Bo

,!i$i-i,..i.tiri,i,iillli,i

crAo DUC vA DAo rAo * nor roAN

#st
:S

ug

rlt,

c:Hi l{A HAN(;'IHANG

40J[I;
\

NHA
*

XUAT
,)

BAN
a

GIAO
DUC

ToAN Hoc vA TUbr rRE

MATHEMATICS AND YOUTH
MUC LLiC
Tlang

Dirnh cho cde bqn trung hoc co sd

I'or Lower Secondary ScLrool Level Friends
An Son * Chring rninh m6t sd c6ng thrlc

Tdng

Ittong giric

Phan Thanh Qu.ang -Nhung khric

c<i

biin tdp

NCUYE,N CANII TOAN

chrit xiu

Plui tdng biAn

fip

NGO DAT ]'U

HOANG C}{t]NG

Giai bei ki truoc

Solutions of Problems in Previous issue
Cric bdi cira s6 2iJ5

Dd ra ki

niy

HOr DdNG stEN

Problem in This Issue

T11239,...,T101239,LU239,

L21239

I r)

Dhnh cho cde bqn chudn bi thi vio Dai hoc

For College and tlniversity Entrance Exam
L Qudc IIan - Dinh li hini s6 tang
Nguydn Vu Luong - D6 torin thi tuydn sinh
phd th6ng trung hoc chuy6n DHKHTN DHQG

lZ

I{a

13

Giii tri torin hgc

Fun rn'ith Mathematics

- GiAi drip bni chia hing

NgO IId.n - H6i tudi cria mdi ngubi

Ngwydru COng

S*

Hei Kh6i, Nguy6n Ven Meu,

Hoing L6 Minh, Nguy6n KhSc
Nhung,

Nguy6n Dang Phdt,

?hanh Quang, 1b

Phan

Hdng
Qu6ng, D4ng Htng Thing, Vri
Duong Thgy, Tfdn ThAnh
l}ai, LO Bri Kh6nh Thinh, I.{96
Vi6t Tbung, DAng Quan Vi6rr.

Bia 4
Bia 4

Tlu sd tba sogn :

45B Hirng Chudi, Hi NQi
231 Nguy6n Ven Cir, Tp Hd Chi

Doan,

Nguy6n Vi6t HAi, Dinh Quang

H6o, Nguy6n XuAn Huy, Phan
Huy KhAi. Vu Thanh Khidt, L0

Minh, Tldn VAn

Nguydn Van Long - D6 thi tuy6'n sinh m6n to6n

1996 DH Giao th6ng vdn tAi
16

Nguy6n CAnh Tbdn. HoAng

Chung, NgO Dat Tf, LO Khic

BAo. Ng.ry6n Huy

Freparers

Noi

rAp

DT: 8213786
Minh DT:8356111

tri

VU KIM THLry
I,N rudNC NHAT
Ttinhbdy; NGUYEx QU6C sbNc
Bien tQp

ud.

s4r;

Ddnlr. cho cdc banTrung hoc co sd

T

Cfi.urug

minfr Tre|t sd cdng tfific tuqng

sAn-G Kf,N TH0c

giic

ti sd LUoNG GtAc c(ln c6c NHQN

AN SON
(Phtl fho)

d tOp A, c6c ban de tlidt mot sd ti sfi lttgng

gi6c cria g<ic nhgn. Vdi vdn hi6n thrlc nho nh6
dO ,16r, aE y tim tbi, sring 1,4o, ta cd thd xiy
dgng dtrgc c6ch chrlng urinh mdt sd cOng thfc
lrrgng $5c ea bAn. Cric cdng thfc nhy cric b.4n
cd th-d lham khAo trcng siich Dr1i sd uir. gid.i tich'
11 vdi phrrong phdp chilng rninh b6ng vectd.
Tt'ong Um oay xin trinh biy cdch chrlng rninh
cdc cdng thfc lrrone gi6c dci tra'ng cdch sr1 dgng
ki6n thrlc ti sd lugng gi6c d l6P 8.
BAy gid ta
x6t g6e nhon

:--:bru? +bmt - onln - otnp

fitc'

=T

n(bn-am.\*m(bl-aP)

= 0 (tt (II)
Vdy ta crj
cos(p

trong
gric nhgn niry ta

S = 0.

- a) = co#cosa * sinPsina

(sinBcosa - cospsina)
P = sin (fr ") V6i cdch ldm tuong t{ ta cflng cri :

[(n+p; (m+t) o

cdc

=!@-rLol+bzn'
m,c2

Ay, Ax vdi cdc

grao didm ldn
ludt la C vd D.

dudng
vudng gric vdi

Ggi giao didm ctia BD v5. AY ld E

Dat :AB = c ; AE = nt. ; EC = I ; AD = b ;

EB = g.ipC = a i
CAB=a; CAD=y;p:a*7.

DE 5-p_;

bcz

-bmZ -bml - antrl -

n*p
----:-

&

++

12

roz -121 +b

+2b nt l +b

n* 4

m,2

ml -ant n lmlp

mc2
t2

ml

ntc2

=amn

lmxp

d,z

=.

rt,.z

- ,nrfI

+ 0n +

1121

(a2=n7-12)

p\

b a
b
Q=;-l
-\t . *-i *l
-bnl:bl*ap

+Q=0

amp

+ lz) *

p)

=g
=4;l92-a2-1m+lyzl
)
nrctL

bnt

C6 : c2 = a2+ (m + l)2 = a2+ mz + Znt'l + 12

Tt (I) ta cd : aP = bl ; rnl=nP ; am=bn (II)
b

c2

(m+l

mc2

+S=

-f - @z
nrczL

2n

sin(p - a) = sinfcosa - coq8sinr: Q)

+ BAy gid ta l4i x6t tidP hiQu sau :
Q = cos(a +y)- (cosscos-sinasinY)
V6i crich lem tudng t{ ta ctng cd :

.c2

nl,

V4y ta cd

- ntt - nt -

nl.a'

=+P=0

*t

MED _
ts.d
= = ft ot.
*
^BEC
* X6t hi6u sau
S = cos(F - a') - (co$cosa + sinPsina)
Cd: cos(P - a) = ** = *

b m*l
cosPcosa * sinPsina =
; .
"
b
b(m+l)+a(n+p)

D^.1

_!__@'z

(vi c2 =

-e-_-

b1

c cl
nL Ilr c
pnl2 * abnt - nnr} : lpnt
: "2p - lnLnt - .-nt'c2
c

dUng tia N.
T}n Az ldv B
bdt ki, tt ri ha

Th cci

(1)

+ X6t hiu

xAz vd

suy ra)

nLc

= 0 (theo (II) : bl =

VAy ta cd :
cos(a * 7) = cosacosy + Th lai x6t ti6p hiQu sau :
M = sin(a + y) - (sinacosy

sinasinY
* cososiny)

Cung bidn ddi nhu tr6n ta cci :

(o b nt*l P\
c nt1
lc'm
ntn*mp-ab-rr\p-tP mn -ab-tP= ---*n ------ ,*
n*o
c

aP\'

(3)

lp (ntn ab

=r*l,o - tp- tp
):#[[?)' (;)'-(,)']
tp[n2

- 92 +0211
mc12

- 0

r!r!ulBw

(d,on2=a2+12)

:----

Zcos2a

cos2o

- |

cas2q

sina

(6)

sin2a
(7)

. ,sin:a, l-tgza
1-(
"
\
)

cos"d/
+ Trl (3) n6u ta lai cho 2a = T thi ta crj
cos3a = cosacos2a - sinasin2a
= cosa[2cosza - | - 2sinza)

cosa[2cosza - 1 - 2(l -cos2a)]

cosa(4cos2a - 3) : 4cos3a - Scosa
cos3a = 4cos3a - 3cosa

tsa*tgt:
tgcr-tgy =

sin(a + Y;

'

'

cosacos/
sinla - 7;
cos"cos,/

, tga - tgy
Lgld'-Y)=
l+tgdtgy
tga * tgy

tg(a*r):f_sr{;n

z.orff"r{;L
cosd -coS].r = -2rir9!-!*r"T
sina * siny'zz
- 2sin1*Zco {;a
sina - sinT = z.o{}7ti"T
cosa

* cos/ -

Bing thrI6c vi compas crlng kh6ng thd

drrng drroc m6t hinh vudng cci di6n tich bing
dien tich mOt hinh trbn cho trtl6c. Nghia ln bdi
todn "cdu phttong mdt hinh trbn" II mQt bdi
todn kh6ng cri ldi giAi, ding cd urdt thi gid tim

kidm v0 ich, vi di6u khing dinh dd d6 dttoc

chrtng minh chat ch6.

Thy r4y, nhu dd "dd nghi6n". nhi6u ngudi

v6n tim cdch giAi cric bii todn tr6n mOt cSch
gdn dfng, nghia ld sai sd pham phAi rdt nh6,
gdn nhrr khOng dring kd, ndu tr6n kinh dttdng
trdn khri lon.
Sau dAy Ii hai bAi giei khe dOc d6o, chi dirng
kidn thrlc torin kh6ng qud l6p 9.

Cho

duimg trbn tdnt

O ban kinh. R uit
duimg kfnh AB.

Tln

udi AB

A\

/l\.

,\

dudng

^\

'1+..

th.ang uuing g6c

tai tdm. O

ld.y dtdnt. C suo

(8)

Crlc ban thdy dd, chi tt b6n c6ng thdc co

bAn ban ddu md khi rip dung vdo e5c trttdng
hop dAc bi6t lai cho ta th6m bdn c6ng thrlc
kh6c. Nhtrng chrra h6t, cring tt bdn c6ng thfc
ban ddu ndu chiu khcj tim tdi lrrong biSn ildi lai
cho ta th6m c6c c6ng thrlc sau (phdn bidn ddi
ndy xin ddnh cho ban doc) :

sinSa:3sina-4sin3a

kh6ng thd dung dtroc m6t doan thing cd dO dii

bing chu vi mQt dudng trbn cho trt16e.

Bei 1.

2tga

cosd

IIb Chi Minh)

Th da bidt rang bang thu6c vir compas

+ Til (4) n6u cho ct = f ta I4i cci :

sin2a : 2sinacosa
+ Trl (x) ve (6) ta cci :
sin2a
2sinacosa
tgBa :
=
.)

tu rmu i Aru

ffimnTh

(TP.

cos2a

r-:=T g:==

PIIAN TIIANTI QLIANG

sin(a *7) : sinacosy *cosasiny t4).

Vdi b6n c6ng thrlc tr6n ta lai v4n dqng dd
x6t cdc trtrdng hop dac bi6t sau :
+ Tr] (3) ndu cho a = T thi ta cri :
cos%a = cos2a - sin2a (*)
Nhtt ta cla bidt sin2a * cos2o = 1, thay vA.o
(*) ta cci :
["o"2,,
----'. = -1 -2sin:a(5)
|

r-

::===?=

=:::===:-:

=Q=0

Vdy ta cd

gl,

.l

lp

(e)

(10)

(11)

(r2)

cho OC = AB.
CA ud CB ld.n

A
I

luot cdt duimg

trbn tai D uir E.

Goi F ld trung
didm cia DE.
So sanh chu ui tam gior CDF udi clut ui n*a
duimg trbn tdnr O da cho.
Ndu R : 100m thi hiou giua hai chu ui x(ip
xi td baa nhiau ?
Ap d,fng dinh ly Pitago vao A CAO ta cc3 CA

= ^E{5.

Tt CD x CA = CG x CH, vdi CG = R, CH
gR, CA : RrIS suy ra CD : 3R : {5 =

0,6,R{5

(13)

(14)

t15);
(16)

(17)

ll AO, rip dung dinh Ii Th-l6t vio

= 0,6 . CO, DF : 0,6.11O tfc
ld CF = l,2R vit DF = 0,6R.
chu vi L^IDF = R(0,6 t[$ + 1,2 * 0,6) =
Vi

D.E'

LCAO ta c6 CF

3,141640R
Suy ra hi6u gita chu vi LCDF vd chu vi nrla
drrdng trdn (O) xdp xi le 0,000048R. N6u R :
100m thi hi6u dd xdp xi bing 4,8mm.
Ndu ldy chu vi LCDF thay cho chu vi nrla
dttdng trdn thi sai sd ph4m phAi cti 4,8mm !
Thet la quri th6a man !
(.yetn

tidp bio

t)

a*b = 6
ox+bY = lQ
ox2+bYZ=24
ox3+bY3:62
gid
tri crta ora + bYa
Tintt
Ldi giai : Th cci

'Bei
ataray

T11235.

