Bo GrAo DUc vA DAo

rAo *

HOr roAN HQC vIET NAM

#sD
S
.r,.

1995

'Fffis

TI{U
t7't1,i.y?,lilllii,6ir;4I-,+Etrl,i

TAP CHI RA NGAY 15 HANG THANG

* rrec roAN Nrru 1116 ruAo

*

pHEp cnlEu vuOnc q6c vfi vlf;c x6c DIHH KHof NG

ct0'6 tt6t DU0NG TtlfiNG
7

i1ttl

cfctl

ii
I'

gg fDtr?&ErEEr
B6tfl#Egt&&
I

I rr!fiT r#f, KHofi G0H8 KHAI

i
i

--l

DQi tuydn

bdn

IIdi Phdrtg 1991 -

inh : B,{uc ouc rnitrn

1995

TOAN HOC VA TUOI TRE

MATHEMATICS AND YOUTH
MUC LT]C
Trang

Ddnh cho cdc ban Trung hoc Co s0.

For lower secondary school leuel friends
Nguydn Van Vinh - Hgc to6n nhrl thd ndo.

Tdng biin

Phd tdng bidn tdp

Gini bdi ki trudc

in this issue

o LA Ngqc Thd.nh.

Vinh

Srla sai thdnh chrra

dting

To help young friends gain better understanding

in Secondary school maths
Thdi Vidt Thd.a - Ph6p chidu vu6ng g6c vdi vi6c x6c
11
dinh khoAn g c1"ch gi{ia hai drtdng thing
Lich sfu todn hoc
History of m.athematics
Huu Lian - Acsimrit
T0 Xudn Hdi - MOt sd rlng dung
cia hai v6ctd.

13

tich v6 htidng
15

o6t'tc

atEru

r4e

Nguy6n CAnh Todn, Hoing

Chring, Ngd Dat Ttl, L6 Kh6c

BAo, Nguy6n Huy

Doan,

Nguy6n Vi6t Hai. Dinh Quang

HAo, Nguy6n Xuin Huy, Phan
Huy KhAi, Vri Thanh Khidt, Lo
Hai Kh6i, Nguy6n Ven Mau,
Hoing L6 Minh, Nguy6n Khic

Minh, Trdn Van Nhung,

Nguy6n Ddng Phdt, Phan
Thanh Quang, Ta Hdng
Qu6ng, Dang Hirng Th5ng, Vu

Todn hoc vd diti siing

Mathentatics and life

DQng Hirng Thd.n g - Mat mi kh<ja c6ng
Tudn Th.anlz - SU ki la tr) c6c con s5.

HOr

10

a Tim hidu sAu thm Todn hoc phd thdng

IIOANG CIIONG

ki ndy

Problents

NGO DAT TU

Solutions of problems in previous issue

C6c bdi ctra sd 218
Db ru

fip :

NGUYEN CANII TOAN

Duong Thuy, Trdn Thdnh

khai

tri tudn hoc

Fun with nlath.em.cLtic.s

16
Bia 3

Trai, LO 86 Khdnh Trinh, NgO

Vi6t Trung, D4ng Quan Vi6n.

Gidi

Binh. Phuong

Bia 3

Giai drip bAi Ai b6n trrlng vbng

Vu Hodng Th6i

C<i

nhrlng da gi6c

ndo.

Tru sd tita soan :

458 Hhng Chudi, Hn NQi
231 Nguy6n VEn Cir, TP Hd Chi Minh

10

Bia 3
Bia 4

DT:213786
DT:356111

Bin tQp ud. tri s4: 'rro xtvt THIIY

Trinh bdy: TRQNG THIEP

-aTl
\:t
d

?'=

r<
z^
<':
.t

W,

za_

rlrl F-

loJ(n

H
H

OI

zg

H
Er
L

Ln

H
T
h,

(.)

thrlc trinh bdy.

- Cdn bidt giei thich con dudng d6n ddn ldi giAi, ldm cho ldi giai. d6
hidu, nhdt ld khi trinh bdy mi6ng lbi giai.
- Bi6t nh6n x6t, khrii qurit h<ja ldi giAi, md r6ng bii torin, phrit hiQn
thdm c6c bdi to6n m6i.
Trong bdi to6n ndy chring t6i mudn trao ddi cirng c6c ban v6 y6u cdu
phAi bidt nhAn x6t, kh6i qu6t hda ldi giAi, md r6ngbii to6n vD. ph5t hi6n
th6m c6c bii to6n m6i.
Chrlng ta bit ddu tt biri tod.n 1.
Blri to6n I : Cho hiruh uudng ABCD. I ld. ntQt d.idm. bdt ki d tren
canh AB (I khac A uit B). Tia DI cat tia CB tai E. Dudng thang CI cat
dudng thang AE tqi M.
Ching ninh r?ing dxdng th&.ng DE uuing g6c udi dudng thd.ng BM.
(Dd thi chon hoc sinh gi6i Tp Hd Chi Minh, vdng 2 - 1993 - 1994)
Ldi gid.i
Tr6n tia d6i cintiaAB; ldy didm
J sao cho AJ : BE.
Ta cd : LEBA: L,JAD (c.g.c)
+ AE -t- DJ.
Ta cci : LJBC : A^ECD (c.g.c)

+JCtDE

trl-<

Hoc to6n nhrr th6 ndo, dri ld v6n dO kh6 r6ng. Trong bdi ndy, xin
bdn vd mOt khia canh. Ddi v6i ldi giAi cria rnOt bdi to6n cci ba y6u cdu
c<i tinh chdt b6t buoc ld :
- Ldi giei kh6ng cci sai ldm.
- Lap iudn phAi c<j cin cf.
- t Ui giai pirai aay dri, kh6ng thidu, khOng thila.
Bdn y6u cdu sau ddy crlng rdt quan trong ddi v6i viQc rdn trl duy
l6gic, phrrong phrlp hoc to6n thdng minh, s6ng tao :
- Ldi giei cdn ngin gon, don giAn, hay nhdt.
- Ldi giAi phAi 16 ring, s6ng sria vd hop li cA v6 nOi dung l5n hinh

Goi H ld giao diejm cria hai duong

thing AE vit JC thi H ld truc tam

cria tarn gidc DEJ. DC thdy l ld tnrc
tdm cita tarn gi5c CEJ, do dd drrdng
thing CM vuOng goc vdi duong

lrz-1

thingJE.

CM

,r\
F(

DH

.aTr

-a0
F
-- \:,
L

a
L

-lr

s!.

-q)
rfi
q)

o
l-(J
t-.fi
A
-

E'
a\
17
H
t-r

CM song song v6i DH.

Tam gi6c EDH c5 IM ll DH,suy ra

Tamgi6p

ECDcdIBllDc,rrrr

Tir (1) vi (2) suy

Er

tJE)

t,if

,u,ffi :

Bfr+

ffi:'fi

(1)

Q).

BM llCH.

BM llCH I

or, -t-' DE
nD (dpcrn)
,J*^-*\
rltr t t-t'f *- ,3M
Sau khi siai *rr:iiai iI) ,,ta cci nhan x6t : vi t la didm bdt ki ldy

f-

tr6n canh AB (I kh6c A vd. B), ta luOn lu6n nhdn duoc k6t q:udld BM
vu6ng gdc vdi DE taif. Ndi c6ch khdc, ndu hinh vul:e:/BCD c6 dinh,
didm l lrru d6ng trOn canh AB (I khdc A vn B) thi BFD :90o, hay ld,
didm tr' chay tr6n dudng trbn drrdng kinh BD (chua giOi han v6i c6ch
nhin nhdn nhrt vAy, chring ta di t6i :
Bhi todn Z , Cno hini uuong ABCD cd dinh. I td. nr1t didm thay d.di
trn canh AB (I txhot A ud B). Ti; DI cdt tia Cb tqi E. Dudng thd.ng il ,dt
duitng thang AE tai M. Dudng thang BM cdt dudng thing DE tai F.
Tint qu! tich didnr F.
tich ctia didrn F Id m6t phdn trr dudng trbn, duong kinh BD.
.loailQrty
trti cdc diem A vh -B).

Sau khi giAi xong Bd.i todn

2,

Ndu didm.I ldy tr6r, canh AB

thi ^Bf'D :

s6tuh6i:
VAy

chdc c6c ban

90".

thi

Ndu 1ln mot didm bdt ki tr6n tiaAB (1khac

A) thi ket quA cdn dring hay kh6ng ?
Cdu trA ldi ld : ket quA v6n con dung. Vd
chting ta di tdi
Blri todn 3 :, Cho hinh uudng ABCD cd
dinh.. I lit nt Ot didnt tltay ddi tran ila AB (I khac
A). Tia DI cdt tio CB tai E. Dudng thd,ng CI cat
duitng thang AE tai M. Duitng tha.ng BM cat
dudng th&ng DE tai F.
Tint. qui' tich didnt F.
Trong tnrdng hop didm B nam gltta2 didmA
vd 1, c6c ban chi vi6c chon didm J tr6n canh A-B
sao cho AJ : BE. Sau dri, chtlng rniqblgdng tu
nhtt bdi to6n 1 se nhAn dttoc kdt qrh, BFD : 90('.
Quj tich ld nrla dudng trbn dridng kinh BD
(b6 didnr A). Vi6c chuydn tit : 6di tod.n 1 sang
cdc biti todn 2 vd bir.i todn 3 s6 dttoc dinh hinh
ngay, ndu nhrl c6c ban sit dur'g phuong phop
too. d0 dd giei biri todn 1.
:

That vay, f,

chon h6 truc toa

dO nhrr

hinh

vi

dd cho gon ta
chon don vi

l:DC=DA.

Dat CDE : n{'.

'la co, trong

ne toa oo oa
chon,'c6c didm
A (0, 1);A (1, 1) ;

C(1,0);D(0,0);
E (l,tgnt') ;

l
l

1(ctgnz(', 1).

Khi
dd
phuong trinh
1- : -9
dtrdng
_o thilngArle
______o Y I
Lgrt,,_i 1_0
y = (.tgnt') - 1)r + 1
hay Id '.
Phttong trinh dttdng thing CI ld:

0*1

'!i

. . r.**-,i

r - cotgtt"

I - cotgnt('
x-l
havli: y:cotgtr" Trl dd suy ra giao dieim M cita c6c drrdng
1

thing AX vit CI c6 toa d6

,=-

"ot$"' --'
cotgntt\*tgn,r"-l'
I - tgnz"
"v -- (cotpz" - 1;1colp7rt'\ * tgnt\ - 7)
vidt phuclng trinh dtrdng thing BM, ta suy ra
duoc dtidngthingBM c<i hO s6 g6cK : -cotgn{'.
2

d6 khdc.

Xeit m6t vi tri cria diem l tr6n tia d6i cua tia
AB. Ndu thav ddi c6ch xem x6t cdu triic cira
hinh v6, *"* trD ld phdn gi6c cira gclc vudng
IBE c: .a tam gi6c 1BE, cdn B-F la duilng cao
thuOc canh huy6n, chting ta di tdi :
^
Bhi to6n 5: Clto tant g;nc ARC (C: 90").

v6,

y-l

Dudng thing DE cd hO sd gric ld tgm",

Tt dd suy ra : drrdng thing DE vudng g6c
v6i dtidngthhngBM. Srl dungphttong ph6p toa
d0 giAi bdua{n 7, ban cd thd nhAn x6t ngay
duoc, gcic CDE = nL(' cd thd dttoc xdc dinh mdt
c5ch tuy y chi cdn nf khl.c 90o vd 0" (dd tgm"
vi cotgzrzo xdc dinh) ta vdn cci hai drrdng thing
DE vit BM vudng gcic vdi nhau.
Chring ta di tdi :
Blri to6n 4 : Cho hinltuudng ABCD cd diruh.
I ld. nt|t d,idnt clruydn d6ng ffAn dudng thang AB
(I kltoc N. Dudng thang DI cat duitng tlnrug CB
tai E. Dudng thang CI cat dudng thang AE tqi
M. Dxdng thang BM cat duitng thang DE tai F.
Tint quy tich ctio didnt F.
Bay gi.ir chring ta x6t bdi todn dd6i mot gdc

Va dudng phdn giac CD ua cluong cao CH. Ti

D dung DE ua DF ld.n lttot uu)ttg goc udi canlt
CB uit. canh CA. (E 1.l"1n CB vd F trdn CA).
Chung ntinh ra,ng cac dudng tlrung CH, AE
uit BF cdt nltau tai ntOt didnt.
Crlc bni todn 2, 3, 4. 5 trrong ttr vdi bii todn
1. Vi6c giAi bdi to6n 1 c<j thd girip chring ta gi6i
c6c bAi toin kh6c tudng tti vdi ncj.
Nhi stt pham vd ld nhd to6n hoc ndi tidng
ngudi Mi (gdc Hungari) Pdlya cci nhAn x6t :
"Trong to6n hoc so cdp cung nhrr trong to6n hoc
cao cdp, phep tuong ttt cd le ld cci mAt trong rnoi
ph6t nrinh. Trong m6t sd ph6t minhp hep tuorug
f4z chiSm vai trd quan trong hon cA."
Cbn d6i vdi nhd thi6n vdn tdi ba Kep Ler
(ngudi Drlc), ngudi da ph6t minh ra ba dinh luAt
ndi tiSng trong thi6n van hoc mang t6n Kep I*r
thi : "TOi v0 cung biSt an cecp llep tuorlg tu , nhrrng
ngudi thdy dzing tin cdy nhat ctia t6i. Cdc phep
tuong ttt da giup t6i kh6m phd ra c6c bi mAt cria
td nhi6n, de gitip t6i vddt qua drroc moi trd ngai"
Qu6 trinh khdi qudt hcia drra tr6n stt vAn

dung ph6p tudng ttr gin li6n vdi "phbng thi

nghi6m" cria td duy s6ng tao. Crj thd nrji, dd Id
mOt trong nhilng phttong ti6n quan trong nhdt
ctia vi6c ttr gi6o duc, trlc ld vi6c md rdng vd ddo
sdu kidn thrlc da cd.
Phuong ph6p hoc tdp khoa hoc ndy, dbi h6i
stt n6 hlc ctra bAn thAn c6c ban, tr6n co sd d6
nirn vrlng c6c phrrong ph6p, dttdng I6i giai
nhtrng bdi to6n dA co.

