I

Bo GrAo DUC vA DAo TAo

* nor roAN Hec vrEr NAM

-v{N #yGt,
*iuat ,d
't'nl,

3rrtt
1997

NAM'tuu:.1

cni r{A Hn N(;'t'HANr;

* cKo{itt tUin oi e6,,yt; auy trA t<tt0yt6 odtO aily

.:.

r6ruo eunr ru ehr roRN euN rHu6c

':"6,Hs'? rntnnEt,rdix ge , up,itaeqt, H(,au&l{.(
.:. sE rnl ruvEu srNH DAt Hgc xAv DUNG 1gs6

* rDilnHr ufl q rorrnnr vrn cnrcHr crHr0rrnro nnilnHr """

Trudng PTTH Hdn ThuyOn, Bdc Ninh

ToAN Hec vA rubl TRE

MATHE,MATICS AND YOUTH
MUC

LLJC
Trang

Nguydn Ccinlt. Todn - Trd lai vdn d6

"d6ng quy" vd "khong ddng quY"

o Phant Hilng - Tim ch6 sai

o Giii bai ki trtrdc

Tdng biAn fiP

Solutions of Problems in Previous Issue

Cric bni ctia s6 233
o Dd ra ki nirY
Problems in This Issue
"1L1237, ...,'TlOl237, Lllzg7, r'21237
o Nguydn Van Vinlt - V6 crich giii mdt bdi todn
thi hoc sinh gi6i 1995

o Dqrug Dintt. Bich -

Dd

tt.tNt;

nOt oOHc atEru rAP

thu6c

Kint. Hu - Dinh Ii 4 didm vd c'ich chrlng

urinh hai drtdng thing vudng gcic v6i nhau'

11

Nguy6n CAnh Todn, Hoing

Chring, NgO Dat Trl, L6 Khac
12
13

15

Bia

Doan,

Nguy6n ViCt Hai, Dinh Quang

HAo, Nguy6n XuAn HuY, Phan
Huy KhAi, V[ Thanh Khi6t, Le
HAi Khoi, Nguy6n Van Mau,
Hodng LO Minh, NguYOn Kh6c
Minh, Trdn Van Nhung,
Nguy5n DAng Phdt' Phan

Thanh Quang, T4

VO

o Gi6i tri to6n hgc

Tnt sd tda soan :

NQi
Chu6i, HA NQi
458
4frB Hhng Chu6i'
231 Nguy6n Ven Cir,'fp irA Chi Minh

Ct

BAo, Nguy6n HuY

dtrng

Fun with Mathematics

Ld Th.dng Nhdt - GiAi d6p bai i5t gh6p
hinh vu6ng
Nguydn C\rtg Stt - Chia hing

l()nNG

10

thi tuYdn sinh

rn6n toSn 1996 trtrdng Dai hoc xAy

Nr;6 oa't"rtl
I

o Dirnh cho e6c ban chudn bi thi viro D4i hgc

For college and University Entrance
Exam Preparers
Trinh Tudn - Tdng qu6t ti bei to6n quen
Trdn Van Nhung, Phant Van Hing Gidi thi6u mQt sd thdn ddng to6n hoc

N(iLIYF,N ('ANI I TOAN

Phti td ng hiAn fiP :

Hdng
QuAng, Dqng Hung Th6ng, Vrl
Dttong Thuy, Trdn Thdnh
Trai, LO 86 Kh6nh Trinh, Ng6
Vi6t Trung, Dang Quan Vi6n'

Bia 4
Bia 4

BiAn tdp ud

tt r" dz ro rou
DT:8213786
DT: E356111

tri st!: VU KIM THUY

r,B TU6NC NHAT

Trinh 6av : QUdC UbXC

a-

Tnd,traf, vffia dd

*#Gmffi

qffiW*va'kk@mffi #mmm
@ww*
Ncuy0tr
roaN
cANn

Tap chi TH&TT s6 2 (212), 199b (trang

15-16) de dd cap ddn su thdng nhdt gifra',ddng
quy" vA "khdng
ddng quy" : cho mQt
tam giric ABC vd ba
didm D, E, .F theo
thf ttt tr6n ba
canh BC CA, AB
vd.

x6c

din\bdi

cric

DB

ti s6 -:;=k,,
+DS
ECFAB
-4;=/11'.-:-h-.
EA ".FB J
Ta goi L, M, N ld.

Hlnh

dAy, ta_sE x6t c6c tam giric cci dinh hrrdng, nghia

li

eci tinh ddn thrl t{ cric dinh cfia chring. Ndu

ta di trn chu vi cira m6t tam giric (theo thf trr
de
ctil c6c dinh) nguqc chi6u kim ddng h6
tti "_ho
dien tich tam gac kA dinh hudng) da ch-o la
d.ttong ; ndu thudn chi6u kim ddng h6 thi di6n
tich li Am.
D6" cho tiQn, ta sC ki hiQu di6n tich dai sd cria
m6ttam giric bang cric chir chi qic dinh sdp thrl
t! 9ta nd. Nhu vay, rip dung dinh Ii v6 ti te aien
tich criahai tam giric cd chi6u cao bingnhau (ti
16 dri bing ti lC. hai.driy) hoac cr; mot gc;c
chung (ti 16 nny bing ti lc tich cdc canh cria [cic
9!l1S), ta vidt ngay drroc cric ding thfc sau IAy

(ABC=|):_

cacdidmBE xCF, AD x CF, AD x BE(h.L).

Trong bAi tgrln tr6n, ta da tinh ra :
MA
-=:5-: (l-k)h
(1)
MD

NZ
--:=
Nb

ABD

Nhan v6g1i vd ba

th4' ri4g ndu ti sd & gita hai ti sd tr6n :

.,t MANA
= :== i -:;r : - kt hZ&, mA bing 1 thi M va
va

MD

Ta

FttE-=frtm=

-hrkzks=h

sd d vd sau cria (B)

@)

h--l

(5)

+J+

AM
nn,M
-E- = -=---::
o'I

AD

'rffe

hai_tam- gTAc MNL vit ABC bing na va &tra ra

dinh nghia sau :
Di.1ry ngft{a 2. Ba dudng thing AD, BE, CF
s6- goi ld "c6t nhau - m, ndu ti sdti6n'tich crla
hi
!?p g16c MNL vdABC bingnz
thi "ddng quy" ld "cdt nhau -0"." "a "t.r "ay
Iim sring t9 t g" dinh nghia m6i niy, ta
,hay
_ ??
tinh ry.Dd vi6t cho ggn, ta-iu6n luOn cO ihd
coi di6n tich cria tam giric ABC bang 1 6ang
cdch chgn do-n vi diQn tich thich hqp)INhrr vay
thi nr bing di6n tich cfia tan giac jmfZ. Sair

ti

vd tr) dci, ta d6 di d6n dinh nghia

Di.nh
nghin 1. Ba dudng thhngAD, BE, CF
_
s6 goi li k - e6t nhau ndu ba ti sd [Ap
fli s6giua
hai ti s6) ncii tr6n bingrt. Va ntrJviy'iiril,a=O"g
quy'li "1 - c5t nhau
. .Trong lqi niy, ta s6 x6t ti s6 nr gifra diQn tich

q^uanh-lrong cdc b6 ba (ABC),

MC

l{g lttot ti4f

(3)

ht
fn
h,-r
4l+
I
oo\M_ AF
AB AF+FB ,_FB ,_l
4'FA-h3

ddng quy.

nhi-6n, ta cringcd

4gg t!g" tr6n, ta cri :

ND

NB LB LC

BD ---.......-:
I
,o\BD_
--;------i
_ _-:
_:
=
BC BD+DC ,_DO l_1
hl

N trung-nhau, nghia ld AD, BE, CF ddng quy

cdn n6u & ;r 1 thi M * N vi ba drrdng aO khOni
,^ Ij6l-li-vdng(U
(DEFULM$),
B),gi

fr'

