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BQ GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

HoT

ToAN HoC VIET NAM

NN

l0rzop
,,:,.

i#

iiIn;",n,.il

?illiliiiriiiiiili

rap cni na xcAy rs uANc rHAxc

B$

ffi

ln\
NGRV flR SC

BRCTo|lil

ll0(

Ull

ruil lll( DRU IIfl

TOAN HoC vA TUbI TRE


MATHEMATICS AND YOUTH
MUC LUC
Trang
a Brio todn hoc vd tud

i tri trbn tud i 30

o Ddnh cho cdc bun Trung hoc co s0


For Lower Secondary Sch.ool l,euel Friends
Vu Huu Binh - Ding bdt ding thrlc Cdsi

dd tim crrc tri trong hinh

Tdng bidn tdp :


.

hoc.

Gidi bdi ki trudc

bii

cria sd

Phd t6rug bi4n

fip

NGO DAT TTJ

Solution of problems in preuious issue


Cric

NGUYE,N CANH TOAN

HOANG CHONG

204.

ra ki ndy
Problenr in this issue
Cac bdi tr) T1/208 ddn T10/208,L11208,L21208

D'A

Ban ui hi4't

ll

Do you knout ?
Lai Iich cria cdc ddu +,

hoc
Phan Thanh Quang vA. cdu chuy6n tinh
dung trong tod.n

-, x,

13

Todn hoc
14

Ong kinh cdi cdch duy vr) hoc todn

Kaleidoscope : Refornt of Maths Teoching

Bio, Nguy6n H"y

Doan,

Nguy6u ViCt Hei, Dinh Quang


HAo, Nguy6nXuAn Huy, Phan

Huy Khdi, Vu Thanh Khidt,


Le Hei Kh6i, Nguy6n Van
M5u, HoingL6 Minh, Ng:;y6n

o,nd

Khdc Minh, Trdn Van Nhung,

LA

Nguy6n Dang Phdt, Phan


Thanh Quang, Ta F{dng
QuAng, Dnng Hing Thdng,

Nguydn Vctru Mdu


cria m6t da giric

Ket quA cu6c thi dec bi6t chdo ming 30 narn


tudi trd
Girii

trl

14

Phdn hoach tam gidc

bzio Todn hoc vd

rAp

Nguy6n CAnh Toin, Hoing


Chring, NgO Dat Trl, LO Khdc

-:

Learning
Dinh Chd.u - Chfng minh m6t dinh li
trong bdi dudng ti6m cAn

HOI D6NG SIEN

1b

16

Vfr Dtrong Thr+y, Trdn Thdnh


Trai, Ld Bri Khrlnh Trinh, Ngd
Vi6t Trung, Deng Quan Vi6n.

todn hqc

Fun with Matlrcm.atics


Binh Phuang - Chay nhu the ndo
Trdn Tud.n Nam. - Thay chtr bang sd

Bia 4
Bia 4

Tru sd tba soan :


458 Hirng Chudi, He NQi
DT: 213786
231 Nguy6n Vin Cfi. TP Hd Chi Minh DT:356111

Bin tdp ud. tri sU; V0 XttVt TH{JY


Trinh bdy; DOAN HbNC

r;fu{pg 10 narn 1994 Bri.o TOAN HOC VA


I tudf tRf, aa ra ddi phuc vu ban doc ld
c6c thanh thiSu ni6n y6u to5.n v6i muc dich

khi sli ndi, ltd.o hirtg hoc tod,n


trong thanh thiAu nidn, dQc biet ld hgc siruh
cac trudng phd thdng cd,p 3 hgii3, nay lit cac
tntitn.g phd thOng trurug hgc chuyen han)".
"Gd.y hh1rug

Ngay tt khi mdi ra doi TI{VTT da duoc cAc


ban tr6 hoan nghdnh vA y6u thich. Tr) kh6p
ndi tr6n mi6n Bic, ban doc da grli thu vd tba
soan bay t6 ni6m hdn hoan sau khi doc s6 brio
ddu ti6n. M6t phong trio hoc to5n vi giAi toan
da drroc ddy ln trong c6c trrrdng hoc, xi
nghiQp, cd quan, cdng trtfdng, n6ng tnidng vd
trong quAn d6i.

ban doc t6i c1,c trttdng phd th6ng trung hoc cd


s6. B6t ddu tt nam 1993 bao THVTT di dtroc
chuydn thinh tap chi vi xudt bAn m6i th6ng
rrrQt kj, vdi sd ltrong phdt hdnh m6i kj' gdn
15.000 bAn.

Qua 30 nAm hoat d6ng


cci

thd thdy

vi

phuc vu ban doc

- Nhim ddng muc dich vd ddi trrong cua


minh THVTT da thuc su gay duoc mdt khdng
khi s6i ndi, hio hrlng vi phong trio say mO hoc
to6n vi giAi torin rdng rdi trong cdc hoc sinh
ham hoc, ddc bi6t li trong c6c hoc sinh y6u torin
phd th0ng trung hoc co sd vi chuydn han.
- Ngoni vi6c dcing grip ddng kd vdo vi6c
ndng cao chdt lrrong hoc tip vd trinh d6 to6n
0

,il

,{

BAOTOAIIIOCI,t

ItIfiM[ ffiONItIil IO

Nhung nam ddu ti6n, b5.o ra m6i thring mdt


Vd sau do Anh hrtdng cria cudc chi6n tranh
dc li6t tr6n mi6n Bic nrrdc ta b6o phAi ra hai
thring mdt kj'. Tuy vAy nhd cci su quan tam
dnc bi6t cira co euarr chfi quin luc bdy gid la
Ily ban khoa hoc Nhd ntrdc, nhd cd srr giup'dcl
nhi6t tinh cua c6c cd quan xudt bAn, 5n lo6t,
phdt hanh b5o chi, brru didn c6ng vdi nhrrng
cd gang ki6n tri vi tich cuc crfa ban bi6n tAp,
tba soan vd cdc ban c6ng tdc vi6n Brio THVT?
dA vuclt, qua gian nan, thrl thdch vdn d6'n vdi
ban doc khip noi.

kj'

(ju6c khring chi6.n gidnh ihdng nhdt ddt


nrrdc kdt thric thSng loi nam 1975 de tao di6u

ki6n cho brio THVTT rrid reing dia bin hoat


d6ng ra cho cA nudc. M6t phong trdo doc bdo
va giAi bdi tr6n b5o THVTT lai s6i ndi trong
c6c

nhi trrrdng

c:iua cL.c

tinh, thdnh m6i duoc

hinh tang l6n


16 r6t. THVTT d5 trd thdnh di6n dln chung
giAi ph<ing. Sd lttong brio phrit

cho cdc thAy c6 girio vi c5c hoc sinh trong cA


nrl6c. Tuy vAv, trong nhtng nam cria thap ki
80 khd khan m6i ddn v6i brio THVTT kh6ng
phAi ld it. Song nhd srr c6ng tfc nhi6t tinh vA
to ldn cria d6ng d6,o c6.c ban cdng t6c vi6n, ban
bi6n tAp vA dic bi6t la su tng h0 tich c{c cria
Nhi xudt bAn Gi6o duc b6o THVTT dE ludn
ludn cf,i tidn vA ddi m6i, md r6ng ddi tuong

cta cdc hoc sinh, THVTT cbn cri ddng g<ip


quan trong trong vi6c nAng cao chdt luong bii
BrAnB, trinh d6 vi lbng y6u ngh6 cria cic thay
c6 girio trong c6c trrrBng phd th6ng trung hoc.
hoc

- C6 ti.c dung sdu xa vd trong ydu d6i vdi


vi6c phdt hi6n vi bdi ddOng nhilng Lii nAug
tr6 ldm nbng c6t cho vi6c nhanh chcing dio tao
vi. xAy drrng ddi ngfr cdn b6 khoa hoc kf thuAt
ndi chung vi to6n hoc nrii ri6ng.
Danh gi5 thinh tfch cira brio THVTT trong
20 nam ddu, H6i d6ng Nhd nudc nrr6c COng
Hba Xd HOi Cht Nghia Vi6t Nam d6 tang
thudng bao THVTT Hud.n chuong lao d.6rug
lwng Nhi. DAy ld phdn thrrdng cao quy vi vinh
drr l6n lao mi Nhi nrr6c dinh cho tAp thd l6n
nhtng ngudi da gdp c6ng g<ip srlc xAy drrng vd
lim n6n thdnh tich cho b6o THVTT.
Dd g<ip phdn vio ning cao ldng say m6 ddi
vdi to6n hoc., dd chip crinh cho nhfrng r16c mo
cria tudi tr6 trong vi6c chidm linh cric dinh cao
cria tri tu6 THVTT rdt mong drroc srr dcing g<ip
cta d6ng dAo c6c c6ng tric vi6n. NhAn dip ngny
kj'ni6m ddy y nghia nhy THVTT xin duoc bdy
t6 loi cAm on ddn tdt cA. nhitng c6 nhAn, doin
thd, co quan dd h6 trg c6ng tric v6i THVTT
trong 30 nim qua.

ToAN HoC vA TUdI TRE

Dinh cho c5c

bT T*rrg hoc Co s6

T}UNG NAT DANG THUC COST


DE TiM CUC TRI TRONG HiNI-I HOC
eiNn
tri trong hinh hoc thr.rdng canh d.y mQt hinh binh hdnh. Tint ui tri cila
cci dang nhd sau :
M dd hinh binh hirnh d.y c6 diAn ich. lon nhdt.
Trong tdt cil cric hinh c<l cr)ng m6t tinh
5c bdi to6n crJc

chdt, tim hinh sao cho mdt dai luong ndo dri
(d0 dai doan thing, sd do gcic, sd do di6n tich...)
c<i GTLN hoac GTNN.
MOt trong cac phtrong phrip giAi to6n ctrc
tri hinh hoc ld sir dung cdcbdtdingthrlc, trong
dri ccj bdt thing thrlc COsi.
Hoc sinh l6p 8 PTCS drroc ldm quen v6i bdt

d&ngthrlcCosidrrdi danc (
*12

>

xyhoac

d c:ic bni to6n cdc tri hinh hoc,


bdt ding thrlc ndy dttoc srl dung du6i c6c dang
sau
(x + y)2 >- 4xy.
:

Tim grd tri nh6 nhdt :


Dang I : (x + y)2 > 4xy hoac x2 + y2 > Zxy.
1.

-D?ng2:r

(x

v\2

xy

>

4.

- Dang 3 : Ndu tich xy ld hi.ng s6 thi tdng


r *y nh6 nhdt khi vi chi khi r : 3l.
2. Tim gi6 tri l6n nhdt
- Dang 4 : 4xy < (x + y\z hodc 2-xy < x2 + y2.
:

-D?nss'(.x2+

Y)"

= I.
+

Dang 6 : Ndu tdng r +y ln hing s6 thi tich


xy l6n nhdt khi vd chi khi r = ./.

BEMF, dt(BEMF) : S', dtfABC)


Cdn tim GTLN cria S'.
K6 AK T BC, AK c6I EM
S' = EM.HK,

S (const).

H. Ta

cci

1
S' :2 EMKH
S:=BCAl<ndn
- -', BC', AK'
'-"'" S
- 2
- chu ! ring
DAt MA : x, MC = !,
EMxHKy
:
(dinh li Talet)
BC = *.+ y' AK * + y
^ ,s' : ?.xy
nen
s @+rt'
Theo bdt ding thrlc COsi d4ng 5 thi
S' _ 2-xv _.
1 dci
_
<- 2'*Do
ma-xS,: =S. Khi
S
2-'
@ +y)z
dci r = y, tilc l?L M ld, trung didm cria AC.
Khai thdc bai todn L, tt
s'1<r"'v rt s > 2. Do dd ndu S'ln hing
s
S,
__-________irr

Trong cdcbdt d&ng thtic tr6n, didu kin dd


ld x - y vit trr) c6c dang
1 vd 4, c6c dang khSc dbi h6i r vi. y lA cdc sd

s6 cdn S thay ddi thi

duong.

toan 2,

Du6i dAy ld m6t sd bdi tAp tim cuc tri hinh


hoc crj srl dung bdt ding thrlc Cdsi trong khudn
khd kidn thrlc l6p 8.

Blri to:in 2. Cho hinh binh hirnh BEMF.