Bai Tf /218. Hary tinr s6 chinh phuong lon

nhdt co chtt sd cu6i khdc: khdng sao cho sau hlti
xoa b6 hai chtt sd cttdi tlti thu duoc mOt sd chinlt

Goi sd chinh phtrong phAi tim

Ta

22.

cci

nl:
theo

li

100o +bc

bii ra 100a In s6 chinh phudng,

do d6

Ta co n2 > l}Okz +n >- 104 + 1 .-

k2

: * - tooh2 > \ok+ 1)2 - tookz :

:ZOk + I
.ribc < 100-2Ok+1 < 100
-k < 4
Do dri n2 = l0Oh2 + bc < 1600 + 99 = 1699

bc

= 1764
412:1681.

NhAn thdy 422

r)ANG r rrlN(i

Bld T2l218. Cho ltai

sd x,

'rr

riN(i

y thoo nldn dang

tlfic

.rl

dinh x, y dd tich xy dat gia tri nho nhd.t.

Ldi gini : Ta

Tt

ch5

cci

U- *

7vZ

**i-

-i)' . (..tZ)z -2 = *y

Tt

(2) ta thdy tich xy dat gi6

e)

tri nh6 nhdt ld

(-1,2)

BAi T3/218. Gid.i phuang

-t'o N(;UYt,N
trinh :

* \2-l
x:+(\x+1
Ldi giei Di6u ki6n : x * -1.
Phrrong trinh dang xdt

..
x .) 2*2
'-('-r.1)-+r+1-1:o
.xl)'42
*(r*t)-+r+r-l=o

:($

+r)2:z

[,2

L.l*t:{2
)

tx'
l-1-. +1=-t[2

(1)

Q)

[x+l

GiAi ra (2) v6 nghiOm vi cd bi6t thric Am. VAy

phuong trinh cd hai nghiOm la nghiGm ctia (1),
cld

ld

x1=

x2:

{2-r*{z'E-t
2

,{1

- t +,[Ni7

Nhf;n x6t. C<i 178 bai giii trong sd dci cri 2

bai giei sai (kdt luQn : phuong trinh v6

Z*2+1.+Y.:+
4
Xctc

(,

(,PP4w) -Z:xy

thi tich xy d4t gia tri nh6 nhdt bang -2.

Nh{n x6t. Cri rdt nhi6u ban ldp 7, Idp 8,ldp
9 giAi bai ndy theo cdch tr6n. Hdu het c6c ban
ddu giAi t6t bai niy. C6c dia phrrong cci ngrrdi
gui ldi gi6i nhrr sau : Y6n B6i, B6c Th6i, Hd Bic,
Vinh Phri, Hd Tdy, Ha NOi, Hii Phbng, HAi
Httng, Thdi Binh, Naru Hi, Ninh Binh, Thanh
Hda, NghO An, Hd Tinh, QuAng Binh, QuAng
Tr!, Thta Thi6n - Hud, QuAng Nam - Dd Ning,
QuAng Ng6i, Phf Y6n, Dak Lak, TAy Ninh,
Khdnh Hba, Ddng Nai, TP. Hd Chi Minh, Vinh
Long, Trd Vinh, Minh HAi.

tirn.

Nh{n x6t : Rdt d6ng c6c ban tharn gia giAi

bdi niy. Tdt cA d6u giAi dring. Kh6ng cci gi khri
khan trong vi6c tim tdt cd c\c s6 chinh phrrong
th6a m6n di6u ki6n bdi to6n. Dd ld c6c sd { 121,
144, 169, 196, 441,484, 961, 1681 ). D6ng tidc,
kh6ng cci ban ndo "dio sdu" bdi to6n nhtr viy.
Cd:c ban sau ddy cri ldi giAi t6t : Dd Minh
Chdu 9T D6ng Anh Ha NOi, Phant Dinh Qudc
Hung 7 Trdn DAng Ninh, Nam }J,it, Nguy6n
Xudn NguyAn 9T LC Khi6t, QuAng Ngdi, Id
Xudn Hoitng 9NK Hi6p Hba, Hd B6c, Nguy6n
Hbng Dung 9T Trdn Dang Ninh Narn Dinh,
NguydnDicThanh 9TquAn 3TP Hd ChiMinh,
Mai Dic Phuong 7T Bim Son, Thanh H6a,Vfi.
Tud.n Anh, TIICS Thdi Nguy6n, B5c Th6i,
Phan Thi T'hu Hiing 9 To6n, Bi6n Hoa, Ddng
Nai, Ngrrydn. Qudc Tlmng 9C DOngAnh IIe l.Iii,
Nguy1n Quang IIdi 8A Quang Tmng, IIa NOi,
Ng6 Qudc Anh,7 Ban M6 Thu6t, DhcL6c, Trdn
Anh Kian, ST NK Bim Son, Thanh IIda.

1v
'-;:ovdr*t'=o'
Tr) dd ta a (x, y) : (1, -2) hoac (r, y) :

1681 th6a man di6u ki6n ddu bdi. VAy dci ln

sd cdn

,,2

(i*;-r)

-2 khi va chi khi

plmong.

Ldi giai (ctia da s6 c6c ban)

o ) <+

(1)

r, y th6a m6n ( 1) suy ra r ;c 0 vd

nghiOm !), cbn lai ddu giAi dring. Ldi giai t6t
gdm cci : VO Qudc Hilng (chuy0n LC Khi6t,
QuAng Ngai). D6 Thanh Hdi (9A, TO Hi6u, Hii
Phdng) ; Nguydn Kibu Lian (9T, THCS Tnrng
Vuong, He NOi), Ds.ng Thd.nh Trung (9A, NgO

Gia Ttt, HAi Hrrng), Tdng Ngoc Trt (9A, BdVen

Ddn, Ha NQi), Ngzy6n Mqryh Hirng (9T, Ndng
khidu Nghi - LQc, NghO An) Trdn Dtc Soz (8

Chuy6n Ba D6n, Quing Ninh, QuAng Binh),

NgO Van Giang (9A THCS Nfi Ddi, Kidn Thuy,
Hni Phbng) , D6 Minh Chai @h:uy6n DOng Anh,
He Noi)
DaNc vrEN
Bei T4l2 18 . Cho tant gid.c ABC u6i AC > AB.
Gqi M lit trung d$&cia BC. TrAn canh BC ldjr
didm D sao cho BN:= CS*lrn tiaAM ldy
didnr N sao cho ABN : ACB. Gqi O la giao
didm. crta AD uoi BN, til N kA NK ll OM cdt BC
tai didm K. So sdruh BD uoi CK.
Ldi giai. ?r) c6c gie thidt vd gric bing nhau
suy ra cdc c4p tam gidc d6ng dang (g.g) sau dAy :

aia tam

gid.c

ABC. Gqi O 1, Orlhn luot ld tdrn cac

dudrug trdn nQi tidp crc nin gior,+Ctt, BCH.

ui tri cfia C dd Oro2dq.t dQ diLi l6n nhdt.

Tlm

Ldi gi6i:
Cd,ch 1 :

Goi r

li

tAm dudng trbn nOi tidp cria LABC.

HM

a
DO ddng chrlng

O'

minh duoc

AABC^AACH^ACBH

rr CH 12
-r-CB'r-AC

CH

ri+r)
=;:cHZ

1
("rr*;A):
1

crP @C + cB2)
LOAB
c6 cdc

ti

16

LMAC ; LABN

thfc

^ LACD tr] dcj ta

BO AB BN Ma
MC AC -CD'=--=
BO BA/
oM llNK ndn
u*: BK.
BM

MC

n6n ta cc

Bff

, CH

,AB,\- I

I _
-\ca.AC)

1)

-r

Mat khric LO pSt vu6ng tai If (ban doc t{

(2)
CM) + Opl= OrH2 + OrIP :2r2
Hon nta

:'#.

suy ra

CD : BK. Tr) dd ta c6 BD = CK.

NhQn x6t. 1) C6 223 bai giai, tdt cA ddu giAi
dfng. Ldi giei tdt gdm cd : Nguy4n Hbng Dung
(9T, Trdn Dang Ninh, Nam Dinh) Nguydn
Thinh. (9T - Phan B6i Chdu, NghO An), Vr7

Phong Hdi (8 To5n Bim Son, Thanh Hcia),

Phqnr Vd,n Tidn (Trung tdm giSo duc thudng
xuy6n, Ddm Doi, Minh Hii), Pham Manh Hilng
(9 Torin, Nguy6n Du, Gd Vdp, TP Hd Chi Minh),
Phan Trang Xud,n (8, Phan Chu Trinh, Di6n
Kh6nh, Kh6nh Hita), Pham Thi Thu Hdng
(Trudng B6i Drrdng Gi5o Duc, Bi6n Hda), Ddo
Duy Nanr (8 Tori.n L0 Quy DOn, Long Khdnh,
D6ng Nai), Trdn Manh Qud.tt. (9 To6n, Nguy6n
Tri Phtrong, HuO, La Tlwnh Binh (10A, DAi
hoc Sti Pham Vinh), N g0 Van Gidng (9A, THCS
Nfi D6i, Kidn Thuy, Hii Phbng)
DANG VIEN

Beri T5/218 : Cho nfta duong tritn duitng

kinh AB trn d6 c6 d.idnr C. Hq duitng cao CH
4

CB2.AC2
Suy ra ,2 = ,1+

Tr) (1)

vi

(2) suy raO

rOrl6n nhdt khi vd chi

khi r ldn nhdt.

Xdt LOAB ta c6

idE = 18oo - 12r+frr\:

13bo

Yqy O thu6c cung chrla gcic 1350 drrng trn

doanAB thu6c nita met phing bd.4.B cr)ng phia
vdi nrla dudng tron dd cho. D6 thdy khi.O Id didm
chinh gita cung dd thi r l6n nhdt. Lric dd C ld di6m
chinh gita cria nila drrdng trdn drrdng kinh,4B.
Cd.ch 2; (Hrrdng d6n)
Chrlng minhAC = A.i\y', suy ra O ld tnre tAm
LCOIO,> CO L O1O2. Tt dd suy ra
LCOK = L.OrOrK+ CO = OtOz.