BD AF ltttt ML MN
nL = -==.. -:=;-. -E. -:;-. _:=:
BC AB AD MF MA

Q)

ht hz

Ary

=BD
Be 1' ABD=gfr'

nt tt'L IfN
F144=ffi a

hr-t

AFM

AM + MD

, _MD

;',v6v.
--'', theo

(lL ta cd :

(r-k)\
AM
1
-==_ = ______-_:__
I
(r-h)hs-r
AD ,_
- (1 -h)kt

(6)

n\g
= (4,8r
*.ouuu.tachia
'--J1-\ MF CF / gF
_lt[F

, --CFrdi lai nhdn len vdl..CL

-;; nhem

cho

CL

--'-

muc dich

-, -CT --.---tdn dsng ti sd k6p

#,Hrti sd k6p niy cri

+'+

LC MC
vay
li6n quan v6i ti s6 k6n, -- l --;- = k ; qua
LF TUTF
ML CL
Mrc!+++_+_=
IL+LF MF+FL cb nTa:-'----.--:
-

L L[-F-* ca,

MF

FL,
,
LT,
=
=lt+Z\.(r*-q-)
t
MFt
\'
-(tl ---:
FL --rt FA,
LF
= I -r -(L -

iitri

- --; .'--:
++

rZ

dr,fr Ft-

.,Lit,FL
_,_h-l L
a---;
ncL MF
+
CL
_=:
Cdn phai tinh 9^* , *CF CL+LF
CF

(l

quanh trongcricbQ EL(ABC),(DEF), (LMN)'

LC
,"#=

(1

- \)

hz; do dti

1
iL
$*)kz-'
A=:_-=
' (1 -4)k2
-VaV I['F
---; =

ML

k-t

tinh drroc

1-krk2)
k-l
k'hr$-k)-t
ffe-

h3

(8)

-h)\

,,=qia q=I.O=hiE=tx
- \)hz

6=t1n;:1

1-krk2) (h -\2
Tto -E;=1 '-- n'-

- (krhz\) @tk24)
G=E)C=6 t(1 -e, h3-r

,",,

.11,0
(r-q) (i=a)
diQn

-1 '

'aY

n'=6

tich tam $6c MNLvO dinh (M' N' L

{irn o'f*e 4&i,

Trong 86 cl6 6n tdp thi viro l6p-10 Trltdng

PHHT fi - a cci bdi torin nh6 sau: Clrc phxang
trinh bte ha.i x2 - (2h + t)x + k2 *2 = 0 (k e
R ld thant sd). Hdl xdc ctinh' k d'd xl * xln'lt6
trin'h)'
nh,d.t" ( xt, xztit nghi\nt cia ptt'uong
Ddp d.n.' Theo dinh li Viet

xl+xi=

1xr*x2)2

-bt*z

=(2k+l)2-z@2+Z)

-+2h2+'4k-3=rl
Xem A = Z(k +1)2 - S >- -5 +A
= -5 khi lt : -1.

(h

Cric ban

hay:

vi

(1 +ftr k24)2

nL=

rtt tak, =/

mi ta cd thd thdy ngav khi rut k3 tt (10)

iOi tf,rv kz theo (9)' Khi dd hrkrkr=

-ftl) 0 -h) -\2

x"
t(1 - \) kz- 1l tftr(l -k)-L7k2
(1

(9) vn (10)

(7)

L,,I]lr

kr

(10)

d6u xa v6 tAn).

n'(t-\)kz

Cudi cirng ta drtgc :

cF t]nl

di6u

tfc li

Q*\)k2

bo) Tuong tU nhu 6 phdn 4o) ta

(9)

N6u (9) vn (10) ddu th6a m6n thi AD ll BE

=r,

Q-\)hz

"

AD song song vdi BE thi cdn

IICltiJclirtu

LC

(1) suy

0 trlc

kt+G;)=

L
*z-I -kt

LF.

(1

nhau. QuA vfy, gi6 srl

't _ ---I+

ba drrdng AD, BE, Ctr' s;n8 song v6i

Tuong tu nhrr v{y, ndu BE lt

: thtlc hi6n hai ldn hodn vi vbng

tt

f,.i t"oog

I
,*tl_hz

= I T --i

2 3),

= O <'k = 1
ba
X6t miu J, t, thdy ring ndu m.Qt trong
dd
khi
dorin'
*
dg
trrt" sOiriet ti6u thi m = ; ta
Ta thdY ngay : tn

fr=fr=MTfic 1-*"
EA

= I t --..-----;:--:
MF
CL
-++

1y

+Ur; dd
vi dtr-ln (hj) : -+
Di] AE_ AE_=_J_{tc

'---Mr = cL MFT---

6;;r1e;-

Ur=

-- et trt 4F"-:c-L=--cL'----MF LiT MF+FL+LC

-t

sao'

nh6 nhdt

thtl tiur xem drip 5n dri sai d ddu

,rtaM ttuN(i

Nh4n x6t.
ti6p

tt

1. Da s6 cric b4n bi6n ludn

truc

di6u ki6h

(a+c)(a+b +c) < 0

suy ra (b > 4a (a + b + c) hoi ddi ddng.
")2

Bei T1/233 z Cho ddy sd nguyan @)ff:o

thfu rudn
(1)
2(an + t * an)
Chrtng fi rd.ng tbn tai sd nguyn M hhOng
phu thuQc udo n sao cho M + on*ra, ld, s6
ao

+z+

an

t:

chinh phuong Vn >- 0

Li,i giAi zD4tu,r= an+z-an*t-a,

Tt di6u kiQn (1) suy ra un = u, _ | * 2a,,
u?, = (u,,
-, * 2an)2: u7, + f 4rn _ t an + 4o]
= u?, - t * 4(or, * I - an - a,, _ r) a,, + 4&

- uf,_t*hr*tan-4anan_,
u7, - h,, * an : u? _
1
t - bna, _ |
VAy u?, - hn *,ar ld hing s6 (kh6ng phu

thuOcz). Goihingsd d6ld,M. Khidd

M + 4an * tan = ulVn > 0 (dpcm)

NhQn x6t : Cric bqn sau dAy cri ldi eiAi t6t :
gT.- Vinh Long, Trdn
!_quydn Hod.ng Qudn
Van
9A
NghQ
An,Nguy*n
Trqng Kien
{hoa
N1m
Dinh,
Nguydn
Dinh
eud,n 9 NghQ
fT
,*!! sryq" _Huy Vtr gA NgQ An Hodns Ting
Ngd Anh Vian 9A B6c Ci*r.g,
ft n{c_Ninh,gArHh
Nei, Ng uy6n Kim rheig
Trln ldlDqt
9 Trdn Phf Hei phdng. Sd b4n giei bai ney

khdngnhi6u',

DANcnuNcrHiNc
BAi T2l233. Chilng ntinh rdng ndu (a*c)(a

+b+c)<Othi

(b -c1z > 4o(o

+6 +c)

{n!

Quing Ngai).
- Ndu a = 0 thitt c(b*c) < 0suy rab
vi cci di6u ph6i chrlng minh.
- Ndu a * 0, x6t phuong trinh
f(r) -- axz + 1O - c) x * a *b * c = O

*c

Tacril(0)=a*b*c
/(-1)=2(a+c)
.^*(OX*1) = 2 (a + c) (a +b +c) < 0 (theo
gia thidt)
Nn phrrong trinh f(x)

Do d<i

L^

- 0 ph&i cd hai

= (b-1..)z- 4a (a+b+c) >

TC,

0 dpcm.

NGUYEN

Bni T3/233 z Cdci6 nguyCn hh6ng

d.m a, b,

c, d th6a mdn dibu hiQn:

g6 (l)
+
loz zuz + k2 + 4d.2 =
+b2 -2d,2 =
e)
lzaz
Tim gid, tr! nh6 nhd.t cia p - q2+b2qs2 | d2
Li,i giai : (cria nhi6u ban) :
C6ng trlng vd cta (1) vi (2) ta c6 :
3(a2 +b2 +c2 +d2) - 42 +dz

+3p > 42+p > 14.Tathdyp = l!sfl -

0. Vdi

d = 0 thi he d6 cho trd thinh

laz +zoz *k2 = 36 (l')

(2,)
lz{*b2=6
ril (2') * ll :o:" + b =o ho6c b = 2 (vib
khOng Am)
Ndu b = 0 thi a2

= B kh6ng cho 916 tri c|la a

Ndub = 2thi a2 = l*a= 1(okhOngAm).