DUng cdt tuydn qua M cd.t cdc canh cfia g6c B
tao thd.nlt. mQt tam gidc c6 diQn tich nh6 nhd.t.

xiy ra ddu ding thrlc

Blri to6n l. Cho LABC. Qua mQt didm. M


bdt hi thu\c canh AC, lti cd.c duitng th&ng song
song udi hai canh kia, chilng tao thd.nh udi hai
2

-in$ = 2, tacci bAi

Bdi torin ndy cdn cri thd di6n dat du6i dang
khric : Cho gric B khdc gdc bet vi mdt didm M
thu6c mi6n trong cta g<ic. Dqng crit tuydn qua

M cdt hai canh cria gdc B tao thdnh m6t tam


gidc c6 di6n tich nh6 nhdt.

S (x*v)2
Giii : Xet;s' : *- 'zxy > 2 (st dung

bdt

ding tht?c C6si dang 1).


Cdch giCLi hhac : Tnrdc hdt dung cdt tuy6n
qva M cit cec canh cta g6c B 6 A vd C sao
cho M la trung didm cira AC. X6t c6t tuydrr
bdt ki di qraM tao vdi c6t tuydn tnt6c hai tam
gi6c nh6, chrlng minh ring tam giSc nim trong
LABC cri di6n tich nh6 hon.
Blri torin 3. Trong c,ic hinh thang ABCD
BC ll AD) c6 dian ich S kh6ng ddi, E td. giao
clidnt cac duitng cheo, d hirth thang ndo ttti
LABE co din tich ldn nhdt ?
,

,,

:::,

,.,..............,,.,......,.

.'

.,

.,

,,:

Theo bdt ding thrlc C6si dang 5 thi


S'
:^ = xv - < ;.I Do dcj maxS' : ;l-S. Khi
4
4
S ---"
(-r +y)r
:
dd x y, tic ld hinh thang ABCD trr] thdnh
hinh binh hanh.
Blri toSn 4. Cho LABC uuing cCrn c6 canlt
huybn BC = a. Cd.c didm. D, E th,eo th,i tu thtt)c
eac canh AB, AC. VA DH ud EK uudng g6c u(ti
BC (H, K e BC). Tinh diQn tich ldn. nhd,t cio.
hinh thang DEKH klti D ua E thav d,di t;i trt
trn, cdc co,nh AB uir AC.

,..

S, ta cri : 25 :
(BH + KC).IIK. Ta thdy
tdng /BI{ + KC) + HK kh6ng ddi (bang o) n6n
tich (BII + [<{.:).HK 16n nhdt khi vA chi kiri

Giii : Goi dt{DEKItr) :

: {'DH + E&.HK :

Giii

: Dd thdy clt(ABE)

dtK)DE), det c6c


Dat dt(CEB) = S,,

di6n tich dri beng S'.


dt(AEDI : ,i,.
Tnrdc hdt la chftng minh rang S'2 :

Sr.S,:,

sr EC S' EC Si -s'
:
ThAt I'aY'
s ar s, = EA * s' = s.
+.S'l: S,S. rIr.
Drt BC : x, AI) : !,ta s6 bidu t;hi c6c li

sr s2 s'

.d S, S, S theor vdy.
thing

song song vdi

BD,

Qu:r C k6 dttdng

cat

AD 6 K. Ta

crj

DK : BC = x, d,t.@Cn = dt(ABCD) : S.
LACK ddng dang vdi LCEB va AA}JD nOn

sl
S
s2

(,

1-v)2'

_!_
(,

(2)

+ v)z

_tf
(, +v)4

s'

xy

(-r +y)2

ItK: ;2 lbdt ding thrlc Cdsi elang 6).


1o,1 : oz
Khi .Jd rnaxS =
g, hinh thang
2 i. ,
DEKH cd rltti'lng cao HK : *, ..i vo so hinh
2'
HH + KC =

thang nhrJ vAy.


Bhi tor{n 5. Cho doa,n thang AB uit duitng
thang d song song uii nhanr. Tinr ctidnr M (lI
uit d na.m khac phia ddi udi AB) soo cho cac
tio. MA, MB too udi tludng thang d tlfinh nrOt
tant giac c6 dian ilch rtlt6 nhcit.

GiAi : Goi C vi D li c6c giao didm cua c6c


tia MA vd MB v6i drrdng thing d,,
dtMCD): S, A1{ vd AK ld dudng cao cr}a
LMAB vd AMCD.DdtMH : x,AB = o (const).

HI{ = /l

rconst).

racci ABll cD**


CD=yy
MK = -1.
x*h
*
ak ltl

CD:L.

.r

1
a (x*h\z
Dodos=;CD.MK:;.i:
ZZx
+ 2hx -t lt2 a
n
rl
:r:r(x*2h*;) h2.

vi

Do o

&
/z

ln hing s6 n6n S nh6 nhdt ndu

It2
h2
r * .-- nh6 nhdt. Ta lai thav r vd li hai sd
-r"x
drrong cd

tich khdng ddi (bing

cria chring nh6 nhdt khi vd chi

tu2)

n6n tdng
1r2

khiy trlc
-,

lirr = h (.bdt ding thric Cdsi dang 3).


Nhu vdv, cci r'6 sd didm M th6a min bdi
to5n, tdp hop cria chring ln dudng thing d' d6i
xfng voi dudng thing d qua truc A-8.
Biri to6n 8. Cho didnt A rud.m bAn bong
dd.i tao bdi hai duitng thang song song d ua
d'. D4ng didnt. B thuQc d, didm C thuQc d' sa.o
cho A.ABC uuotl7 d A uit, c6 diln tich ruh6 nhdt.

Ta cri 2sinacosa < sin2a + cos2a (bdt ding


thrlc C6si dang 4) mh sin2.r * cos2a = 1, do dd
tnax(2sinacosa) = 1.
Nhu v6y : S nh6 nhdt <.=a sina = cosa <=
a = 45". Bii torin cd hai nghiQrn hinh.
Cd.ch gid.i khhc : Khdng dat bidn s6lA gcic <z
mi datFIB = x, KC : y rdi 6p dung dinh li Pitago
vd bdt ding thfc (a2 + x'r(bz) > @b + ry)2
Cric bdi tod.n tr6n cho thdy khA nAng vdn
dung b5t ding thrlc COsi dd giAi torin cr,tc tri
hinh hoc khd phong phu. N6n lttu y uic kinh
nghiOm sau
1 - Chf y ddn c6c dai luong kh6ng ddi
dt(ABC\ d bhi torin l; dt(BEMF) d bei todn 2,
dt(ABCD\ d bii todn 3, dO dai BC d bdi torin
4, d6 dai AB vd khoAng cach lt 6 biito6n 5, c6c
dO dai a vb. b d bii to6n 6.
2 - Bidu thi cric dai luong thay ddi bdi cic
bidn : c6c d0 dai x vd. y t1 c6c bdi toin 1,2,3.
d6 dai r d bii to6n 5, gcic a vi sina, cosa 6 bdi
to6n 6.
:

Ngodi c6ch bidu

phAi tim cdc

tri

thi trttc ti6p dai luong

theo c6c bidn (di6n tich S 6 cac

bdi tod.n 4, 5, 6), cbn ccj thd bidu thi gi6n ti6p
thdng qua cric ti sd trung gian (ti

"U

U cdc

bii

toSn 1 vi 3). Sau dd sri dungbdt ding thrlc C6si


tri cria bidu thrlc dang x6t.

dd tim cdc

Crc bdi tAp drt6i day dAnh

d6lqn

doc luy6:r t6.p

Bii to6n 7.Hay ndu cdch cAng rn6t sdi ddy


cri d6 dii a thAnh ba doan sao cho chung tao
vdi brlc tLldng cci sin thinh mOt hinh chu nhAt
di6n tich l6n nhdt.
B}ri todn 8. Cho LABC vu6ng cdn 6 A, c1.c
didm E vd tr' theo thf tu thu6c cd:c canh AB
vd AC sao cho AE : CF. Xac dinh vi tri cta
E vd F d] tf giric BEFC cri di6n tich nh6 nhdt.
cci

:,

.,.,:.:.:::..

,:..:.::: "

,,r,,,,,,,,,,,,.,, ,.

.
,,,,, .... ..

.,,.

,.

'

Giii : Goi 1{ vi K ld c6c hinb-c-hidu-r:rrqA


tr6n d vd d'. Dnt &(ABC) : S, HAB : ACK:
: ct, AH : o (const), AK = b (const).

ab
Tacci:AB=cosd
AC - -slna
ndn

ab

S = =.=--.
Do dci : S nh6 nhdt
2sinacosa

2sinacosa l6n nhdt (1).


V6i kiSn thdc ldp 11 ta

cci

<+

ldi giAi khd ng6n

: sin2a. Ap dung bdt ding


thrlc sin2a < 1, ta ccj max(sin2a) = | e
2a : 901' <+a - 45o.
Hqc sinh l6p 8 chtra hqc c6ng thric
2sinacosa = sin2a (cd thd chfng minh drroc
gon : 2sinacosa

c6ng thrlc ndy bing kiSn thrlc ldp 8), hon nrfa

chrla cci khrii ni6m vd sin9Oo. Tuy nhi6n ndu


nhin bidu thtlc 2sinacosa dtt6i con m6t vAn
dung bdt ding thrlc COsi, ta tim drroc ldi giAi
phn hop vdi l6p 8 mi ctng ngdn gon mdt c6.ch
bdt ngd :
4

Httdng ddn : Dat AE : x, AF : y, chri y


r +y khdng ddi.
Bhi to6n 9. Giei bii toAn 8 n6u thay "tam
giric vu6ng cAn d A" bdi "tam giric cAn 6 A""
Bii to6n 10. Cho hinh vu6ng ABCD.Di6m
M thulc dudng ch6o BD, E vd F theo thrl trr li
hinh chidu cl0;a M tr6n AB vd AD. Didm M d vi
tri nio tr6nBD thi ACEFcci di6n tich l6n nhdt ?
HD : Chrtng minh dt(CEF) = dt(BEFD),
dua v6 bii torin 8.
rang

Blri to6n ll. Cho hinh binh hdnh ABCD.


didm M c6 dinh tr6n canh BC. Tim di6'm N
tr6n canh AD sao cho trl gi{,c MENF ccj di6n
tich l6n nhdt (E ld giao c{ra AM vd BN, F ld
giao cria DM vd CN).
HD : Ap dqng kdt quA cria bii torin

3.

Nh{n x6t. (lii 5l

bAi giii. trong s6 rl(r cri 2 bii gi;li sai.


C5c tran sau dAv clt liti l4idi rdr : 'f6ng Ngi*-'l'r1 (7M Munt' Curie, IId Nqii), Nguy6n Ngoc i)6zg (9NK'IhuAn'I'hz)nh. IIa
tsAc).7'rbt Ngu,-tn Ngoc (9K. PI'1'}I l.e Lt)i. Il) 'fAv). N;rr.r'ia
/-i /.rrt (li,\,- PTCS l)Anr l)r!i. Minh Ikii;. Li Qtt,tttgNitrt
(xl chtrve n l)ilc Phir. Qrring Ng;ri1.

T1/204 : Chfing ntinh rd,ng tbn tai cac


sd nguy1n d.uong r,!, z, t tlzda mon dang thtlc.
1gx2 +Syq + lgg1xtel; - ttqq-)
Ldi gi6i : Ta sC chrlng minh rhng tdn tai
vd han c6c sd nguyrOn duong r, y, e, I th6a mAn
dang thrlc trong dd bli.
1'h4t r'6y, dat o - 2.9.1945: 35010 duoc
o = 1.129 (mod 1993.). Vi 1993 lh sd nguy6n
t6 n6n tdn tai vO han cdc sd nguyOn duong n
dd a,n * 1 chia hdt cho 1993.
Ddy ring 19 +5 + 1890 = 1914.
Vqy ndu ta det

I)AN(i VI F:N

BAri

Bei T3/204 : Cho hinh uu1rug ABCD. Trn


canh BC ud-QQ ldy hai didnl tuong ung M uit
N so.o cha MAN = 45". BD cat AM ud. AN ldn

luot tqi
S^CIK =

uit K.

Chung minh

^MNIK

rr;

rLl

_i:n

.t = 1914r ,],: 1914" iz = l$|{t'rts.


-f
,,n

I = 1914Tr thi ta th5y cr5 r'6 han c6c sd r, -),.


z, / nhtt th6 th6a mdn ding thrlc dbi h6i r:ta

bii

to6n.
Nhiin xt. ('lc

\'l irtJr . t).

l''l'('S

barr s:,rtr tl::rv r:r! litr giiri tdt: Brii Quung


(i ianc Vo : A,q, l)t'tt: I hirth . !),\. Ili: \'in I):ln.

l)rjrr{ I);i. Il:r Nr-ri. l-? luitt.,lrth. Irttn;\6rl'Jrr,\g9c.9K.