Mat khde SO : SA = SB. Tt) dri suy raCOldn

nhdt khi vd chi khi CS I6n nhdt. Tr) dci suy ra C ld
didm d chinh girra nita dtrdng trrn drrdng kinh AB.
Nhin x6t : GiAi tdt bai niy cri cdc ban :
Phant Thu Huong 9A, Hdng BAng, Dang Anlt

Tudn, 9T Trdn Phf, Hei Phdng, Ngl Thd.ntt

Trung,8T Chuy6n cdp II Phf Tho, Ta Xud.n
Dttc 9Al cdp II D6t Vi6t Tri, Vinh phd, Br)i
Manh Hilng, 9H TtrrngVtrongNguydn COng Minh,
9A DAo Phrrong Narn, 8A B6'VitDdn, D6 Minh

Chiu,9T Chuy6n D6ng Anh, Bil.i ViAJ Hd,9C

Ngoc LAnr, Gia LAm, Ha NQi, Trd.n Ngoc Anh,
Nguydp Tidn Trung, 9T Trdn Dang Ninh, Nam

Dinh, Nanr }Id, Nguydn Tidn Hbo,8T Bim Son,

Binh, gT Lam Son, Thanh H6a, Trd,n

Nant Ditng, 9T, Phan BOi Chdu, NghO An, Doo
Xudn Hung 72 td 5 Ddng Vinh, phrrdng TAn
Giang, Hd Tinh, Tr:iln Duc_Soz, 8 Chuy6n Ba
D6n, QuAngBinh, Nguydn Hxu Ngtti, gTL Chuy6n
PTTH QuAng "14, Nguydn Dic Thitnh,g, PTCS
cdp 2 Colette quAn 3 TP Hd Chi Minh, CZo Anh
Dic,9A, chuy6n Mac Dinh Chi, TAy Ninh.
LA Huy

VTI KI M I'I IIIY

Bati T6/218 Gidi phuong trinlt

2cos(x - 45") - cos(lc - 45")sin2x

-3sin2x*4=0

Ldi giai
(1)

(1)

(ctra da sd cdc ban)

- 45")(2 - sin2r) *
-cos(r
+3(2- sin2r) -2=O

*-(2- sin2r)[3*cos(r - 45,')f = 2

Ma 2-sinZx>2-l=l
3*cos(r-45") >3-l=2

Q)

Vqy (2

- sin2r)[3 *cos(x - 45.,)] >- 2,Yx.

Suy ra

*r-45":180"+K360o
x = 225('+K360(', KeZ.
Nhfn x6t.

ti6'p

1) MQt sd ban cho ldi gi6i truc

bing crich phin tich ra thrla s6 :

D4tr-45t'=f,thi

(1) *-(1*cos/)(2cos:2t+4cost

7)

:0

N(iI.JYEN VAN MAT]

Bei T7i218. Cho da thic

P(x) = (xz -2)@2 - B)(r2 - 6)

Chilng ntinh riing u6i mgi sd nguyAn fi p d.bu

tinr duoc sd nguy1n duorug n d.d P(n) chia hdt
cho p.

Ldi giSi : V6ip = 2 tachon z = 2, vdi p = 3

z : 3. X6t p * 2,3. Ta hdy chrlng rninh

chon

nhAn x6t sau

Ndu (a, p)

=I

vd,

n2

*o (modp) vdi Vn thi

p-l
a 2 =-1(modp)

(1)

ThQt vdy v6i m6i h a \1, 2..., p - 1 ) d6 chrlng

minh ring tdn tai duy nhdt & ' { 1, 2, ..., p - ll
(modp). \11 n2*a (modp) v6i mgi n
sao cho kh'
=a
n6u le ;c li'. Tt dd (p - 1) ! = (1.1')(2.2')... (k.k')...
lr-l
: a 2 (rnodp)
md (p - 1) ! = -1 (modp) theodinh liWinson.
Do dcj ta cd (1). Nhan x6t duoc chrlngminh.
Trd lai bii to6n giA st P(il lpY n.
Khi dd Vz, n2 * 2 (modp), n2 * 3 (modp) vi
n2 * 6 (modp). Theo nhAn x6t tr6n suy ra

P-t

2 t :-1

P-l
(modp),3 2

:-1

(modp)

p-L

-6- z = - 1 (modp) mdu thudn v6i srr ki6n

p-r
6 z = -1 (modp).

Nhgn x6t : i) Mdu ch6t cria bdi torin ld

chrlng minh nhAn x6t (1). Nhi6u ban dd phrit
hiQn duoc di6u dci nhung chrlng minh cbn dAi
hoAc khdng chrlng minh.
ii) Trl crich giSi tr6n d6 dnngchrlng minh bii
torin tdng quat v6i da thrlc
P(r) = (x2 -a)1x2 -b)(xz -ab) a * b.
Cci b4n cho ring khing dinh cria bii toan
vdn dring ndu thay bang da thrlc
P(x) = 1xz -211x2 -31
Nhung di6u ndy kh6ng dring ching han
vdi p = 5. Ta cd Yru, n2 : 0, 1, 4 (mod5) do
d,6 n2 - 2* O, n2 - 3 #0 (mod5) v6i moi n.
Sdban tham giagiAibii torin niykhOngnhi6u.
Cric b4n cd ldi giAi dfng li :
LA Van An llCT Phan BQi Chau, NghQ An,
LA Anh Vil tZ Qu6c hoc Hud, Nguy6n LO Lr/c
10CT TP Hd Chi Minh, Trd.n NguyAn Ngqc
llCT DHTHHN, L Tud,n Anh I1CTDHTH
IJN, Phan Dung Hirng QuAng Binh, Nguydn
Xudn Thdng, QuAng Tri.
DANG IITJNG TLIANG

Bei T8/218 z Cho sd nguyAn n > 3. Chting

ntinh rd.ng, tbn tai hai lrcd.n ui hhdc nhau
(s1, sr, . . . sr) uit. (.t1, tz, . . ., tn)

cta (1, 2,..., n) sao ch,o

s, *2s, +. . . + nsu= t, +ztz+.
Liti gini

(Theo Trinh

..

*ntr.

Hfiu Trung,

1.1T

Lam

Son, Thanh H6a) : Xdt Bdi tod.n sau : "Cho sd

nguyan n >- 3 uit cho n sd tfutrc doi mQt khdc

nhau o,t, &2t ...t an Ch,rtng nlirlh, rang, tbn tai

Anh

nrdn dbng tltiti cdc dibu kiQn sau :

(12Ks PTNK B6c Thrii)

Tud,n, NguyLn Phuong, Nguydn Quang

hai ltodn ui @ t, b2, ..., 6J vir Hdi, Plrym Quang Hung (10CT, 12CT PTTH
("t,"2,,..,c,r) c&a (ar,cl2,...,an)
thfu Hirng Vuong, Vinh Phu) vd L Quang Minlt
(i\ bi* crVi : llt

NGUYEN KHAC MINH

ilil

(,,)

> a,b,=)ap,
j=l

il

i:l

Ctr.ing

minh: o Vdi n = 3 ta cci

a, or) lA hai horin vi th6a

(az, a3, ar) uit, (a.r,

min (i) vd (ii).

Bni Tgl2 18 Cd.c canh AC, AD, BC ud. BD cfia

diQn ABCD tidp xic udi m.4t cd.u (SJ bd.n
kfnh f, td.nt I n?i.m tuAn cq.nh AB. Cbn cd.i canh
CA, CB, DAuir. DB thi tidp xrtc udi m.et cd.w (S')
bdn hinh. r, tdm J nd.nt trhn canh CD. Chnig
nzinh hA tfuhc sau dd.y :
gg+ 19112 _ 4r:z) = CD4 @Bz _ 4pz1
Ldi giei (cria nhi6u ban)

tt.

d0 thdy
(oz, oz, . . ., ar,, a r) uit. (au, a r, ez, . . ., an _ l)
GiA sir m6t
ld hai ho6n vi th6a rnsn (i) vd (ii).
cdu S,,(/, f) ti6p
Chgn o' : i,Vi: TI vDr thay didu kiQn (i)
xnc vdi AD, AC,
bdi di6u kien "nhg" hon : BD, BC ldn ltiot
'(bt,b2,...,bu) uit {c,c2,...,c71) la hai 6 M, N, P, Q,TA
c6:BP=BQ;
hodn vi kh6c nhau", trJ Bei to6n tr6n ta cci Bdi
IP = IQ -/n6n
da ra.
:
NhQn x6t : 1. Dai da sd cdc ban grli ldi giei L IBP A.fBQ. ^
Suv
ra
-^ ::
tdi tda soan di giAi bii ra theo phtrong phrip cria
IBD
IBC,
ldi giAi trn.
Chrlng minh
2. Danh s5,ch cdc ban cd ldi giai ngSn gon :
tudns tu. ta
Nguydn. Thi Khdnh Truybn (11CT1 Tnrdng
drtgc : IAD = IAC. Do d6 : L ABD : L, ABC +
Luong Thd Vinh, Bi6n Hba, Ddng Nai) ; AD = AC ; BD : BC. Ddi vdi rnit cdu
Nguydn L Lqc, Triin Thidn Anh, Khuu Mintt
S'rr, (J, r), chring minh tuong tu, ta drloc :
Cdntr (l}CT, 11CT DHTH T.P H6 Chi Minh) ;
DA: DB vdCA: CB. Nhu viy:
Pharu Phi D6ttg, Pltan Anh. Huy, HbVd,n Hitu,
AC : AD = BC: BD (: A).
Dd.o DuyAn (10A1, 11A1, 11A2, 11A3 P?TH LC
Tt dd d6 ddng thdy ringl ld trung didrn cta
Quy DOn Dd Ning) ; Coo Thd Anh, V6 Tlnnh
AB vd J ld trung didm cria CD.
Tirng, La AnhVil (llCT,12CT Qudc hoc Hu6) ;
D1t AB - 2m, CD = 2n, ta c<j hO thrlc :
Nguydn Hodng Cong (l2T QuAng Ngai) ;
s(DAB) : Zs(DIA) : af = m.DI =
PhantVan Hing ( 10T NK Hd Tinh) ; Trd.n Chi.
: nt{dTi-n7. Suy ra
Hba, Truong Vinh Ld,n., D6 Duc Diittg, Phan
n1,
Duy Hirng, Mai Tlr.d Hirng (10CT, 1lCT, 12CT
P=
Trrrdng Ddo Duy Tt, Quing Binh) ; Nguydn
Kh.anh Quyruh (11A,, PTTII Phan Dang Lrru,
n
'" {aZ P
:
Tttongt{:r
-cL
Y6n Thdnh, NghQ An) ; Le Van An, Nguydn
Hbng Chung, Dttong Vd.n YAru, (1lCT PTTH
Tir dd ta dugc :
Phan BOi Chdu, Nghe An) ; Hoitrug Xudru Bdclt
CD2 _ 4r2 = 4(n2 _ p1 =
(12A PTCT DHSP Vinh) ; Mai Thinh HiQp
(10A3 PTTH Ba Dinh, Nga Son; Thanh H<ia)
;
:4n;il--\:4 a2 -n2. - n4 CD4
\^
Dodn Tidrz Dung, Nguydn Th.anh Hoiti, Trinlt
az I
az 4a2
(9T,
Hftu Trung
11T Laru Son, Thanh Htia) ;
DQng ViQt Cuitng, Nguydn Anh Hoa (l0T
n2 - n,2,
ttt4 AB4
PTTH L0 Hdrrg Phong, Nam Hi) ; Trdn Van
\.
)-=o2
a2
4a2
Hi, (7T Trudng NK Kidn Xtlong, Th6i Binh) ;
Do dd ta dtloc h6 thrlc cdn tim :
LA Van Manh (lzCT PTNK Hoing V6n Thu,
Hba Binh) ; Trdn Nguyan Ngqc (ltg PTCT
an+ lgpz - 4r2) : CD4 (ABz - aP) =
DHTH He NQi) ; Nguydn Minh Phuorug {9A
, AB4CD4.\
tPTCS Minh Phuong, Vi6t Tri, Vinh Phn) ; Trdn
\4a2 )
I

; {7:-;V

APz-4P:4@tz-P)=

Nh{n x6t: Nhi6u ban tham gia giai

bei

toSn niry, tdt ch d6u gi6i dring, trr) m6t ban kdt
Iu{n sai (ABCD Id trl diQn d6u l). Tuy nhi6n, ldi
gi6i ctia mQt sd b4n cbn rtldm ri, chrta gon.
NGUYEN OANC TTTAT

Bei T10/218. Ld.y cdc canlt. BC, CA

uit.

AB

cfia ntQt tant gid.c ABC tdttt d,d,y, d,1rug ra phia

ngoir.i tant gid.c ABC ba tant giac d.bu A'BC uit
C'AB. G,li Ary At i Brt Btud. Co Crliin luot lit

AB,
A'B''c&a hai tam giac ABC, A'B'C'" Chtrug
ntinh rd,ng citc d.oqn thang A,,A, BoB tuit. CuC,
dbng quy uit. bitng n ltau.
Sau ddy tir ntQt sd cd.ch gid,i hhd.c nhau crta
biti toa.n. rrd.y.
trun g d.idm cdc cqnh BC, B'C' ; CA, C'A'

uit,

Lbi . giiti
cdclt 1. (DUa
theo Trdn Lr1c,
10CT, Ddo Duy

Tr),

QuAng

Binh vd nhi6u
ban khric).

- Tnrdc h6t,
d5 ding chrlng
minh rhng
doan

CC'

chinh la

nQi

dung cira

mQt
to6n cd

quen
thuQc ddi v6i sd ddng c6c l:an).