Tim sd co I chft

sd

as sao clrc
i-

larara, =

* byz = (ax * by) k

= 10(r +y] - 6ry (tr)
axz

aToH'
lils%""rr% =

Ldi giai ciaNguydn Drtc Thh.nh,8A, Tlr'tdng

trong dldm U6ng Bi, Quing Ninh' Th cci :

la7lr=aro,2,

(l

+ Y)

(a + b)xY

+bt3 = (axz + by2)(rtv) - (ax+by)xy

= 24(t +y) - tDxy (2)
Tt (1) vd (2) ritt ra x + Y = 3

62 =

QTas-

{_-

24

^
aios'. \z)
= --t
Tt (1) "h tZl suy ra 22 < aPR < 31 (3)
TiI (2) ta c6 ap.rz = ala,sq}A + alqg
-ag
loqo 5or,o

ae3

x!:l

+t)

dy axa +bya = 6x3 +by3)(x

: 62.3 * 24 = t62
NhQn x6t. Bii niy

- @xz +by\xy

cri rdt nhi6u-ban thaut

hdu hdt giAi dring. C:ic ban cci loi
Eiai"tOt : Nguyin Cong Thitnl,,.8T.-NK-Vinh'

oia siAi

vi

frghQ Ar',-Le Tiung Kian, oA Ssg1g1Jt.i

fftrong Thila Thi6n Hu6; Ngrzlln Thi Rich

*i7a3 - a.as= aqa-sapD

Ha., TAthuy6n thi x6 Phri Thq, Nguyin llodng
:
100
x
Mi;h gApftg Ttryn Quang, Nguvdn viat Ttt
*@rar - l)(%q@1%+ 1) "oon
gcq He Tinh Dint Manh Tlzri:'ru, 9T Lam Son,
Til dd suy ra @m - \@{)(araa + 1) : 25 itt""tt H6a ; ;'Chu Manh Dfing 8T NK Bic
Yi (aflB - \@ta)(a",ar + l) la tich cira 3 s6 Giang, Nguydn Vidt Vi, 8T, Nglf -Thdnh,
ET, NK IIai
; ?'lguydn Quynh-Hc'a.
tu nhi6n li6n tidp n6n trong 3 s6 tr6n phAi c<i atais NEai xrn
7A
Ttuiin,
Quing
Ii*ro"E ;Fta
-Uong-Bi,
m6t s6 chia h6J cho 25.
Nguyn iJtr6, Db
D$ong,9A,
nqi
k
Xint
i
26'
hoic
(3)
24,25
ta suy ra ata; =
Nhungdo
N6ng, Phan Long Yin Anft, 9A,-Lu-ctng V0n
:
tPPPPg,Pfi
=
Chan:h, Tiry Hira, Ph.i Yet , Nguydn V-att Tidn',
- Vdi afs = 24 ta c6
N-g-r{"i, t}foi
-

VOi a1a8

625t5625

-Yai

afr=

25 ta c6 ararapoato.r,afi =

26 ta thdy kh6ng th6a m6n (2),

Drlc Phd,

Quing

Npuvin naie, SNK ThAi Nguy0n ; Vri N8QC

M"in"h, 7T, C"hu Van An, Hii Phbng' I[oitttg
Thian Li,9C, NgO Qia Tg, D6c Lic, Dtang lItii
Chdu,9 Ph[ Ivfi, Binh Dinh..
DANC t.tt-rnc frlA}'l(;.

vAy lo4i.

TUm

Phdqrtrg,

PTCS

576t3824

lai ta tim

duoc 2 sd cri 8

cht

s6 th6a

m6n di6u ki6n ctra ddu bdi ln : 57613824 vit

625t5625
NhQn x6t 1. BlSt nhi6u ban d6 phrit hiQn ra
ch6 sai cria d6 bii vi de sfia nhrt tr6n dd gi6i
dring. Thinh thgc xin l6i ban doc v6 sai scit niy'
i. Ca. ban sau dAy c<i ldi giei t6t : Vinh
PhOc : Nguydn Minh Kidn, 7A,, ChuYOn MO
Linh ; N{ui6n Ttung I4p, 9B.,'Clrqvqr Yon
Lac:VuVan Phong, 9A, Chuy6n Vinh Tttdng'
ttrai ginh : Phan Huong Thu,9T, Chuy6n th!
x6. Nam Dinh : Vu Viet mi,9"t ; Hoit'ng Ti6n,
9 L! ; NK Hei H4u. Thanh Hda z Luu Ngsc
T\tdn,8C, NK Thdnh Ph6 ; Hit Thi Phuong
Tlrd.o,gTN, NK Bim Son, Nguydn Thj Qyy9n,
mi Hd.i Nhd,n, 9l Lam Son. Hh Tinh:
Neuydn Nhqt Th.n. 8T, NK Thi x6. Binh
DinL: Le Anh Duong, 9A, Qudc hqc QuY
N[on. Khdnh Hda : TTdn Tudn Anh, 9T, LE
QuY D6n' Nha Tlang'

rdncuvEN

BAi T2l235. Cho

ntan dibu hiQn

cd.c sd

thrtc a, b, x, y th6a

T3/235, Tint gid' tri cila x sao cha

phep chia Igg6x + 1497 chrt x2 + I
cia
thuang
d.at gia tri b nhd.t c6 thd duac.
Liri giai : Cd.ch.I ; Th cci
_''.gg + l4g7 4998 + 42 * 4gg

Bli

"_
^

i+l

Do d<i : A
<+rf,

*_
&-p.

>-

rt+l

499 v6i moi

= -2 n6n A dat gi6 tri

r' Yi4 = -499

b6 nhdt

_(,

Cach 2. Tim mi6n gi6

tri cta

^_199tu+1497
^.r2+1
trtc li tim A dd tdn tai r
A* - 1996r +A - 1497 * o
:

*A=0thir
* 0 thir

=-m=-X

tdn t4it+A'* > 0

<=.1r2-1497A-9982 < o
<+(A + 499) (A - 1996) < 0
+

li

-499 <+

<*-4gg<A<1996.
lai : Mi6n gi6 tri criaA li [-499 ; 19.96]
Do dci A dat gui td b6 nhdt la -499
Tkim

1996

<+r=.---.__---__9
--

2x(-499)-

NhSn x6t. Nhi6u ban chi ra duoc gi6 tri l6n

nhdt cria thrrong lA 1996 dat drroc tihi lra chi
khi

'tr = 2. Cdc ban cci ldi giAi vi

nh6n x6t tdt

l.\:IlqyyAry Luong Huy,9lt, Nguydn Khuydn
(De NSTS) ; Nguydn Hod.rug o{ep-, eA,
euang
Brii) ; pham Lan Huon[, 8f,
3."9 (Y6n
N8uyon Du Dgng Ngoc Chdu, 9T, phan Chu
; Nsuydn Tidn Khdi, ?T, L6
$i$ tpet Ldk)
Ngdi) ; phqm Cong phiet,xdm
$!if! lagang
J:9,.ryS[i Trung, Nghi L6c ; D6 Ch{ Ttzdnit, BB,
; Ttb.n Thanh phuong,8lrt, Tlung
Nglrll Din(}{ghe
An) ; Trdn Nanl'ITung, Tai
9_q,. f i$r
Hdi Nhdn, Phgrn Hodng phong, g, LaniSon;
L Ngqc Giarug, gT, Hoing- Htia (Thanh
II6a) ; Nguydn Httu Han\ B, D,ry Ti6n (Hir
Thu giang ; Ngiy1n Tfang
fil*) ; Phqnt
I::!ry.91
TI.dn Dnng Ninh ; philig Van ttui.ai,
8!.Xu6n{hriy (Nann Dinh) ; piqm Nguyen
Th?n_g_,9t Thang Long (LAm Ddngr i tyan

y*, Nglys-dn Son phang, SX I Qu:r Dan,

piam X.uan iiZn, sT,
iF:
Fj". -_V.ung-Thu\.
HAi Dinh, Ddng
(eu6ng

*!,

a Nhi6u ban

hopA=0!

gi6i cdch?, kh6ng ltru

1i

trudng

lE rndNc NuAr
Bai T4l235. Cho tam gidc ABC, mdt didm
D cd dinh trdn ti.a ddi cia tia BC. K6 tia Dx
4t -cdc canh, AB, AC tsi cdc di6nt tuong ing E,
F. Goi
M, N theo thtl tu tit trung didm- cita'BF,
CE. Chnng minh rdng duirng thd.ng MN tu6rt
ludn di qua mdt didnt c6 dinh.
Ldi giai. (Dtra theo Thdn T6t Dat 9A1, Chu
ven An, Thy H6, He Noi) Gsi I, J, K, L td cilc
trung didm
tudng fng c&a

AB, BC,

CA,

AD.T^ c6 L cO
dinh. trong
cdc tarn gi6c
ts44 BCtr', ta
c6 cAc duitng

trung binh
MI, MJ nGn D
chring cirng
song song vdi AC, suy ra

I, M, J thing hdng ;
lydlg trr, ta cr-rng c6 J, N, K th6ng hdng, L, I,
K tbang hAng. Ap dung dinh li M6n6laus vdo
tanqgldc-ABcl j6t tuy6n DEF, ta c6
BD CF EE
= -1 (*). Mat kh6c, do c5c
DC

H6i
Binh) ; Nguy*i
FA.m
Quang Vtt, LA Ttung Kien,9/1, Ng.uv6n-Tri dudng trung binh n6uar6n,a,a cfng cci
Phrrong (Thila Ttrlen-Huil ; D"ans Van
MJ Ce" K}-_ r\E IL BD
9*"!r, Trdn Nguydn,fho, gI NanS khiEu (Hn
Tinh) ;Ld _Nguydn Thil.y Tiain, N{aydn Hodng
MI FA' NJ EB' LK _ DC'
D"* Ud veo (*), ta cci :
!u_on,_?,NquVndn Binh Khi6m tViritr Long)":
Tydn Dinh Hqc Hdi, gA1, phudc Bintr. ftui
MJ
IL KN
T)fic ; Phan Minh, Tt{,9! Nguy6n Du, Gb V6p
MI
LK
NJ = -1, Ap dung dinh lf
(TP lld_chi nainn) irys"yi" gui iLin, oa,
M6ndlaus dAo, ta c6 N, M, L th6rng hdng. Mn
Quairg) it e oinn run'.
!9 Q"v D6n (Ttry6n
(HAi nuongJ ;'phan Long yen L c6 dinh n6n ta cci dpcm.
khicu
l.t,,Ning
g\ Lrr_qng Van Ctrann, TUy Haa iphri
Nhgn x6t. Cci 123 bai giei, tdr c6 d6u giAi
yh,.
Jent ; cao Hoiti b?ng,9B, Hoii ChAu Bdc, dring, phdn l6n diing phrrong phrip di6n tich,
Hoai Nhon (Binh Dinh) ; T?d.n ntdn Anh.,9T, rndt sd bdi trinh biy cbn ruam ia. fl:ic ban sau
Lo Quy D6n, Nha Trang (Kh6nh H,tm.ji; Doai
diy cri ldi giAi tdt :
Hoirng-Minh
Hoirns,
Nsuy\n _ HA N6i : Tldn Tdt Dat, 9A1, Chu Van An,
!!yrf-e !!1do,
(He Thy) ;-ntt na Hunsi'ai; enn Thy
yqi
Hd, Ttdn Anh DOng, 7 Chuy6n Thrrin,
ry
Dilc, Trong didm U-6ng tsi (euAig Ninh) ; Tbudng Chuy6n Tt Li6m,
Anh iinh, 8A,
M*g Anh Ttudn,9A"-Kim {on ;\nni ort, Gleng Vo, Ba Dinh, NghQ L6
An
: phan Thanli
'*d":9t, {hm_Dip (Ninfr Binh) ; Nguj,dn
8'Tbdn
Nang
Vinh.
khidu
Nguy6n Vidt
lran BiAn,8A2 Ti6n Lang; Cao Dtlc p'ht:i SiaL Yi$, 9TB Phan
B6i ChAu, fp V;ntr, Ointr
_Cyg"&
F:lg.pg-qe ,_!,{guydn xtm rndng, 9l,'Thdn Linh QOn, 9Jo !_han B6i ChAu, Chu \.i6J Ttrdn,
JH*i. t}'.gng) ;_ Nswdn iiung' LQp, 9L"Ing, Boi'Chau, T[dn Thanh phtrong. 9Fi
!-"ya! Dic Hdi,98, y6n Lac (Vinh Fh0ci ; PTCS Tlung D6, Tp Vinh. T'harrh IiOa ,
I\tdn^-Son,_Nguydn Aich Ui, lAn Nguy6n Thi Quy6n, Luu Van &{inh, DAm Manh
Xf"y("jhf
Uhuy6n
T.LS ; Ttdn Thi Tho, 9a, Supe,
TUdt, 9T PTTH Lam Son.l,inh Fhdc : plram
(Ph6 Ths) ; t-a iutm'g, Siivt, Quang N)r4t Sfinh (7A, Chu.v6n
flo"S
M6 Linh), Th
-ChAu
Marie-Curi"^i
Anh, gD, "Quang lleyn Phrtong Dung ?C i-:6p1,5, yon iac,
?A__e"anggAJ,
GiAng Vd ; L, ISuVal nr'rc HAi gB-Chuy&n yOn Lac. Hlr
_l_lung ; Vu Dinh Hoitng,
wguyen
Qyg.nS,^9M_,
Trrdng
fr ; piant BV_i D6 Thanh Hi6n 7A ?b6n Thudng Tin.
!b"S Binh._S_I
Tt Li6m; phamQudc'Nhdn; S-".Ng
Quang
:J.lguydn Vrln Minh 8 T.brtn-Nang
9D, Phuong Mai; pham Bao Duins, D6 Mai
Khidu Duy Ti6n
vdn,8A, chu van An (Ha Noi), .,. "'
nANc vlEN

flf

Tdt Dat.9A1 Chu Van An, Vtt Phuong Nhi'