I''fl'l I i:;ip II I-C Lr.li. lla Dnng. tl;r I'r''r'. i17 I'hu llttitng.9
'lirin. l'l'NK. ll:ii Iirlng. ('art ll.Iirth l)r?t.\)'l'.lrhan llt^ri Chilt.
Vinh, Ngh.'An. Nquvin'l'ri I)irng. () [. I'rrt(hg NK. t ln 'l'inh.
1'O N(;iJYEN

B,di T2l2O4. Gidi

,J - 2y

J-1

Liri giAi. Ta

plutong trinh :
z4 - 2x = -ll2

hQ

2z:

.1*

cri 2J, = rc

r,

xt.z=

'

.-

tt.z= zt.z= ri tt

^AKIAKAIl
^AMN.
ra , -AM

'r/r/7

t i.

Taco

/uo

AK.AI 1
AMAN = r=

cos45" =

-{Z

Sa"ux

sNiMN'

Suy ra dpcrn.
Nh{n x6t : Ngtvin Kitu ('trng 9M. Mari Qrr1,ri. ,\gi
l)ut l ltinh.9,\ Ild Vrin l):rn. llii Quang Mitth TIit'S tii:ing
-l'rung
Vo- A5zr,r'ia I')L?t l'htrrtttl4 qI I
Vttrtng. tli N0i ; Nlrnt'rr
Itoinq,1rth 9K Li:

LrJi. IIi'l'A1, ; IIodng Manh Qaang. il'['l'r.1n


I)iing Ninlr. Naur Dinh. Narn FIii : Phutn Ti.riitt Anh.9'1. Phun
]]ni ('hAu, L Si Dung^ 9A. 1'll('S ()uy ILlp. Nghe An;lIi
Si Iliiln. gNK Vinh Linh. l-t l/ro, 9NK l)irng iIi. Quing l-ri :
Lt Phtrit Dttnh. gi N1pv6n 'l-ri [,hri1ng. l-hit;r 'l-hi6n - [lrrd ;
NSzn,rin

'l-hnan

l$,Kioa.

9 'l't

I(lS'l'rijn Qudc'lo:in.

Phan Rang. N

ir-rh

; Ngtf in Tjtic L'in,9A Viin Diin.'IP IIfi Chi Minh


'frhn llttu Nlutn. gT Ngr-ry6n Binh Khinr. Vinh Ltrng l;r c:ic
ban cti l<ti giii rl(ng va ggn heln cri.

GiAi ra drroc nhAn tt thf hai vd nghi6m,


n6n nghiOm cria h6ld nghi6m cia nhAn tfl thf

nhdt hay

Phant l)i?u llilng. {)i\ Qufrc Ik_r Quv Nhrln. Binh l)inh

C ddi xtlng vdi A qua BD ndn

<=+S-/r = S,y,l,/r oSuttx =


2St<uN.
.^
Do ^
IAN : IDN :45" n6n tf giric IADN
n6i ti5p. Suy ra AI L IN.
Trrcrng tv AK,y&M Dsdg MIgN_ld, ttlgrec
n6i tiep. Suy ra AIK: ANM ; AKI : AMN.
.^
Trlc ln
CDt0f6,

0 n6n y>0.

2i tt -z(rl
o
t *r +1)
4t =
<=1x:* tf -z1r+|;'=o
<+1x?+1- *"-*)(x2+ +{Ix*f)=
<-1r+ *

giai : Vi

dpcm

Rrit,

Tuong tu, ta cring co r > O va z > 0. Ndu


r > y thi tr) 1 phuong trinh da cho, ta cd
:J -xl = 2(r -Jl > 0. suy razl >.t4 hayz > -r
(vi r', z > 0). Chtlng minh tucrng t!r, tr} z > r ta
cung cri1, > e, do ddJ > z > x >y, mau thuin.
Vay r < J (1). Bang cdch giA str y > x. t,a
c0ng chrlng minh duoc y > x (2). Tt (1) vd
(2.t, su1, l.a { = y. MQt cd"ch trtclng tu. ta ciing
cti.r' = z, do dei x = y = e. NhrJ v6y, hO trcl
thanh phtiong trinh.ra -2,x. +1
2

BAd

v0 rru rlrtjy
B,di T4l2O4 t Cho sd thqc a. X1t dd.y sd
bdi : x,, = a '
lx,,j duqc xac d.inh
xrt+t : | *n - 2- tt I udi mqi n = 0, 1, 2...
Chtng minh rd.ng day {xn} c6 gi6i han
httu han kh.i n --- *co u& hd,y tim gi6i han d.y.

Ldi giai. $heo


hoc HuO

LA

Anh vu, 10CT - Qudc

o X6t a I 0, a > 2. Trong tnrdng hqP niY,


bang phuong phap quy nAP theo z, dO dnng
chrlng minh drrdc rn > 2-n+1 Yn e N*. Suy ra
xn+ I : *n- Tn Vru 'N*, vi do d<i Yn >- 2 t'e ci :
x., = rr,- r- 2-n+' = *n-r- 2-n+2 - 2-n+1 :
Lt

-...

n-7
*&
S/ q-rr
L

IH

A_

- xl

- 2*"+1) : l" - 1l - 1a2-n+1 11;

(1

Vi lim 2-n+t

0 non

tn (1) suy ra

ll+

3limr,
ll+

vA : limrr,

la

1l

o X6t 0 < o < 2. Bang phrrong ph6P quy


nap theo ru, d6 ddng chrlng minh duoc 0 ( ,r,
< 2-n+l
n6n suy

N.. Ma lim2-r+l : lim0:0,

Vrz

""

1Y.'tari--*l

= o.

Ddu "=" x5y ta c+ho6c n = 2 hoac x,

_*fr
- ... - &n

S?

o V6i n = 2 hidn nhi6n

Qt= xfslxrxjlxrx, (
1x, + x, + 4)2 Sl
: --; vA ddu ":"
< ...B

Nha.
t:t

co

tt+@

=(

l; f ,. ,,.,, ,r lir sii ban giri t)i giii cho biri t.6n.

6ttt

+ la -21 I

ban cho lrri

giii

dinh li ve gioi han cir;r cic d5v s6

'lhut'

l0 l'. L.anr Sdn, 'Ihanh ll(ta) : Dinh T'hi Thtt


(l2l'.
Lrl(lns V:in l'uv. Ninh llinh) ; Drirug Llir Dtittg. Ddrtg l-ltanh
l/, (1(). P'l'C-l I)llsl'IIa Noi l): I)irth Thdnh 7-nrng (lL.
P'l'C-f l)l{TIl Ih Nrli) ; Vu-lhiinh Lortg 1l1C'l'. P'fNK IL'ri
(

Bei T5/204 z Cho x1, x-),...x^ ) 0 (n > 2,


n e N) ; xt*xz*...*x,, : 1. Dqt Qn =
: xjx2 ... xtr_l + ,{s ... a,, * xlx2... xr*fr.
Ching minh rang :

Qn: n,2.

Dciu bang xd.y

Ldi giai :

(theo Nguydn Thi Hdi


Ydn, l0CT Qudc hoc Hu6) : Ta chrlng minh
bii to6n 1 sau : "Cho 11, x2,... xn) >- 0 (n >- 2,
rz N). DAt S/, = xt *x21...*xnvd.Qn:
: xf 3...xn*xrxr... xnl...*xrxr...xn-r. Khi dri :
SN-L

Qn

4 urn"'

X6t him

(srnr

Cd.ch

xAy ra <+

)+'*+r

-'r*r)*-l
ltk-2

s6

n
:
fk) (Sr*i - r)t-1 [Sr*r +

- 1) r** 1J tron Io,H]


fk): &- l) fr(sr*r -r)k-2[sr.*

ta co

+ tkz

Qr*r <

1- (k+ 1)r] >

st*,
+ f(x) d6ng bien tren - . +
[0 fr 1]

Do dci

Sf *,
f(*t*) f(Sk+tlk+l)
:(A+1fi

nr
(vi o < r/.-r ( so +;fao (xr).

T=

Ddu "=" xAy

l'hr)ng).

NL'LlYl:N KlliC MINII

(sr+t -rr*r)fr-l [sr*r + (kz - 1)rr.+rl

IIdng) v) Phun Dinh li'tting 10(ll'. l'llPlNK l-riin l'h(.

ra khi niro

_-

kc'p.

2. Clac ban cri lrti gi:ii t6t : I-e Minh'l'rung (liC'f TrIPT'
Ngir Qrrven. Bin Fiira) ; l- Anh r{i (}ILri) ; I-t Minh IIiu

II:ii

"k+l ^t+1' k

sai. Nhieu ban t6 ra hidu cl-rtla dfing

Zn

Xl X2 = ... = Xn
Gia sr]-ta cci di6u cdn chrlng minh vdi
n : k, k > 3.X6t k + 1 s6rt, x2t ...>rtnl ) 0.
Kh6ng mdt tdng qu6t, coi rk* I = min {r7, rr....
ru*r] (*). Ta cci :
Q*l : xtx2... xk* *k*t @f2,.. x** xrx."'
,t * ... * xrxr... xo*)

*^: ;tlal

= S, =

1'+

hay : linr

c6 Qz

Y xr, xr>- 0.
. X6t n > 3.Ydi n = 3 d6 thdy cti

. Vay, tcjrn lai


..
ll, -11 -lnduo,<Ohodca>2
lrmr/r=10
nduo<o<2

tt+r

: x,

ra.*]

l*r=tr- " -xk


l.

Sr*t

<+

k+I

[*/L+1
x2 : .,. : xk+ l.
Nhu vAy, ta cci di6u cdn chrlng minh v6i
n = k * 1, vi theo nguyOn li qui nap, Bii torin
1 drroc chrlng minh.
Tt dd, v6i Sr, = 1 ta drroc bdt ding thrlc
cria bii de ra, vd ddu u-" xAy ra <"+hoac

oI1

= Zhodcr, : XZ:... = I., =! .1


Cd.ch 2 (theo Vo Hoir.ng Trung, THPT
chuydn Trd Vinh)
r V6i n : 2 hidn nhi6n c6 Qz : x., * x-, -

_1_
-l--.

.
-

xzl ...(r

... *-r, - rn). Vi r, + xz-*


rQ;r

1 n6n
+ (-1)lrl ...rn.
Hidn nhi6n xp nr ... , xn lA n nghi6m thrtc ciia
P(x), vit, do d<5, tr) dinh li Rolle, suy ra da thrlc
P'(x) = nxn-l - (n- l){-: +... + (-1),,-t Qncd

P(il

X6t n > 3. KhOng mdt tdng qudt, giA str

-rn

-.rrr

...

1 nghi|m thrc

(-1)"

Q,,

,i .4 ,..xi,-r: ;

ding thrlc C0si cho z 6m rf ,xi,...xi-, ta duoc :

Ap dung bdt

1 sd khOng

1.

+ 1, a ;!. Thit trtrc tidp


, c It2)
trinh

16

rdng + I vd

vdi t^
=
(.2

-;

,kh6ng

vao phudng

bao gid ln nghi6m.

thav vdo phrrong trinh t2t

,3'. ,1'.
tadrroc 1 - (Z) * (Z)":0hay
Bn

:2n+

: (3)'* (l)'

1c=5r

v6 nghi6m.
v6i n = 1 thi ,.,
Q, ,1,,,-t
v6in>ltacri
;*(;)'*Qn<nn,2' ,1, t2'n *(s)
,1.,
t=(E)*(e)'(e)
Ddu n=" xAy raxi - *i = ...= xl_t fll =
- x2 "' = xr, (do (1))'
kh6ng ld nghiOm
Y+V ro
> Zvi ddu
. Vay, t<im lai, q, *
1

I
?
?
d

u-n x6y ra<=hodc

,":*.r

fiYn

n : 2 ho5'c r, = x2 =

VAy phuong

,., =

trinh

Nhrln x6t : a) Biri


clch giii khAc nhau.

Nh{n x& : 1: Trong 38 bqn gili lcri girii cho trii to6n, cti
ldi giii sai (chri ydu do c:lc ban hi6u sai c:ic bdt
iling thitc cd bin, nhr: bdr ding thitc C6si. bdt rling thitc
Bunhiac6pxti, v.v...). 36 bqn b6 s6t truAng hdp n = 2 trong
16 ban cho

":" 6 bdt rJing thitc cua bil ra.