Sau dri, chrlng urinh r:ing bdn tam giric

ABC, ArrB.Crr, A'B'C'vi. A,BrC, cci ctng trgng

tdnr G. Thit vAy, ndu tam gEAc ABC ctl hrrdng
drrong,llxem hinh vo) thifgc + BA' + CB') =

: [!c)
:
+

+ f(BA) + f!:]B'):
AB BC + CA : O, trong d<i / = Q*,,0"
le ph6p quay vdctcl, gdc g : + 600. Do dci :
e8' + BA' o Crt'

:6

Suv ra : Hai tam giacABC vr\ C'A'B'cci cung

trong tinr ; ttf d<j ta duoc ngay d.p.c.ur.
- Dd y rang A"B,C., vi A,-l}rC, lA tam giric
trunghinh cfra c6c tam giacABC vdA'B'C' ; da

r1

tdrn
"i lrQ;,
t

Tt, QuAng Binh)'

Tru6c hdt, chrlng minh ring cric tam gi6c
ArBoCa, BFAova Cr,4.oB" ln d6u vi d$ng ra
ngoii tam glilc A.BoC(,.
tac6l.
ThAt vdv.
-C++++
zAi), C'A + B'C = f(C'B) + f(B'A) =
tnldng PTTH Ddo Duy

--->_>

ArBo =

f(Are), trong d6 f =

Qa6s"

ph6p quay v6cto, gtic *600. Do dd ArBoCo

lam gi6c d6u vd cd hrrdng 6m.

li

li

mQt

Chrlng minh trrong tt!, c{c tam giric B rC oAu

vd C,A.$^ crlng li nhitng tam giric ddu vi cci
hrr6ng dri aUng ra ngodi tam g1ilcAoBoCo.
- D6i vdi tam gi5cA.rB..,Co, ta tr6 vd bdi to6n
cd didn quen thu6c, vatrrici<At quA nhu de chi
ra trong d6 to5n.
Cach 3 (dtra theo LA Thanh Tilng,l6p 8T,
tnrdng PTNK Bim Son, Thanh Hda vd nhi6u
ban khde l6p 9 PTCS).
- Ggi D ln dinh thf ttr ctra hinh binh hdnh
C'AB'D'(x. hinh vE), ta chfngminh ringDBC
ld mQt tam giSc {Qg.tr} d<i ggIraAtCoBo ld ddu.

Chrlng minh tuong tu, Brc#,o vd C,AoBo

li nhirng tam giSc ddu nliu tam gi6c
ArBoCrrvd dung ra ngodi tam gi6cAoBoCo'
Nh$n x6t. 10) Lbi giAi 2 (stt dqng ph6p quay
v6ctc) ia ldi giai ngin ggn hon cA.
20) Phdn d6ng c6c b4n da bidt str dung tinh
chdt ctia ph6p quay dd chrlng minhAA', BB'vd
CC'bang nhau vd ddng quy (ho4c AoA,, BoB,
vd C.C, bang nhau vi ddng quy). Tuy nhi6n, ldi
giei arid nhi6u b4n cbn rdt rddm rir.
A") Cd rdt ddng. 117 ban tham gia giei bai
toSn tr6n vi cho ldi gi6i dring. Tuy nhi6n c0ng
cbn mQt vdi ban chrta dat didm tdi da vi chfng
minh thidu chat ch.
40) Tdc giA dd to6n nly giAi bing phuong
ph6p toa dO. Mot sd ban stt dgng hQ thrlc lrrong
trong tam gSdc, ttt gi6c dd chrlng rninh cdc tam
giSc nhrrArBoCo la d6u. Cdc ldi gi6i ndy d6u ddi
dbng, kh6ng dep.

cfng

bni
didn,

dci, ph6p

Qud Ld.m, l2CT,

bang nhau vA
ddng quy (Ddy

2 (drra theo Trd.n

tay, det AB'D = AC'D-:-0 = 1800 Tbt

'B'AC'
; ta drloc g : 1B0o - B'A9!= 1800 (ryq - 129:: BAC): - 600 + BAC' SuY ra
bB'c = BC'D = BAC vd do d<i : a, DB'c
:
=L.BC'D = !'BAC (c.g.c). Ttldri :DC = BD BC.

ba

thingAA',

BB' vd

Cdch

G, hG sd /a

: - N bidn

ABC thnnh AoB,.C,r, A'B'C'thdnh A'B,C',. Su

i
ra ph6p v! t{ V[ 2 bidncdc doan thing AA', BB'
vd. CC'ldn lrrgt thdnh c5c dc4n thing AAr,
B,p, va C.,C,. Bdi vAy, ba doan th&ng niy cfrng
d6ng quy vi bing nhau.

NGUYE,N DANG PHAT

BAi f.1/218.

Mil ui1n bi khdi luqng m c6

khoan nt0t 16 xuyAn fi'm uit. duoc lbng ffAn mQt

thanh cing th.d.ng sao cho bi c6 thd chuydn dQng
d.ec ffen thanh udi ma sd,t khOng dd.ng h. Hai
tb xo L, ud. Lrc6 ntQt dd.u gd.n. chq.t u6i.uian bi
ud. dd.u^cdn lqi gdn c6 dinh uito cd.c didnt A uit.

B trn thanh cing (xent. linh uA). Ltic d?iu dqt

thanh AB nant ngang uir, uiAn bi dtng yAn d ui

NhAn x6t. C6c em cci ldi giei tdt: Nguydn

Qudc Nguyan ll Ly PTTH Phan BOi ChAu,
Vinh, NghQ An; Nguydn Qudc Khd.nl, 1lF C Li,
PTTH Hirng Vrtong, ViQt Tri, Vinh Phri ; ?o
Huy Cubng 12A1, PTTH chuy6n, Thrii Binh ;

Bili

Thd

Dfing, tlA, PTTH Van Giang, ChAu

Giang, HAi Hung.

M.T

tri M, klti d6 ld xo L, bi nen m6t doqn a, ld xo

Lrbi ndn ntdt doqn ar. Tqi tltiti didm t = o quay
thanhAB xung quanh bI tdi ui tri thanh thang
dtlng.
1. Hdry ching ninh, lit uiAn bi sE dao dQng
dibu hba.
2. Clrc bidt biin d6 daa dQng crta uiAn bi td
9,8cnt uir. gia t6c trgng trudng ld g,B ntls2. Hay
tinh chu hi dao dQng cria ui1ru bi.
3. Cho bif't nt = 7Ng, a r = 15 cnt uit a, = 10 cnt.
Hoy tinh dQ ctng cilo crii tb xo L, uair.
Htrdng d6n giei. 1. Khi thanhAB nam ngang
vd vin bi dfng ydn 6 M ta c6 lt,a, : k.o." (I).
Khi thanhAB thfrng dfng, chon viirl ca-n 6ang
lim gdc toa do vd tr6n O-r hridng xu6ng dtr6i.
Xdt vi6n bi 6 vi tri ccj toa d6 r, hop luc tac dung
l6u vi6n bi cd hinh chi6u l6n truc Or :

l- : lt,(.ttt -.r + rr) -h.(u..*r-:c,,)+t1lg

chir

d6,r, 1.1i
-1i

ltLR

.f: = \2)
u, *
virF : - "(kr + k)x (g).Apdungdinhtudt
h, * lt-

Niuton suy ra ,"*'i;'

+
r=0
r = Asin(ot + f\ vdi *2 = (kt * h,)lnr.:
viOn bi dao d6ng di6u h6a.

2) Luc

,p

= -[

ra

SUy

t=

O,

x = .T,, vd u =

uit

nlg
A. = ;--:=kt+k.

T;

=1i

a)

0,

rrit ra
(4).

b-,va

m8

a,LZ*a.^

a|

nL8

al +a2

4Nlnr
6Nlm,

dd

C6 3

diln ffi Rt : SOQ -

;
Rr: 10Q - 5A ;
Rr: 20Q - 20A;
Trong d6 gid. tri sau lit. ditng cq.o nhdt mit
cac d.iQn trd c6 thd chiu duoc.
1. Xd,c dinh cum liAn hdt, c6 thd c6 gita ba
diAn trd nd.y, chiu duoc ngubru Il = 180V.
2. Gid stt chsn lian hdt Rt ll @2+ R) nr.dr
n6i tiip udi cunt b6ng ddn loai J}V= 4OW. Tint
cach nmc dd cdc b6ng ddn sdng binh thudng hhi
15A

Bd qtta gid

tri din trd cia ddy n6i.

Iludng cl6n gidi.

1) Trong dri 8 li6n ket girra 3 di6n tr6 c6 4

li6n ket sau diiy chiu duoc Ur* ( 180V:

2t

R.ll

Il-

R3

(Unr,o

= J00Vl
(R, + R2) (Un,o* = 200V)

SlIir + (R.ll

R7)

(u_", :275:v)

4) R1+ \R1 ll R) (Un',,,-* = 183,37.)

2t Li6n ket.R : Rl ll (R" +l?r) cci U^ :
150y vi v4y khi m6c n6i tidp B vdi cum.fcing
ddn dd dtta vao ngu6n Il = 220V, md mu6n cho
lin k6t R khOng bi ch6y thi hi6u di6n thd tr6n
cum bdng dbn ph6.i cri giri tri nh6 nhdt ln ZOV.
Ta cci R : 15Q vd U* * Uo = 22OV vd, ngoiti
ra, dd dbn sdng binh thrrdng thi UD phAi li b6i
cta U., - 30V-UO = nUdvdiz nguy@n dUong.
Tt dd suy ra chi v6i n = 4-UD = l2OVUn = 100y. Vd cOng sudt ti6u thu cria mOt khdi
bdng ddn ld
P'rs= 1".

U,l=

U^

* rO =

200W-eriSbcing

nhcim bcing ddn, m6i nhdm cri b bting m6c song

song.
;

i
t

ntdr toitn cunt uito ngubn din kh6ng ddi V : 220V,

sao cho cunt R = R ll (R. + R) hh6ng bi chdy.

mic song song. Nhtr vAy : cdn m6c n6i ti6p 4

\E

-42

Tt

chu ki dao d6ng

T=2n
= 0,628s
3) Tt (1) va (4) rrit ra
frjr

L2l2l8

1, ,?, +

tt - -(1, + A2)x + (h, * h-,)x,, + ntg.

TaiO,f:0vdr=0suyra

"

B,in

Nh$n x6t. Cd 2 em c6ldi giei dring :

Nguydn Thanh Tilng tZAy THPT Chi Linh,
HAi Hung ; DOng Minh TuQ, l0 chuy6n li,
THPT Dio Duy Tr), Ddng Hdi, QuAng Binh.

I
\

B,niTJl1222: Gi6i h0 phuong trinh

=o
fx -sz2x

-i, +]

RA

Ki NAy

CAC LOP THCS

Bni

ly-7iy-3x*d=0

TU222 : Chrlng minh rang

9n3 +9n2 +3n - l6kh6ngchiahdtchoB4Bv6i

lz-sfz-Jy+y3=s
NGUYEN

\i*i"ffi"

BiLi'181222: B6n s6 a, b, c, d c6 tich bing

vd th6a min ding thrlc :

ntoin e Z

NcuyEN otic'rAN
(TP EO Ch; MiNh)
BdiT2l222 : Cho a, b, cld} s6 htru ti th6a rnan

{abc: 1
c 62 c2 a2
4a b -1--;
i- -; c' o- = -a *;1o c
[DChtlng rninh ring m6t trong 3 s6 o, {r, c ld
I

binh phrrong cria m6t sd htu ti.

NC;t

rYI,N KTINNI I NCTIYIIN

(Hdi Phbngt
BdiT3l222: Tirl. urOt h6 thrlc glttaa vd b li
di6u ki6n cdn vA dir dd hC bdt phtrong trinh sau

diy

cri nghi6m.
t.'

l3r- - 4xv

*y:

lrr +r1, -.tf

< o)
>b

*b *c td,: I *1*!
abcd

*!

Chrlng minh ring bdn sd a, b, c, d phAn lim

hai cap giA srl la cap (a, b) vd (c, d) sao cho :

a.b=c.d=1.

NGUYEN LE DONG

(TP Hb Chi Minh)

B.di Tgl222: Drrdng trdn (D n6i ti6p tam
glac ABC tidp xric vdi canh BC 6 didm D. Gsi J
vi K ldn tuot U trung didm cria BC vd AD.
Chrlng minh rang dudng thing JK di qua 1.
116 QUANG VINH

NghQ An)
rgit didlg niry[:ongli! diQn
ABCD saocho OAt+ OBf OCi ODt= O,6dA
At, B t, C 1, D tli hinh chidrrcria O tr6n c6cm6t
Ba,i Tr 0/222_rO ln

(BCD), (CDA), (DAB), GBC). Chrlng minh rang

oAl +oB1

trong

d<i

+oc'+oD'

< 4r

r li b6n kinh mnt cdu n6i tidp trl diQn.