8H, Trtr'ng Vrrong Nam Dinh z Vfi.-Viet-Tdi,
9T'Nane-khidu FIil Hdu, Nguvdn Thd Vinh,
9CT Naie khidu Y YEn, Ngzvdn Tlqrtg Kien,
fran Ainil Hilng, NguydnVai Tlung,9T Thdn
O""s Ni"L, : Thl'nlili6a : mP Hdi NharL,9T
Qudn,
ir*-so, ; i\ghQ An : Nguvdn Dhh
MA.MB=R2-otuiz
Thi.nh-'Tfung, 91'd Phan BQi Chdu,
Phnn
+'2.Iulfr = R2- O\,P
Nsuvdn Hb Xudn Minh Drtc, SA Hung Dung,
(1)
Vi"ti, Hir T{nh z Phqm Hbng Dtic,9 Ly Neng
Mat kh'ic : dB <
fhieu'fft Quing Binh : Dqng Tlii T-d-Nhr1,
sT Na"e i.irigo u-ao Dinh, Dir Nang z Nguydry
2R
2R tnEnAM < B
Lui"i Zliv. 9/1 trrrdng'Nguv6n Khuydn, Dri
lh""i Tuin',9/2 trudng Nguyon HuQ i Qu-ing
I
t Huinh Minh Viet, BA NguY6n Hi6n,
Ni*AIqP<)nz
Q\
t,
bio" na" : Qtrane Neai i Phgln Ttt'd'n Anh 8
Tbirn Chuyair L6-Khldt, D-6c-L6c-: Duqn-g
Tn (1) va (2) suy
inanh Ai, I Tb6n, NguviS! Ptr. Buon Ma
ra
thuOt ; f<frranfr Hda : man fuan Anh,9-Tfu,dn
Rz - oMz
Le Quf D6n, Nha Trang. IICM t Chung Nhdn
Pni
6Y Nzuv6n An frhuong, IIcic M6n ; An
p2
I
GianE
z lloitns Thanh Lant, lT Chuyen
+OM
, ;R
eOM2 >,|
Thoai-Ngoc Hdu] Long Xuyn ;-F"h- Long":
NguY6n tsinh
Vay M thuQc hinh vinh khdn drgc Cidi han Nsuvdn-Hoims QuA.n, 9TZ
Xf,idro ; Tbir V-inh, z Tftn Vinh T?ung, 9s Ly
bdi 2 duong trdn (O, E) va (O , f ) iXnong Tg Trong'
vo r.ru rutv
tlnh bi6n ngodi).
ncii
khan
vinh
hinh
u
thu6c
INAu
D6o lai
Bld T6/235. Tim hdng sd C > 0 nhd nhd't
son choY a1ra2t...tdtt > 0 ta d6u cti
tr6n thi OM > n T^ cd thd k6 qua nd div^A-B

Bei T5/2S5. Cho dutmg trbn (4, R) ud ruqt

d.idnt M d bn trong. H6i didm M phd'i thoa
milt d.ibu hie.n gi d c6 thd he day AB qua M
saa cho MA: MB = 7 : 2, tq,i sao ?
Liri giAi : Theo hQ thrtc Ole ta cd :

*, .t*,

sao cho

MA : MB =

I :2. Th$t vf;y

at

v6 (r,*") ,, P,Z*).

oM>]*= !"-]^rr. t, > R -r)

Do

n6n

trtn trOn giao nhau t?i it nhdt 1 di6'm.

Gqi N Id giao didm. K6o dni ON cit (O) tqi A,
k6o dni AM c6t (O) tai didm thrl 2ld B.

dttdng

NA R-ER 1 Mrr
Th cci ::OO=--E- =E=ffi ' Theo
dinh li Tbl6t d6o thi MN ll oB.
NA MA
Suy ra
= ME

'

-NO
+MA:MB=l:2

Nh$n x6t. Bdi niy dtroc rdt nhi6u bAn giAi

theo nhi6u crich kh6c nhau. GiAi t6t bii niy cti
cric bgn

QuAng Ninh
Uong Bi. Y6n

did;

z Bil.i

Bd Hung,9A Tlqng

B16A t Nguydn X1!.n

-$ie.n-,
8T THCS Ycn TtrinU ; Bfc Giang z Chu Mgnh
Duns, 8T Nang khi6u BG, Ptrd Thq : -ff&
A;:;1k cniVi,6e., -huycn Song rhao. vinh

Phrlc : Nguydn Dilc Hai, Nguydn Tvung-lfuP-,

98 Chuv6i Yen Lac ; Hi ThY z Hodng Minh
Hod.ns,9B Chuv6n V-T UngHda, Drio Thi Mai
$ai, Ha
Ann,b'At rHCS Nguy6n
-Hod.ng l,ory1, QQls i-r.tal
Nguydn
:
Phbng
i4l- t-t0lg
Bans"tla N-oi: y, NhSl llinh,8q Ha. Noi AmsTerdam, LA Cudng, 9M Mari-Quyri, Ih&n

a.t+.+an

arta,

<c(Ln!*...-ra\
aut
\of a2
Lbi giAi. Tludc hdt ta chrlng minh C > 2'
Thit v4y chgn o, = i ta c6

,>,*'",2,1

*h<c+("-4,2;
Ndu C < 2 thi khi cho rr oo vd trrfi ti6n
ddn -o cdn vd ph6i tidn tdi 0. Mnu thu6n.
Bay gid ta coi vdi C = 2 thi BDT dtlng'
Ap dUng hdt BunhiakoPxki ta ct5

, (I, )'=lu'@+\z
\i,*,) (.i,,,)
e-

(-_---:

*i'
)

)",
i:r
n L "r 4
$;z
vay,>. ,,!- =
+
r1z11lf
i
,)
o:') o, k= ru6
i=

I
I

rt

:ss

l-

ta t? tk& + 7f
,n1n

Th cri
I

a,

n".

=$i
;?fr

M{t khric, tit a, b, c, d e [0,

o*b ( 1+ab
c*d < l*cd

A:2
1L

lf a,=r's
ilroift

ab*cd<1+abcd

n"

,n1n,

1] ta cdn cd

+ qz

2 , ziz _l
+).__ 4iz.<i_1.__\/
-"..,2
\;z
(z+t;r ) - p ftih@+11:

C6ng ba bdt

drjoc

ding thrlc tr6n, vd theo v6, ta

a*b*c*d< 3*abcd
Tt

(1) vd (2) suy ra ,

"ffi<
c 1 vid

(2)

(g)

4h+2 2
2
b&.+l)2 k2(h+\2 tr2 @+\2
Thinh thil
-.\_--

Hdn nfla, vdia = b = =

= 0 thi.F'
= 3. Kdt hop v6i (3) ta cd maxF = 3.
NhSn x6t. 1. Ngoni c6c ban da n6u tcn 6
tr6n, eiic ban sau dAy cring cd ldi giAi t6t :

i,+'-r\2,;)

Du - Bu6n Ma ThuQt). Thh Vinh :-Tfdn

Vi

k: lsr

Zoi
j=l

ViysdCcdntimliC=2
Nhfn x6t. C6c ban sau dAy c<i ldi giei tudng
ddi t6t : Nguydn Thinh,l1T'Phan gQi Cha"]
Phqm-Hfru Thant,10T Lam Son, Thanh H6a,
\_5W63 Ngoc Hdi, Lc Quy D6n, Dh N6ng,
\Su-tdn TYung Kidn 10A PTTH L6 Tht ;
Quing Binh ; Huynh Thd Khanh 12A, TX
Tl}l Vinh, Hd, Duy Hung 12T Ngo euyenjHAi
Phdng ; La Hbng Hd, tlA, pfCT Su ph.^
Vinh NghQ An ; Nguydn Van euang tOT Lam
!gn, !ha1h H6a ; Tfd.n Nanr iang LLCT
Dung
l!*"_gQiChAu, NghQ An; NguydnVan
-Dtin7
Dtc Hani,
Quy D6n, Dir N{ng ;
\?4,\9
111 Phan B6i ChAu, NghQ An.
o4.Nc HuNc rHiNc
BAi T7l235 : Tinr gid td tdn nhd,t cila bidu
thfic :
b *
F
* d

= -:--*
'
bcd*I cda-tl' dob*l'
abc*l

uoi a, b, c, d

Ldi grii.

e [0,

1J.

(crla Tbuong )fi-rd.n Nghi1u, Vfi Hiii

_
DOng - 10CT, 11T Thrdng ChuyCn Nsuv6n Du
Buon lvta Thu6t D6c tr_6c ; te Qu6Z Aao,
-\_Sutdy Ngoc Hdi, NgO Phnng, Trd.n Quang Son,

Anh TLdn - PTTH L6 eui D6n Dn

Xtdn Sinh - (10A THCB Ba Dlnh,
flatrg
N_g1lon - Thanh H6a ; Hod.ng Ttung TLydn -

ll_g,uydn

; Cao

12A PTTH Hd Thung Thanh H6a; Neuv1n Ha

- 10A PTTH Nguy6n Hu6 Hd TE,v-: eao Thd

Duy

- Viirtr ph6c;
Minh Phuong - tlA Thudng Chuy6n
ltfry Vrrong - Pht1 f}nq; NguyAn XtZru - IbA,"
Chuy6n Y6n Brii ; Nio enn tudn - t)A
llTH
PTCT DHSP Vinh NghQ An ; Nguyhn llbng
?-y"g - 10A PTCT - Tin DHKHfir - oneG
HA N0i) : Do o, b, c e. [0, 1] n6n :
abcd
J_ *
'F'<_-+_+
- abcd*l ' abcd*l ' ab;dn
' abcd+l _Thu

108 PTTH Vinh Tudng

N_9"y6ry

a*b*c*d
abcd

*|

(1)