Ttddddcd:c=3.
Yqy

gi6i : (cria Nguydn Th! Xudn Nuong, g

^ -Li,i
van, chuy6n Nguy6n Nghi6m, Drlc ph6,

nghi6m phAn bi6t

2. Cdc b4n sau dAy cring c<i ldi giAi t6t : Hir
NQi z Phqm Hd.i Trung 10A, Chuy6n To6n,
DHKHTN. Ninh Binh : Phqnt Tud.n Ngo. c 9T,
NK Trtrong H6n Si6u, th! xa. Thanh H6a :
Trdn Hod.ng Thd.ng, 9T, Lam Son. NghQ An:
Phqm Tud.n Quang, 8T, NK Vinh. Hh Tinh :
Ddo Xudn Hod.ng,9T, NK Hn Tinh. Quing
Binh: DQng Thi Td Nhu,9T, NK HAi Dinh.
Quing Ng6i : LA Quang Lo.i, Huynh Minh
Son, 9T, Chuy6n Nguy6n Nghi6m, Drlc Phd.
Quy Nhon zNguydn Qudc Hung,98, DdngDa,
Minh IJAL z Trdn Thd Minh,8A, Chuy6n Bac
Li6u.

p nh6 nhdt bing

- 3, 0).
2,

14

khi (q b, c, d) = (L,

Nhin x6t. 1) C6 295 ban grti tdi gi6i v6,

cci 16 ban giAi sai vi sau khi duocp >
14 lai kdt luAn ngayp nh6 nhdt li 14 e.+d
=0
(md kh6ng chi ra c6c g1d, t4 a, b, c). (6)

lrglqdd

_ 2) C6 8 ban : Mai Thi Thu Sdnh,8A, Nga

HAi, Nga Son, Thanh H6a ; Nguy1n Thi Xud.n
!y?S-,9 Anh, Chuydn Nguy6n Nghi6m, Drlc
-9

f.nd, Qgang Ng6i : Hoiing Tidn, Ly, iVang

I{9g_Eai H6u, Nam Dinh ; ,v6 Bd, int, oe"
PjITH Bdn Tre ; Phqm Tud.n euang- g Todn,
l-{:"9 khidu Vinh, Nghe An ; V6 Th! Bach ydn,
9T, Le Quy D6n, Nha Trang, Kh6nh Hda;
Uinh Kian, 8A,, Chuy6n M6 Linh,
lguydy
Vinh Phrlc (vi m6t ban khOng ghi t6n) de
chrlng minh : "chi cti duy nhdt m6t b6 sd : o =

= 2 ; c = 3 ; d = 0 th6a m6n giA thi6t n6n

p chi nh4n rnQt giri tr! duy nhdt li 14".
Bqn Mai Thi Thu Sd.nh cdn binh luan kh6
hrjm hinh : "V6i di6u kiQn cria ddu bai, p chi
nhan m6t 916 tr! duy nhdt bing 14. Do ctd y
nghia cria viec "tim giri tri nh6 nhdt cria p t-rd
n6n kh6ne cdn "nt6nh liQt" ! Xin hoan ngh6nh !
Ban doc ina trdi nhdt thaur gia gini vd giAi
dring ld Trinh Tud.n Anh, t6p 4G, Tiduhqc Lam
son II, Thanh II6a. That ct:ing khen !
1;b

Nh$n x6t. 1) MQt s6 b4n dd giAi dting bai

torln tdng qu6t hdn.
2) Giei tdt bai niY cri c6c b4n :
Quing Ninh : NguYdn Th.i Thu Ifa , 9A

Trgng clidrn Cdm Pha, TuY6n Quang :

NS"y* Cd.nh toitn, gA NK Lc QuY D6n, B6c
Giang: Ngr5 Anh Vian, 9A NL L4ng Giang,

Ddo Ngqc Minh, gT NKYOn Dring; Phrl Thq :

D6 Thi Tuydt Minh.,7A, Dqng Tltu Huong,9T
Chuyn cdp II, Vinh PhOc z.Cit Qudc Thang,
lE rt tdNc Nttir
9T chuycn Tam DAo ; FI6a Binh : Dd Thu IId',
Bei T4l233 z Cho L ABC nhqn. Gqi rc,D k, 9a, Hitu Nghi ; Bic Ninh z Nguydn Kltdc Hba,
dtrdng trbn td.nt ), bd.n hinlr. bd.ng 1 ngoqi tidp
Trilong Thi Tlno,9, KH Ti6n Son;Hir TAY:
AABC,
Nguydn Manh Thuitng, 8A chuyOn Thach
PTTH Tin Lrl ;
t[ai ; I{ung Y6n : Vu Tn1,
Cltttng ruinh. rdng a * b * c 2 ubc.
gAS,
GiAngY6,Trdn
;Vfi
DinhHodng,
IIe NOi
Dd,u ":" xd,y ra hhi nd,o ?
LA llbng Quang 91',
Vdn
An,
Chu
Tdt
Dqt,9A,
Ldi giii :
Ngny6n Trirdng TQ ; Nam Dinh : Nguydrt
abc
vd giA thidt suy ra abc
CLng Tud.n, Trb'n DAc Tltinh 8T, NguydnVan
Cdch. 1 ; Tt S =
4R
Truig, Hd, Thanh Tudn, Bii Trqng Kibu,9T
= 45(1) Mat kh6c theo cdngthtlc H6rongta cci : Trdn Dang Ninh, Vr7 Xudn Dung, 9 H<ia NK
32: p(p-a) (p4) (p'<) = p r|(p-o; 1p-6; x
Xuan Thtry, Trqn Quang uinh 8CT,_NguyOn
tf6=A@=q
x rlG=o) rp
Thd Vinh gCT Y YOn, Thu Thd Son, LY I NK
HAi HAu ; Thanh II6a : Trdn Hoang Tharug,
_ p-a+p4 p4+p-c P-a*P-c _
9T Lanr Son, Ddo Thi Bich. Giang,9T Nga Son,
TsVan Nghilnt, gT NK Btn Son ; NghQ An :
abc
LaVitHba, gACII D6ngVan, Thanh Chttong,
=P' 8
Nguydn Dinh Xudn, 9 torin A Phan B6i Chdu,
Tt (1) vn (2) suy ra :
flai xno"Vtin, 9A NK Quynh Luu ; Hh Tinh :
DQng
Duy Dibn hai; Dh NEng z Nguydn Luong
<p
Huy,gll Nguyen Khuydn, Nguydn Duy LQp,LE
+45<a*b*c
Quy Don ; Quing Ng6i : Huynh Minh sort., 9T,
Nguydn Thi Xudn Ntrong, g Anh Van, Chuy6n
+abc(o*b*c
Nguy6n Nghi6m, Dtlc Phd ; Khdnh Hda : D6
Ddu "=" xAy ra Qa = b = c t(7c AABC d6u.
Thi Di ThiQn, gT Lo Quy Don , Nha Trang ;
Cdclt 2 :
DhcL!.c : Nguydn Thanh Nhd',9T, Hodng Hdi
Goi R, r ldn luot ld brin kinh dtldng trbn
Th.ity, Tdng Thi Hit Yan, Duong Tltitnh An, 8T
ngo4i ti6p, nQi tidp LABC vi d lA khoAng cdch
Nguy6n Du, Budm Ma Thu6t Bi Ria - Vfrng
gSna2 tAm. Theo hO thtlc Ole:
Tiru : Trdn Giang, 7N2 Nguy6n An Ninh,
R2-d2=ZRr
HCM z Nguydn Tlti Thian Thanh, Clrung
Nhd.n Ph.rt, 9Tl Nguy6n anh Ninh, H<ic MOn ;
+R2z2Rr+r=1f*,iR=1)
Cdn Tho : AvYO Drlc Anh,gCT Ly TtJ Trgng;
2'
An Giang z Hoir.ng Thanh Ld.m., 9T Thoai
(o *b *c) r abc
M6tkhricS=y-=
Ngoc Hdu, LongXuy6n; Vinh Long : Nguydn
4R
Hoimg Qud.n,9T2 Nguy5n Binh Khi6m.
abc
abc
VU KIM TI.IUY
-rb *c:
obc (dpcm)
Ur, _rl=
o't'2
Bai T51233. Clto tant gid'c uulng ABC
^ = 9V),duitng cao AH, trung tuydn BM uit.
(A
Ddu ":" xAy ra
= AABC d6u
phd.n gidc CD dbng quy tqi ntQt didm.. Ch.ing
Cdclt 3 :
ntinh rilng :
Sir dung c6ng thrlc R > 2r mi .R = 1 +
rls
1
. Tit d6 suy ra cach dqng ntQt
sinB =

-o

<P' z

z -

5zs .,

t'<r.