TruNII ui,wc; ct,,rNr;

(TP IIb Ch; Mintl)

BiLiT41222: Cho ram giacABC v6i didrnM
d b6n trong. Goi 1, J, 1{ theo thrl tu ld giao didm
cria cdc tia AM, BM, CM vdi c6c canh BC, CA,
AB. Dttdng thing qua M vi song song v6i BC
cit IK, IJ tai cac didur trrdng ttng E,,F. Chdng
nrinh rang ME : MF.
N(ir.rytiN rutNII IIA

(Hdi Phbng)
B.di T51222 : Cho nira dudng trdn tArn O
dttdng kinh AB vi didm M di d6ng tr6n nrla
dtrdng trbn drj. Goi N li giao didrn ctra tia BM
voi tidp nry6nAx ctia nira dtrdng trdn, p ld giao
didrn thrl hai cria ntla dudng trdn vdi dudng
r.rr6ng gric ha tr) M xu6ng Ax, e li chAn dudng
vu6ng gcic ha tt M xudng AB. X6c dinh vi tri
ci,a M sao cho N, P, Q thing hing.
oANr; vtEN

(Hd N6i)

cAc r6p THCB

BdiT6l222: Cho ham s6
f(x) = cos2x * acosx * bsinx. Tim o, 6
sao cho f(r) > -1 v6i mgi r.
'I'RAN DUY T"IINTI

(Binh Dinh)

cAc ob vAr

Minh phil)

li

_ BdiLllzz2 : Cho doan rnqch xoay chi6u nhtr

hinhrre, trung{d R = 60Q, 2 cudn dAy crurg d6 t.tr cAm

(diQn

trd

thudn

r_

kh6ngdring kd) vA
2 tu cingdi6n dung
C.2ddudoanmach

M, N m6c vio

ry-

lgudn xoay chi6u

dn dinh. Khi khcia
K ldn _lrrot d vi tri
1 r vd ( 2.r thi bidu thrlc dbng diQn qua R ldn ltrot

li

it =,{i sin (rcat

-;r) fo,
iz=,[2 sin (toont *ff1 <u

^ Vi_6! bidu tht?c ddng di6n quaB khi Kd v! tri

:3. . Bid.t ring-di6n tr? ctia dAy n6i va kh<ia ^K
khdng dring

kd'

.r'RAN

TR.NG rruNc

,;a#Tiil.]fl

,,di Lzlzzz: M6t con

,"
tdi vi tri A md dny hop vdi phrrong thing drlng
nrQt gric A <; rdi bu6ng ta (uo= 0). H6y x6c
dinh cric vf tri cta con l6c mi tai dci sia t6c cria
vAt nang c<f giri tri nh6 nhdt, l6n nhdt.
LrroNc'rAr oar
@d Niil

For upper secondary schools

PROBLEMS IN THIS ISSUE

For lower secondary schools.
Tll222. Prove that 923 + 9n2 + 3n - 16 is
not divisible by 343 for every n e Z.
TZl222. Let a, b, c be three nationai
satisfying
numbers
'

abc: 7
)
ab c 62 c: +Ia
l_J_-L_--r'b2'
a)- a b c
"2' ofthese three nurnbers o, b,
Prove that one

ofa rational nunrber.

't81222. Find a relation between a and b
which is a necessary and sufficient condition
for the systenl of inequations
)t*'-4xy-tf <a2

TBl222. Consider the function

f(r) : cos2r + acosr *bsirw.
Determine a, b so that f(x) ) -1 for every r.
T71222. $olve the system of equations :

lx-\ix-32*/:0
lY-sr2Y-Sx+d=0
lr-sfr-3y*yr -.s.
T8,lzzz.tl,et o, b, c, d be ?our numbers
satisfying
fabcd =

c is a square

lx2+xy-4y2>b
to have a solution.
T41222. M is a point inside the triangle

ABC. Let I, J, K be respectively the points of

intersection of the semi-lines AM, BM, CM
with the sides BQ CA, AB. The line passing

through M parallel to BC cuts IK, IJ

respectively at E, F. Prove that ME : MF.
T51222. A point M moves on a semi-circle
with center O and diameter AB.I,c-t N be the

point of intersection of the semi-lineBManC the

tangent Ax to the semi-circle, P be the second
point of intersection of the seuri-circle, with the
perpendicular issued from M to At, Q be the
orthogonal projection of M onAB. Detennine the
position of Mso thatN, P, Q are collinear.

Ezt4 zq

)1111

la+b-rc*d:A+ O+;+A.

Prole that the set {o, b, c, d'} can be divided

into two pairs (o, b) and (c, d) such that

ab=cd=\.

Tgl222. The incircle of triangleABC touches

the side BC atD. LetJandKbe respectively the
rnidpoints of BC afi, AD. Prove that the line J/(
passes through the center of the incircle.

TtOl222. O is ggointjgside $e tetrahedrqg

ABCD such that OA1 + OBt + OCl + OD, = O,

where AI

,Bt,Cj,Dt are respectively the

orthogonal projections of O on the faces (BCD),

(CDA), (DAB), (A.BC). Prove that

oAl+oB1+oc'+oD'<4r

where r is the radius of the inscribed sphere of

the tetrahedron ABCD.

tt--ztt dt))i t',JEjt

ffinsffitffiNm oooemHnffime
'frong biri "t.irm thd nio d6 du doirn hinh dirng cua 1ap hqp
st5 210, 12 - 1994, tlc giit
dI pho phhn nr(rt sd 1Ai lieu toan hin hirnh vd vdn d6 hrt<ing

.
!iem" dirng tr0n 'I-ap chi 'IIl vir 'fT,

hoisintr du do/rn tap hdp .Ji.irn. Sau do thc gih dtta ra cZrch
khic phuc : vC ba dirn khic nhau gua tip hQp diem, nfu ba
dim nay thiing h:rng thi t4p hgp dienr cti dang thing

dan

... (lich do6n nhAn niry c6ng chUa cltinh x:ic. 'l'6i xin nu
hai tlri du :
TIIi dp I : Clxr drlt)ng trarn tam O, dttdng kinh,4ll cd dinh
vi nrirt dirrr (' chr.ryin dring 1.6n dtl(,ng t()n. Goi 11 lir chAn
duirng ru,lng gtic ha tr-t f'xudng AB.'f\m tQp http,l, tem dLlilng
tltin nrii tit{P tam giic('llt).
'l ap hQp lz) bCin cr.rng ch0:-i g6c l35o vC qua
96c tSoan AO
ho:'ic Oll. vir ta r:6 th6 tirn dttoc Oe dnng bO ba diem thu6c tAp
h<1p tni ci t-ra di6m d6 thzeu.rg
i.
hang lxern hinh I)

Thidu2:

('Irt, rlitong trdn 1f)). diy

,4IJ cti tlinh. l'inr tiip hrrp

nhflng dii'nr M (trong rn:it
phing clrrta tlttrtng_tron 1.Q
ttririr rrrin : NL4. MIj : MTlitZZ ta tlep tuyin cila dLtr-ing
tron (r)))

Ldi girii biri to6n rury

dttdc

dlng trCn biro'l'I l vit Tlt'

(thring

10

ll -

19{tb) nhusau

N6u,4r li tia d6i cila tia (AB) vi By ld tia d6i cia tia Bl
thi hai tia /-y vir By thu6c tap hop phiri tim.
Gii srt M kh6ng nbm trn dtlilng t hingzlS (l lin nhicn. i4
nlm ngoiri dttdng tron (O/ de

trin tai tidp tuyen MT

r{ji

lrdn). Goi (' la giao

ditlm lkhic B) cila (M B ). Vai
dLldng

dudng.rron (o).th1 MB. MC

= M7'' : MA. MB =+ MA :
M(- =+ L MA(' cAn lai (- =+

AMB = lt80o - ACM)/z -(1f30"

- cr)!1rong d6

a = U2 IOB (kh6ng {6i) +

M thuoc cung (rD) chila g6c

90o - ulZ v6 qua doan lB
(phdn ngoii drtdng trdn (O)).
(Xem hinh 2)
Nhu vay, t4p hQp M gdm hai tia At, By vir cung (O). T'r6n
tap hqp nay. toh rai UCindiim thdng hirng. c0ng tdn tai hdn
dim trong do cd ba diOm kh6ng thlng hang.-.
ThUc ia, viec drl dodn tap hop kh6ng chi dilng lai d cach
l?rm thir ctng mA c6c s6ch mi bAi b5o d6 nCu, mA phii k6t hgp
v6i sg n5 lgc cria c6c thao t6c trr duy : nghin c0u tinh d6i xrrng
cfia tep hop, tim c6c di6m "vd tan" cila tQp hop, "dUa vio cic
phep bi6n (chinh xac) hinh... hy vc.rng tim duQc tudng d6i v6
hinh dAng'cfia tap hdp cdn tim.
I-E NGqC THANH VINI.I
khiiu K Atth, Hd Tinh)

(Ndng

th6ng ,
A.
,
pxrfip clmfiu vuONG c{ic vdrvrEC
xigDF,H
rffif;OAriG CACH GIIfuL IIAI I]UONG TIftNG
Tim hidu siu

th6mri toin

'l

hgc phd

\a

T}IAI
Bni vidt nny gidi thi6u eung cric ban rlng
dung cria ph6p chidu vu6ng gcic trong vi6c x6.c
dinh khoAng crich giria hai drrdng thing ch6o
nhau. Qua dci ldm phong phri th6rn crich giAi loai
todn ndy, ddng thdi cho thdy mdt cdch nhin vd
sU van dr,rng sring tao phdn li thuydt de ddoc hoc

trong chrtong trinh hinh hoc

bidt ring ph6p chidu vu6ng gcic bio t6n
. Ta c6c-{oan
ti5d
tfu1ng cung 4}ruong vi ndu
MA : KMB thiM,A, : K . M'8, v6iM,, A,, B'
tudng rlng li frnh cta M, A, B qua ph6p chi6u
vu6ng gcic.
Xdt hai dttdng thing ch6o nhau AB vd CD.
Ta dung 1 m@t ph&ng (P) vuOng g1cvdi AB tai
O (O AB). (Xem hinh 1)

vlfr

THAo

(Trutrng Phan BQi Chd.u, NghQ Ant

Ki hi6u A1,f_1, Dy M1, K, ld hinh chi6u cta

A, B, D, M, K trdn (P), chfi y ring hinh

chi6,u

cira CN viN chinh ldN.

Theo giA thidt CD t (ABC) * CD L CB,
CD tCA.DodriND. llCDvdND, lA,B, taiN.
(xem hinh 2b). Ta cd : d.(BK, CN )'= aQl, b,k,\ ;
d(AM, CN1 : d(N, ArMr). Suy ra cdn chtlhg

d(N,AtM). Suyracdnchrlng
A.M.\.'
Tt gi4 thidt*l4 Ie trln'g.diAp _rp 3 M, le
trung diern B,D, ; cflng nhrr th6 N,ld tning
+
didm A.BL, m{t khSc CX :
nrinh d/N, BrKr)

mitth d6l. B.K.'= dN.

}CO

NI(, = -gND, (K NDI). Tt c6c d&ng thfc trdn

d6 ddng suy ra K, lA trong tAm A ArBlDr.Met
kh5.c LAtKrBr cdn t+i Kr n6n srry ra
d(N,

BlK):

d(N, ArMr)(dpcm).

Biti

tod.n 2. C]l,o tir

di6n d6u ABCD canh a.

Gqi M ld trung didm

cqnh AB,

N li

trung

didm canh CD. Hey

tim

khoAng crich gifla hai

dudngthdng BNvdCM.

. Gie sir aoun mlrtl#"&Ja, .,rrorrg gcic chung

cir.aAB, CO ;hinh chidu criaA, B, frTron (P) 15
4',.8_', N'. Ro ringMN =_Ory.'(h. v6). Nhu vdy
d(AB, CD) : d (O,-A'B) tTa ki hieudGB, CD'b
'(hinh
kho.rng cich gita 2 drrong thangAB'va CD,
1)
d(O, A'B') li khoAng crich girra didm O vi. A'B'.
.-. Trong lrlng lqi to6n, cci thd chon mnt phing
(P)
qua C, ho6c D hay 1 didm dac bi-et nair A'O tril
dudng thing CD Cti thd ta x6t cdc bei to6n s"u ,
Biti todlt T. Hinh trl di6nABCD cd canh CD
vu6ng_gtic_v6i m6t phing Ae C, tW la trung didm
*i)
"i*DB,Niltrytg
didnr
c,fa AB, K li
didrn trn CD sao
cho

cr(

: i"o.
I

Chrlngmiuhr:ang
khoAngcrichgirta hai
duong thing BK va

CN bang khoAng
cach gitta hai dttdng
thing AM vit
(hinh 2a).

CN

Gid,i.Tachidl tf
di6n ABCD l6n mat
phing(P) vu6nggcic
vdi CN tai N.