2. Cic b4n cri liti giii tdt hctn cA : Vo llodng Trung {-frd
Vinh) ; td Quang Ndm (8T, Dilc Ph6, Quing Ngal) ; L Anh
rJi6u kiQn d6 c6 ddu

Nhiu ban cir lcli


Sdn 'Ihanh Hoa), L

giii

tert nhtt

htu ti.
Ldi giai : (cria ban Nguy6n Trong

D6

thdyr

0 kh6ng ld nghiOm cria phrrong

trinh chia hai v6 cho rn ta drroc : '


2." ,2

(1)

hrru

V6i z chSn phrrong trinh v6 nghiQm. V6i z


16 (2) tuong drrong v6i
N6u f.'q:

- li

(3)

nghiem hrru ti cira (3) thi ta

dabidtringq I Zvap I tao

nhd.t ld.

l,

l,di giai

: (ctra

banNguydn Thi Hdi

Ydru TOCT

Qu6c hoc Hu6,Vu Thu Huong gCT Hei Hrrng)

-x2 + \@2 *r * 1) : o
\l\ x2 +x + 1 > 0 Vx phuong trinh da cho
tudng drrong vdi x3 - x2 + I : O

x5

+x* 1 :

<-->(x3

Dat

l+(1+-)"+(--t)'=0
\ r/
\r I
2
D4t
'x t =- bii to6n quy vd tim nghiGm
ti cria 1 + (, + l)n+ (, - 1)" = 0(2)
2* +2qfl-2+...+zerrt *1=

T7l2O4 z Chung minh rd.ng phxong


: 0 c6 nghiQm sd thqc duy

trinh xs * x * 1

Nghia,

Vi6t Tri), Vinh Phri, Nguydn Tudn HAi Mari


Quyri, Ha N6i).

Viit Crtnng (Nga

hczc 11ud),

DANG HiJNG,fHANG

5(1

c6 nghiQm

Nguf itt

b) Ti cach giii trn, ban Nguv7n Tudn IIdi c6 mot nhan


xet t6t lA kdt luan cira bii to6n v5n cilng khi thay sd 2 hrli
mOt sfi h[tu ti bdt ki kh5c kh6ng. Th?rnh thil c:irch giii nhu
ban HAi. Nghia li ngin gon vi hay nhdt.

Bi

xtt+(x+2)n+(2-x)n=0

Anh Vd (Qr-r6c

Nguyin NhQt
Nam (BA Ria VtngTir:).Phan Minh N5z.r,fr (Quing Binh)...

DHTH Hn Noi).

Bei T6/2O4 : Tim tdt cd cd.c sd nguyan


duong n dd phuong trinh

ti khi vi

nay rtrklc nhieu ban tham gia.v6i nhi6r-r

V4 N.7" Hdi Ydn (Quric hoc Hud) ; L llodng Hd, Nguyn


Lbc (Lam Sdn, Thanh H6a) vi Phqn Long Giang (PTC'I
NGUYEN KHAC MINH

cd nghiQm hrru

chit<trin=1.

m'=

^-I 25 +1621
3

'"=

Ta cdn chtlng minh

1^1
n0-rn-n)3 -Ott-m
<->25

(m3 +n3)

*l\tr*:\=

Snrn(m
25

*^ = I - nt. - rz Ii
-r5'+r*1=0.

16,

-n)2

*1=o

+n) +3(m *2n) =


ho

O0)

thrc (*) duns. vav

nghi6m cria phuong ftinh

111*
*
-0,
,2n
.
,rr,
sln'7 srn'7 srn'7
xf2+x;x3**{a b6

NghiQm dci ld duy nhdt brli vi d6 thdy hnm


r-) + r + 1 ln ddng bidn (bing c6ch dtng dao
him hoac chrtng minh tnlc tiSp).

YqY

Nhrln x6t : Nhi6u ban gi;ii tdt bnin..)y nhtt cac banNgrl,in
D{rt l'hutntg PTCS 'Irr-lng Vrt<tng l.la NOi. Pftarr Duy llwtl;
llC'l'Qtr:ing'fri. Ddo T'hi l'hin Ihang. Qu:ing Tri. l/t1 lltch
i/i ('l'hiri llinh). 7r'&r NgwAn Ngtclltl 'l'ny),...

cti ban giii "ngrin ggn'nhtt sau : "'I'hit viro


ta thiv s6 dri la nghiem. chi cdn phii chilng nrinh tinh cluy
D:ing tidc

nhr1t...."

(iirii

l?r

sC tril nen khri hdn ndu ph6t bi6u dtliri dang:


trinh.rj +.r+ I = 0

Biji toi.rn

phttdng

DANG I.IiJN(i'fTIANG

Bei T8/204 : Ching ntinh

dd,n.g

tll

Cdch 1 (Phuong phrlp truc tidp)


S[r dung c6c c6ng thric sau
1

cotgza ; cotgJa

va cotgrcotgy

-I

cotgycotgz + eotgz cotgr

Khi dd

,^2-r./^3n\
- \cotst , - 1) *\cotS:j - 1) *
t-6n\
+\cotSz, -r) =Z
^4n2n6w3n+2cotgjcorg *
<-->2cotg
,cotgn
7
l?n
6n
+ 2cotg cotg ,, = 2
,
<->cot#or# * cots!7otfl! +
(1)

4nT

Tcotgi = l,

Cd.ch

r = sin2t
- Ll2x.2 1- 56x - 7 = 0

* 4r)2

Hay 64xj
cri 3 nghiQm

. ,?nrx.2 stn.7
. .k
rl = sln-7
;
=
Theo dinh li Viet

thi

Iso
lxrxr*xyr+x{t = 64
lz
I

lxfft=
8

6a

han sau dAv cti

13

lili giii l6t: Ilodtlg

7i)rrg (l.Ll<lng

.6?t

= srn47

Vin

Nghia Binh). Pham Minh TuAn, L0 Hodng [!d {Lan"t


Son. '[.hanh Iloa) 7ti Minh IIdi (Buirn M6'l'hr-rirt. Daklak).
L/u l'hdnh Ltng, Di Trung Tu-,-dn (PI'NK fliri }iung). Ngn
Blch'I'htut, Ng6 Dric Hu.v" ('frln Phir. Hii Phdng). Lt Minh
T'ntng (Biin I{<)a. Ddng Nai). N,Ez.l6n Dttl' I'hdnh (Dong Ha.

otring'l'ri)
MA.J

'AN
ABC. D4ng ra
phia ngoiti to.nt gid,c do bo.7am gidc cd.n Ae ,8,
BA,C, CB,A co cdc canh dov AB. BC. CA'uit
goc.'d day'lit a. Chting min"h rang bo dudng
thang AAt, BB t, CC , dbng quy.
Ldi^giai. Kh6nglim mdt tinh tdng qurit,
g:esn! > B > C. Xdy ra:
L) e + cr < 1800. H4 BH, L AAy
CHZ ! AA, (hinh 1). Gsi M, N, P ldn ltrot giao
di6'm cria AAt, BBt,
CC, vdi BC, CA, AB, ta c6 :
_so.,ur,
BH,

Bei T9/204. Cho tam

MB
MB
-MC:
MC=

-c . BA, , sin(B + a)
b . CAt sin(C + a)
tudgtrr,

g6i

'

gi,d.c

-cH. = s;i

=_._:+r

ta ctng

. {+ ,T ,+lle nghi6m cra

phuong trinh sinz4t = sinz3tr(1)


(1) *'16r(1 - r) (l - 2x)2 = x(3
v6i

.Ciic

MOt c6ch

dpcm.

2 (Phrrong ph6p girin ti6p)

ra thdy t

Ti)a soan nhan dudc tren 100 biri giii. dar iia
-i'r-rv
mQt trong hai qich trinh blry 11 trn.
nhin. cirn cri nhiu k'li girii khdc xrit ph:it til c/rc tl:'rng thrtc
df, bidt trrrngchtkhg trinh phd th6ng c'ilng ch6 cic c:rrch chitng
minh d6c tl:lro. DUa viro c6ch giii 2 nhier-r han cirn cho r.uirt
loat c6c he thfing cling thitc tltdng tU.

NC;.ryr-.N

= Zcot*acotga

Khi.r+y*z:tt.

+ cotg

Nhin x6t.

cic han gi:ii theo

sd

Tuy

Ldi gi6i.

1^ :
r
-sln-a

xfft

thllc

111+-*
^ =E
. ,2n srn-7
,3n srn-7
,fu
su1-7

-.

NC
NA
-

_csin(B + a)
6sin(C + a)

-asin(C + a)
csin(A * a)

PA ______-______--_
-bsin(A + a)
_
pB = asin(B + o)'. Suv ra
PA MB NC
_
.: .
= -1. Theo dlnh li S6va,
PB MC --NA
tacdAA, , BB1 , CC, ddngquy.
:

212

+.r =

1800. Ta cci

AAt , BBl

CCI

ddng quy t4i A.

ch$u s' c$a v6glo kbqtg


* :(Vi -!inh pOM,
+ yOMT - OM : 0l6n
s ctOMl +
b$t crl-mat phing nio cring li v6cto khOng
:

s' = +0 ). Cho O = O ' thi tii ( 1) va (2 ) ta duoc


(3) MM' = aMrM, + pM2IuI) + yM$:
(a+F *Y = 1)
Vi cric didm M, , M2 , M, vir M ddu nam
:

v6 mdt phia cria z n6n cdc vecto MM' , MiIV'i


d6u cung hrr6ng. vi do drj ta drtoc
(4) MM' - aMtM't + PMrI['-, + yM$'t

A+

--.,,
MB
f,

_MB

-brir(Aj_")

asin(B * a)
+ a)
NC_osin(C+a)
va_PA bsin(A
+
+ a)
csin(A
a)
asin(B
NA
PB

MC

MC

PA MB :NC :
Suy ra:
.
-1, vi ta cci dpcm.
PB =MC NA
Yry AA, , BBt , CC, ludn ludn ddng quy.
(\i .ltl irii giii tnrng sij dri chi c(r I hiri giiri vri
60n. (::ic ban co l<ii gi:ii tdt lir : Ngu1,6n"lieng Nghia
(l lAr. P't-lll Viet 1-ri. Vinh Phri), I'hqn Minh Phuong (l0A
C"fl)llsPl lli N(riy. l'hutt Minh l\fin (10'l.I,fTll Lam Sctn
'l-hanh llria). lloirng Si liing (chr-ryen to:.in C2NK -l'1, 'i'hhi
Nhrln x6t :

vi liiv

r.r

Nstr'i'n B'ic ,'hni)

D.\NG vr

1:

(il d = ad, + Pd, + yd,


trong dci ta d5 dat : MM' = d(M, n) = d.,
MN'i = d(Mi , n) = di (l = 1, 2, 3).
Ndu goi 1 li tAm mdt cdu n6i ti6p trl di6n
ABCD thi, d didm niy, r = ! : z = f vd (IDA),
(IBC
hay ln

Bai T10/20 4. Cho hinh ti din ABCD. Tim


tQp hqp Quj, tich) nh{tng didm M ndm. trong
fi diArt m! tdng cac khodng cach til M ddn ba
mdt bAt ki cila tt din da cho ldn hon khodng
cdch tit tt6 d,n ntet ci>n lai.
Ldi giai. Goi r, y, z vd f ldn lrrot lh cric
khoang crich tt mdt didmM nam trong tr1 di6n
d5 cho ddn cric mat BCD, CDA, DABib, ABC.
Buoc 1. Truoc het, ta tim quf tich nhttng
didm nim trong trl dien mA tdn! cac khoAn[
crich tt dd d6n ba mdt cua td di6nling khoAn[
c6ch tt dd ddn mdt cbn lai (Bai T10i181).
Gii sit M1 , M, ud Mr li ba didm khOng
thing hirng nam trong tf di6n dd cho ; M ld
m6t didm tiy y nam trong tam giric MNNs
vd z ld mdt mat phing bdt k}. kh6ng cit canh
nio cria tam giric MtMN, (nghia ld cA 3 didm
Mt , M2, M, ddu nam vd m6t phia cliua n).
Ggi M, , M'z M's vd. M'ldn ltrot li hinh chidu
(vu6nggdc) cria Ml , M2 , MrvdMtrdn m6t
phing;r. Thd thi :
M e (MN]/It) o3 a, p, y sao cho :

aj1 +y --1,
+
(l) OM - ,tOMt + {3OM2 + yOMt,

), (ICA) vit (IAB ) ld mat phAn


giric cria cric nhi di6n ldn lrrqt cd cqnh ld DA,
DB, DC, BC, CA vd AB cira trl di6n. Ndu c6c
mdt ph&ng phAn giric nrii tr6n theo thrl tu cAt
c6c canh BC, CA, AB, DA, DB vd DC it cac
didm P, Q, R, P', Q' vd R' (xem hinh v6), thi
E m6i didm niy, trong 4 khoAng cdch x, y, z
vd.t c6 hai khoAng crich bing nhau vd * 0, hai
khoAng cdch cdn lai cring bing nhau nhrrng
: 0. Ch6ng han, d didm P', ta cci : x = t, ! =
= z = 0, 6 Q' thi :y = t, z : I = 0 vA 6J?'
thi:z=t, X =.I=0.
Bay gid cho P', Q'vn R'dcing vai trb ctia
(ID B), (IDC ),

Mr , M2 uit. M1, trong d6 Mi c6 c.5.c khoing


c*"ch x, , li , z1 vd ti G = L, 2,3). (z ddng vai
trd ldn ltrot cria BCD, cDA, DAB vd ABC thi
d, ddng vai trd cria r, , li , Zi vA f,). D6 thdy
reng d ba didm nay ta c6 hC thrlc
:

xi*J;*2,:t;

Khi cho d dting vai trd


cric hd thrlc (5) ta drloc : x

e&a x,

y, z

vd,

*y * z = t (*)

t, tit

Nhrr vAy ld : Mi6n tam gi6c P'Q'R'kd ch


bi6n li qui tich nhung didm M nim trong trl
diQn de cho sao cho (*) dtrqc th6a m6n.