S
Mir = -+25
p

<p. DoS =

tidpraabc<a*b*c
4

abc
4.R

ta,nt gidc c6

abc

-4

tinh

Ldi giAi.
".tY

-t

chd.t nu trn.
Goi O ld giao didm

tip dqng dinh

li

C6va ta

"o

AfI, BM,

CD,

,##,ffi=

(1). D.o MA=MCvir#=#*, ?r=er)

nn thdvdo (1), ta

"dff #

= t ,hay

AC.BH

1) 'Chrtne minh rd.ng ndu na ( I thi

on
,, ) ,[" +; udi ntoi n e Z+
2) Gid sil n > 7 . Chttng ntinh rd.ng
.

= CB.I{C (2). M+t khd,c, CB"HC : AC2

(vi i = gV ,;:90") oln ACz = AC.BH,
suy raAC = BI)I.
Thd vAo (2) rdi
biSn ddi don gi6n
duoc phrrong trinh
bdc hai ddi vdiHC :

'1,'a

nhau : A'D' : D,B,=AD : DB

*91C'939-birrg
B'H'
: H'C' :BH : HC C,M, : M, A'
;
=CM : MA
A'D'
B'H'
C'M'
'
Denr thd vio (1),

;
.

k
I cd;

da;,Tl;ffi;ffi;; :A-'H', B'M', CD'ddngquy. Doa4

I

irangfifr.ron!
phrlp dai sd, ta d6 ding d,I;g tam gtai ;rtC
tnaa
mdn yu cAu cta bdi torin nhu sair : dung doan
c? = orfi (canh htry6n
gdc vuOng a,2a v6i o Id".lra*Jne"]=Jt
"unt
rn6t doan tuy y) ; di6'nr
E nim^gita B, D sao cho D,O :
; ti,.ing Aig"
; dtrdng thing.luu ,uong'gJc-.,r\i
CO ;
f.2la lem6t
trong
cric
giao
didm"d
v6i dtrbng
fi$m.{
trdn (C,. a)

Nhin x6t. Ccf El lai.giAi, tdt cA d6u giAi

ch1lnq nrinh (tiud"i,
ph'a,
9::q
oung *,"1
thi da sd cci thidu
"r,,rng
_s<i_t_kh6ng ndu-cirrlng
yi$r. !$_Sr_aj t6t gdm cci : IIir ltOi":.lra duoze
P
s- guang'rrung irai r ai i
;
*_L:hu1 ?P=
TC
Van An.
Ilung yn : Vil Tru pTTHiis?,
Ti6n
Lir. Hda Binh : o{rnur{a 9^ H;; N*ii. sa"
'-Ngo Anh .L,:9f
xi.,iB"'Luos
9i""g rp_Hd
chi Minh?", {u"g
pn,i
cniTiiii"
9i?"9,
u^'.' Ngu!_en An Kluong, Hoc M6n.
An

urang : IloanE Thanh Ldnt gt PTTH Chuy6n

Thoai Ngoc Hdu.

oAtrc vl
BAi T6/2g8 Cho m

ld. stl

EN

ttu,tc ttuong. Vdi

nfii

n ruguyaru duong, d.d.y s6 th4c a,

{
,i} It = o duqc
xac dinh nhu sau :

ar,0= l,
udi

an,i-Ft 7

i= 0,1,...,n-l

an,i

? -*

an

,i *nt.rt

n-l
,
sarr.'lrr-1

n-l .

i?aau,i

i?oan,i iloou.i +rr.,,,'

({5 : t) t}i aA?,C,d6ngdangv6i

:ilf
^=I,b dd,
AABC._Do
khi k6 dudng cao ArH,,'tiung
tuydn B'M', phdn g76c C,D, , ta cd crec ti sE

nh

ai,i

dn,i + |
Suy ra

n6n sin B=siMr=

= HC : CA = HC : BH =0,b ({5 - 1)
QAo lai, x6t L,A,B'C' v6i2, = g0" ddng thdi

ai

an,n=#\

.111
va-

-.BII2=O (3). Tfnh

ra .IfC = 0,5 x

x({5-\Bl{.^
Hdn nta, B=4,
(vi cirnq phu^ C)

nryi n e Z+

Ldi gi6i (cta da sfi cdc ban). Nh6n x6t ring

L='u,o<dtt,I < "' 1or,n
(1)

HCz+BHxTIC_

{p- guls-

<; NL*ludi

a) an,r,

tr-l

_ ___ \ _
+7 \

hay
tt-l

ar,

- 1-!Ltn

,r,

'

(2)

i=O*n,iln.n
1) Vdi 0 < m < 1, tt (1) vn (2) suy ra
dn,,
ar.r,
1n

_-_-au,u, I ar,n*ft
2) Y6i nt

an,u*h

>

1, ttr ( 1) vn (2),

I -,I-->1-_n
-

drr.,,

1+nL.n

NL

o^,u

' - -T

Mac kh6c, cfrng

ln

n*L'

{;tTT

hay an,,, >

thi

'

nL

(3)

tfi (1) vd (2), thi :

I _--nL
-----=tnL.n
nt-l

an.r,

nLl
vqy;4.%,r<1-

NL

nt--I

n,nt,

Chuydn qua gi6i han (re --: oo) vi sfi dung

cdng

thfe lim

: I

nL'

,
a++@ -nL
----:*n.nt
nt-l
1

ta duoc

lip

n"1,'1

Qn.rt

= -'- =
,t+6 on,u

Nh$n xdt.

$1,

-1.
nl'
uo"^

C6cb4n sau dAy

c<i

ldi giei tdt

*i#,::f"::u;f f;"; ;y:.f!"nfmy,

lpns llai (NK, Quing rilnhy, Njayot;

-ar,i) !!1'
{hdc, Hda {B,i.e Ninh),-.Froirig x"di- f"yan,
Nguydn Hrtong, Nguyfin Van Quang, ii Va"

Lu
f{uHuy
Lung, Trinh Httu Trung (Than-h. H6a)'
"Viai'irune,
Anh
Plnn
Nguydn Diy LQp'
na (Q.-uing
ii'6d.' oi'N"ate), Ngo x'an
ii7 llaritt, I{o st Ngqc (NshQ
ii"H,
Quans vintt'
afifiil'fr;i?i i,t" tutqn'n, Phanr'
Hoilt-s s!
ncM),
A11 iirilt, i i eon uinn $p
(IIuo'
Hoitng
r'uns
iint''
ii;;'G;A;tr,ai),
-ii
rt"y Hung (Hai PhdlgJuv6N

=,i,[

;;";

Bei T7l233 Cho da tltt?c:

*o

f(r)

=
Hd.y tinh tdng
ngltiQnt
"

4x3

-%2 -

l%e

u Zr? +l
' d d'6 n ld' sd
S:- S ---------r)2
(r?
,2,
[I6a)'