Gid.i :Y\ABCDla,tn
di6n d6u, n6n tt gii
thi6ttasuyraBN L CD.

?a chidu t(r di1nARCD

ln m4t phingP vu6ng
gric v6i BN tai N. Ro
rdng CD c (P).
Goilf ln chen dttdng cao k6 ttA t6i mdtBCD.

PPP

Khi dd A -A' B - N, C -*C,D *D, H --->N

P
(Ki hi6u A-Attitc A, li Anh c:iua A qua ph6p

ii'6:x,"d,- frifrfb1)'
Ta cd NA, = HA

rt

cia thist suv ra

="G-":

(MC,

NB)

d(N, CM,). Chf f rihe MA = MB +

MrAr
.'-l-.1 = M':N(Mt Lrtlrt/
e ArN) (x"em
hinh 3b).
\asur.uruuuu,r._
Yd. d(N, CM,)
NII,
trong
tam giSc vu6ng
_
CNM, ta cri
ici : r'
[M,

NH2 NC
-:-J

4616

NMi

=_-I._:_+
)at
o'
ari10

a'

NH=-o
YQy

d.(MC,NB)

=E#
11

Bii t&n

Trong m4t phing P cho hinh vu6ng ABCD

c4nh o. Goi O li giao didm cria hai drrdng ch6o.
Tr6n drrdng thing Or vu6ng gdc vdi m6t phing
ABC tai O ldy I
didm S. Goi a li
gdc do m6t b6n
hinh chdp
SABCD tao vdi

d,iy. Hey xfc

dfnh

drrdng
vu6nggric chung

ciraSAviSD

tinh d0

vi

dei
drtdngvu6nggic
chung dci.
Gid.i : GoiM, Nli trungdi6'm eriaAB vdCD
(xenr hinh 4), khi dd O la trung didm MN vi
rnqt phing SMN vuOng gcic v6i CD tAiN. Hinh
chidu cira SA tr6n mat phing ndy ld SM (vi
AB t [SMN). Do d<i d(CD, S) : d(N, SM) = NK
(NK t SM). Do dd NK = NM. sina = o. sina.
Dd ve dridng vu6ng gdc chung ctra CD vd SA,
tt K kd KE ll AB, E SA. Trong mat ph&ng
DNKE ti E k6 EF ll NK, cAt DC tai F. Thi,EF
ld dudng vuOng gdc chung cl0;a CD vi SA.
Bd.i tod,n 4. Cho hinh lQp phtrong
ABCD. A P rC rD, c4nh a, M, N li trungdidm cira
AB vi 8,C,. Tim khoAng crich giita hai drrdng
th&ngAN vi DM vdvE doan vuOng gic chung cria
chung.
Gid.i : (xemhinh 5), Goi K li trung didm ctra
BC. AK cAt DM tai /. Vi ABCD ln hinh vu6ng,
rrOtoDM

AK tai I.

MAt khdc

AA, t [ABCD] +

t DM. Do d6
DM r- [ANNA,].

AA,

Hinh chi6u cta A-Atr

In mat ph6.ng ndy
ld chinh nci. Vi vAy
d(DM, AN) _
- d(1, AN) : IL

(IL ] A]\r). IL
chinh la do4n

(,

vu6ng gcic chung

ciaDM vdAN. Ta tinh IL : IL = Af. sin LAI =
., NK qrls 2 2a{5

AN-

5 '*'ga-

VAy kho6ng cach gaa

lb

MDvnANbing

ry

Eki tfrn 5. Iang U1r tam si6c dduABC.4,BrC,

cci 9 canh d6u bing o. Tinh khoAng cich girra
hai drrdng thing A,B vir B,C, vi chi ra do4n
vu6ng gcic chung cria chring.

t2

Gidl: (xem hinh 6). Goi giao ctia AB, vit

3. (Dd 128. B0 d6 thi T\ryo'n sinh DHCD).

ATBIaO.ViABBIAT

Ie hinh vu6ng n6n

AB. -l A.B Ta xic
dinfi mat'ph.ing P
drrlaAB, ve.t-AlB.

Khi dd hinh chi6u

cria B, l6n (P) ln
Bl. Dd xric dinh
hinh chidu cila C
ffin(P), tt O trong
m4t CBA, ta k6
Or t ArB, rdi tt C
k6 tia Cy ll ArB
chring
C

fi6n

cit

(P).

('l

{r

C'thi C'Id hinh chidu cria

nhau t4i

Ta c6 d(ArB, B9) : d(O,BrC') trlc ln bing

drrdngcao cr&a L,OB TC' k6 tt O. Tam giric ndy c<i

OA,=S,OC' :

drldngcao k6 trlCc0a LCBA l

c6 ArB=ArC=a,{V, BC=a,

OC'

dd

14
: orl
i,

ti

d<i

tinh drroc

cbn c4nh

tinh dttlcd.(O,

B1C'\

=+

Dd chi ra drrdng vu6ng gcic chung c&a ArB

vd, CBp tr) O kd OH t B.C',H e BrC'. Trong
nr6t phing B tC' C, kA HK I I CC' , cdt B ,C tai K
Trong m4t phing OHK, ke KE ll HO, cilt Ap
t4i E ; EKl doan vu6ng gric chung.
Chu y : Trong bii niy cci thd ve EK theo cdch
trinh bdy trOn rdi tinh d6 ddi cria EK, d6 le.
khoAng crich girla hai dtrdng thing ArB vit
B,C. Tuy nhi6n, thoat ddu dd nghi ra c6ch vE
niy cflng khOng phAi ln d6 dnng !
Bingphrrong ph6p tr6n, b4n doc c<i thd gi6i
duoc c6c bdi t6p cirng loai sau :
Bdi 1. Cho hinh chrip ,$ABC, d6ry ABC ld I
tam giric vu6ng cAn tai C (C = 90", CA = CB =
4). Canh b6n SC vu6ng gcic vdi driy, SC = 3, M
vi N ld trung didm ciia AB vir BC. Hey tim
khoAng crich giita hai drrdng th6ng CM vA SN.
Bdi 2. Cho hinh vu6ng ABCD c4nh o. Tir
trung didm / c:iuaAD dgng dudng thing vuOng
g6e vdi m4t phing ABCD vA tr6n dri ldy didm
S dd SAD lir tam gi6c d6u.
a) Dgngvd tinh dO ddi do4n vudnggdcchung
cta hai drrdng thing SD vi AB.
b) Gsi M li trung di{m criaAB, tinh khoAng
crich giua hai dttdng thing SA vd CM.
.

Bdi 3. Cho lene tru tarn mdc d6u

ABCAtBpr. Cd I c4nH Uang o. Ggi 17 vn N ln
trung didm cri a AB vd. BB ,. Hay xic dinh khoAng
cdch gif,a hai dudqg thing CM vd ON v6i O ld
tAm cria

LAtBpr

Ka

A"rWco d,c r,ila aa o 1,9.c

mGsrffiffi (nnGHnMftDE)
(khad ns 287 - 212 trutdo @Q0
Archimbde ngudi Hy lap, Id. con trai nhd
thi6n viq hoc Pheidias. 6ng sinh tai Syracuse,
m6t thuong cAng vd trung tAm vd.n hcia quan
trong drrong thdi, d bd bidn rn6 d6ng dAo Sicile
crja nrrdc Y hi6n nay, Ong thudc dbng d6i quy
tOc, cd ho hdng vdi vua Hi6ron II xtl Syracuse.

Thud ni6n thiSu 6ng du hoc mdt thdi

Alexandrie (Ai Cap;, r6i trd v6 sinh sdng d qu6

hrrong.

Mi6n tAy Dia TrungHAi vi"o nh{rngnam 264

146 tnr6c CN tr)ng xAy ra nhirng cuOc chidn
tranh Puniques(l) dai ding vi. tdn kh6c dd
gidnh quy6n b6 chrl girra hai xrl Roma (La Ma)
vd Carthage (d bd bidn B6c Phi, tai b6n dAo phia

thir

Tunis nudc Tunisie hi6n nay). Dio

Syracuse ni,m xen gita hai k6 kinh
dich hung manh ndy, trong nhi6u nam dd trd
thanh chiSn dia vd phdi chidn ddu quydt li6t
ch6ng qudn xAm luoc La Mi. Vua Hi6ron II bi6t
tdi Archimdde, dA giao cho 6ng dem tii nang
bAo v xrl sd, vi" Ong dE kh6ng phu ldng nhi vua.
Archimdde d dAu crlng tirn duoc c6ch dd v6
vd tinh tod,n : ngdi xdm, dung que vach vdo
ming ddt n6n, hoac cdi tro bdp ld str6i ra sdn
nhd, xoa min rdi vach vi.o d<i ; cri khi cdn b6i
ddu 6-liu l6n da minh rdi ve l6n dci. Nhtrng khi
mAi midt, 6ng b6 cA bta A.n, cci khi 6ng cbn qu6n
het nhrtnggixungquanh. MOt ldn, khi6ngdang
t6m. thdy thdn minh bdng b6nh trong bdn nu6c,
6ng b6ng ph6t hi6n ra rang nr_rdc nAng minh ln,
6ng mtng quynh, nhAy ra kh6i bdn t6m vd, theo
truy6n thuydt, crl thd trdn nhrl nh6ng chay ra
phd k6u l6n "Eureka ! Eureka !, (TOi tinr ra rdi !
t6i tim ra rdi !). C6"u chuyOn ld : M6t ngudi thd
vdng ndi tidng thinh Syracuse duoc vua sai lirn
m6t chidc vdong mi6n. Hin ldm dep qud,, song
vua nghi ngd hin cho th6m bac vd.o trongvudng
dOng

Sicile.

dO

xf

rnin. Vua nhd Archimdde xem x6t h6, mi

kh6ng duoc phe chiSc vudng rniQn ra.
Archimbde suy nghi, vd khi di tim 6ng b6ng tim
ra bi quydt, rnd sau ndy ggi ld nguyOn li
Archinrbde v6 thty tinh hoc. ,,Moi uet nhrtng
trong mOt chdt l6ng dbu nhd.n duoc tit chdt l6ng
dy nt1t luc ddy thang cling, ti d,udi ln tuAn,
bang uoi trong luong c*a lxong nu6c bi d,iti
ch6" . Thd thi chi cdn cdn chi6c vudng uri6n nhu
thrrong, rdi dirng soi chi nh6 treo chidc vrrong
mi6n I6n r6i tha chim nci lo ltlng vio ntr6c md
cdn lai, bing crich mcic ddu kia soi chi vdo mric

cAn. Ndu vudng mi6n toi.n bing ving thi trong

lrrong cria n<i phAi bing hi6u sd hai trong luong

vt)a cdn, dern nhAn vdi ti trong ctia vdng(2).

Theo truydn thuydt thi tay tho vdng bi chrlng
minh ld gian vA bi trtng phat.
Archimdde Ii nhi c6ng trinh stl, nhd thi6n
vin hoc, nhd co hoc, nhd to6n hoc. Ngudi ta cho
rang 6ng da sring chd ra b6nh xe rang, vit vO
tdn, rdng roc di ddng, paldng (nhi6u rbng roc
gh6p thnnh cum dd tdng lrrc k6o vdt nang l6n
nhi6u ldn). Dac bi6t, Ong tri6t dd tdn dung
nguy6n tic ddn bdy dd t6ng lrrc. V6 didrn ndy
6ng c0ng dd lai mdt cAu ddy hao khi vd bao
rnghi : "Hd.y cho tdi ruQt didm tqa, t\i sE bdy duoc
cd Trdi Ddt !". Ong da sring chd ra nhtng m6y
d6n nrrdc tt thdp l6n cao dd tudi ruOng, nhrrng
nr6y nAng vi. cdu cdc vQt ndng, nhtng mriy b6n
d6 dd chdng grac. Tuong truy6n Ong cdn dinh
ldm nhitng kinh tAp trung 6nh ning, d6i theo
thuydn dich dd ddt chriy.
Vd thin v5.n hoc thdnh tuu l6n nhdt cria
Archimdde li s6ng tao ra m6t cung thi6n v6n
(cci thd trla trra nhu 6 cung vdn hcia thidu nhi
He NOi chang ?), md bdu trdi ld hinh m6t quA
cdu r6ng vd quay drroc. Khi ta drtng trong ldng
quA cdu nhin l6n, ta cd thd tiry theo ngdy, thring
cria ndm md thdy tr6n bdu trdi nhitng chdm sao
dich chuydn trong d6m h6m dri, ciing vdi str dich
chuydn cria rndt trdi (hlc ban ngdy h6m dci), mAt
trdng, mdt sd hinh tinh chinh nhrt Sao H6a, Sao
Thd, Sao M6c, Sao Kim. Lai cbn cci thd quan s6t
c5.c mO hinh hi6n tuong NhAt thrrc, Nguy6t
thdc, vd hi6n trldng mit Trdng khuydt lai trdn,
trdn r6i lai khuyet trong mOt thring quay quanh
Trrii Ddt.
V6 Co hoc, Archimdde ld thriy td cira m6n
thriy tinh hoc bdi de phrit hi6n vi rlng dung
n3ry6n li thf nhdt v6 thiry tinh hoc nhu c6.u
chuyn Eureka ,6 tr6n. Ong crlng ld thriy td ctia
rn6n tinh hoc cd.c vdt thd, cria li thuydt kdt cdu
cric

giin.