__.>

Goi O'ln hinh chi6u cria O tr6n w,


dirng su5;ra r
_-*
+

(2)'-- O'M' = aO'M', + pO'M'2

tt

(V O)
(1) d6

yO'M'7
9

k>-Zcotga I+ cotgp

Budc 2. X6t m6t didm U bdt ki' niim trong

trl di6n r,h6 DP'Q'R' d6 chrlng minh ring

d6:x*y*z<t;(**)

Bu6c 3. X6t m6t didm V bdt k}, nim trong


chrip cut tam gi6c ABCP'Q'R'tt (*) va (*x)
suy ra ring d dci : r *y * z > f ; (***)
Budc 4. Kdt luQn : Kh6i bet di6n
K(P.QRQ'R'.P')b6 di 4 mi6n tam giric P'Q'R',
P'QR, Q'RP vdR'PQ le qu! tich cdn tim, nghia

Ii th6a man c6c bdt ding thtlc : x < y * z *


y < z+ t l-x, z < t +x*y vd t < x*y *2.

t,

Nh$n x6t . Da s6 c6c ban cleu bidt dLta hii to6n nAy vd
nghia lA di bi6t sil dung ng:y6n tic ctlc
h4n (haii nguven tIc phdn tit bi6n). 'tuy nhien, chua b4n nAo
tim dildc loi giii nhrr r15 tnnh biry <1 trn. Kh6ng thdy ban
niio ph^6t hiQn ra rSng qui tich cdn tinr lA mQt kh6i b5t din

bii toin'Il0/181,

cri 6 dinh mi ta cri th6 xem li hctp cria hai kh6i ch6p t(l giec
cri chung rl6y b:ing ba cilch kh6c nhau : K(P.QRQ'R'.P') hadc
K ( Q. RP R' P'. Q' ) h{\4c K ( R. P Q P'Q I R'7, trong d<i ba dtt'tng ch6o
PP', QQ'vi RR'tldng quy 6 tAm I n{t cdu r6i ti6p t( din.

NGUYEN DANG PHAT

Lfl204. MQt thanh AB dbng chdt, tidt


A duoc dung tuAn ntQt phd.ng
ndm rugang,
Be,i

diQn dbu, dd,u

giu
bdng mOt l{c
hqp uoi phuong
thang ding
mQt g6c F.A ui
tri cdn bang
thanh AB hqp
udi phuong
fuang ding
mQt g6c a. He
sd ma sdt nh6
ddu B duoc

::::::::::

',,:,,':,,':::::,

:r:i:,ri:

,,,

k^ = 2 I *rfB.

1
h* : i

ta drtoc cotgp

Nh{n x6t.

C6 3 em c6

Theo dd bai
7 hay

p=

liti giii t6t vI ddng

Vu Thi Bich Ha nC PTTH chuvn Thei Binh ; Di Nhu


Blnh 77 chuyn 1-i, Qudc hec Htd. ; Trinh Phan Hang 11A'
LC Hdng Phong Nam Dfnh, Nam Hir.

Ml'

B,di L2l2O4. Cho mach diQn nhu hinh ue.


E = 220V ; r = 70,7 Q; E - 8Q;
R,
B6qua
= R,,.
nr = l?,
o2 = Rn
or = 1OQ. Rw
'r
'1
din trd cia kh6a K uit dd1 ndi. Khi K md,
uin kd V, chi gid tri gd.p 1b0 ld.n uOn kd V,:,.
Hay tinh s6 chi cila cd,c uOn kd ud. ampe kd lic
K m6 ud. K d6ng.
Hudng d6n giii. V6i mdi trudng hgp, vE
lai mach di6n, tim c5.c di6n trd trrong drrong
Cho bidt

chi dbng di6n


ch?y qua nd,

:::::::!:
iiii::iil

,,

,,

chi6g dai thanh 21, trgng luc P, ltrc giu ddu B


F1 Vi thanh d6ng chdt, tidt di6n d6u n6n

trong tdm C d trung didm ctra AB. X6t truc


glray gua O (giao didm c,is.a c1.c gi6 hlc
Ir ud Fl vd vu6ng g<ic vdi mdt phing hinh vo.
Khi thanh cAn bdng ta cci
(1)
Nlsina : F*, (lcosa + OC)
Trong tam gi6c OBC :

toc

tW = n;@ +6
l(sinacos!
t

suy ra

cosasinp)

stnp

cotgp

(2)

cdn v6n kd chi


hiQu di6n thd
glila 2 ddu ctra
n6(Uv= IvR).
Sau dAy lA tdm
tit c*,c kdt qu6 tinh diroc :
Khi K md. Rr, = 99R,t = 990Q ;
R * r : 1100Q, suy ra I, = 0,2A: s6 chi Ar i
,r, = 198V; Urr= 1,98Y r IA, = 0, 198.4;
o'

'or=
Khi K d6ng
R *r = 1096,8{2, suy ra I, = 0.2A
Urr= 198V; In, = 0J3M;
IA, = IC - IAz= 0,0664
Urr: 0,6534V , IAt = 0,06534,4.
Nhfn x6L

C6 25 em c6 liti giSi dring, trong d6 crl (r em


r6t : Va Anh Tudn 12A, Lc Quyi Don HAi Phong
NpvAn Ngoc Kin 9T NIng khitJu Th6i Thqy, Th6i Binh ; l.i
Thanh Minh 9, Nguyen Tri Phuc,ng I1u6,; Dao Lj,11A PT-Ill
chuy6n Th6i Binh ; Phqm Quang Tdng 10CL PTTII FIn NQi Amsterdam i Ngtry4n Dttc Phuong 9H PTCS Tn:ng Vuong.
IIA NQi.
c(r lt)i

Thay (2) vio (1)

&N, suy ra

giii

oK

l0

45o.

mach. Ampe kd

.:.:.:.:.:

la

Zcotga

suy ra

cotgp

I
= 2 + cotgp

),),),),:,

i. Hay xdc dinh g6c p.


Ldi giii. Goi plAn luc vu6ng gdc ctagpn
16n thanh AB lb, N, lttc -,
nghia ld. Fm,,
"3j

F.,,.

2cotg45o

ii.i,ii;.;

t)ra-'

k>

a < 45" thi

:rr1r,

Dd cho (3) ddng v6i moi 30o <

,,,,,,:,

nhd,tgiua]:j'::':':'i'i'i::i,i:,!,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,!,:,{,li|!}:]i'i-:-:::':':,:,:':.:,i']:'i'::':]]
nhd.t
thanh AB uit mat phdng rugq.ng dd n6 c6 thd
ndm cdn bd.ng udi mgi 30o a s 45o Id

kr,

(3)

Ctic l6p THCS

Bii T1/208 : Cho cric a6 nguy6n a, b, c tlr6a


san a2 = b * 1. X6t dey 6 { rn} ff - o ducr,r;j.c
dinh bdi : uo = 0,
un + 1 = aun + {-bZ" +-T-V Yn N
Chfng arinh ring ddy un ld dey c6c s6

KI
RA
NAY
o- li
o,,
:
Bai fii108

cric s6
Cho
e1, ...,
duoag 16, tAt cA d6u Lhbng'cci udc,'nguy6n td
l6n hon 5. Chrlag minh rlng

11115?..

nguyan.

ola2anS

NGUYEN DUC TAN

Bii
m6nr*y*z:xyz

T2l208 : Cho ba sd dtto4g-r, y,

Chrtng rninh

ring

zlb6a

DANG HUNG THANG

='G;.ffi

+q -ttTlV

-11717

:r

'' "' -\,-1 +7


+-'fif+r|(l-+lT

-\rTrr

trinhr3

xy

111

a_

sinzA sin2B

sin2C

2sin
oarra

-0

1,

DpE

1,

O, Idn luot

li

ABC
, sin 7 sin ,

vAu Nrri

chdn dudng vu6ng

ha tit A, B, C, D, E, O xudng d. Chrlng


minh ring :
gcic

-1+--->---.>-+
+BB1+CC1+DD.+EE)
OO:.:
E (M,
lE oudc HAN
BAi T5/208 : Goi R li brin kinh mat
ngoai tiep | ffio, frb,nLc,

nt \J Ie dO

Bei T9/208 : Cho ABC, v6 ciic phnn gi6c


trongAA,, BB1, CCt. GiA sir AA, c{t B,C, tai
K, BB, cbt C,A, t41 E, CC, c6L A,B,'ta'i F'.
Chllng'minh ringndu AK = BE: CFthiABC
li tam gi6c d6u.
NGUYON KHANII NGIIYF,N

Bai T10/208 : Cho tam giSc ,43C khOng


vu6ng cd dQ dAi cric canh BC : a, CA : b vi
AB : c. Tim trong mat phing (cria AABC) m6t
didm M sao cho cric kho6ng circh x, y v?t z tit M
ldn lrrot ddn cric dudng thing chrla c5c canhBC,
CA vd AB ti 16 vdi do-dai cri--c canh drj
:

x:y:z=a:b:c

Hay chi 16 vi tri hinh hoc cria nhirng didm


tim duoc vd tinh khoAng cach tr] nhttng didm
dd ddn c5c canh cta tam giric dd cho.

C6c dd Vat

cdu

dai cdc trung


C,

Rr lU (mo*mb*ruc+md).
Khi nAo thi xAy ra ding thrlc.
HOANG HOA TRAI

Cric l6p THCB


s6 chia hdt cho

9 sao cho thudng $ trong ph"p


s6 dy c'ho
"fii"
9 bang tdng binh phrrong oic chfi sd cria sd dy,
TRAN DUY HINH

NGUYfN DANG PHAT

tuydn xuat phdt ldn lrrot tr] c6c dinh A, B,


D cua mOt trl di6n A-BCD.
Chrlng minh bdt ding thrlc :

Bai T6/208 : Tim s6 c<i 3 chit

a-

TRAN VAN VL]ONG

Bei T4l208 : Cho ndm didm phAn bi6t A,


B, C, D,.E vi m6t drrdng th&ng d cirng nam
t43n m6lmat plring.-1$si Ole did4ry sao cho
OA + OB + OC + OD + OE = O.GoiA1,
B y, C

+ -{;l-\r

l{ay 6p dgng kdt quA dd dd $hi ci.c phttong


*x* 1 = o vi ryt --15x2 1 = o.

lnAN xuAN oANr;


Bei T3/208 : Chrlng minh ring, tam giSc
ABC d6u khi vd cfri ttrl
_1

--

Ilii Tt/2OS : Chrlng minh ring ndu r vir e


hai sti thuc cho tnl6c th6a m6n di6u ki6n
+
> 0 ihi phuong trinh 13 * Srx - 2s = o
"2
"3
sd thuc duy nhdt ld
cri nghiOm

yz

\fQ +;TO

li

{GTPIO+4 -l.tT+7 -{t+V

Bai L1l208 : MQt vdt chuydn d6ng chdm


ddn ddu, x6t 3 do4n drrdng li6n tidp bing nhau
trtrdc khi dtng lai thi doan d gita nri di trong
ls. Tim thdi gian vAt di 3 doan dttdng bing
nhau kd tr6n.

rlei Lztzol r"5f+Y#XTfuf [IiJu,c"

'
c6 cdc ki hi6u r110V.60W.50H2.
Khi ndi hai
ddu ddy cria qu4t vdo 2 cuc cria chidc pin cd
sudt di6n d6ng 1,5von vd di6n trd trong nh6
kh6ng dring kd thi cudng d6 dbng diQn ch4y
quadquatlDr0,025A.
1. Tim tliQn.trd Ro vi hQ s6 c6ng sudt dinh
mrlc cta quat diQn. 2. Mudn dirng qu4t din trn d d diQn ray
c*ri6u 22OV - SOHz ngudi ta m6c ndi tiSp cho n*i
mdt tu din. Tirn din dung thich hgp cria tq di6n.
TRUONG MINH TUE

1r

For Upper Secondary Schools


T6/208 : Find a three - digit number,
divisible by 9 such that the quotient in the
division of this number by g is equal to the
surn of squares of the three digits.