Ta cd f(x) = <'
O

*-(xz *2,142 -6(x2 +?-x) +9 = $+'>

*-(x2*?-x.-l1z=8++
lrz +% -B +{8 = 0
el

(1)
(2)

-lr2+?-r-B-116:0
Colr, , xrld nghiQm ctra (1) vi rr'
(Z)' Khi dd x, xz, xy
nghiQnr
"t"
c:iuaf(x).
nghiQm

2x,1+

vr =
u'I''!r S,
Ta
r4 ttnn

-:-.-

7{ l-*1-it
D

- zt

,!,i *,rs

.!',x,

D5 dnng chdng minh drloc

x,

Do d<i

i t
,,4,fr=

f'(a)

-7@)

s=-*,ffi.*m.*t#=z

tham
NhQn x6t : BAi niy dvorc-nhidu b4n
gra gei, c6 cA' cdcban d PTCS'
"
it s6 cicb4n giAi theo cdch?(sr1 dungdinh
b4n sau
ri vioti.'C,; 8 ban"cho d5p sd "?'t-C3:
v'-"117"4"
tEt , Hb sv-Ngqc-19T
iav
'iiirn"n
"i'raigiai
12A Trh Vinh' t'a Trsng
xnann
rid
';;tr"
\i etra,, M6 ThuQt, NguYdn.Phon'
Thu Tluiy t\
iiri"trizt, Ti6n Giang, Nguvdn'
Thanh
12A,
ffiintrii"- oi"rt. Lo Drlc Giang, P!r'a1t' AnhII6a'
IIuv
ro Ii ia orryT"dn 11A B6c
1or
na
Nf,ng,
Dh
oo"
ryfu!2ft
xo ld i;A il, a;y
l^cr
Quang
Ns"ie n, Tntong vill my J

(*1_ t)2

fi'ii

oAttc ttuNc ltANc

Bni TBi233 : Cho ba sd thtlc a' b' c th6a ruan
minh rit'ng :
ctibu hiQn : a2 + b2 + c2 = 2' Ching

%1+ t

(r) - t),

al+

ul+t

-:
(4 - {8) (r, - t)2 (4 - {8) (*z- \2
( ,i (rr + 1;2 = (xr+ t)2 = 4 - {8)
(xl -1)2
(x,
Y-z -r), + (zr4+t)
\*l'-t
I1 _.(Lt!+l)
- 4-{8 L
[(rr -1) (rr - 1)12
I

Dirng dlnh Ii Viet d6 tim dttoc gi5 tr! ctia bidu

thrlc trong mcic vu6ng.
1 (80 -221[8)

Sr =

Z_E

___

1 ((80 +2 [q
Trtong tU Sz = Z +15" =- g

'

2. (Cria b4n Ng uy 6n M inh P huong

2\['
Liri giai : 1) Ta c6 :2 = a2 *b2 +c2>
> a2 +2bc >- 2bc + bc ( 1. Vi thd:
<
(a +b *c -abc)2 = [a(1 -!") * 1tr +c)12
< [o2 + (b +c)2]l(1 + (1 - bc)21=
+
2 (l +bc)tl + (t -bc)21 = 2^(! +bc)
2) | a3 +br + c3 -sabcf <

+2(1 -bc)(l - b2c2\ = 4 -2b2c2(l -bc) < 4'

s#rt , ti'+b *c -abcl < 2(dpcm)'Ddu"='
cri mot s6
;;; ;; r.iti "a ctri ktri trong 3 s6 a,vib' cbing
t hay
ffiG 0, hai s6 cbn l4i bing nhau
2) Ta cd : (a

tt A

Hirng Vttong Phtl Thq)

D5 thdY

fe4)f(-s) < o, (-3)fl-1) < o

< va f(1) f(2) < 0 ' vav fk) c6 4

fi-ririrl
x1 x2, 13, rJ
t

Dla+b*c-abcl <2

-1.

TtddS=Sr *Sr.=2.

I 2x?+1 L Zx?+t
uv " Khidds=)
l*.' i==)-l-.
rutr
,?,$? - l)'- i!,lzx' - atl

*#,)

da thrtc f@)
(ctia b4n Nguydn Dinh'

Ldi gpii Cd.ctt I

fring #a, Bim Son Thanh

nghiQm

4,i=W

Va

+ L'

uit. xrlit. ngltiQnt' crta

C d.ctt.

z:., t

- tu

vAN r,rAu

-{rti+.#E)

*b*")2

*t@*u*)2 < 3.vi

< 3(a2 +b2 + c1

thd :1a3+b3*3-3abc)2=

-ac -bc))z
= [(o + b +c)(az +b2 +c2 -ab
(a*b*c\2 _ 62 +b2 +c2). t'

=(a*b*c)/12-ff):
=(a+b*c)2 [, -] @ +b *q1
=(a*b+c)2

lt -*(a

+b +c)2]

" [r-f,o*o+c1zf= (8)3:8.

suy

ra:

I o' +bs +c3

-Babcl < zr[Z (dpcm). Ddu "="

*
=
xAy ra khi vd chi khi , {l | .u,* "1, Y
lar*b/*cz=2
Nhrn x6t. Cri rdt n[i6u ban grli ldi giAi cho
bdi todn vi tdt cb cdc ban d6u cho ldi giAi dring.
Tuy nhi6n khOngit ban cho ldi giAi qud rudm rd.
NcuyEN rutAc

rr,llNH

Nh$n x6t. 10) Kh6 d6ng cdc b4n tham gia

giei bai to6n ndy, trong d<i nhi6u ban l6p 9, cd
c5 mQt s6 ban l6p 8 PTCS.
2") Vdn cbn rn6t sd ban kh6ng chi ra khi ndo
ddu d&ng thttc dat duoc.
30) Ban Br)l Manh Hitng, l6p I 0A DHXnfN
- DHQG Ha NQi de ph:it bidu vd giAi dfngbni
to6n tdng qu6t hon nhu sau : ,
Chfng minh ring:

Bei T9/233. Ggi a, b, c lit. d6 ddi cdc cgnh

di|n tictt S ; cdc duimg cao
ud trung hrydn htong itng lit ho , 1t.6 , lt, uit.

ro) dr + bn +

nlo: nL6, ntr. Cltrtng ntinh rdng :

>S zVSB,,+r Vg (zN+)

crta mQt tant gidc c6

1)o+b*c>-21127 {s.

20)

Bii

ct

.-2u('[s)u
,{3, -+

hrntf;, + hunrlt + hrnrlt >

torin d6 cho tlng vdi

s tS.
Ldi giAi. (cria nhidu ban) 1)

Dat
_
2p = o * b * c Ap drlng bdt ding thrle C6si cho
ba sd dttong, ta dudc :

Suy ra

z=I

Ncuy6,N oANc pnAr

2)ttonrf +hunr!4h."nrf,>s 1[s

(p-axp-6Xp

(z N+)

-q=*

BAi T10/233. Cho trl diQn ABCD uit nt1t

didnt P sao cho:

pAz +BC2 +CD2 +DB2 pB2 +CD2 +

+DAz +Ae: pCZ +DAz +AB2 *BDZ =
(*)
=PDZ+AB2+BC2+CAz;
Chrtng ntinh rang tbn tai trong hh\ng gian

mOt didnt

M th.6a ntd.n:

S?=p(p-oXp-6Xp -")**
:+
AGl = BG2 = CGu : P6,
(**)
trong d6 Gt , G2, Gruit Gr lhn luot ld, trgng tdnt
p > 4t[% {s, hay li
crta cd.c ttl diQn MBCD, MCDA, MDAB uir MABC.
a *b *c > 2 4{n r[sLiri giai l. (Drra
Ddu ding thrlc xAy ra khi vi chi khip-a=
theoNg|AnhTudn,
- p -b = p - c #a =b = c (Tam gidc la d6u)
10A, chuy6n Torin
2) Ta c6 : 4nlo + 2b2 + 2c2 - a2 >
1b +")2 DHSP Vinh). Vi G,
ld trong tdm ttl cli6ri
- a2 = ap@ - a) + nr.?o -- p(p - a)
MBCD n6n ta cd hQ o
-L:.--Ttrong tg : ntfl > p@ - b) vd n( > p@ _ c)
thrlc
+++:
:

Suy ra

4AG,

mjnt/nf > p3(p - oXp - bXp - c) = p2S2

Lai cri

trohutr,='+++ =
c

(vi abc

Tt

(1)

8o3

* ;V

p3

(2)

hohuh"hrf,ntfrt

> e tFSr
Lai vip > 1lr7{s theo 1o), thay
(rJ:l
"u"
dtoc hontf; + hum! * h"ntf, > g llis {S
Ddu ding thrlc xAy ra khi vi cni thi aau
ding thrlc ddng thdi ,,ay r. d (l), (2); (B) vn (4),
vd do dri xAy ra khi vd ctri trtri a = b c, tanr
=

gi6c ld d6u.

v6

zfrR66i 4pza4g2-

* BC vi nhirng hO thfc tudng tu, ta dugc

l6AGi - (AM2 + AB2 + AC2 + AD2) +

- auh + @IvIl + AC2 - C*i21+

+(AMz +AD2 -DM1+(AB2 +Ac2
-BC1+
+ (ARz + AD2 - BD?) + (AC2 + AD2 CDr.
Rtit gon, ta dttoc
16AGl = 5(ANI2 + AB2 + AC2 + AD1
*Qwaz +MBz +MC2 +MD2 *o"),
trong dd o
ld tdng binh phuon g c6c canh ctia trt aien
ABCD :
o = AB2+Ag2p6p21 BC2+ cD2+ DB2. (1)
Ttrong ttl nhu tr6n :
+@1d2 + ABz

hrntl>

+AC +AD
Binh phuong

hudng hai vd, rdi thay

theo B.D.T. C6si)

dd ta dtroc

h.om,! + hunr! +

g
abc,'4

-++AM +AB +

rc8c22= 5(BM2 + Bc2 + BD2 + BA1 - (MR +MBz +MCz +MD2 +6) Q)
Ddi chidu (1) vn (2), suy ra (dd y ddn cric hQ
thrlc (x) n{ra) :
AG, = BGreMfr - MB2 = BC2 + BD2
(i)
- (A0 + AD\ = - {Pfr Trrong ttl, ta dugc :
BG1 = CG.+MB2 - MC = CA2 + CD2 (ii)
(enz + BDz) - -(PBz - PC) '

PB\;

CG3

= DG,,+MC2 -MD2 = AD2 + BD2

-@C +cfr) = -(PC -PDr ' (iii)

Dd y ring m6i ding thtlc (i), hoac (ii); hoac
(iii) bidu thi mQt qui tich c'fr,a M li mQt m4t

ph&ng, ldn luqt vu6ng g6c vdi AB, BC vd CD (it

mQt didm xric d!nh). C1r thd nhu sau :

{M | (i)} ld m4t ph&ngz (AB) r (AB) 6 Ml

xdc dinh

{M I (ii)} ld m4t ph&ngz (BC) t (BC) 6 M2

xric dinh
{M | (iii)} ldm6tphingz (cD) L(cD)aM3
x6c dinh
Tt dd suy ra :
(**) *M = n(AB) n z@C) n z(CD)
Didm M phAi tim ld x6c dlnh vi duy nhdt vi
AB, BC vd CD kh6ng ddng Phf,ng'
NgoAi ra, ta cd nhfn x6t th6m sau ddy v6
quan
hQ girra cric didm P vd M ph&i tim'
mdi
Ciing tt] hO thrlc (i), ta thdy ring :
{P I (i)i ld m[t phingz' (AB), d6i xting v6i
n {AB) qua mflt phing trung *!c t [AB] ctiua
cqnh.A3, vi do dd, ddi vdi n (AB) qua tim O
m{t cdu ngoqi ti6p ttdilnABCD : P e n' (AB)
= Do(n(N)). Cung vdY P e n' (BC\ :
Do(z(BC)) viP n' (CD) : Do(n(CD)). Tfi dd
suy ra : P = Do(M), cflngtt'tc litM = D6(P);M
d6i xrlng vdi didm P qua tdm O mqt cdu I

AGr=BGr*AM2 -BM2 =BP2 -AP2 a

4162 161>2 = BM2 + BP2

*z1A\tI2 +APz1 - MP2 = 2(BM2 + BP, - MP2

e4OA2 = 4OB)
4A = OB (trong dd O le trung didm cira do4n
thhngMP).
Chring minh tttong trJ, ta duqc :
AGt = BG, = CGj = DGTAA= OB = OC
= OD <=rTrung didm ctra MP trirng v6i tim O

m{t cdu e 6BCD) 611[ = Dog).

30) Cric ban h6y dqc ky d6 torin mQt ldn nita

s6 thdy lfp lunn nhu tr6n chua dn. Thdt vAy,

chrlngminh tr6n m6i chi nrii l6n m6t di6u li:

SU tdn tai cira didm M phg thuQc vio s{ t6n t4i
cira didm P. Chinh vi v4y, trong'ldi giAi 1 dua
ra d tr6n, de chi 16 c6ch drrng trrrc tidp didm M
(ho4c didm P) mOt c6ch cg thd.
4()) Cd thd thidt lap hQ thfc (1) nhanh chring
hon bing crich srl drlng cric c6ng thrlc Lagrange
vd Jacobi (Tt dd ta drroc ngaY (1)) :
MAz + MB2 + MC2 + MD2 = GA2 + GB2 +
+ GCz + GDZ + GIT,F ;VM
1

--L6+4MG2
4" ' ^"'50) Ban Biti Mgnh Hilng, 10A

Torin
DHQG IIA NQi de phrit bi6'u vh
giAi dringbdi to6n tdng qurit hon bing cr{ch thay
olc dinhctra mQt ttl di6n bdi mQt hQ z didn A,
ninr trdn ctrng mQt m6t cdu (n > 4).
60) Sau dAy ln mQt ldi giAi khric (Idi gidi
udcto) cr&.a bii to6n'
Ldi giii 2. Goi O, GvdZldn ltrgt lir tAm m4t
cdu? (egco), trgngtAm ctia ttl diQnABCD vn
trgng tAnr cira hQ 5 didm { A, B, C, D, M} -Thd
sau :
thi
---- ta cd cric
j-' h6 thrlc
---)
:+
-t
-+
=-- + aoc,
oA
= oB + 4oG, - oc * 4oG t =
+-+
: OD
+ 4OG4

DHKHTN

(ABC,D).

Nhan x6t.

=de+on+ob+on+ffi=so'l.

10) Sd c6c ban tham gia giAi bai

torin nhy kh6ng nhi6u. Tuy nhi6n, rdt dring tiSc

dd suy ra 5 doan

Tt

thing

AGr , BG2, CGj , DGo vit MG ddng quY 6 Z vit

vi hai b4n khric d6 m6c sai ldm

g$ng.nhag ; eh&ng h4n : t[dtn6_th{E ddng thbi ta c6 : (AG7 , Z) = (BG2 ' Z) =
eBIOP+Oluq=6 suy ra : OP*OM=O = (CG3,Z) = (DGq,Z) = (MG,Z) = -4
( ! ! !). Cdn lrru ! edc ban ring til
,AZBZ-UTZMZ4
X:
;, -b2 = @+6ft7- E = o. v6i_t_*i3af*i
MG c
Ac,=: BGz=:::cGs DG,=7-t=V
cd 3 ban giAi sai

chi cti thd'kdt l;in dugc i+f, 7- 6'me thoi.