V6 torin hoc Archimdde d6 tim drroc cd.ch

dung bing thu6c vd compa hinh nam canh d6u
n6i tidp trong dtidng trdn, c6ch tinh di6n tich
cdc mAnh parabol, cdch tinh diOn tich vd thd
tich hinh cdu, c6c mdnh cdu vd cric mAnh vAt
trdn xoay sinh ra bdi cric cung dudng cong bdc
hai quay quanh truc ctra chung. Ong crlng tinh
gdn dring sd Pi bang crich xem chu vi dtrdng trbn
13

le gidi han chung ctia cdc chu vi c6c da giric d6u

n canh n6i ti5p, ngoai tidp v6i drrdng trdn khi n
ddn t6i vO cung. Theo c6ch xem x6t 5y 6ng de

tinh ddn n

tt dri thu clrroc

10
3lt. n .3i

96,

vd trong tlng dung 6ng cl6 ldy gdn dfng

"rr

22

= I = 3,14 Ie m6t sd cci dO chinh x5c dir dirng

trinh thdi dd. Archimdde ciing dua
ra drrdng xoin 6c Archimbde r : ag trong hO
toa dO cdc (r, p). Ong cbn tinh ra bidu di6n ctra
drrdng tidp tuydn cho dudng xo6n dc niy t4i m6t
didm cira nci. Archirndde cung dtta ra ti6n d6
Archimdde : cho hai sd dttong a, b vdi a < 6 ; S0
tdn tai sd nguydn dttong z sao cho na > b. TiAr,
d6 niy dirng ldm co sd cho ph6p chia hai sd. V6
sau, ti6n d6 duoc md rOng cho mQt tnldng
khOng nhdt thidt lA trudng sd : MOt trrrdng T
goi ld Archiurdde nduA, B e T vdA < B thi t6n
tai so nguy6n drrong n dd nA > B.
Archirni:de drroc cdc:rhi to6n hoc Hy lap, La
m5, Ai c6.p, Trung 4 A" dO duong tfrii va aOi
sau xem nhtt ddng phuc vD. ding kinh trong vAo
bdc nhdt. C6c nhi nghiOn crlu thdi nay vd lich
srl to5.n hoc xem Archimdde ld dt?ng ddu 6 thdi
cd dai. 0rrg suy nghi trr do, t6o baoira hi6n dai.
Di6u s6ng gi5.ld trong to6n hoc Archimdde dA
vAn dung nhttng phuong ph6p tudng tU nhu
ph6p tinh vi phAn va ph6p tinh tich phdn, nir
hon 2000 nS.m sau Newton ld Leibnit moi ph6t
tridn ln.
Trong giai doan thit hai ctia chi6n tranh
Puniclues trldng La ml Marcellus denr phSo
thuydn vi qudn b6 tdn c6ng ch6p nhoang thinh
Syracuse. Khi ph6o thuydn 6p sat thdnh,
Archirudde chi huy qudn Syracuse ddi nhtrng
chr\m dd: m5i tAng n6ng hon 2 ta ntdi, ph6 vd
thtry6n dich, rdi thri nhitng cdn cdu vdi ngodrn
sit l6n nhdc bdng thuydn len mi lang ra xa.
QuAn b6 leo l6n thinh cfng bi c6c m6y bAn dri
vd mfy lia qu6t nOn trri boi. Chfng khiSp via,
kinh hdn. Marcellrrs bu6c phAi chu.ydn til tdn
c6ng sang bao vdy l;iu ddi thdnh Syracuse, ddng
cho cdc c6ng

thdi danh chidm thdnh M6gare d b6n canh.

Qudn Syracuse idm ctl dttoc ba nim bi vdy h6m.
16 thdnh quAn ddn Syracuse mAi 16
b6i, cring thdn linh vi ca mtia. Marcellus vdo
m6t d6m cho quAn ng{m tAm, tr) Mtigare sang,
lang 16 leo vdo thinh Syracuse tt phia ddt li6n,
drrqc lQnh phAi bit sdng Archimdde, khOng duoc

Vdo mdt ki

gi6t. Qudn, dAn Syracuse dang ngtr say srta,

kip trd tay, bi tin s6t v0 kd. Archimdde
mAi
ngdi tr6n ddt vE nhtng vbng trbn,
dang
nhac thdy bcing mOt t6n linh La mA chay ddn.
T6n linh sdn lai h6i : "Archimede ddu ? "
Archimbde bAo : "Kh6ng dttoc dung ddn cac
vbng trdn cta ta !". T6n linh s6t ru6t, kh6ngbidt

, kh6ng

ddy la Archimdde, vung gddrrr ch6m chdt cu g1a

75 tudi. ThAnh Syracuse bi chiem vd trd thdnh
thu6c dia La mA !

l.

MOt pha trong Chi6n tranh Puniques drtoc

Gustave Flaubert (1821 - 1880), nhd van hi6n

thtlc bdc thdy cira Phap, trii hi6n rdt sinh d6ng

trong tidu thuydt lich sri Salantnft6 (1862).

Flaubert cung ld tdc g1h cria tidu thuydt
Madante Bouary (1857) rdt ndi tidng.
2. Goi o = trgng ludng vudng mi6n bdng
vdng cAn ldn ddu,
b : treng Itrong vudng miQn bang vdng cdn

Iiin sau,
u = thd tich vtrong mi6n, d

: ti trgng vdng,
d' = titrongnddc, (d' : l).
Taccia:ud.,b:a* ud' ftheo nguy6n li
Archimbde)
Tt dd suy ra

a-b:ud.':u
q=(a-b)d.

C6ch tinh ndy mi6n drJoc cho ta ph6p do thd

tich u.
Ban doc cd thd d6 ddng lim quan srit hai
ph6p cAn mQt cuc s6t khong nhung nu6c vi cci
nhfng ntr6c. 56 thdy ngay sd khric nhau giila
hai trong lttong thu dtroc. Cf thil md xern !
I

I.JIT LI ITN

TIN BUbN
loa soan talr chiTOAN HQC VA TUdl THEv6 cirng thLldng tidc b6o tin:
gido oAO tnUONG GL\NG

Nhd

Sinh ngdy 19.10.1954

Qu6 qudn : Xa ThUOng N6ng, huyen Tam Thanh, Vinh Phri
Gi6o vi6n truong THPT Chuy6n Hing VLIong, Vinh Ph(r, cdng t6c vi6n thin thidt cOa
TC ToAn hoc vii tudi tr6, do mic bdnh hidm nghdo dA tr; trdn hdi 14 gio 10 ph0t ngay
11.11.1995 tai 86nir vi6n Bach Mai, Hd N0i.
Tda soan xin chia budn cirng gia dinh vd nhd trUdng.

ToA}I

FI1)C VA

rudl

tNO

ricn v0 Husr{g cul

Hgr c$ ring dqlng

HAI vECrCI

rO xuAN riAr

(Truimg PTNK Hdi Hung)

'liong r:hdrlng trinlr hinir lroc lrip 10, khii ni6m vi vectrj
chiinr m0t phlin quan rrong. '1'r()ng tri)i viit rury. t6r xin trinh
h:ry nrdr sii ttng dung nhti cira -t'iCt t VO LII.IONG.
'lirki: het xin nhiic lai dinh nghia. Cho hai vectrt
-

7=

-y,).6': (-r,._r,j . 'I ich vo htrdng &a cnring, ni fiieu - Edudc xic dinh bdi f rf=:|i*5irtri, - t6j2) rroac
i.Ti: .t/t. r;i .."1rI)_y,iit7lD) n goc giCra haivectoTi66r

Iti(u lhrlc

tr.r:r

rl0 :

.r'.6':

t:,.l;,

1- Ihtg dqng dd

ing

dr.r 1r

,,\tl

.,1/l

l:^iy

chtirtg

r:inr

l'|(' : a. ('z\: [), trCn

rliinr,4./. ('hilng nrinh
cl.(,t'l: : dzANI2 +

1al + b2

Vi du 2 : Girii

M,t
(lirii :tii;isit.
*

t-A+rt'll

=I-. 1;rcr'{'[A=

lBM | . (',1

UO ?\

t,,tlt[ t . cR

*t=l| :
l;tMl + lBMl
.
*e .rTIlttMl ra+tnrult.clr

(;iii:
1t;*

*,.r1r'.I1 lr - brl/iA/ll *,rll,IAlll *

.
JrJ.I/1 . 1ttrt11Ct .t'h1
D,t 2C)l . Ch : u2 * bl - cl

. i(LI

Xr,t

11

+
c:'rc canh

6(' - a, cA : b, A3: c. gh6ng

+()(-) :
'- o'n,innt
'" ht +ol)2
.'a ab
(;irii : SLl dung rinh chtit
r
cita clrc dUr)ng phin giAc ()A,
,t
()('currg vrti nhiin x['t

1*.y
ltadirlangchrlngntinh

auac u.ci;t+b.O-lt+e

'l't tlti

,,
,t

', .

,'

.,

dt + 26r111s . (ft: + 2cud' . drl :

vi (fA - dj : itl vi (dA - Oltlt : ,z
+2O1 .Ob:rt.F*oR2-c?

+ zaboi4

4t,:4,a7,,:1,,a,:i
=7+t-+('('t:dt +b; +('

11,\ivrAil,

--

+i*+v;:++ir+z,12:1x+

a-t

(r,r,). F-: (x+y.rr+z).

++
J
t
O_.r. c = (1. 4h. : c.

lj',---

-' ', y'

;:+122+ I ,1:
(x+ l. 22+

-:

-.=L=o,,:-;

I)

ZZ

- )r, Ur,),)l

3. t'hrg dung nong chtlntg minh bdt ddng h*c

Vi
dy I : (lho 8 s6 thucxl,_r2,.rj,x.1,rs,16,rr,r*. (ihi.tng minh
.
ring it nhit mot trong.r sa)
.rl.t.t + -r2r1 ;.rlxs +.r)16 ;.(1.r7 + .1116 ; .(-lr5 + rlrT + .r4r8 + .rs.r7
+ -rnr* kh6ng im.

{:

c',,."J,

:-('r,

xu) 1'a co

yt . r't = -r1t + x2r6, ..., E,

v3. v 4 = rtrT + "r6x8
it nhdt m6t trong cic g6c giila 4 vcctrr kh6ng vuot qu[ 90"
nn it nhlit m6t tr()ng (r tich v6 hu6ng la kh6ng Am.
Vi d\t 2 : Ch0ng rtinh MRC co c.{c rrung4ruydn trng viri
. r.'a

bot* + co('2) = rtttc(t; * b * t: )n# -# *# =,

tltl :,-: .|11in lrjr phr'urg ch,r hei hinh vu6ng clng hu6ng
..,_J.!

,tll:i,tat =t

1l
x:0.y:-,2.:--

*)'l i

'l'tl(1ng tU, 1a co

,lB('l ) v;t,l ,!i ,1',/),. ('hLtng minh iing

,ll1 + r't'1 : tl1i + Dt)i

tnnlr

{x(r + l) +y(22 + l) =

(iiii:X.'t4vecr,r
: (x,,x),{ :-(.rgJ,

u2otl) + b2OR2 + c2()('! + ,tb1()A: + t)B: - c2t + bctOl)2 +

+()('1 - a!1 + t:u1.{){')+ {)At lil: o* g + h+t11.tO.,12+

(iirii: l)ir

rt

* Neu d * othi hvicc6nstuvtn+c

: t2l'
.:1
Xr'l hai truilng hdp c -: 2h'vi c': - 2b-ta co

'

hS phrlctng

Vlry he co hai nghiem tn (0, 0,

,'_ ,."-t\' !

.rfi.:i

1,,.rTt+h.o1+,..ai'): --

r.

.*1fIn,

tl'"'idu

El

fT

ILF=

+y) +],(y +z) =

[.r(r
l'

+d+=>
. l) :

V[ du 2 : () l:] t;inr duitng trr)n n0i tidp AIBC viri

OB,

il

!-;*,4'+

fxr+vl= -v(.r+2.1
rl; lrr +, 'tv: - 2)'z
l3.r +Sy2 +tty +8)'z = Zt + 4z + 2

nc.n

: tt1 . lSli l? + u? V1iv l!