Dfi.cLAe z LA Thd Tbn (PT Chuyn Nguy6n

Huynh ThO Khanh (12A, PTTH Pham Thdi

Brrdng - Tln Vinh). TP HCM : Tliin Dinh Hqc
Hdi (9\ THCS Phudc Binh - Thri Drlc),
Chung Nhdn Phn QTt Tludng Nguy6n An
Khtrong - Hrjc MOn). Kh'6nh Hda : Ttdn TLdn
Anh (9 Tbudng Le Qul D6n - Nha Ttang). Dh
!{6rrg z Phan Phi DOng, Biti Viil Phuong,
Tldn Qu6c, Nguydn Hod.ng Thdih
$"lfb
(PTTH L0 Qui D6n). Thta Thi6n Hu6 :
\eWdry Tidn Mgnh Qud.n (10CT Tftrdng Qu6c
hqc). Quring Binh z Tft.n Drtc Thuen-(ttCf
tudng PTNK tinh). NghQ An z Nguydn Dinh
Qud.n, Tldn Nam. D{r.ng, Deng Dtc Hqnh (9T,
11? PTTH Phan B6i Ch6u). Thanh H6a zVu
Drlc Nghia (8A THCS D6ng Luong), Hod.ng
Tl,ung Kien (9T Tfrrdng NK Nga San), Vu Bd
Tidn (llA, THCB Ba Dlnh - Ngr San), Han
Vd,n Thd.nlg (12A^ THCB DAo Duv Tt) ; Oarn
Manh Tbdn, Nguydn Van Quang (9T, 107
PTTH Lam Son), Luu Drlc Cd,nh tllA PTTH
Holng I4 Kha - Hn Tbung). Ninh Binh : LC
Van Cuitng (PTTH Lrrong Van TUy), Phgm
Tlung Kien (TX Tlam DiQp). Nam Dinh :
Nguydn Ky Nha (9CT TYudng Nguy6n Hi6n Nam Ninh) ; Nguydn Vdn Tfung, Nguydn
Tto.ng KiAn $T T[dn Dang Nirrh), Od khanh
Hdi (llAPTTHANghia Hung). Hh Thy : Bnl
Xudn Hdo (11A PTTH NguyCn Hue.). Hai
Duong z Phirng Drtc 71td.n (1 ICT PTNK tinh).
Efc t{inh : Hodng Tilne @CT Tlrrdng NK
Y-6n Dong), Nguy6n Ngq" Son (12A Pftff
Y6n Dring sd 1) ; Dang l{oitng ViQt Hit, Nguydn
Tidn Mqnh (llA PTNK Ngo Si LiOn). Vinh
Phdc z Nguydn Thanh 7U (98 YOn Lac). Phrl
,\nh Ttud.n, Tft.n,4nh Tltd,n {lOlV llA
\\g: L_e
ChuyQn
Hing Vuong). Tlly6n Quang :
ryTH\5"t1ry_Q_"6c 71td,n (98 La Qui D6n). DHQG
TP HCM : Nguydn La LUc (1lCT Tttrdns
PTNK). DHSP Vinh : La Thanh BinE
N_guyAn Van Hgp, Nguydn Nghia ltnr, I{b Si
Ng__, _Ng;uydn ?'rd.n Phuong (Kh6i PTCT).
"DHQG
HA NQi z Bili Manh-Hitng, Ttd,n Thi
L,A, Cung Thdi Son, Phg.nt Hd.i Tfung, Phq.m
Quang Vinh (T{h6i PTCT - Tin DHKHTN).
2. Bing phrrong ph6p crla Ldi giei n6u tr6n,
cring nhrt bing mQt sd phuong phrip kh6 don
giAn kh6c, nhi6u ban dA giei dflg Bai todn
h,hd,i qud.t sa:;- : "Xit cdt sd e1>a2,...,dn c

t0, 1l (z

nguyn l6n hon 1 cho trudc). Hay

ldn nhdt cila bidu thtlc :

ld. s6

iim gid. tri

n-l
ai
ctrr
I
1
;=3---a
'' - ero.r...n, * 1' ?a -----oy..ri-ta1a1..'an' +1=
a,,

y = G(x) *

(D5ps6:maxF=n-1).
Dac bi6t, b4n Phant Quang Vrnft' (118 Khdi
PTCT - Tin DHKHTN - DHQG He Noi) da
d6 xudt vA, bing phudng ph6p cta Ldi giAi n6u
tron, d5 giei dfnA Bdi tod.n tdng quot hon Bd'i
todn uitinau : "Cho sd nguyn n > 7 uit' cho s6
th(c a > 0. xil n s6 th+tc at , a2, ... , an [0,
al. Hay tim gid tri lort nhd.t cia bidu thtlc :
al

a:

or.... ai

tai +

r "' an +

* -|

alaz...an-L*an-t

it ban d5 stt dsng phttong Plag

khAo sdt ham sd dd giai bei da ra vi d6ng thdi
3. KhOng

cho ldi giai khe rrldrn rd, phtic tap.

4. Do m6c phAi it nhdt mQt trong hai sai ldm
du6i day ma io 12 b4n (trong tdng s6 102 ban
gui Ldi-giei tdi Tba soAn) gr6-i sai bii d6 ra :
o Sai ldm I z Tit F(a, b, c, d) < G(a, b, c,
d t () suy ra : F d'q.t gia tri lon nhd.t khi uit' chi
nni o odt drtng thrtc-(*) xdy ra dd'u'=n' ( !)

o Sai l6m 2 z Khi xdt cac Phi.n thic,

kh1ng dd i toi dibu kin dd cd.c phdn thtlc d6
tbn tqi.
Ching h4n, cri ban da vidt : Vidt lai F dudi
d4ng:
D-

'' -

xx
"

bcdlbcd

v6ir:

+----_-+
+1) 'cda(ccla+l)

-r-x
' dabldab + l)

abc(abc +

11

abcd,v.v.
5. Ngoni t2ban ncii tr6n, cdn m6t bqn khdc
cung giAi sai bdi to6n do b4n d5 hidu [0, 1] ln
t4p hSp gdm hai phdn ttt : 0 vd 1. ( !)
ncuvEN rctAc tttlNn
Bai T8/235. Cho hai da thtc u6i hQ sd thtlc
P(x) uir Q@), trong d6 Ptx) lit. da thic bQr 3 tit'y
!, Q@) lir. tam thuc bQc 2 kh1ng c6 nghiQm thvc.
Chrhne minh riitng ndu db thi hdm' s6
= l-91 c6 ba didnt udn thi ba didm udn cia

'
"*u

mQt duitng thd.ng.

"#l9run
gtai. (Iyd,n Ndnt Dung (PBC, Nghe
Ltri
Lfi, PhTng Dic Tttdn (PTNK Hii Drrong),

Ngiydn Dic Mqnh (D6ng Anh, Hh NOi) "')

.R(.r)

A(r)

'

,R(r)r,'
v..= (e(,)/

vayy"(ri - o+2R(x) tQ'(r)lr -^...

-ied Q'61n'61- Q(r) B(r) Q"(r) = o
.

*T3

((e'@))2

zQ@)Q"(r)) =

= enlr; Q"(r) * 2Q'(r) tB'(r)

,*Zy(x) (bz- acy = 3E(r) Q"@)+ZQ'@) R'(r)

*,y(x\
r\/

aft...a,,*d'+r

tt-l

,!,

(Chf )t : i Q"(r) = 2a; R'(r) = const)

Suv
" ra
:

ulo:...0,, -, *

p:

a* + bx * c,a* 0'Khidd
(rtli,
g) ;i, ;ffi u: -l i,'?,",;
flJi lg'
;f
LQ,
Ia n@ sao cho P(x) = Q(r) G1r; + R(-r)
Gi6sirQ(r) =

2(b---ac1'

3.R(r)Q"(r) + 2Q'@) R'(x))

Nhan x6t ring bQc cria :

(3R(r) Q"(r) * 2Q'@) B'(x)) < 1,
iron'g.Bir)'Q"(r) 4 2Q'@) R'(r) = ar + p'
Vdv v"(r) = 0
1
("r +P), u:"*
*Y(x) =

iro, - +*1

NhBn x6t. Cac ban sau d6y co ldi giei t6t'

La Vd.n An (PBC, NghQ An), Tfd'n Dt?c
ThuQn ETNK Qu6ng Binh) IIa D:+ HunS
Tfung TVvdn (}{ir
iptNr irai etang), HoimgHuynh
Thd Khanh
rti"n. Thanh H6;), Tfd.n
Vinh)'
Tlir
Brrdng,
Th6i
Nguy6n
Giiii -ii"lg
Ddng
nia" 12T (Cao Lenh,
Ni"iai
tflapl La H6ang T-tan (PTTH Hirng Vrrong,
TP HCM)'
Ncuv6'N vAu tr'tAu

B}ri T9/235. Gid' srl M ld' mQt didm bd't ky

nd.m trong mQt phang cfia m'Qt tant- gidc dbu
ABC. Gq{x, y, z lit hhod'ng cd'ch til M ddn cac
d,inhuit.p, q, r lahhodng cach tit M ddn cd'c canlt
crta tum gid.c. Chtng min'h rd'ng ta ludn c6 :
p2 +q2

+p

>)e, *f +rr);

(*)

Dbng thiti hd.y chtng-t6 rang bdt dang thtlc

()
tir EAc trun"g cila ior tant- giac dbu, tlrco
'"ptiir,
t iai ,toi tonr. giac AB'C khlng dbu'. ta
'lioi-tiri
iuic' ntlt didnt M trong nlat phang
tant gidc sao cho (x) khdng dn!19'
11A'
t ii eiai. (Dua theo Vu Duy Ttrdn'
PTTHNT{ Neo Si Li6n, B6c Giang)'

a) Ndu didm M
trirns v6i mQt trong
cric dinh A, B, C thi

,n

d6 th6y (x) dting. X6t

trrrdng hgp M kh6ng

trirng v6i bdt k! a$n

nio cta tam gtac.

Goi A. B', C', ldn
tubt ti trlnir chidu

vu6ng g6c cria M

-t4'- - *

/.''t

,i

)r,
t\

tr6n c6c dtidng th&ng chrla cric canh EC, CA,

trong tAm cta hQ ba di6'm { A', B',
C'J "q_G'li
. Theo cdng thfc L6pnii., ta cri :

,!4

MN2 +MBa +rMCd = SMGa + j {r,C,e +

+ c'A'z+ A',A',\.-i (V',C',2+ C'A'z+ A'B'r) ; (t)
Mat khdc,- @rff gr6c AB'C'nOij{p drrdng
tron dudng kinh MA = r, cd gdc B'AC' = 60b
hoac : 120c', n6n ta drxoc (dinh l), him sin) :
_*B'C' * MA sin 600 (= MA sin 120<l) =

*rlT

,,tr.,

sf
la:B'C':=-E,

Chring rninh t^uong tr.I

, 3yl
C,A,: * _{ uU

Tt

A,8,,^=

(1) vd (2), ta duoc

p2 +qz

+ts-l=

szJ

e)

+221

+aMcQ G)

){"2 +t2

Do drj ta thu duoc B.D.T. (*) (dpcm).

DQ thdy rang ddu dlng thfc dAt duqc khi
vi chi khi M lA didm sao cho M trtrng v6i trong
t6m G'cria tam gi6c chi6u A'B'C'c[a nd tiei

t1m

ABC, vd. do d<iM = G, di6'm ddi trgng

t-Am c0a tam gi:ic d6u ABC, nghia li M = tim
O cria tam giric d6u ABC.
b) GiA sfi tam gl6cABC kh6ng d6u. Chon M
gr^ac

lA trong tdm tam giric. Khi dd ,

!*2 =
= (**o)z =ru4>-MA,2=p2. Trrong t{ :
.- q2 ua !oz2>1. Vl tam glec ABC kh6ng
d6u- n_6n, trolqba b6t ding thrlc trn phAi cci
it nhdt m6t B.D.T. thgc srr vi do dd ta c<j :
p2 +q2 +p <f,'e,

1r'

+t,.;

* lgh!+ ln (*) kh6ng dring. N<ii khric di li,

B.D.T (*) ld d6c trttng cho tam giric d6u.
NhSn x6t. 1. Cd thd thidt lAp h thrtc sau :
z2) BoMz,
1y2 + y:
,z +
...-+-e:
(vM)(**)-t

i) -

trong dti O li tdm cria tam gi6c d6u ABC.