2") Sd cbn l4i d6 cho ldi giAi hdu nhrr gidng nhau
bing a{ch chrlng minh ringdidm M cdn tim ddi
xrlng v6i P (th6a m6n c6c di6u kiQn (*)) qua tAm
O nrEt cdu ngo4i tiSp trl di6n dd cho. Chingh4n,
b4n Ng6 Anh Tudn vi nhi6u b4n khric d6 chrlng
minh di6u d<i nhrt sau :

Tt

dd suy ra

AG1

= BG, = CSI= DG,'*AZ = BZ = CZ

fffl,e/

o*W=1*&

= SFo

++O la treng tAm etia h 5 didm { A, B, C, D,

M}

* M la tAm t9 cd cira hC didm

A(-1),8( -1),Cgr),D( -1),O(5).

D6ng thrlc GM = 5GO kh6ng nhfing n<ii l6n
su tdn tai va duy nhdt ctia didm M th6a m6n
c6c di6u ki6n (**) cira bii toain, mi. cbn chi ra
crich drrng rdt cu thd vi don giAn vi tri hinh hoc
ciradidnrMcdntim : M = V(O),
Anhcira

i{rltu = u
cing, ciing phii ndi th6m ring :
Thuc chdt biti todn nir.y lit m6t bdi tod.n dgng
hinh tuy hinh thrlc ph6t bidu dtr6i dang chfrn;
minh sU tdn tai. Chinh vi vAy, vi6c cho didm p
o trong

ph6p vi ttr tam *?

70) Cu6i

th6a m6n cric di6u kign (*) tham gia vdo trong
d6 torin liL tll.ita.. Tuy nhi6n, cric di6u ki6n (x) v6
didrn P cho ta bidt th6m m6t tinh chdt cria didm

M ndi trong bii todn cia ta : M = Do(p).

Kh6-ng thdy ban ndo bdn khoSn khi srl dung

ddn didm P ncii trong d6 todn, duy chi cci ban
Nguydn Minh, Phuong, 1 1A tntdng chuy6n Hirng
Vrlong, Phri Thq cci nhdn x6t ring : Cd thd
chrlng minh str t6n tai vi duy nhdt cria didm p
th6a mdn crie di6u ki6n (x) nrii trong d6 torin.
Nhring tidc thay, ban Phrrong d6 cho ldi giAi
kh6ng dring phdn nhdn x6t niy. Tuy nhi6n, f,an
Phtrong da mqnh dan d6 nghi sira l4i d6 (Trong
d6 torin kh6ng cdn thi6t phAi cho didm p tham
gia vdo mA vdn gi6i dtroc). Rjit hoan ngh6nh
nhtng nhAn x6t nhu tr6n cta bqn phrrong vi
mong e5c bail kh6c cfing dio s6u, khai thric m6t
bdi torin nhrr ban Phuong. Nhu thq viQc hgc torin
cta cdc ban s6 tidn b6 nhi6u trong viQc rdn luyQn
trr duy l6gic, vi dat tdi : ',hoc nt6t, bidt mudi"NGUY6N OANC

PIlir

Bei L1l233 , Tit hai didnt A ud B cdch nhau

100nt, xe 1 ud. xe 2 cilrug xudt phat u6i citng udn
tdc u, - uz = l1ntls. Xe 1 di titeo hu6ng hqp udi
AB g?" 6tr. Bidt rdng 2 xe se gSp nlnu d C. Hd.y

dlnh:
- Hudng chuydn dQng crta xe 2 ;

xdc

- Thdi didnr.2 xe gSp nhau ;

- Tea d0 didnt C.
Iluqng d6n giii. Chon hQ trsc toa dQ Oxy,
_

trtngA, tryc Ox trirng v6i AB ;ldy gli

thdi gian / = 0 ln hic hai xe xudt phrit. Vidt
phrrong trinh ehuydn dQng eta hinh chi6u hai
xe tr6n c6c tryc tQa dO : rl : l0 . (cos 600) / y,
;
= 10. (sin 600) t;
xz = 100 - 10. (cosa) t;yz = 10. (sina)f
IV{i l_ll g6c gtta hu6ng chuydn dQng cua,
xe2 vd,AB)
_ Hai xe g{p nhau tai C,- ,r"= rzriyr"
-b'd = y2..
S-",
/
10s
(*)'";
v'a
r.'I
:1 I
.60", =
Y. = 50t/3 (m)

NhQn x6t : Cric em cri ldi giai dting vri gon :

L Tudn Thd Duy, 11 Li, chuy6n LO Khidt,
Quing NgAi ; Hod.ng Tudn Vinh,10F, PTTH
Lanr Son, Thanh H6a; Nguydn Thi Phuong
Uydn, 7 chuy6n Nghia HAnh Quing Ng,ii;
Nguydn Trung Ditng, g Li, Trdn Dang Ninh
Nam Dinh ;VO Bd Thi, 9APTTH Bdn Tre ;
Trdru Thanh. Thg,9b, chuyn YOn Lac, Vinh
YGrr ; Ngyydn Trgng Triln Hita,11 Li, PTNK
Qudng Binh ; Trinh Qu6c Chung 9A Neng
Khi6u, Qu!'nh Luu, NghQ An; Duong Minh
Ngec 1142, PTTH Nguy6n Tr0n, HoAi Nhon,
Binh Dinh ; Ninh Vd.n Tudn, Nang khi6u th!
xE Tam DiQp Ninh Binh.
MAI ANII

B,ei^L21233. MOt d.i|n

tich didnt q

+2.10-BC dtlng cdclt m.6t td,nt hint loai phdng

ndi dtit mQt hlndng a = Scnt. Hdy xac dinh t4c
tuong tdc gitta diQn tich q ud. tdnt hint loai d6
khi dat ching trong chdn kh6ng .
Iludng ddngiAi. Do c6m rlngtinh di6n, hai
b6 mdt tdm kim loai xudt hi6n cric di6n tich
bing nhau vi trdi
ddu : 86 met 1 d6i

q xudt
dm, .
cdn b6 mdt kia
mang di6n tich
di6n vdi

hi6n di6n tich

9:,o"9:Nhungdg
tdm kim loai ndi

(@
.V

Y
?

_{._ ____ o

i
ddt n6n bd mat 2
trd thdnh trung
hba di6n. Kdt quA
ln gitra tdrrr kim

-q

V
Y
V
V

loai (b6 met l) vi di6n tich cti luc hrit. T6m kim
loai ndi ddt trd thdnh m6t ding thd, cd di6n thd
bing kh6ng ; di6u ndy grdng rtrr'r aign tich +g
dA ldm xudt hi6n mQt di6n tich -q ddi di6n v6i
nci qua tdm kim loai. Va tuong trie gitta di6n tfch
g vdi tdm kim lo4i cri thd duoc coi nhr.r tuong
tric gita hai diQn tich q vi -q 6 c6ch nhau mQt
2a.Ydy lrrc tuong t6c gita g vd tdrn
|<JroA-ng 1=
kim loai li ltlc hrit, cci d6l6n

F = e ,ro,

c9 S6c O

Nhfn x6t.

#=

lo'3N

Cdc em c<i ldi giai ggn vA dring:

llCL, PTTH nang khiBu

phan Vdn Dic, tt Ly;pTTH
Phan BQi ChAu, Vinh (Ngh An) ;-La Dodn
9y-o"S,llA2, PTTH chuyn LO euy D6n, Dh
Ndlng_;,FIod ig_ p uy K tln ng, tZF, pt,tH ehuyen
HtngVrrong ViQt Tri, Phri thg ; Nguy*n )fi^tan
Hd, lzH, P?TH chuyon ban sd t, iltc end,
_Quing Ng6i ; Dd.nt, Htu Thu, lLL, chuyOn
Luong Ven Chdnh, Tuy Hda, ph6 y6n..
Trb.n

Mai-Son,

!.qAog Bi$.

