to the standard fonn:
= Asinrot
Asin(CIJt
- 41)
~(b-w2r+<0202
= 1-{~/~}
(5)
{)
!.m!!090
9+00+b9
(4)
Theory
The out-of-balanceforce is:
C1) =
Dm
(J)
(rad/s);
Circular frequencyof free undampedvibration
(rad/s).
Apparatus
Figure 29 showsthe apparatuswith the dashpotadded
and the addition of an extra item: a plate clampedto the
out-of-balancedisc. The plate holds a piece of circular
paper.
The recording pen fits to pivot (08), which clamps
to the upper memberof the frame and clips above the
frame when not in use. The pen makes a trace of the
locus of the point at any radius on the rotor. Since the
rotor is capable of vertical as well as rotational
movement,you can obtain a trace from which the phase
lag can be determined.
Procedure
Lfm =
90
(2)
where
k
= 84 (torsionalstiffnessof thebeam).
andaregivenbyx = Le so:
TQ Universal Vibration
speed
motor
locity
(rad/s)
(rev/min)
(iv)
!!!!l.
w
Amplltude
X- (mm)
Wn
~
Ph-.
~v
angle
lag
(O) I
(vi)
Static deflection
~vm
I
(mm)
Dynamic magnifier
(Dm)
~
~
~
~
650
660
m.
~
~
a
Table 20 No damping
II
'II
Excitor motor
Angular velocity
speed (rev/min) of disc m (rad/s)
560
625
~
~
zoo
I -900
Table21 Dampino
Jill}
w
w
(Iv)
Amplitude
x-
(mm)
(vII)
(vi)
Static deflection Dynamic magnifier
I
(D",)
(mm)
I
Ta Universal Vibration
180
150
120
C
~
.190
60
30
, ,.
0~-
- ~-
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
m/m.
1.10
1.15
SECTION 4: REFERENCES
J. Hannahand R.C. Stephens
Examples"
EdwardArnold 1972London
W
.T. Thompson
"Theoryof Vibration"
Allen & Unwin 1981London.
W.W. Seto
"MechanicalVibrations"
SchaumOutline Series,McGraw-HilI, 1964USA.
J.L. Meriam
"Dynamics- 2nd Edition"
JohnWiley 1971USA.
J.P. Den Hartog
"Mechanical Vibrations"
McGraw-Hili 1956 USA.
S.P. Timoshenko
"Vibration Problems in Engineering"
4th Edition, Wiley 1974 W. Sussex, UK.
and
Operation
Motor/Tacho-Generator,
TM16f
(F1)
Ensure all switches are in the 'oW position before
proceeding and the motor and/or recorder has been
physically installed as outlined previously.
I.
2.
3.
Connect
to a suitable
mains
supply.
Connect the motor to the socket marked 'd.c.
motor'.
Switch the unit on and adjust ilie motor speed using
ilie 'Set Speed' control.
automatically