For Lower Secondary Schools

.I

1'11208

: Let n, b, c be integers satisfying

a2 = b * 1. Consider the sequence { rnirT=


dcfined by

t,,,

()

: u,, * 1

ett

n*

{Ani+},

prove that eyery utt is an integet (n

7, 2...

1,2...)

NGT'YIT,N DIJC lAN


TZI2O8: Let be given positive numbers r,
y, z satisfyingr + ! * z = xyz. Prove that :

yz

\rd

+eT(t+7t -ttl +-7 -\fi +7


ZX

- \n +7
' - \fi-Ez _____0
+\t(TTFxr +JT
xy
l'lLAN Xtlr\N I)AN(l

T3/208 : Prove that the triangle AISC is


equilateral if and only if

111_f

_-_

J_ _

sin:A sin2B sin2C ABC


Zsin
rsinTsin;
DAM VAN NIII

T4l2O8: Let be given five distinct points


A, B, C, D, E and a line d is a
plane.
D_gnote, ,by I
thg pouJ "ame
sugh that
()A + OB + OC + OD + OE : O;andlet
,1 ,.- 81, C1, Dy, Ey, O be respectively the
olthogonal projections of A, B, C, D, E, O on
d, Prove that
:

--?1--++
: @A, + BBt + CCt + DD, + EEt)
OOt
E
Lll QtlO(l tlAN

T5/208 : Let R be the radius of the


circumsphere, nt o , nlh , n.1,, , ft1,7 be the
lengths of the medians issued repectively from
the vertices A, B, C, D of a tetrahedron ABCD.
Prove the inequality :

*,

* (mo*ntb+mr*m4)

When does equality occur

T{OANG TIOA'I'RAI

L2

IIAN DLIY IIINH

, al t ...t on be odd positive


numbers, none of which has prime divisors
greater than 5. Prove that
T712OB : Let a,

11
--+-+...+
ar az

a,

<

15

--:E

DAN(; IiUNG'f}IANG

T8/208 : Prove that if r and s are two given


realnumbers,satisfyings2 + f > Othenthe
equation xlt + Srx - 2s = O has unique real
root which is equal to
2 --

r = {s + {-/-+-F +

f ___

rJs Gr --F
Apply this result to resolve the equations
x:r+r * 1= 0 and 20x3 - 15x2 - 1 = 0.
]'RAN V,\N VUONG

T9/208 : Let AAt , BBt, CCt be the


inbisectors of triangle ABC. Suppose that.A-4,,
meets B rC, at K , BB I meets C ,A, at E. CC
1

rneets

ArB,

o.t ,t, . Prove

that if AK = BE =

CF then ABC is an equilateral triangle.


NGllYfiN KIIANH

NG

tJYIIN

Tl0/208 z Let a, b, c be respectively the


lengths of the sides BC, CA, AB of a noright
triangle. Find a point M in the plane of ABC
such that the distances r, y, z ftom which t,o
tlre lines BC, CA, AB are proportionnal to the
lengths o, b, c

X:Y:Z:a:b:c
For each such point, cletermine exactly its
positive and calculate x, y, z
NCiLlYt,N DANG PIIAT

-. -- -1--

-, -

A'

IJI tfcll
c[lA cAc D[lJ *,
lrrrr-l

-,

r,!,

Nam ddu *, -, X, + vd : dilng trong todn


hoc, chdng nhtrng rdt quen thu6c v6i c5.c ban
hoc sinh phd th6ng, md ngay cA ddi vdi cdc em
hoc sinh E c4c tnrdng ldp miu gi6o cung kh6ng
phAi xa la gi.
Th6 nhrrng, lai lich vd srr phdt tridn cria ncj
da phai trAi qua m6t thdi ki dai ddy gian nan
khfc khujru m6i drroc nhAn loai c6ng nhAn nhrr
ngdy nay"
NgUdi cd Hy Lap vi ngddi An DO dung ln
"kh6ng hgn md n6n", hq ddu vidt 2 sd gdn nhau

= DUil0 ffiOil0 I0Ail ll0c

v6i2 ddu "#'vi "-". Trong khi dd d


Trung Qudc nhung s6ch xudt bAn cudi ddi nhd
Thanh, trong tinh tod.n vdn dirng crich vidt chtl
s6 theo hing thing drlng, tr) phAi sang trdi, vi
du 3159 + 6247 = 9406 thi vidt lA :
+
ddng thdi

I 63
4
0
6

27
45
79

bidu thi ph6p c6ng, vi du 3 +] Auo" vidt le 31.


Rdt 16 ring, cdch vidt ndy vr)a khd doc vrla
vidt. Sau c6ch mang TAn Hgi m6i ddn ddn
khri
Cho n6n tdi tAn ngiy nay, phrrong ph6p bieu
drroc
sit dung nhttng ddu "#' vi "-" nhrr hi6n
t.hi nhting d6y phdn sd v6n cbn in ddm ddu vdt
nay trong cdc tdc phdm cta Trung qu6c.
ngiy xrra.
Cbn vdi 2 ddu "x'" vA "+", qu5. trinh hinh
Vd, ndu dd bidu thi 2 s6 trr) v6i nhau, ngudi
ta vi6t 2 sd cSch xa nhau m6t chrit so v6i c6ch thinh cring khdng it hon 300 n6m m6i duoc
lodi ngudi srl dung rQng r6i. Theo nhu truy6n
vi6t Zsd c6ng v6i nhau, vi du 6 cd nghia la
tung, thi ddu " x " bidu thi ph6p tinh nhAn dA
|
1
drtoc mOt ltgudi Drlc st dung trong t6c phdrn
6 -;.
cria minh nhitng nam 1630 - 163i vd tt dri
D
duoc srl dung cho t6i ngdy nay kh6ng thay ddi.
Sau nAy cci ngudi drlng cht c6i la tinh P
(chu c6i ddu ti6n cta tidng Plus cri nghia ld
Thbi ki trung thd ki, d6y s6 do ngtrdi An
c6ng) vi M (chrr crii ddu ti6n cria tidng-Minus
D6 ph6t minh ntfi d tr6n tudng ddi phrit dat,
cci nghia la trir) dd bidu thi cOng va tiil.
duoc sir dung phd cAp, ddu "+" tril mQt nhd
. _Vi d_u 5P3 cd nghia la 5 + 3 vd 7M5 cd nghia tod.n hoc ndi tiSng th6 gi6i thdi dy cbn dung

ln7-5.

ki cudi trung thd ki, thuong nghiOp


Au tr6n di ptrEt tridn. ntOt sa- ttlo.rg
gia diln-g ddu "+" vidt bn ngodi nhirng kign
hnn-g dd bidu thi trong lrrong-"ldn qu6" inOt it,
vi ddu "-" dugc vi6t bn ngbni c6C kion hdng
dd bidu thi trong ltrong ki$n hang ;non,; mot

theo cach bi6'u thi cta phdn sd ra,

Thd,i

CIeAu

chrit.

Tdi thdi ki van hcia phuc hung, mQt nhi


si ndi tidng cria Itilia trong mOt sd tric
phdm cria 6ng da dung ddu "*" vI dd; ,-,.
Nem 1489 c6ng nguy6n, rn6t ngudi Drlc
trong nhi6u tric phdm ndi tidng cria minh da
chinh thrlc dr)ng ddu "*" vd u-' dd bidu thi ph6p
tinh cdng vA ph6p tinh trr).
nghQ

_ . Sau drf, nhd cci sr1 truydn bri vA tuy6n truydn


hdt srlc ki6n tri cta m6t nhd to6n hoc ngudi
Phap mi 2 ddu'*" vd. i'-u *di drroc phd iap,
vA m6i tdi ndm 1630 mdi drroc loii ngudi c6ng
nhAn.

Tai Trung Qudc, nhi tod.n hoc ndi tidng thd


gi6i Ly Thi6n Lan, voi hang ding thrlCcrla
r_n!nh.d1 dung ddu "J" bidu thi ph6p c6ng vd
ddu "T" bidu thi ph6p trt. Song d th-di ki ney,
nguoi ta thttdng dung "que tre" vd "hat d6" dd
Iim cric phdp tfnh *, -, X, +, cho n6n cric ddu
hi6u chua th6t sr-l dtloc coi trong vi truydn bri.
- Sau ndy, ngudi ta tta dtng ddy s6 cria ngrrdi
An D0 phrit minh : l, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, LJl, 9, 0,

"i

,rfrr'r

bidu thi 3 chia cho 4, nhin loai ddu dirng ddu


"+" dd bidu thi ddu chia theo nhi to6n hoc
n$Ibi Anh trlng sfi dung trong cdc tdc phdm
cria minh vao nhtng nam 1630.
Cho tdi nay, tuy6t dai da sd c6c nudc tr6n
th6'gi6i d6u dirng ddu "*" bidu thi ph6p tinh
cdng-ddu '-" bid.u thi ph6p tinh trr)1rong cric
tric phdm cria minh. R16ng 2 ddu.x'bidu thi
p-h6p nhAn vi-ddu "+" bidu thi ph6p chia thi
chua duoc phci cAp vd thdng nLdt hban toan.
Vi du m6t sd nrr6c ding ddu '.' thay cho ddu
"1" O.Ngavi Dtic trong hdu hdt cac tac phdm
cta minh, ho dd dung ddu " :" thay ch6 ddu
"+l' !!du ttri pn6p tinh"chia , r,,ghil la nguai
",; ddu chdm di
ta b6 bdt lnQt gach ngang giira2
;
xem ra thi cung hop li, do vAy ddu "+" ddn ddn
it drroc srl dgng vi ddu " :" bidu thi ph6p chia
ngiy cing drroc sit dung r6ng r6i.
Cudi cirng ln ddu "=". Ddu ti6n ld Ai Cap
vi Babilon d&ng ddu "=" dd bidu thi 2 gia tfi
bing nhau vA. m6i tdi thd ki thf 18, ddu ":"
m6i duoc sit dung phd cdp, khi d6 2 gach ngang
song song cdn k6 kha dei. Mdi sau niy mdi rut
ng6n di nhtrng vdn dAm bAo 2 gach ngangsong
song vd cd chi6u ddi bing nhau.
TA QUAN(; VY lsttr uinr)
13