Tt dd suy ra B,D.T (*) cdn chrlns minh ld
hQ quA trgc tidp cria hQ thrlc (**) d tr6n. Cd thd
chrlng minh (**) trl h6 thric V6cto :
-:i--++3+-->
+ MB' + MC' =
MN
,MO(= sMG)
*. (yl do dri trong tpm G' cria hQ ba didm { A',
B', C'l ld trung didm cria OM)
2. -Crlc-ban sau ddy c<i ldi giei tdt hdn cA,
cring li nhfing ban di thidt lap duoc he thfc
(**) nhrr tr6n-dd ncii : Nsuv6n Uinh PhuonE
chuyen Hirn! Vuong, Phrri Th6;
-1_1A BTqH
Nguy6n
Quang Ldc, 10A DHSP - DHQG HA
Nq-i, Ng.,y6n-Manh Hd, 10A DHKHTN DHQG Hn Noi.
3. Vi6c chrlng minh phdn b) cria bii to6n,
ngodi vi6e chi ra tryng tAm G cria mQt tam gi6c
ABC khdng d6u, nhi6u ban chi ra tAm / du-dng
trbn n6i tidp mQt tam giric ABC kh6ng d6u
ctng li didm kh6ng th6a m6n B.D.T. (*) vi do
8

dd B.D. T. (*) la m6t tinh chdt dnc

tam giric ddu,

tnlng

cria

4. Ban Nguy6n Minh Phuong vd ban Bii

Minh Thi0n, 1.2c, PTTH Chuy6n, T[]r Vinh (cA
hai ban ndy d6u sfi dung phrlong ph:ip toa dQ)
cbn dd xudt vd giA dring bdi torin tudng tu
trong kh6ng gian ddi vdi tit dGn d6u.
NGUYEN DANC PHAT

Bni Tf 0/235. Gid

srt

M h. mQt didnr thuqc

nrQt BCD citantQt ttl di4n ABCD. MQt m4tphd.ng

bdt ky cdt cdc canhAB, AC, AD uit.doanAM theo
tht tU d B', C', D' uit. M'. Ching minh r&,ng :
+ Al[' < max {AB +AB', AC + AC', AD +AD'}
Liri giai. (cria Ng6 Anh Ttrdn, 10A, CI
DHSP Vinh). Dd giei bii to6n niry, tnl6c hdt

AM

ta giAi bAi torin tudng ttt trong hinh hoc phing.

a) "GiA sit M ld m6t didm thu6c canh BC
cria m6t tam giric.4l9C. MOt dttdng th&ng bdt
kj'c6t c6c c4nh AB, AC vd do4n AM theo tht
tV d B', C' vd, M'. Th6'thi ta c6 :

AM +AM'< murx lAB +AB', AC +AC'\(l)

b) Dac bi6t, ndu dudng thing di qua A cring
tf c ld B ', C' viM' trirng nhau dA ; khi dd ta drroc :
(2)
AM < max {AB, AC}
ThAt vAt, ndu AM t BC : M th\ AM < AB
vd AM < AC vd ta dttoc (ZLNdu AM t BC thi
trong hai g6c AMB vd AMC 5t phei c<i mQt
gcic ttr, do d6 AM nh6 hon mQt trong hai canh
AB holrc AC tty theo gdc ti dd d6i di6n vdi AB
hay AC vd ta thu drtgc (2).
Bay gid ta x6t mQnh d6 a). X6t hai trudnghgp.
1. Ndu B'C' ll BC, khdng mdt tdng qu6t, gi6
sir.A3' = mur {AB', AC'! . Suy ra : AB = max
{AB, AC} vh"AM' < AB', AM < AB. Do dd :'
AIt[ +AIl[' < AR *AB' = max {,4.B +,4.B ', AC +AC'}
vd ta thu drrgc (1).
2) B'C' ll BC, kh6ng mdt tdng qurit giA srl
gfao didm cria c6c dtt8ng th&ng EC vb, B'C'
ndm tr6n cde tia [CB) ve tC'B't (x. hinh v6).
Qua M' dtrng drrdng thing PQ ll BC , cdt AB vir
AC ldn lttot d P vd Q, ta drtgc :
MB _M'P
:s(AM'P). s(AM'B') _M'B'
MC- M'Q- s(AM'Q) - s(AM'C') - M'C''
T!6n cic tia
IAB) vd tAC)
Idn lrrot ldv hai
didm B" id C"
sao cho B'8" =
AB, C'C" = AC
vi do dd : BB"
= NI" CC'' =

AC'. Sau dd
dung hai hinh
binh hinh
MBB"D vd

MCC"E, ggi N
= (AM) n tDEl
vlK = B"C" n
LDE}.

t^

AA

Dethdy rdr,gMDE : AB'C' vAMN : AM',

do d<i : AN = AM + AM'. Th eci :
KD DB'' MB M'B' ND
KE -- EC- = MC' Mc'= NE
Vi K vh N d6u thuOc doan [DE'l n6n suy ra
KE > NE vd do drj N e LKE\, crlng tric li didm
f1n"O" *i6n tam gtrec t\8"4" lvi do4n t]r&ng
KE niin trongtam gi6cAB"C"). Te dd ta dttgc :
AN < max {A8", AC" ), haY : AM + AM'
< ma:( {AB + AB', AC + AC' )
Bdv sid ta trd lai bai to6n. Gqi N = (BM)

N'
n [cDi,"N' = (B'Ii',) n lc'Dl,thd thi mQnh
: mp(./.BM) 6 mP(ACD). AP dqng

(A,M)

aOL) vao irai tam i6c-ABN vdACD, ta drrgc

AM +AM'< max {AB +AB', AN+AN'}(3)

AN +AN' < max {AC +AC', AD + AD'}(4)
Tt (3) vn (4) suy ra (1) : A

max {A.B +AB', AC

+ AC" AD + AD'}
B

1.

Ngodi ldi giAi th6ng

thudng nhrr tr6n,

Hd,
Hdng
ban L6
-_-bnsp
riA, --cr
Vinh da giAi dtng

'

0, tr]

khrl gon bhi to6n

tr6n bing phrrong

oh:in v6cto. M
cho :
tryj
-fr[-= * aa R : (0-*< " < 1) sao
o Ab + + (1 - a)AC vd do dd-: a a, P e
R, L. a, P vd O So * F-< 1 sao cho :

AM'=(L-p]/B'+pAC'
Tt dd suy ra ;

= 0 (1) (ti

For,o

h,Ll,,).

: - hx' (3). Vi x' <4D non a = do, ta

&
h
dttge mx" = --!-x haY t" * at2x = 0 vdi
tgoa
=

'

*fl

vaY vat dao dQng di6u hba vdi

tdn s6 g6c ot.

2. Chu ki dao dQng crla

r=T-2ntvaol+
Tdn sd dao d6ng

vit

rk

f =;"rg%l ;

Nh$n x6t. Cric em cd ldi giai dung vi t6t

Trd.n Hod.ng Qud.n,11Ar, truEng ],^O.Q"IQqL,

Nft e." tiodns Dic' Thinh- 12Ar, PTTH

oa
S-on,
ta" U,rfi D4o, Nam Dinh ;-7b. Thlanh
lrIang khi6u, !!i, ?hr, H-ai
ii Li, PfTH
l.
pt a"'e Neuvdn Viet Httng, 128

.Y*

(AC+AC') <muu( QlEi+AB', AC+AC')

Sau cing, stt dgng kdt quA niry vAo viQc giAi
bii todn trong khdng glan.
2. Ldi giAi cira nhi6u b4n khrn dii dbng,
khOng Sqnlkd cA stt dung phuong phrip v6ctd).
NcuvEN oANc puAr

Bii L1l235.
M1t hC dao
uE.

hll
- ."

Khi bcjp nhe a ddu B, D, lb xo bi n6n th6m

-O;;;fi;;idt ",; li d9 r "a g<;c d dinh hinh
thoi ln a, ta 6 x'= *.Trrong tU nhu tr6n
+ zi = *i,ioo + 2Y= o, suY ra P - ZTcosa
= trla = tnx" ;2Tsina - h (Llo*r') - 0, ti dd
h(Llo * x')
(2). Tt (1) vn (2) rut
*g--;;:=ntr"

vDr

d.Qng

ddmg

ra ntx"

d.p.c.m.

Nhin x6t.

1. Chfing ntinh uQt dao dQng dibu hba.

2. Ifi.p bi6u thuc tinh tdn sdud chu ki doo dQng.
Hudns d6n ei6i. 1' Chon frr.tc Ox nhtt hinh
vc. sdc O"le vi til can bine. O vi tri cin bing
cria"v6t, lb xo'bi n6n qQt iiqan AloJQi d digh
trinh ihoi ld Zao v6r P * 2To = 0; Fdt,o + 2To
= 0. Suy ra P - ZTcosan: 0, Z?osinoo - Fdh

nhu hinh

Khung
ABCD gbnt. cd.c
thanh tuhe c6
thd di dQng nhit

cdr hhdp d
d.inh. O ui tri
khung
c6 d.qng hinh
thoi, g6c d dinh
lit. 2ao. B6p nhq
hai dd.u B, D rbi

cd.n bd.ng

thd. ra.

Chuy6n Li,
TTH-Churoir Trryon Quang,- T[rlr6n Qua-ng,
Npuvdn Qianp Tiudne, lzeL, Chuy6n Phan
b5i enau. Neh-"6 An : T'rdn Huvnh. Thd Khanh,
1iA,. PTTH?ham Thrii Btrdni, Tb}l Vinh ; La
vdnt'Lich 118,. PTTH LG Van Httu, Thuan
H.;". itr"rrh tloa ', Neuvdn Van Nghia, l2A,
PTTH Hd Thuv6n, Yon Phong, B6c Ninh ;Zd
Hoai An, 11 Li, truang Luong Van Thath,
Li,
Phti Y6n, NguYdn ThdnQ-HYngr-lI
btruven Lrj Xtr"ig[, Quing Ngai.; Tldn Mai
Sonl tlCL Nans khi6u Qunng Binh ; Plnnt
vdn'Tdo.1lC,. PTTH Vinh BAo, Hii Ph6ng ;
Dung,1lc-lt, Qu6c hsc,.H-u6 ;
Niuy*i enuoiig"Nsuv{n'
12 CL, Phan BQi Chnu
N"eu"v6ru Cdnh
Thanh Long, L2A,
L
ALi
v[n[ tNehQ
;
PTTH Phridc Minh, *, *t.*o,
P

o*,

BdiL2l236. Cho tt4 die.n AB diQn dung C, :

2uF uit dian ich Q, = 704 C hdn A mang diQn
ciuond uil tu dien bE dien dung C2 = 3 PF u d' dia.n'
tich i. = 3. iTa uF hd.n D mang dia.n duong). Hoy
xar riinh hieu dien th.e UABuir, U rucfiacot ttt di4n
trhn utt. n6i rc bd.n ndn mang din duong trong cot
truimg hqp sau dd.Y :
(xemtidptrangll)

Bei T7l239. Cho 0 4 e, b, c, d < 1. Chung

ruinh rilng :

a.bcd,
bcd+2 crla*2 dab*2

ohc*2 s

<- I- +=.--1

qbcd +2

cAc t op rHCS
Bei T1/239 : Cho ba sd thtlc a, b, c hh6ng
dm thu, md.n :
q2 +b2 *c2 = 7
Chtng miruh rii.ng : a * b + c < 2ahc + {,

Bai

Bii T2l239 : Xac dinh x, y dd bidu thrtc sau

dot gia tri nho nhdt :
xa - Sxy - *':tt q azy2 - xf + yl + rcgZ
Ncuy6N ouc rAN

g. biat rurr ";:'u;;:;:,"

arxte't') * ayl998 +... + assf I

18/28

- x20oo I

7925_,_o_tccz

> 1996.

tltiti tltfu

nr.dn :

1) Ttong nt6i con xil.c xac, kh6ng c6 2 dinlt

nito duoc tO citng ntdu.
2) Tdng sd mdu d hai mqt bdt ky (m6t mqt
thuQc xrlc xdr ndy, nLOt ntg.t thuQc xuc xar hia)
hhOng uuot qud.6.
.

DANC KY PIIoNG

(tld Nai)

BAi T4l2,?Q. Cho tant giac cd,n ABC (AB =

Bidt BAC : 20", AB : AC = b, BC = q,.
chins minh rdns : at +

AC).

ui#ili.

r,.o.
(Qudng Nsai)

Bni T5l239. Cho nia duitng tritn dudng

hinh AB, bdn hinh R. C td 1 did; chuydn dQng
trdn nila duitng trbn d6. Hq CH r AB. Gqi O,
uit O. lit. tdm cd,c duimg trdn nQi tidp trong cdc
tant liac AHC ud BHC. Tint ri tr; iAo didru C
dd doan O,O, c6 dO ddi l6n nhdt ud. tinh d6
diti lon nhdt d6 theo R.
NGUYEN KHANH NGUYEN
(Hdi Phdng)

cAc T.6p THPT

Bid T6/239. Ching minh r&ng ndu ntQt cdp
sd nhdn c6 n sd tryng (n >- J) ld ci,c s6 tu nhiAn
phdn bidt uit c6ng bQi cung la nfit sd tu nhin
thi tdng cia td.t cd n sd hong do hh6ng thd ti,.
m,Qt luy tltila cia 5.
rnAN ouv r-rrNu
(Btnh Dinh)

i10

ozrur,,

= 1997. Chtng minh rang l;,innl

I'lln

'

N(;r.lt

R<il

(Ntlti Art)
Bni T9/239. Cho duimg tron td.nt. O, bdn
hinh R ud hai duitng k[nhAB L CD. Tt,n tni
ban kinh OC, OD ldy ld,ru luot 2 didnt E, F sao

EF : R, AF keo dai cat duimg trdn tai G.

Ching ntin.h rd,ng AEG ld ntQt tam gidc nhqru.

cho

NcO vAN urEp

$ra N2i)

(TP Hb Cht Minh)

B)ri T3/239 : Ching minh riing, co tltd

dilng 8 ntitu dd t6 tdt cd cac dinh cilo hai con
xti.c xd.c sao cho hai dibu kin sau c{.uoc d6ng

11*1

_2!00 nghiQm thq-a khd.c nhau uit ?tccs

c,6-

IX)AN OL'ANG MANH

lttdi Phdng)

onv vAN Nrri

BAi Tf 0/239. Cho hinh hQp ABCDA'B'C'D'.