+ 1i + b2 - (.)) . lAMl . IBM

c)

:2{f:lT
D,, do,iF= dl . Fl *aldcqrng ruyn
x Vr+T
r+l
I '/3_l " 3-r
*xl-3r2+.r+l:0
::.(I- l)("t2- 2r- l):0xr = 1. x2.j: I + {7

('lio DAlt('cri

c.

+ *Jtll) +
+ t:1A,\.t.BM

(b.u1):?t,a)+2'70"1

/-

ntittIt dilrt;; thlit

Vi

)--l' .--'.':]1

2. l'f ng tltrttl, norrg gidi phultry rirth ra hi phuottg rinh

Vi du I : Giii phrlrlng trinh
.r v; +T + .f3--; = 2,,t tz
(fxTT.{3*:T;. rtri ao
liili : Dat + v? G
-.
,-.6': tr/.r + 1
= f.FTl . t/1V, +l;t + ({3--x;:

-Sg{E-aE
l;l.lr,1= fii+ri

Seu tlirl' ll:r ntirt stj

dung cira tich vO lrttitng.

+f116n

,-6* {F+7[ :

D;ing thr-tc clin chrlng

-+.
- -++il-\
(u.
b.\:t)ll"+(n
l:r co

+],,\,,

lLr(t.r:rc,ic,sqZh) = jl

=i +l+iriLt,:7+fr

Irfi,

*l
.--'" +,
;-_
-' J' MJS(i=:*!-*4*5:j"
*
* 2a .c * 2b.c +Zt,.c't )h..,,
Fr4 n p14:3 *t *d ** +'z? +
+
7i.+u-,7* 2,., ii r4::4. i* z,-, F

= x{1 + xi(

circ canh

4,

lB vi B('w6ng

g6c thi ta c6 crrs8 >

:ia-7= itu.o4,:
*--*,= !.-.
,l.* .l* :
Lr(),r., J ,,r. ntn ( ju - r) (
1..- l) o0 2-:,
''r+:)'
1
(
a +
++
e o.t' :;f.a- +c-lcrx/r =,r1; :i 1 u | :
lA.
-t rl-lA
q
+

(;irii : D:ir irt'

+

-"--:.

ldz

4
ld2>5(cosi)

t,tA.1A

lt
I

rr]

I)in!:

ra khi vir chi khi

: rfi lnv )<av
LABC carn.
rh(tc

,,.{ \-"

\
\
\

l5

mfrrmfr HH6n c6ils

^a

t?

HHRI
,t

MOT UNC DUNG BAT NGO CUA SO HOC

DANG srir.rc THANG
(Dqi hqc Qudc gia - Hd Nli)
Thdgidi ctra nhfrng con sd thAt huy6n Ao kj'la
va hAp d5n. Da cci nhi6u v6 dep bi dn drroc ph6t
hi6n vi cdn bidt bao di6u bi dn chfa drtng trong
ddy sd 1,2,3,... Sd hoc, vi nrr hoing cria todn hoc
m4c du da 3000 tudi md s6c dep lQng l6y cria nci
vdn cdn quydn ru bi6t bao nhi6u tAi n5ng. V6 dgp
ctia s6 hoc ldrn say ldng nhi6u ngridi, tt nhfrng
nhd to6n hoc l6i l4c nhdt ddn ddng dAo c'i.c ban
y6u to5"n. Phai chang su hdp ddn cria sd hoc li d
ch6 nhi6u rnOnh d6 cria nci drioc phrlt bidu rdt don
giAn ai crlng hidu drroc mi dd chfng minh thi phAi
stl dlrng nhrrng c6ng cg to6n hgc hi6n dai nhdt,
nhrrng ki thuat "cao ctldng" nhdt ? Met khAc,
nhi6u ban tr6 chic dd ciim nhdn srr thich thri khd
tA khi tirn ra dUoc m6t ulch gi6i don giAn bdt ngd
cria urQt bdi to6n sd hoc khd, tridng chrlng phAi
ding ddn c5c kidn thric cao si6u.
Trong bii b6o ndy tOi mudn gidi thiCu vdi cdc
ban moi v6 dep khac cira sd hoc thttc hon, trdn
tuc hon md cd 16 it ban duoc bidt tdi. Dd ld vi6c
rlng dung cira s6 hoc viro m6t linh vdc rdt quan
trong cta ddi sdng : linh vrrc b6o mAt th6ng tin.
Hi6n nay nhi6u td chrlc qudn stl, kinh td, tdi
chinh hay crc ca quan chinh phii khi truy6n di
c6c

tin trlc tdi mdt cira rninh thtrdng st dung

li mAt m6 c6ng khai viSt

t6t le RSA, do ba nhi khoa hoc Rivest, Shamir
vd Adleman d6 xudt. Uu didm ndi bdt cria mAt
nra RSA ln d ch5 kh.1ng cd.n thidt phd.i giu bi
mQt pltuong pltd.p ntd ltoa uir gid.i nza cung nhx
chia klfia ma h6a. Chi can giu bi mdt chia kh6a
gid.i nw ld di. Chinh vi vAy mi mAt md RSA cri
t6n goi Id mAt md kh<ja cOng khai (public key
cryptoglaphy).
Tho4t nghe chic c6"c ban khrf hinh dung ra
m6t thf mAt mi nhrr vdy. MAt rn6 RSA duoc
xAy drrng dtta tr6n mOt k5t quA so cdp cria s6
hoc vd rr6t srl ki6n li rdt kh<i phdn tich m6t sd
l6n ra thr)a sd nguy6n t6.
GiA srl ta cdn chuydn di mOt btlc di6n ndo
dd. Trudc hdt c6c cht cdi vd. cd.c ddu ngSt cdu
dtroc chuydn ddi thenh c5"c chil s6 theo urQt "tr)
didn" ti6u chudn ndo dci. Ching han theo tr)
didn ASCII (funerican Standard Code for
Information Interchange) dang duoe stt dung
rdng r6i trong cdc rn?ng th6ng tin thi a
-09'1,
mOt loai mdt rn5 goi

cho ta mOt con s6. Tcim lai vi6c chuydn mQt brlc
di6n crj nghia ld chuydn mQt d6y s6 a1,a2, ...,an.
Dd girr bi mdt thdng tin ta bidn ddi (me hcia)
m6i sd a thinh sd b theo c6ch sau.

Ldy hai sd nguy6n t6 khd l6np, vdpr(c6

khoAng 100 chrr s6) nhAn chring v6i nhau dd
drroc s6 ffi = prp.t. Chon mQt sd ft nguy6n t6 v6i

g(ntt = (p r - 1)(p2 - 1)
Sd o dtioc md hda thdnh sd 6 : aK (modn).
CQp sd (m, k) gqi lar chia khoa md. h6a.
Vi6c m5 hda sd a (t:(.c ld tim dti ciia ok khi
chia cho m) drtac thqc hiQn nhanh chring vA d6

tp(m) 6 dd p la)r5m Ole

ddng nhd srl dgng thudt torin Oclit chay tr6n

rn6t chrrong trinh rniu.
Khi nhin drro.c s6 b dd tim lai s6 o (gi6i ma)

ta drta tr6n nhQn x6t sau ddy :

NhQn xdt : Gih. stt ft' li sd th6a rndn kk' = I
(mod tp(nz)). Khi dd bk' a (mod ne)
=
ThAt vAy ta cd bk' - skk' (mod rz)
X6tA - okk' - a: a(akk'-l - 1)
Ndup, I o thiA i p,. N6up, i cz thi
okk'-l-1: qe(nr)-12 api-l - 1; pt
(theo dinh li Fecma nh6). VAy ta ludn c<i
Ai p, (i : 1,2).YQy okk' : o (mod m)hay

bk':a(rnodm).

Nhrr vay dd kh6i phuc lai s6 ata chi cdn tim

drr cria bk' khi chia cho m. s6 k' gei lir. chia kh6a

gid.i md..
GiA srl ddi phrrong cria ta b6t dtroc s6 b vd

tiln lai s6 o. Ddi phuong cflng bi6t drrqe

chia khda md hda (m, k) vi phuong ph6p md
hcia vA gi6i me (vi ta da c6ng khai }rr6a ci.c thOng
tin ndy). Mudn cd o ddi phriong phAi xric dinh
dttoc sd k'ttcldphai biSt p(m) : (pr - lxp, - 1)
hay c0ng viy, phii bidt phdn tich rh. ra thlra s6
nguydn td. Tuy nhi6n rdt khd phAn tich ti6u
chudn m6t s6 l6n. Hi6n tai sil dung thuQt torin
tdt nhdt vd ch4y tr6n m6y tinh nhanh nhdtphd.i
cd.n toi hdng thd ki dd phd.n tich mQt sd c6 100
chrt sd ra thila sd nguyAn rd ! Thnnh thrl tr6n
tht/c td d6i phriong hodn todn b<i tay !
Do sg ra ddi cria mQt m6 khda c6ng khai
RSA, nhi6u nghi6n cdu dd tim tdi c6c phrrong
ph6p phAn tich ti6u chudn dang drigc tidn hdnh
khdn tnrong vi driqc girr bi mAt.
g ->071,u*1L7, !*033 v.v...
Cric ban tr6 thAn mdn,
Nhrr vAy viQc truy6n di m6t brlc di6n tudng
Qua vi du tr6n c6c ban d6 thdy ring to6n hoc
dlrong v6i vi6c truydn di m6t ddy circ chir sd. ncii chung vd sd hgc ncii ri6ng kh6ng uhtrng dep
Day niy drroc c5t thdnh mdt sd crlc khdi m6i khdi md cbn rdt c6 ich nta.
16

mu6n

wrywBry@m6w@ws6

Duoi ddy li c6c con s5 duo. c tao thdnh

tu c6c chrf sd 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 theo
hinh thiip & trat t\r xuOi va nguoc
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TUAN THANH
Theo bdo "Khoa hoc vd ddi sdng' (Nga)

a6
6

Gidi ttuip bdi

3t

AI BAN TRUNG YONG

10 ?

Vi c<i 9 ph6t b5n vd cA 9 vdng bia ddu dttoc b5n tning n6n m5i vdng bia tt 2 ddn 10 chi cci mdt
ph6t tning. Nhrt vAy tdng sd didm cira cA 3 ngrrdi ld
Hing Dflng
Manh
2+ 3 + 4+ 5 + 6 + 7 +8 + 9 + lO : 54.
:
18.
vA. s6 didm ctra m5i ngudi dat drroc ld 54 : 3
I
t)
8
Vi Hnng bin trring vdng 4 nOn c<i thd Hirng bin tning Dtrng
c6c vdng 5,4,9 hoic 4, 6, 8. (Tdng s6 3 vdng bang 18).
Vi Dung b6n tning vdng 7 n6n cd thd Drlng b5n tning Manh
6
2
10
c6rc vdng 3, 8,7 hodc 7, 2, 9 (tdng sd 3 vdng bang 18).
Vdy Manh bin tning vdng 10 vd kdt qudcdc khA n6ng cci
I
5
4
Hirng
thd drroc cho trongbAngb6n. (Theo Biri Pltu An, 7T, tnidng
chuy6n L0 Khidt, QuAng Ngai).
BiN}'I PHL,ONG

CO NHONG EA GIAC NAO ?

Ban hay tirn nhilng da gi6c (ph6.ng) sao cho ta cci thd chia nci bing cdc dttdng thing dd drroc
nhrtng da gi6c con (nh6 hon) d6ng dang vdi da giric d6 cho.
cci bao nhi.u da gi6c nhrr viy ?
vu H.ANG TIIAr

vii cuQc rxr rrrrjdxc NIEN

crAr roAN TREN TAP cni THvTT

THONc sAo

Od OAnfr gi5 chinh xAc ndng h=tc c0a cdrc ban dU thi theo tilng lop vri cdp
hoc, bit ddu til nay, cAc cu6c thi tr6n THVTT tlnh theo nim hoc.
Bai du thi le bdi giAi cAc sd tap ch[tu th5ng 9 ddn hdt tfr6ng 5 ndm sau.
CSrc bdi giAi do drtoc tinh didm vd c6ng nd fdt qua dU thi vdo dip cudi ndm
hdng nem.

Ngodi ra bai giAi c5c sd kh6c vAn n6u trSn nguoi giAi tdt tr6n tqp chi. CAc
ban tham gia gidri biri cdn ghi ro lop vA t6n trudng, t6n dia phudng. Ngodri
phong ol od ro gidi bii cua s6 tap

chindro.

ISSN: 0866 - 8035

Chi sd 12884
M5 sd: 8BT24M5

S5p chtt tai TTVT Nhd xudt bAn Gi6o duc

In tai Xridng in Nhd xudt bAn Gi6o duc
In xong vd nQp ltiu chidu th5ng t2l 1995.

THVTT

Gi6: 2000d
Hai nghin tlbng