HASKARA tit nhit loan hoc i'n DO tlto ki


gid cudn sd.ch toan c6 ftn "Vbng
nguyt qud cila m.Qt cia m.Qt hQ tldrug thian
ud.n", uidt nam 1150.
1ng cung ld. td.c gid cuott sach toan c6 han
Lilauadi (Cd.i dep) ngltian ciu ub s6 ltgc. Nhibrt
kidn ttfic u sd hoc Hindu truybn lai ddn ngiry
nay dbu bat rugubn ti Lilauadi.
SU tich tn sd,ch. Lilauadi citng ntang mdu
sd.c lang nran, nhx m.Qt bd.i tho tinh. Lilauadi
!.ir tn ngudi con gd,i duy nhd.t cia Bl,aokara.
Nitng d,ep (tdt nhiAn ! Vi co dqp nfii thanlt
chuyn), gi6i uan th.o, d.m. nltac, tlt)ng nzinh,
tdi gi6i... T6nt lai, nd.ng lit kdt tirlll cita "sdc
nltoc, lttlotlg trdi".
Ngity giit 16 uu quy cfia ndng dd duoc Thdn
tinh bao trudc. Ndu so,i gid gid.c d6, thi ntQt
tai hga gh gdnt s Qp lAn dd.u ndltg.
Td.t ruhian ud,o thdi didm quydt diruh do,
ndng phd.i gbi can.h titng giot nuoc ti tdch nh6
xudng tit nrOt dbng hb nudc hinlt cltn.
Mqc nudc tron.g chen nhich xttdng ddn, rdt
clr.dnt. Thdi gian nhu ngilng trdi.
Nltung... nhu ntQt sd phQn. dttac an. bdi, thdi
didm. quan trqng nhdt trong diti da trdi qua,
lic nito ntit, nitng kh6ng hay.
Nguyn nhd.n tltQt lit. dd h.idu nltung kho
tudrlg tuong dttoc : Gdn gid 'G' d6, hoac ui
ndttg nt cli, h,oac ui gi6 u0 tinlt thdi tung uiti
soi t6c, hoQc. ui ntQt l,i d.o nito dt, ntii "Triri m.di
Iti.iu" dttoc, uirt ngqc cai trn chide hhan, d)i,
d,d.u rctt udo chEn nuac, b;t 16 rtudc tlrcat ra,.
Muc nuoc cil dung tai ch6 mit nd.ng ,sdn co
cd.m, gtLi.c nhu dang nltich tlI,n xucing, dd.n khi
plnt hin duoc ttti do, qud. ch.Qln ! Nitng chi
cbn bi't kh6c tlmn cltct :d phQrt. crt.o. ntinh.
Dd an ili ruguiti con. gai yu quj, bd.t lrunlt,
l]hashara di ld.y tn. nd,n.g ddt cho td.c plzcint
lod.n hrsc cila ntinh. (Khi cloc chuyQn nd,y, tac
gid liAn tudng di cd.u chuyQrt Truong Chi".
Cung chn nudc, cttllg rnQt ntdi tinh bi thd.nt...)
Nhon tidn daS,, cttng xin noi thdnt : Phep
tlung ttinlt dinlt ii Pitaga biing coc tont gioc
uubng dbng dang trinlt bit1, trong SGK l6p B
hiAn nay (ua duitng cao l,n carth huybn.), ld. do
Bhasko,t a uidt ld.n dd,Lr tin. trong sach cia
ninh. ,Iolrn Wal.li., (1616 - 1703) nhd. toan. lt,ec
Anh d.aph.dt hiQn ra didu do, klti.ngltiitt ctiu
sach toan crta tshaskoro. Cach trinlt bdy cia
Bhasho.ra ld ue hinh ud. db "th,d,y clttta".

-tD ttrri 12, tac

f7

r--l

@Ed* icAfiBGE
U/* ed$e

tr;*fi
PIlr\N t-tIANtj QU.\NG

14

#-N6BaffiK
vA
cAt
cAcH DAY

HgC TOAN

CI_IUNG MINH UOT DINI_I Li


TRONG Bfu DUONG TIFM CAN

(GrAr

ricu

12

ccGD)

Trong phdn niy 3 bO s6ch gi6o khoa GiAi


tich 12 d6u trinh bAy rn6t dinh li cci n6i dung
nhu dinh li sau dAy :
Din.h li; Goi (C) Ie dd thi cria hdm sd
y = fk), giA sit x cri thd din t6i vO crlc.
Di6u ki6n cdn va du dd dr-rong thing rDt co
phuong trinh 1 = ax. * b tim cAn v6i tCtli'
:

!11tnxt-(ax*6)l:o
- Tuy rn6i s6ch gi6o khoa trinh bay ccj kh6c
nhau nhrJng phuong phdp chrlng rlinh nhu
crich chrlng minh trong s6ch GiAi tich 12 tru6c
CCGD. Vdi phttong phap d<i. ta phAi dung hinh
v6 : dudng thing D *L (C) t_gv rang (Ct c'htta
xrlc dinh vi xrlt g6c a : (OK, D) hoSc rz li.
gdc nilon tao bdi truc hoanh vi D.
- I{sc sinh 16p 12 di hoc I{inh hoc giAi tfch.
vi v6y t6i dd nghi c6ch giAi dinh li tr6n nhu
sau

. It{ix, fk)t (C). gSi H la hinh chidu cira


M I6n dr-tdng thing : D : y = e.x r 6. Do di

lar-ftxt+bl '
MII = L--*l,_\ta

{r

cua (C)

khi vn chi khi

D ld duor,g tiertr cAn

lrl-f1x1 +hl
- -_-lLnt

.tr+ W+1

*]1i

[ax

f(x\ +

bl :

- V6i c6ch chrlng urinh tr6n ta kh6ng cAn


vi trr:dng hop
n = 0 thi D chinh Id dudng ti6m cAn ngang
c&a (C). Do dci dinh li tr6n 6p dung drloc cho
di6u ki6n a ?. 0 nhu rn6t sd s6ch

cA

hai muc : drrdng ti6m c{n ngang vd xi6n,


LL,

DiNrt CIUL;

(,

H
rf

E'
EE
-

tu

*e
U
T*

?rong hinh hoc, ngodi cdc bAi torin truy6n thdng mang tinh chdt dinh hinh vd
dinh tinh sdu s6c (dga vAo c6c ddc trrrng hinh hoc co bAn duoc ph6t bidu thdnh c6c
dinh li hinh hoc) cdn cd nhrrng bdi to6n kidu gh6p hinh vi chia hinh mang m6t nOi
dung khric. Phuong phdp khAo sdt cdc loai. todn ndy thrrdng dtta tr6n mdt vii dac
tinh rdt ri6ng bi6t va rdt don giAn, cri khi chi li nhrlng suy ludn l6gic hinh thfc trrdng
nhu kh6ng cri gi li6n quan t6i hinh hoc nhrt cdc nguy6n li Diricle, ti6u chudn chia h6i
cira mOt s6 tu nhi6n cho m6t s6 nguy6n cho trudc, ...
C6c bii to6n gh6p hinh va chia hinh c<j thd xem nhu li nhfng bii torin so ding
cira hinh hoc td hop. Trongbdi ndy, chring ta-s6 xem x6t mdt s6 tinh chdt don giAn
ctia m6t bii torin phAn hoach da gi6c (16i, phing) thdnh cdc tam giSc bing m6t h6
th6ng didm cho tnt6c trong da gtrdc dd. Ddi v6i m6t da gi6c K ctro trt6c, ki hi6u K
ld tdp hop tdt chcdc didm trong ciaK. Ta ndi didmM Kndu M e K hodcM la
didrn biOn c'{ua K. D6' tr6nh su vi pham nhirng khrii ni6m co bAn cria hinh hoc, ta
kh6ng coi ba didm thang hAng In mdt tam gi5c.
Vi dtt J. ChotrlgiSc ABCD vididmMlndidmtrongcta tttglac. Khidcjcrjba
khi nang :
i) M kh6ng nAm tr6n AC vd BD
ii) M nam tr6n AC vd d ngodi BD (hodc ngttoc lai)
iii) M nam tr6n AC vit BD

OF

(J
:|||:|,,|||,,'.,:,,,

GJ
FE

(D

a
-

E
(J
A
v

Trrtdng hop i) ihtta + tam giS,c


phAn iroach
i6,c trcng
tr
Trudng hop ii) chrta 4 tam giac vi mot "tam gi6c" suy bidn BMD fiongphan hoach
Trrrdng hop iii) chrla 4 tam giSc vd 2 "tam giac" suy bi6n AMC ; BMD.
M vay, trong 3 tflJdng hgp niy, d6u nh6n duoc 4 tam gi6c phdn bi6.t trong phan hoach.
Dinh nghia l. Cho tnrdc da giac K (phing, ldi) vn ft didm Mj e K \j : L, 2, ..., lt).
Khi dd ta ndi K duoc phAn hoach tam giric theo b6 didm i M t" , Mz, . . ., Mtj ndu K
duoc chia thinh c6c tam giric th6a m6n cdc di6u ki6n sau :
a) M5i dinh cria tam giric ld mot trong cd.c didm de cho hoac ln dinh giua K
b) Mqi dinh cta da giac va moi didm da cho ddu ld dinh cta mdt tam gi6c nio dci
c) Kh6ng cci dinh cita tam giac ld didm trong cria m6t canh ctia m6t tam giac khac
d) Cac tam giric li rdi nhau, trlc ld phdn trong cria chring kh6ng chrla didm chung.
. . Nhg vdy, c1'c tam gi6c suy bidn kh6ng drroc tinh trong phAn hoach vi vi pham di6u
ki6n c),
_.O yi dg 1, trong cA ba trrrdng hop d6u c6 4 tam gi6c trong phAn hoach . Ro rdng,
v6i-mot b-6 didm cho tnr6c, crj thd io nhi6u.cdch p[dn hoacL khric nhau th6a rndn

Ching - han,
trong vi du 1,
ddi v6i tnrdng
hop i) so c6 cac

E
H

v,
H
IT
A
[E

;il;;

Jo,u,rie i ; ;' t' ;;;ii ;#; h;;;h j :'b ;'JJ;';; ;;;h ;hil'h ilh' i;; Uilr,;
vi tri tuong
trrong dOi
d6i cia
ddi
cria c6c
cua
cric dic"m
didm cta
cria bO didm
did'm de
da cho
chocho-ddi
d6i v6i da
da giac
Ei6c K.
k . Ngay
NEav cA khi
kli
Jl
tAp hqp
tap
hop c6c didm cho tru6c trong
tronE da gi6c
Ei6c ld tAp
tAo r6ng
r6no thi v6n
vAn cd
r thd c<i nlhi-6u c6ch
t

"o
vd.o
vao

phdn hoach.
Vi d4L 2. V6i ngri gi6c ABCDE ta c6 5 crlch phdn hoach tam
cric drrdng ch6o cira ngu gi6c xudt phrit tri dinh A, B, C, D, E)

g76c

(rlng v6i vi6c kd

(Xem tidp bia 3)


15

mdr euA cuQcrmr DAc mrpr


toin

Ghio mfnu 30 ntm t?p chi


Trong hai sd 200 vA 201 Todn hoc vi tudi

tr6 d5 c6ng bd dd thi cria cuoc thi dac biet.


Ngay trong thring 3. L994 nhrrng bei dU thi
ddu ti6n di v6 t6i Tba soan. Cric ban tr) c6c
dia phrrong sau ddy de gui bni vd drr thi : HA
B5c, Mnh Phu, Ha Noi, Hai Htlng, HAi Phdng,

Narn Ha, Hd Tiy, Th6i Binh, ?hanh Hcia,


NghQ An, Hh Tinh, QuAng Binh, Quing Tri,
Thrla Thi6n - Hu6, QuAng Nam - Di Ning,
Binh Dfnh, QuAng Ng6i, Phu Y6n, D6c Lic,
TP Hd Chi Minh, Bd Rla - Vrlng Tdu, Ti6n
Giang, Vinh Long, Ddng Th6p, Minh HAi. Cac
dfa phrrong cc5 d6ng ngrldi du tiri nhdt li : Hd
NQi, Hai Phdng, Thanh Hcia, Ngh6 An, Vinh
Phf, Hai Hrrng, Thdi Binh, Nam Hd...
Nhi6u trudng cci phong trio drr thi rdt s6i
ndi, Drj Id cdc kh6i PT chuyn to6n DI{ Tdng
Hop, DHSP I HA NQi vi c6c trudng Lam Sdn,
Thanh Hria ; THCS Tnrng Vuong , PTDL
Mari Quyri, lla NOi ; Phan B6i ChAu, NghO
An;LO Khidt, QuAngNgei; PTNKHAi Hrtng;
Trdn Phri, HAi Ph6ng; NK Hn Tinh ;f)io Duy
Tt, Quing Binh ; Qudc hgc Hu6...
hfi,iO., ban THCS de giAi dung mdt sd bni
dinh cho c6c anh chi THCB.
.

Dudi dAy ld danh srich crlc bqn de kung giai

1 GIAI xU,{T

SAC

Mai Thanh llinh,7M, PTDL Mari Quyri,


Vu Quang

'

HA NQi.

llda, THCS Chuy6n thi xA Th6i Blnh.

L Vdn An,9T. PTTH Phan BOi Chdu, NghQ An.


Trhn Nguyn Ngoc,gK La LOi, Ha D6ng, HA TAy.
Nguyin Thdi tla m, DHTH, Ha NOi.
Ti fi6og Vt1 11CI OHTH, He Ndi.

3. GiAI

NHi

ui tudi trd

4. GTAI

BA:

l'!ttirrll Tlrarth Tirrg.ST,THCS ChuyOn tni xa ffrai Alnn


Nguyin LA Lrt, ARt, Odm Ddi, Minh HAi

ttbAnhTudn,9CT, THCS Phti Thq, Vinh

Ph0.

Vu Quatg Ditrg. 98. THCS Chuy6n ViQt Tri, Vinh Ph[.

Nguyin Ngpc Tdn,9M, PTDL Mari Quyri, HA

Ti Trhn

NQi.

Tnng, 9CT, THCS Trdn Ph0, HAi Ph6ng.

Nguyin Thanh Thtty,gCf , THCS TrAn Phrl Hril Phmg.