Tint dibu h,idn can ud ch ua hinh h6p

ABCD.A'B'C'D' dd lmi tt din AB'CD' uit
A'BC'D nQi tiep hinh hop do co cilng
cdu n1i tiep.

td.nt

hinlt

NGUYEN vAN Nc;OnN

(l'i|n (;iail!:)

Bii

cAc ob vAr

li

L1l239. Thanh ddi AB gbnt 2 nrdu

dbng chdt c6 dQ ddi nhu
nhau (AII : HB) uoi trgng
luong P uit 2P. Hai ddu
cudi A, B cia thanh buAc 2
soi chi OA = OB, O h aidnt
treo. Khi cdn bdng thanh A
AB tao udi phuong nant
ngqng nfit g6c bao ruhiu
: OA =OB =a..

AB

NGUYEN CKONG MV
(Hd Tinh)

Bdi L21239. Dilng 1 ngubn diQn c6 tj

khdng
-dii, ! ampe kd chinh xac c6 diQn trd Rn,
1 u1n kd chinh xd.c c6 d.ien trd R,,, ad do gia ii|
R crta I din trd.
1) Hdy nmc ching theo 2 so d'6, c6 4 sd chi
cita 2 dbng h.b do thfu. mdn dfi. cac dibu hiQn :
- Chi cdn bidt 2 s6 chi tit tinh duoc R
- Bidt tl&rn 1 sd chi nrta lit tinh ttrcm duqc Rn

- Biltt th4m 1 s6 chi cbn lai sa inh ndt duoc

R, uit IJ.
2) Tinh 4 s6 chi d6 khi R = 2set, R, = tCt,
Rr=600{2,U=62,5V

TRAN VAN MINII

6d

NAi)

CW fAf..
uo
Cd.c tu
ta A-6
AB ud
a) Uac

$onlpl,uwrt {fll

{tro iaao,n

il^r-h

lhHi

a2+b2*c2=7.
Proue

that : a + b * c < 2abc +t[2

the following two conditions are

satisfied 1) no two uertices of

:
simultaneously
one dice haue the satne colour,
2) the number of colaurs used to colour thc
uertices of fii;o faces of two dice (onc farc of qle
dice, tltc othzr of the other dice) does not erceed 6.

T41239. I*t be giugp--qt isosceles triangle

ABC (AB = AC) with BAC - 20o,AB - AC b, BC = a. Proue that : a3 *b3 = 3ab2
T51239. C is a point on the semicircle with
diameter AB and radius R. Let H be the
orthogonal projection of C on AB and O, and
O., be respectiuely the centers of the incircles of
th'e triaigles AIIC and BHC. Determine the
position
of C so that the nTeosure of segrnent
-O
rO, attains its greatest ualue and. calculate
thisbalue in terms of R.
FOR UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLS
T6/239. Proue that if a geontetric
progression has n terms (n >- 3) which are
distirucs whole numbers and the conr.nton ratio
of which is also a whole nurnber theru the sum
of its terms cannot be a power of 5.
T7 1239. Let 0 < a, b, c, d < 1. Proue that :

abcd

6;A + 2

- ;d;T, -

dab +

z-

ob"

*, *

<l+ &;d+z

TE/239. Proue that if the polytomial

eee +a
pl e" i.. tu, rrfr tu zooo
f(x\=x2M0 +a rxl
hos 2000 real distinct.roots.and if a'gs =
arn, = 1997 then larnnol > 1996.
T9/239. Let be giuen a circlc with center O,
radius R and two perpendicular dianteters AB,
CD. Let E, F be two points respectiuely on the
rad.ii OC, OD such. that EF = R. Th.e line AF
cuts the circle again at G. Proue that .4EG is
1995,

orute triangle.
T10/239. Find a necessary and sufficient
condition on the parallelepiped ABCD.*B'C'D'
so that the inscribed spheres of the tetraludra
AB'CD' and A'BC'D haue the same center.
an,

(Hinh a uit b) ;
b) Bd.n B n6i udi
bdn D bd.ns ddy

-11h

E-I

"jBn*iuain
d) Anfiiudi D ud. fBndiudiE
I*D'Ed A ndi udi E ud

Bn6iudiD.

a)

*+

uan=ut

Qrlli!

=q=50vbanA

-, lt, -

Hudngd6ngiAi

T2l23g. Detertnine x, y so that the expression

xa -*xy -Fy +x2y2 -xf +y4 + 1997
attains its least ualue.
T3/239. Proue that one can colour the
uertices of two dice by using 8 colours so that

-nP

DE di tdch riang --]f--

d6.n

FOR LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS

TU239. Three non negatiue real nuntbers a,
b, c satisfy the condition

$iP theo nang 9)

D , ,E

B
A,, B

a R

-1

f-*)

dtrong ! P.
Qz
z'1
:
If
vDE-.- - II^
O
='.2
"2- ?

mang diQn

I I'-J l-,-'

/'?r-

100V bAn D mallS di6n dttong

b) C6c bAn A vd,O c6 ldp n6n di6n tich cria
bAnA vdn Ia q,, mir bAn E v6n li -qr. Vay dien
Ii g,, crla C, v6n la q-, n6n Uno
tich cta C,
"dri S'dV vA U1r,, vdn bBng U,'r
v6n bang'fJ,
=
100V. C6c bAn mang diQn drrong vdn ld A va

D:

Uorr= UAB*Unr,:: 150V.

c) Lap luan tudng tu nhu b) - ta c6

= Ui = SoV ; [JDD"= U: = 100V Cdc bAn
mang di6n duong vdn le A va D
UAR

Unoz Utn + Uttt = -5ov

d) Goi o', vd o'. ldn ludt la di6n

'D tich cria c6c
ftri n0i'A v6i vd B vdi E.
A .,u D

bAn

""u b6o toirn diQn tich ta cd

Theo dinh luat
*g2 - C1U+CrU = CtUt+C,U,
lq'2=
Qt
Q't
(vdi U - (J'AD - U'D, sau khi ndi dAy). Suy ra
+c-tu:

v--ctY'ct+c, = 8ov. c6c ban mang di6n

u
dtrong li A vd D

e) Vi o. > o, nn khi ndi A v6i E vd B vdi

D thi sati l.hi fiao ddi di6n tich vdi nhau, c5c
bAn B vd D d6u mang di0n drrong v6i ca'c 976
tri ldn lugt le e'1 vir {'3, cdn cric bAn A vi E ddu
mang diQn dm v6i citc gi6 tri ldn lrtot lil -q'l
vd -g'2. Theo dinh ludt b6o toirn diQn tich
Q'2 * Q'1 = Q2 9t + C'tU+CrU = C'U'-CIUI
vliU - (J'BA: U'DE sau khi ndi ddY:
c2u2 - clu1
(J=
= 40V
:

c1+c)

Nh$n x6t. Cdc em cd ldi giai 4dy dti vi

drine : Nsuvdn Quan{ Tuitng, lzCL, chuydn
ptrail goi"Cniu, vinli (Nghd Anl ; Ngo Dac
Viet, LICL, Qu6c hoc H.ri; llrol, Yg"-Dic ll
Li. chuvcn Phan Boi ChAu, Vinh, Nghe An;
Piqnr Van Tdp, 10C,, PTTH Virrh BAo, Hdi
Phbns : La ihanh ltnn, lzCL, Qu6c hoc
IJlr.6;"Ti'an Huvnh Thd Khanlt, 12A,, PTTH
Pham Thai Budng, Thi x6 TI'ir Vinh.^
MAI ANII
11

Ddnh cho cdc ban ehudn bi thi vdo Dai hoc

ef,Hmmsdrmm@

m$Nffi

LE

oudc

nAr.r
An)

(NghP

Tfo.ngcac *ich girio khoa phd th6ngtru6c

ki4

dinh li him sd tang drroc ptrat Uidu dudi d4ng

-t' 2
a-b rrA-B
nnb= , A+B

tgz

Thong bdi b6o ni.y, ta s n6u l6n m6t d4ng kh6c

crla dinh il ham sd tggg:__TLone AABC, ta c6 :

'-tffir

a.+b*c
.
[rongdoP=
2
C6ng

(*)

thfc (*) cd nhi6u phuons

ph6p chrln

minh. Sau ddy, ta chrlns inintr rxt bi'ns c6c

dirng dinh li hnm s6 c6sii. Th cci :

. ,A
srn'2

tr.A

-cosA

=fJ;6sA
z= cos-,
"A

(t-

62 qs2

-62,

zu )'(1+

C6ng thrlc (*) duqc md rQng cho trl giric nhu sau

. Thi d$ 3- i Cho hl gid.c ABCD ruQi tidp

duirng trdn (O). AB qBC_=_b-CD_=*.DA
=

: d. chtns,..-.,-.'
minh -o
tg!2 = { 9:99:4
(p -b)(p -c)
a*b*c*d

udi p

Y'r ABCD li trl gi6c nOi tidp n6n

^ GiAi= :1800+cosr4,
A+C
= -co-sC.

=
62

*c2 -a2.

ndn a2 + d2

w" )=

- (b -qz _ @ +b -c)(a -b +c) _

(b +c12 -oz (b +c +a)(b +c *a)
(2p -%)(2p
2b) (p - c)(p - b)
- %)(2p --2b)
2p(2p -2s
.a)
A
(p -b)(p -c)
4
A
+ tg2
(vl
, ld
a2

c) p(p - a)@ - c)
p -cL
p -b
c+(p - b\2 = (p - a)2 oi - i = p - a
a = b +MBC cAn tai C
1
(Chty:p -a =;(b +c -o) > 0)
_p@ - b)(p -

-a)

nhsn non tg*

-o2- oi.
"''
Sag ddy ld vdi thi du dp dung (*) :
z chl
slat ABC c6
r .Thi..'i.'.
:anx
+b). Chrtng m.inh :
2@
Chilng minh : Theo (*), ta cci :

tei.te; =;

=+ COSA

aZ

2adcosA = b2 + cz + 2bccosA
+d2 -b2 -c2 (*x)
Z(ad +

bc)

2A
Thay l**) vdo c6ng thri'c :' tg-o
I
: -f-iosA, b 6 di6u phAi chtlng minh.-2

g6c

co&{

b4n hay 6p dung cric kdt quA

tr6n dd giAi cric bii to6ir sau :
_E}ri I z Chilng rninh rfi.ng trong tam gi&c
ABC, ta c6
BAy- Sid, c6c
--

ABBCCA
tgr.
tsV +te Z. ts 2 + tst.

ts

=t

2 xd.cl(nh
o*:1!"m gidc ABC,
:il
lifro
otet rang ; tg'2 +tg"
+tgr = 1.
z

BAi 3 : Xd.c dinh hinh dang tam gid,c ABC

t'
bidt rdng. S =;(a -b +c)(a +b -c)

(p -b)(p -c)
(p -a)(p -c)
I
(Dd 38, B0 dd tuydn sinh)
- p@-") "
p(p -b)
u
_Bi i 4 Xfi.c dinh hink dang tam gid.c ABC,
1
bidtrdng:ra=r*16*r,
o',D -c =Eogp
p*2p
-3c =
= 3cc+
atb*b=k.+a+b=%
. BDri 5 : Chilng minh c6ng thtlc tinh diQru
tich cila til
C'

<+c =
+b).
2(a

Thi au 2 z Xd.c dinfi hinh d.qng tam gidc

ABC, bi6t : (p -b)cotgi = ptg",
.

Girii : Theo (*), ti era thidt suv ra :

p(p - c)
(p -a)(p -c)
(p -b)
=P
p(p b)

G;frT)

t2

sid.c nii tidp

S=ffi
(xem ki
d

hiQu thi du 3)
BAi 6 z Cho LABC (AB < AC). AD lit phd.n
gid.c trong uit AIUI ld, trung tuydn cfia tani gid.c
d6. Chilng rninh
.->
"A B -C
tgDAM=t{
2.tg z
(Dd thi vio Dai ho.c khdi A, 1986).

@d

tudft thi

Win tinh pl,r thf$ry trun+ h4, efurygl

TmUSilE 0Al Hob KHoA Hgc

<+X

VOXC l. lnitt gian: I8o pkrit)

cttuNc ctto cAc tvt6tt
Cdu I. Cho r
cria bidu thric :

('*;)
D--

' -

716 ,ru+L\_2

CAu

II.

=
=n(nz-L)+6n

Ir+-\"*rr*
\xl

Giai hO phrrong

trinh

+ ?d3 *o'> a(a *b)

Hodn

ring

OAP AN

7,2
(, *"r)

=*,r='rr*
,[T
+ {z-v = {Y + ,lrq
Th cd :
V6ix=Y:{X+{2-N=2

c3

(3)

chfngminh

Dpc

Th

f ring'Vr,

Y > 0 ta lu6n cri

y2, *<r+Y)2(*)
[uN=MBl+NBz
lrvr'= rtcz+Pcz
cti :

|re'
t_

= PDz + QD2

ler?=gtz+ttAz

(Maz + MA\ +
+ (NBI+NCI) + (PCI+PDzy + lgoz+QA2)
Ap dung bdt ding thrlc (x) ta drtgc :
zaz < MNz + NPz + PQz + QMz < 4az
2) GA stt MB : r. Ta chqn N, -R Q
sao cho l

+ MNz +rr2
7'

> 0,J >

o).

nhQn thdv

- ndu X > Y thi '{X +'{74 > {7 {rry

- ndu x < Y thi {V +'[24 < rlY + '{'4

Vay phei c6 X = Y

Q)

(x + y\2 > x2 +

ViY P*in = 6, d?t dugc khi x =

DatX

?*r'>b(b+c)
CAu V.

Chf

(r'+;)',

II:

C0ng (1), (2), (3) ta duqc di6u ph6i

= (r +5,J - (-'**)
= r (r *;) ,6 (r > 0)
CAu

toin tudng t\,

; *"= > c(c *a)

Cdu V. Cho hinh vuOng ABCD canh bang

o. Gqi M, N,8 Q la c.ic didm bdt k, ldn ltrot
nim trn cde canh AB, BC, CD, DA.
i) Chdng minh rang :
2a2 <MN2 +NF +Pe +QM2 <4a2
2) Gia sir M ln m6t didm c6 dlnh cho trddc
tr6n canh AB.IH:ey x6c dinh vi tri cria crlc didm
N, P, Q ldn lrrgt tr6n c5c c?nh BC, CD, DA sao
cho MNPQ ld m6t hinh vu6ng

(,

b>

(1)

63

a'| b'r d
t*;*;rab*bc*ca

7,r,

o',

a3+b3>abtu4b)

n3 +\ni 6
o,
b, c ) 0, chrlng minh
Cho
IV.
Cou

* 6n'

Cdu tV. D6 clAng chring minh vdi

l#.{,-!=z
III. Chrlng minh ring vdi mgi

= +;) " (,
, 1, t +
*;)"

Ydy n3 15n

CAu

CAuI:Thcci

tL3

-(n-l)n(n+1)+6n
i 6.

1*.8-:,
nguy6n drrong ta c<i

* (2 -X) +2t[X@=X1 = +

Catr iU. Th cti : n3 + 5n

xbt

1, t

oHQff uA m$l

.*rlx17-:q : r
o*-2)(r-l=o
<*X- 1
+X=Y=1+x=J=1.

> 0, hiy tim girf tr! nh6 nhdt

- (

lyllllffiil

+ PQz + QMz

NC=x
DP=x
QA=x
13

H6i ba.ng uidc

thuc hiAn plrcp bidn
ddi ffAn, sau mQt sd
htlu han budc ta c6
thd chuydn duoc tdt
cd cdc ui4n bi uito
nfit hinh quat d,iloc
kh1ng
l)pC

trinh

D6 dang chfng minh MNPQ la hinh vu6ng.

Bdi to6n cci duy nhdt nghiOm.

YONG ll. gttiri giun :

VA cHUYEN TIN
CAu I. Gidi phuong trintt

(\h-1+1)3+blx-t =Z-x

Il. Gidi h0 pltuong trinh

['' -f
t., _.L
t'

\J

duong

x +y - 2Ot
Hoy tint gia tri ldn nhdt uit gid tri nh,6 nhdt
ctia bi,lu thic : p = x(x2 +y) + 3,$2 + r)
CAu IV. Cho doan thang BC ud ttudng
thdng (d) song song uoi BC. Bidt rdng khodng
cd,cb giita duitng thang d) uit duitng thdrug di

Bf

Gid si A lit nfit didnt thay ddi tran dudng

thang @).
1) Hay xac dinh ui tri cia didnt A cld ban
kinh, uitng tron ngoqi tidp A,ABC ld, nh6 nhdt.
2) Gqi ha, hh , hc ld dO ddi cdc dttdng cao
ci.a LABC. Hay xac dinh ui tri cila d.idnt. A dd
tich h, . hu . lt, ld l6n nh.tit.

Clting m.inh rd.ng :

-1
yt\

0 uit x*r*r*f

.w,

tlticlt tai sao

- 1
Voit'=l+r=1.
CAU II : HO dd cho tttong drrong v6i
[r={v+t
{Y={7+1
lz: fix + I
Di6u ki6n : x,t v, z > l.
GiA st (x, y, z)li m6t nghiOm v6i rn.,,n (c6c
trrrdng hop khdc tudns tU). Til l: : { + y < z
'
I

l'='

=>z<,

:+.I = ! =

Z.

Vdir=yt1c;6:r={7+1
+x= 3 +V5
2 (r>1)
3

= "l:=!:Z=

+{5
2

CAuIII:P = x3+y3+?.xy
= ({ -+y)3 - &ry (r + y) + ?-xy
= (201)r - 601rv

R6 rang

JP,,*ory

PHAN DANH CHo CHUYET ToAu

Ciu V. Cho x, !, z

klfing, hay gitii

c=+/

thay ddi thda ntan dibu hin

-l

c6,

qud
bidn ddi. Ndu

o(t-\(t2+2t+2)=O

=t
_ tr

l'-V,= t
CAu. Ill. Cho x,'y ld nhttng s6 nguydn

qua BC nhd tton

Ndu

oAP Att
CAu I; Di6u ki6nr > 1
Phrrong trinh da cho ttrong drrong v6i
(ff:T + 1)3 +(r - 1) + I +2{x - | = 2
.=+({r - 1 + 1)3 +(fi-:T + l)2 = 2
Dat V; - I *l = tta duoc : t3 +t2 -Z = 0

litt phtit)

RIENG CHo CHUYET ToAru

CAu

?.

hay clti ra

[P.,n<+rJ

min
max

>

d-_

,ll7

I
I

PHAN DANH CHO CHUYEru TIU

Ciu V. Chia m6t hinh trbn thanh 14 hinh
quat bdng nhau. Tlong nr.6i hinh quat det ntQt
uin bi (xent linh uA). Gqi I ld ph1p bidn ddi :
Ldy hoi hinh quat bdt hi cO bi ua chuydn tir
nfii hinh quat do nfit ui1c bi sang hinh quat
libu hb nhung theo hai chibu nguoc nhai fui
du, ndu uin bi d nfit hinh quat duoc chuydn
theo chibu him, dbng hb thi uian bi d hinh quat
hia duoc chuydn theo chibu nguoc tqi).

t4

I
I
I

Tb giai quydt bAi todn: x, y e Z* x +y = 20I.

Timmax,minA =x!".C6:A = x(2ol-x)
= -x2 +201a.
100 [r = 101
* A,,* khi 1*[r = i;i
J; =
=
lr--"'tr-^""
.

i;;

hlti)[x=1 [r=200

TlI dd + Pn.,rr, P.in.

Cnu IV : 1) Do BC c6 dinh + tdrn O cia
vdng trdn ngoai tidp L'ABC lu6n lu6n chay tr6n
dtrdng trung tr{c cria frfl =+ brin kinh ngo4i tidp
LABC dat min khi O trung v6i I ld didm gi{ta

* drrdng trbn tAm /

BC. (Do d{BC ,(d)) <
T
BC
b6n kinh ^ cit (d) tai hai didm phAn biQt)
2

t
I

a1

,3.r
u' 2(;)'

.3,-*6r- - (,3,2
;\' : ( 2)-*0,

Ap dqng ,E-iT;F. + tff+F. + {cl +42

>

>

(x

+y +z)2 +
oO
.1

(;)' .6:

\E+1>

r)

.-

= rl't77
CAu V '. (Ddnh clrc chuYAn iln)
Th chrlng minh

rang khOng th0'

chuydn tdt cA cdc
vi6n bi vao mQt

>--n,o
-/t

tL

hinh quat.
That vay, ta sdn
den c6c hinh quat
^T4i

Baito6nccjhainghiOm AvdA' d6unhinBC nhu hinh v6.

du6i m6t gcic vudng.
2S
thari did,r ban ddu
2) Chri y rang lr, = AB (S - di6n tich
Tdng s6 circ
\ABCI
--:^* L:''
bi r--.:6:
a
Yi6n quat
lt:'"g
den vd, tdng s6 c6c vi6n bi trong cdc
hinh
hinh quat tr6ng d6u lh rnQt sd 16
DO thdy vdi n:gi thdi didm thi tdng sd cdc
vi6n bi trong c6c hinh quat den vd trong cdc
hinh quat trAng lu6n lu6n Id m6t sd 16.
Vi vAy khOng thd chuydn tdt cit cdc vi6n bi
vAo rndt hinh quat duoc.
c
NctlYIlN v[l l-tr(1N(i
a
Th cci : ltu.

hr. hr = hr.O^

#
tr. 2s' y

= ''r) -* AB

Do

lz.,

vi 2s lu6n lu6n

ttu. ttu

ru.

max

khong ddi
--'

non
'

+r^:::.''

_ trn - lrr,
Song*<1+
ngdqtmaxbang,
atu\fi,c
vuong tai A.
nn
!fi,
lni hinh.
CAuVz(Dirnhchochuydntoan)

g. ,,0 d.idm)
a' (0'5 rt'idnt')

gia thidt ta

cci

'"ill'J',l','!,t',?';'

2 - {5
(0,0,t")
*1o.r.of1
,.

o,[2
; N (r, 2 ,o)

'F;;;"*rtlinrr

Bdi toan cci hai nghiQm

auong"

thing- (dr]a

y_o zx_a
!;=ffi:-;F-

Thcri:!*!*!r,b,
x y z x+y-fz =6
2
'1 t
DAto=liny+rt
1i > 62
b = (x *v iz\z+ aozYab > gz
Thcd:

Tt

b. @,s didnt)Goi
thi toa dd ctiaH li

va

orl.S
B

r{ lh giao cria (d)

vdi (.xoy)

e-'ro

".:ji 3 r' t ., .,fl * [ u' - ]i' I # *i,;#f,+r,-:1**}

:i":';;
.3. r f ;i.,KH =1
(+ o)' =o
(f
')'i
tio)'*
,, \z)-l "b,.
'jii3l
NcuY0N
r

vAN LoNt;

15

me thi tnydn slnh mOn todn m6m 1996

TRUdNGD T, ITQC GIAO THONGVAN TAI

(ThAi gian
lim

nEi nAl
Cdu I z Cho hdnr. sdy = x3 +ntxl +gr t4
(l) udi nt lit, thant sd"
1. Kltd.o sdt uit ue db thi cia hdnt sd (l) nni
m = 7. Chi sd giao clifint cfia tfli. thi uoi truc Ox.
2. Tint dibu hiAn cia th.arn sd m dd trtn d.b
ili crta hitm. sd (1) c6 nfit crqp didm ddi ntng
udi nlmu qua gdc tqa dQ.
CAu II z 1. Gid,i phuorug trinh txong gioc :

cos&r.tg\x=sin7x
2. Chtng minh : Nd cdc g6c cia tant gid.c
ABC thoa md.n tg(,t * rn,Z * ,O
:
E
tli tant gidc ABC tit tam gior dbu.
Cnu III ; Tint tdt cd cac sie. tri cila tham
sd nt dd hQ b.d.t phuong trinhiau co nghiQnt :

a'' l-m
lr,*x
tYo>
Yl+rn
4

CAu

larz+lorv-syz<-z

IV z'1. Gicii Odt pliuong trinh

2 .l+x +3,4v - 4r > a

phuong tinh:
ll"e* + logny *loglz = 2
t+lognz *lo4x = 2
llo*r,
+ logrur +logrg - Z
llogrz
C&u V': 1. Tinh dao hd.m cd.p n cfla hitnt
2. Gidi

hQ

s6y*ln(2x+1)

{j

2. Nnh tich phdn I = { xs .fi ---Fdr

3.. Tlong hhhng gian lot hQ tqa dQ truc
cho hinh tfup phuong
"lryQf . _Oxyz, canh a, c6 A(0,0,0)
ABCDAPTCLDT,
;-B(0 ; i,
0)) ; D(a,0,0),'Al(0, 0, o) . Crc didm M, N, K
ldn luot nd,m. ffAn cd.c cqnh AA, DtC, CCr

or*=*;

+;

DrN =
CK =
g. Vtdt phuong trinh dudng thd,ng (d.) di qua
didm K uit. song song u6i duimg th&,ng MN.
. .b. flyh dO ddi doan thang thuQc duirng
tl,!y1_Q.)_uit^nlm phia trong hinh lep phuong
sao cho

ABCDApppt.