Luu Vdn Thinh,gCf, THCS Trdn Ph0, HAi Phdng.


Lwtng Tudn Anh,fiCf , DHTH He

NOi.

Pham Dtnh ( hinlt.10B, DHTH He NOi.

Phan L,!aa,

llb

10T, PTTH

Lam Sdn, Thanh H6a.

Ddc Phmtng,11A, DHTH, HA NOi.

Nguyin Thanh tti,i, lf:Cf , DAo Duy Ttt Oudng Binfr.

5. GIAI KHTIYdN KHfCH


Ngrtyitt Anh Thdi.8T Chuy6n Le Quf D6n. Bd Ria
V0ng TAu

Drutl

f71111g

Tnng,

*T

Nghia TAn, TiJ Li6m, Ha

NOi.

Nguyin KiEu

('mng,9M PTDL Mari Quyri,

Ltodng Rhdt

t nry, 91 PTTH Lam Sdn. Thanh H6a.

HA N0i.

Nguye n Quang Nghia. gA THCS Trutng Nhi, HA NOi.

(*ing, gCT THCS Trdn Ph(, HAi Phong.


Li Mitrh.9T PTTH Lam Sdn, Thanh H6a.
Dinh Thi Nhuug, 9I PTTH Lam Sdn. Thanh lJ6a.

Lt

Vdn

Phan

Nguy'irr Arrlt Ir,. 9H. THCS TrLhg Vudng. Ha Nai,


l'hant Le Itnng,9A, THCS Trunrg Nhi, HA NQi.

2. GIAI NHAT

hgc

Ngttyirt Phti Qrtirt,1,9A THCS TrUng Nhi. Ha Noi

Phan th?t Ting,9CI THCS Trdn Ph[, HAi Phdng,


T"rinh lltru Trung,9T Lam Sdn, Thanh H6a.
Ili quang Thrt, gT Lam Son. Thanh H6a.
Nguyitt Binh l'hmtng 9T Chuy6n

LC

Khidt Quang NgA.

Phan Neloc Lan, gCF ViQt Tri. Vinh Phu.


Dwto11

lllinh D{rc, 9A THCS Trtlng

Nhi, He NQi

Vuong Vti Tndng, 9A1 THCS GiAng Vo, Ha NQi.


Tmn Dt'rc Quyin,gf Trdn Ddng Ninh. Nam Dinh, Nam Hir
Ngqtc: Thach,9T NK Qu!,nh Luu, NghO An.

Lt

Vu Thu ttuy?n.gCT THCS Trdn Phri; HAi Phdng.


:

Nguyitt Bi lling,9H. THCS TrrJng VUOng, HA NQi.


Hobng LA Quang, gCF, THCS Trdn Ph( HAi Ph6ng
Kitu Thu l/1fu, 9NK Qu!,nh Luu, NghQ An.
Cao llbng Phurtng,1OCT DHTH. Ha NQi.
Nguy6n Xudn Thdng,10T, PTTH D6ng HA, QuAng Tri.
Nguyirr Ltit.10T. PTTH Lam Son. Thanh H6a.

Nguyin t-dnh I tito, 9T PTTH Plnn B6i


Vrt

frar,

llrhng

NSf,e Rn

9I Chuy6n Nguydn Binh Khi6m,


Anh Tittg, frI PTTH Lam Sdn. Thanh HOa.

llitng Minh,

Vinh"Long

l'ham Manh Quang,lQT PTTH Lam Sdn. Thanh H6a.


Le Trorg Oiang, lOf PTTH Lam Sdn. Thanh H6a.

Nguyin Thd Trung.11 DHTH Ha

NOi,

Trinh Ddng Ciang.11M, PTDL Mari Quyri, HA N6i.


Ta Huy Quynh,12A, PTTH Chuy0n Th6i Blnh.

Li lluy

llo?tng Thi Tuydr 12f, PTTH Larn Sdn, Thanh H6a.

Nguyin ll{ru Trung,11T PTTH Phan BOi Chdu, NghO An.

16

Khanh.11T PTTH Phan B.Oi ChAu, Ngh0 An.

Luung Vdtr Thdng.,l1T PTTH Phan BQi ChAu, Nghe An.

Gidi. Theo ding thrlc (1), thi sd c6c tam


trong moi phdn hoach bang

PhSn [eopch tam gi6c"."

gi5.c

(Tidp tlreo tra.ng 15)


Quan s5.t liai vi du tr6n, ta nhAn thdy r6ng
ph6p phnn hoach tam gi6c cria mdt tf gi6c theo
m6t didm vd" cria m6t ngu giac (theo tAp r6ng)
chia da gi6c thdnh c5.c tam gi6c kh6c nhau,
song sd }rrong cac tam gizic trong m6i phAn
hoach du nhu nhau

s:4-2+2":4g:100.
Do vdy, kdt ludn cria bdi torin ld hidn nhi6n.
NhAn x6t reng sd 49 Id s6 nh6 nhdt dd bei

to6n 3 dring. Thdt vAy, x6t 49 didm chia m6t


dudng ch6o cria hinh vu6ng thinh 50 phdn
bi.ng nhau (xem hinh v6), thi moi tam gi6c

L:

.,,,...,..;,..;.:...,.;.;:,,,;,:,',.,.,,,,.,':,,:.,,,',,.,....'...,.:.,.,,:,,.,.:,..:.

iTiong vi du i ta nhAn duoC 4 tam gi6c,


trong vi du 2 cci 3 tam giac). Di6u ndy, cu.ng
dring cho trlldng hop tdng qurit.
Bit.i too,rt I Cho n-gtac K h > 3). Khi dd
s6 tan'r gi6c trong m6i phdn hoach (tarir gi6c)

cuaKddubangn-2.
. DAy ld bdi to6n giin don d6i v6i chrrong

trinh phd thdng co s6. Vi tdng c6c gcic trong


c'&.a n-giac K bang rn - 2)1 80o n6n ndu sd tam
gi6c trong mot ph5.n hoach Ia ft thi tdng cdc

trong cua /r tam giric ndy bang K. 180,,, Do


vdy : K . 180/' = (tt - 2)l8U' ir.ay k = n - 2.
Bo,i toan 2 Cho tam gid"c K vd, nt didm phAn
bi6t trong K. Khi dci. trong m6i phdn hoach
cira K ddu cci s = 2nt + I tam giac
Thdt vAy, ndu cci s tarn gi6c thi tdng cdc
gcic trong cria chirng bang s . 18U,, Ydy :
s. 180' : 180/' +nt .36U, hays : 1 * 2nt.
Hodn toAn tuc,ng td theo caci giili tr6n, ta
crj-ket quA. : V6i n-gac K vd, nt didm trong K
thi s6 tam gidc trong m6i phAn hoach ctti X
theo nz didm dci bang
gcic

-q=1r-2+2nt(l)
Tu1-nhi6n, 6 ddy, chfng ta kh6ng d6 cdp ddn
srJ-tdn t4i ciia-phAn hoach tarn gi6C cua n'-$ac
,t theo b6 riz didm, tlongK (Xin ban doc trr chrlng
minh su tdn tai cira ph6p phdn hoach).

Ti deng thrlc (1). ndu ta goi cdc canh cria


tam gid.c trong m6t phAn hoach ld "canh trong"
khi canh dci khdng trirng v6i canh cua n-g1ac
K cho trr.16c, thi sd cci
HQ quiL: 56 c6c canh trong trong m6i phAn
hoach cia n-gil.c K theo bO nz didm trong K
li nr6t hang sd vd bAng 2nt - 2 (kh6ng phu
thu6c vao n).
Bai toon 2. Chnng minh rang vdi 49 didm triy
y trong hinh ru6ng canh bing 1, trong m6i phAn
hoach hinh r,udng theo 49 didn drj, d6u tdn tai it
nhdt rnot tam gidc

cci dien

ticfr <

fr.

Nha., *Jr;;;;;;"193ng drnh nghia 1 loai


b6 di6u ki6n c) thi trong m6i phAn hoach cdn
li6t kO th6m c6c tam gi6c suy bidn (tam gi6c
ccj ba didm nim tr6n m6t dudng th&ng (xem
vi du 1 ) ) . Trong trudng hgp ndy, phr.rong phrip
glhi c1.c

bii to6n tudng tu nhu bii toan 3 sO


giin ngay cA khi sd didm cho

khOng cdn don

tru6c trong tam giac khdng nhi6u.


Bdi too,n 4. Ctro hinh vuOng ABCD ccj di6n
tich bang 1. Hey x6c dinh sd drrong o nh6 nhdt
sao cho v6i moi didm M trong hinh vuong d6u
tim dtroc it nhdt mOt tam gid-c cci dinh lA"M vd
2 dinh kia ld dinh cfia hifi vu6ng ABCD vdt
di6n tich < o.
Gidi Goi E ln
tdm cria hinh
vu6ng, F' li trung
didnr cira AD. Vi E
la tAnr doi xdng

cria hinh

vuong
n6n chi cdn xet M
thudc LEAD. Vi
dudng r,nal1g
ouong
thi.ng cnu:t
chil:t
Etr' Id truc ddi xtlng
r I
,,
-i'^,
^
^
n6n
chi cAn
xet die.m
M tr6n .EF. Tr) dci, chon
M trdn EF dd s(MBDt : s(MAD) vA" ta thu
&tac M Ii trung didm cria Ef. Khi dci idy
o, : SMAD = ll8. (cac k6t quA tr6n d6 ddng kidm
tra ndu ta dnt hinh vu6ng trong h6 truc toa d6
vu6ng g6cA(0,0), B(0,1), C(1,1t vdD(1,0))
R6 rdng gi5 tri o.: ll8 vdn cdn dting cho
trr.tdng hop cci hai didm trong hinh vu6ng.
" Tuy nhi6n, neu s6 didm ld 3, 4 hoAc 5 vd
dinh cria c6c tam giSc trong phAn hoach ld cac
didm dl cho vi. 4 didnr tny y c6 dinh trong
hinh vuong tthay cho 4 dinh hinh vu6ng) thi
cdc tinh todn trd nen rat. phtlc 1ap.
NCiI.JYEN

VAN MATI

THONG BAO

Til th6ng 9. 1994 tda so4n t4p


chi To6n hgc vir Tudi. trd chuydn
vd trg s& mdi. Dia ehi giri thu v6
tda so4n li

Gidi ddp bdi

Tap chi ToAN HQC vA ru6l tnp


45 B Phd Hhng Chudi - Ha NQi.

Chay nhu thd nDro ?


Ta hinh dung sdn b<ing ld m6t hinh chit
nhAt AI(FE. Ky hi6u D, B, H, I ldn luot li
trung didrn cria c5c canh FE, EA, AK, KF vd
C Id tdm ctra hinh chrf nhdt (xem hinh drt6i)

THVTT

THAY CHU BANG SO

I
I

Blt
("
I

rl
l)
a

Drrdng chay dat y6u cdu cira cdu thri sd li


*C --+H *I
--*H --*A +Q +p +
F
:

-I

+g -'D *E-K-B

-->A.
BiNH PHLIONG

-.-)L.--^

ffiHBWffi

Hdy thay c6c chit-trong cric ph6p todn sau


ddy bi.ng c6c s6 tu nhi6n sao cho cA ba con
tinh dring ddng thdi.
LUOI
NHAC
HAM
I
HOC
HOC
HOC
CHE
CHAN
KHEN
Bidt ring CHE la m6t s6 chia hdt cho 5
rnAN t-uAw N,lu

* -

tsffiffi ffiffiffi

?d thidt ttrqlc ki nigm 30.ndm ngay ra sd b6o ddu ti6n (10. 1964) va dap
LIng nguyen vong,cua d6ng dAo ban doc, tap chi THVTT se pl16t hdnh

cu6n s6ch TUYEN rAp so NAM nAo ToAN HoC vA TUOI TRE.
S6ch g6m c6c bAi vidt hay vA c6c dd to6n cing tdi giai tuy6n chon trl
c5c s6 b6o da ra trong 30 ndm.
Mong c6c ban d6n doc.

o Dia phuong vd cA nhAn ndo c6 nhu cdu mua v6i sd luong l6n xin grti
y6u cdu tru6c vd toa soan.
THVTT

ISSN: 0866 -

8035.

Chi sd 72884

Md s6 : 8BT10M4

Sip chrr tai Trung tim Vi tinh vd


In tai Xrrdng ChdbAn in Nhd xudt b6n Gi6o duc.
In xong vd gtti luu chidu thdng 10 11994

Gi6 : 1500d
MQt nghin

nIm trdm ilbng

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