ToM TAT DAP AN vA rnnruc

Ciu I. (1,5 didm)

oIETuI

1) (1,0 didm). Khi nz = 6 thi hdm sd cri dang

! = x3 +6xz +gx *4
Mi6n xric dinh : Vr l?.

Chi6u bidn thi6n

cd b6ng bidn thi6n :
16

!' = (3(x2 + 4r + B) n6n

bni 1S0 phrnt)

Dd thi c<i didm u6n U(-2 ;2).

Giao didrn crla d6 thi v6i Or
cci hodnh dO th6a nlan :

* gr * 4 = o *(x + t)z (x,+4) = o

x3 + 6x2

++l[-r=-l

lx=

-4'

Dd thi tidp xric vdi Ox t4i

taix=-4.

r = -l

vd cdt Ox

thi cat Oy tar (0 ; 4). (Ban dsc t\r v6 dd thi).

2. (0,5 didm) Goi M(xn ) !) vit M,(-to;-ao)
ld cap didm ddi xrlng nhau qua O(0,0) <=r
phrrong trinh y(ro) = - y(- x) cci nghim ro ;*
O +2m .4 + g= 0 cd nghiQm *m < 0.
Cdu II : (2,0 didnt)
1. (1,0 didm) Di6u ki6n : cosSx * 0 <+
Dd

r
fllt
t * fr+u

vdi n

e Z. Khi dd phrrong trinh

drra v6 d4ng :
cosSr . sinSr = sin7r . cos5r

11

<+g (sin8r + sin2r) = j(sinl%. + sin2r)

ltu:8x +Zkn
c=+sinl2r = singr .
-L'*=n-8x+%t

It*-_ nn
2

.*l

tnudik, leZ

il

l*-zo'ro
Ir--J-

D6lchidu v6i di6u ki6n

jL nit
*X6tr =knthiPn =10+
z
t<+

*\htr=n+2run*5k:l*2n

*bh-zn=tolu=!:?'kez\

ln=Z+Ot'
Vdy trong oi" ,rgiio- * =
ff chi cd cic
nghi6m rlng vdi & chin {@ = 2t, t e Z) th6a
m6n. Th cci nghiOm x = tn ft e b.
* X6tr =ft+ffitr,i
<+ 1 +21

{{n +

xAy ra vdi mgi n,

e Z) la nghiQm.

h.*=#*T
: 1
4n -21

kh6ng

I e Z. Do d6 x =
h.#

K6t tuin : Nghiem cria phrrong trinh

lA

rr frdi t.tez.
.x:ltr 'hodcx:20*
lU
A lB;B :
2. r1.0 dienrt Dat x = tg;
-. L J =
C ^ tiri r *.v
B C z tgitST
*e > 0 var
tSZteZ ; =
*r,*e: 1.
.A
,,B..
,B ,C,-

vi (tc'; -rct; )-*(re' ,-rr';)'"

^c ^4,.
t(,*t,-t*'tr)-,O
* E' + *,d' Z * td' Z> r'1 +-,r + zr
Ap dung bdt d&ng thdc BunhiacdPski
{.r +1' + z)(r3 + Y} + 2.31 t1313l.l
> irjr: +yJr: 4r: 17r: :

(.rl +.vl +22)l

I
.1
11 I
(, +.r, +z)-]
=o
i5
I
r-l +.r, I * r' , a,

Tt
-

(1) vd (2.) ta Jti

[*.3(.r:

+v]

't

r,

11
Y=

trlng vd ba phttong trinh tr6n ta cd

xly|zl = 2a.Ja.41 *xyz :2.3.4 (v\x, y, z )
0r

Til dcj,

o()

27

=;;)'=
+',2
J.dJ

thoa u:an

CAu V. (3,0 didnt)

1. (1,0 didm)J : ln(2t

Il-i nn.v' - (2r *

l)-r.2;r,,' = lZ, + Irz.Z). r.-1) ;.y"' =
Du do6n

...

= (-1)ol.(n - 1) l(.',Zx + 1)-n.2n.

Chilng minh dr; do6n trdn bang phuong

./(n)

phrip quy nap to6n hoc.

* y6i n:

tr

:J' : (Zr*

1)-1.2 nOn cong

thtlc

-ht

#=

-1

n : ft thi
t(Lr
+
1)-k.21'
(-l)k-1.(t
i)
y(k) t) - []/(k)l' = (-1)k- \.(.k - l) l(-ft)(Zr
=> y(k+
* I r-il+ tt.Z.Zk I f -tlk.a t(Zr + 1)-(k+ l)2k+ I
Chtlng t6 c6ng thdc d0ng v6i n = A + 1'
2. (1,0 ctidnt)Dat, = \fiT7 + t2 = I * x)

+I

\T2

: Jri 6-;7
(|

a,

:I

gz

- 11:.st4l

,1

.1,5

(; -;n s) ll

848

t = -,

42

NIh n

l.

.f=;

= Ji1" -2tr +t:ldt =

A'

- g)
xyi = 162

--

z>

dung.
* GiA stl c6ng thrlc dting v6i

I
-1 <=''i4r:
' =
ir+3Y;-r=Q
ir:-3-r'
o
trr = -i
I

121,7

*-l t.(-2r.r2r' + I r-' 2'] :

-?yr
J('

l.tl +':err'- ?vl =

."

i -2t -3 < 0

Iogpl+logpr+logrz=2
logrv: +log,)z +log7 :2
log,,,zl *log,,,x * log,,Y = 2

(3)

- 1+ra.
+z*1'-lYz: -l t3)
xetnelli e+.1
--l

0 (1) ta co :

xY)2

--4
+3v)-(--+rlr<-1.
/'|\
l+nL
* Dibu kinn di (0,75 didm)
thi

nai ve cria rl) voi -2 rdi conSotrlng ve

NnaJ "r;n
+ (r.,
vdi (2) suy ra : xi + 6x,y,, + 9.v; < ffi

-l

2. (1,0 clidnt.i Di6u ki6n x, Y,

Vi6t hC vd dang

(l)
>:;!1
L+nL
tk,J,,-ry; * -2 (z)

Yaint <

,2,

(;)',

.*-1 ( t < 3 Qi kdt hgp (1) vd (2) ta cd

0</<3
,2, x 3<-r ) log:3.
e=+al < (
;)' =

t 1)

+nt < -l'

4.. -,2.\
-3<o
(a)'-2\t)

Dau =

(3) trd thdnh dine thfc c--:(1) vq (2) trd

thinh ding thrlc *r;+ = LcZ, = W;,*A :
B : C +LABC li tam gidc d6u.
CAu III. tl.5 rtiintt.
* Diiu hiin cdn r0,75 dienrr
CiA slr h6 cci nghi6nr (.r,, i y,,r thi
I

HO cci nghi6m

CAu IV. (2, 0 didnt )

1 ( 1,0 didm) Chia hai vd cho 49x > 0 ta cd

t2l

2-9

l"r+zrv
-(rt,

lqi:

Tbm

*.t,]t ,

A '2*r*9rl
L{'r+Ld'2

),'

NghiQm cia h6 gdru (3), (4) th6a mAn h6 dA

cho + hQ de cho cci nghi6m.

105
(.ron ti(P nang 15)

NlrLrNG

crri rrrac..

Bni 2.

(tidp theo trang 2)

Cho

duitng tritn tdm

O, duitng hinh
AB. KA fidp tuydn
Bx udi duimg
trbn. Tln dudng
kinh AB ldy
didm C sao cho

Gidi &ip bdi

CEIA TANC
1) Dd cho mQt ngudi (ngUdi thrl nh6t) chia l0

AC= 6AO.VdiC
ldm tdm, hA
duitng trbn bd.n
hinh bdng 2AB.
Duitng trbn nity

hing thdnh 3 phdn theo y cria minh. Hai ngudi

con l?i duoc ph6p nhAn phdn hing md minh rra

6O

cdt Bx tai D. AD
cdt dui,ng trdn (O) tai E.
So sdnh din tich cila hinh trdn (O) ud

d.iQn

tich hinh uudng c6 cqnh ld BE. Th

ADZ

-fff =W-,

cBz

4R2 +

BD2

:67lRz

BD2 = cD2

L6R2

86

c6

; cric tam giric d6ng

dangAEB virABD cho ta '#=#*

BE =
BD
2R .
Di6n tich hinh vu6ng canh BE = BE2
AD.

(4R2

527) z 6'71 = 3,14158R2. So v6i nRz

thi gi6 tri nAy chi khac cti 0,00001R2.

Ndu R = 100m thi sai s6 chi le 10dm2 !
Bing di6n tich 2,5 vi6n gach b6ng ! T6t qu6
r6i, kh6ng mong gi hon.
Liti bdn cita td.c gid : Hai bd.i torin tr6n c<i
thd goi cho ta phuong phrip tim titi gidi hinh
hqc gdn dring v6i sai sd tty y l Thc giA crlng
chtra biSt trA ldi sao. Mong c.ic ban nghi girip.

thich. Ndu hai ngudi nhdn hai phdn khd.c nhau,

thi ngudi thf nhdt nhAn phdn hdng cdn lai vi
vi6c phdn chia nhrr thd ld hodn thdnh. Ndu hai
ngudi cung nh6n m6t phdn hing thi hay d6" cho
hai ngudi nAy chia d6i v6i nhau phdn hAng nay
theo crlch ngudi niy chia thi ngudi kia duoc
quy6n lqa chon. Sau dci lai d6 nghi chinh hai
ngudi nay chi tiSp xem m6i ngudi trng phdn nao.
N6u ho lai cung chi vao m6t phdn thi ti6'p tuc dd
ho chia ddi vdi nhau phdn hdng ndy theo c6ch
chia d6i d tr6n. Ndu ho chi vdo hai phdn kh6c
nhau thi khi dd tr)ng ngudi phAi ch,ia ddi voi
ngudi thf ba phdn hdng rnd minh vta chon theo
c6ch chia ddi ndi tr6n. Vdy trong cA ba tnrdng
hqp, d ba ngudi ddu kh6ng thd than phi6n rang
minh nhAn dttoc phdn it hon.
2) Th phAi giei bai to5.n nAy theo phr.rong
ph6p quy nap. Vdi n : 2,3 da cri c6ch chia n6u
tr6n. GiA sit ta da tim duoc c6ch chia hAng v6i
ft ngudi. Bdy gid vdi sd ngudi la k + l. T[u6c
hdt ta chon ra ft ngrroi d6' chia nhau 16 hA.ng,
sau dcj d6 nghi ho chia phdn hdng ctla minh ra
ft + 1 phdn nh6 (md theo ho ld d6u nhau). Khi
d<i ngudi thri ft + 1 chi cdn nhAn m6t phdn
trong A + 1 phdn nh6 ctra fr nggdi vi m6i m6t
trong A ngudi ddu nhdn A phdn cbn lai trong&
+ 1 phdn minh vrla chia ra. Nhrr vAy rO ring
m6i ngudi d5 nhdn drroc phdn hdng mi theo ho

ld kh6ng nh6 hon

D)C tr ilE eEO D(yFse

1,2,3 (tr6n xudng) cQt phAi trang
6 Thp chi TH&TT sd 4(238)/1997 nay dtroc sira
lai nhu sau :
Cric ddng

(n.+l

[r-y*ntz*l:O
(m +2)y

(m +2)z +

l{y-(*+4)z-L:0

-0 (l)
(2)

Thnnh thAt c6o l6i ctng tdt ca dOc giA,

N.K.M.

*utri

cria

16

hAng.

NGUYEN I'6NC

STJ

,^ttR

HOI TUOI CUA MOI NGUOI

Cd m6t bii torin cd vd tim tudi cria Ong cha

vd ch6u nhu sau :
Lric ch:iu ra ddi thi tudi 6ng bang tudi cria
cha sau ddy 12 ndm. Ong cri con sdm hon cha
cci con ld 2 n6m. CA dng ldn cha vd ch6u d6u
ld con m6t. BAy gid tdng s6 tudi cria 6ng, cha
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C6c ban hey tlnh xem bAy gid m6i ngrrdi bao

nhi6u

tudi'

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