MAI ANH

n > 2 vb' s:ar*a2 +"'+ ail

Ynt, n N, nl,,

RUI'TRQNG KIEN
(Ninh Btnh)

Blri T8/237 z Tint phdn nguyn cfia

RAKIN
I6P

clinh bdi :

cAC

TTICS
BlniTUz}7 : Clto sd Ac6 1997 chft sd trong
d6 c6 1996 chtt s6 5 ud. n&t chrt s6 khdc 5. II6i
Ac6 thd

tit. sd

chintt.

pttu*fl!?"8*r{8.,ikff'

BiieiT2l2g7
1e

+ 10ra

'

IIb.Chl llinh)

(TP

- t4*: ,1'";iil,

ff"

(Ngt$ An)

xt

I-

BAi T10/237 z Gqi G; tit. trqng tdnt' n&t ddi

,4., c{ta 1 til diQn A,AAAr. M ld
,rit didn, bdt hi trong hhong gidnla-gqii AI,1i
didnt d6i nlng iila M qua G,. Ching ntinh. ritng
cd.c dui,ns th1ng A, fr, ou"f*K

ctian udi ctinh

x,2+x,4

x,,
xu-l*xl

>'

n
-Z

B}ri T5/237 z Cho tant. gidc ABC c6 g6c B

S0o . Dqrtg ub phia ngoiti cila ta nt. gidc nt Qt
tani giac dbu ABC. Ching ntinh. rdng :

bang

BDz=AB2+BC
NGUYEN DE
(ttdi Phdng)

cAc l6P rHPr.

BiniT&lz}7 z Cho dd'y sd ap a2, a3... thtu
mdn : a, = L e,t = 3, d-tr = 0L +2) a,,- (n *
t 7) a..-',, udi'n 2 z. riiL'idt cd cdc gid'tr[ cfia
n dd d.',,id sd chintr phuong.

NGUYBN KIIANII NCUYDN

(lldi Phdng)

FiniT7t237 z Chilng minh 1itng Ya1,.av ...,

0 ud.x1,x.>... x,r R tac6bdt dang thtlc sau:

a,r)

10

lY

Bhi L1/237:
Cho h.4 co nhtt
h.inh. ua. Ban.
ddu ntrduqc giit
cd dinlr. d d0 cao
h. so udi mqt ddt.

Sau. d6 thd. cho

hQ th6ng chuydn
dQng hh1ng ufun t6cban dd.u,, n?,l truot ffAn ntQt
phdng nghiang udi hQ sd nta sd.t K.
a) Ti nlt uQn t6c V cia nt rkhi n<i s6p cham ddt'
b) Tinh. srlc cdng T cita soi dd.Y.
Khdi luong cia dd.y ndi uit. ritng rgc hh1ng
ddng hd.
NcuvEN vAN MINtI
(Qudtrg, Ngdi)

BAi LZl237 z
ntqch diQn
nhtt hinh ua R,
= 74r, R, = 4r,
R3 = 78r, R4 =
Ch.o

9rRn:r.86

qua diQn trd cira

n6i hh6a K.
Klti K d6ng R, c6 cOng sudt tieu thtt ctlc dgi uit
(A) chi *. xac dinh sd chi (A) kki K ntd'

dd.y

"' +r,,)2 <

o11t+t *? x4

(, -r, +,+;-q,) ,. (,i * ,i

(Bhilt Dinh)

cAc ob vAr

(Thanh I I6a)

om*t

Jffi;T#

..l

Bldi T41237 z Gid. sl AA', BB', CC' lir' cd.c

duisng phd.yt gidc trong cila tant gid.c ABC. Gqi
L h giao d.idit cfia AA' uil B'C', K lit. giao didnt'.
cfia CC' uit. A'B'. Chilng minh rdng BB' Iir.phd.n
gid'c cila g6c KBL'
Luu xuAN T,NII

@t + *z +

z
NAN XUAN DANG
(Nam Dinlt)

'

NGO VAN TIIAI

(Thdi lltnh)

;i

2,; * a * c >

"=,

l-,,
^L'lffi-1

Bhi T9/237 z Ki hi4u nlot rtl6t nt', td' dQ dd'i

cdc tntng tuydn d.toc kA tui cdc Canh tuong ilng
a, b, c cia tant. gid,c ABC. Chilng ntinlt rilng :

*dbc

xl

x)

J--.t-+J

(lld Ntti)

'

Cho n sd duong x1r r2..., x,,(tL

xu *x, r, *r,

xrt'l
xu-2*x,t

TnANruANotEP

'

"
1)
' hlo + nlb + frL, >h[3
fll, t?t b tllc a{5

Bldi'l3l2g7
e N, n > 3). Chtng ntinlt:
z

'3n 'Ti
,gtt ^h
s=tl4i*rroi*2
lrs' 7 +tg' 7 )

trinh.:

Gid.i Phuong

sd S xd'c

x?

LAI TH6 HIdN

",1)

(Thdi Bhth)

7--

UhW

ryrfil*,ffi

FOR LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Tll237. Let A be a

TBl237 , Find the whole number part of the

number S defined by

.3n+t{.2n *2 -3n+ts"-2n,
T
7
V)
lts" 7
T91237.. Denote by ni.o, ntu, m., the

s = t{

" +"
1)-:-+
frlo nlb flL,
clbc

- Sa1 t[7 - Z
TBl237. Le be given z positive nurnbers
19 + 10xa - 74x2 = (5x2

x2, ...,fi,, (z N, n > 3). Prove that

x1 t

xl
x2
x3
JI
-Lr,,*r2 xr*x, xri-xr ""
xn-l
-L_

rn-zlx,,

f _

xn.

x,,-|Ixl

.L
'

>-2{g

ffLo nlb fr|,

^.
-F _ -F->_
2\'cLbcz

it?
T21237. Solve the equation

measures of the medians comesponding to the

sides q b, c of a triangle ABC. Prove that :

dieit number,
1996 digits of which are 5 and a digit is distinct
from 5. Can A be a perfect square ? ancl why is
1997

JrJ3

Trc1237, Let G, be the centre of gravity of

the face opposite to the vertex A, of a

AA{#u.

M is an arbitrary point
in space, let M, be the symmetric point of M
about Gr. Prove that the'linesA;It[iQ =7lZ) ur"
tetrahedron

concurent.
\

,,,,IW

';|,'\ffi-t1

BB', CC' bethe inbisectors

of the triangle ABC, L be the point of
intersection of A'A and B'C', K be the point of
intersection of C'C and A'Bl. Prove that BB, is
the bisector of the angle KBL
T
5lP37. Let be given a triangle ABC, t]ne
angle B of which is equal to B0o. Construct in
the outside of ABC the equilateral triangle
ACD. Prcve that BD2 - /52 + BC2

vE cAcH GtAt Ar0r nAr roAx

rHr hQC stNri Gr6l I (lnir

T 41237 . Let AA',

FOR UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLS

or,

TBl237. The sequence of numb erc a1 , a2,

".. satisfies at-7,a2=3, an*t= (n*Z)arr-

-(n+1)a,_rforn>2.
Find all values of n such that an is a perfect
square.
T71237. Prove that for all positive numbers
a.1 , a2 t ,.. t alst for
all real numbers

rt

, rtt(z e N, n >- 2) and for every'nz

N, we have the inequality :

x1 t

t ...

Trong ki thi chon hoc sinh gi6i todn qudc

1995 nron to6n idp 9 c<i bii to6n : Tim sd tq
.

nhian

h bn

nhd.t th6a ntdn d.ibu

kiQn

(1994 t)rees ehia hdt cho 1995k.

Cd thd srl dung kiSn thrlc vd phd.n nguyn
cfia mQt sd dd giAi rdt ngdn gon : Nh{n thdy :

199# = (3. 5. 7 . lqk = 3l' .5k .7k . l*,dodd

chi cdn tim sd mii l6n nhdt cria thrla s6 nguyOn

td 19 trong s6 (1994 r)lees

56 mrl ldn nhdt cria 19 trong 19g4 ! bing

Itgg+l.L-l
Irgg+l
:104*5=1oe

L--]

Suy ra sd mt l6n nhdt cta thta s6 nguy6n

td 19 trong (1994 1;toos bing 109. lg95 th6a
m6n : (1994 r)'lees chia h6t cho 1995k.
NGUYEN VAN VINH
(Tp

IIb Cht Mintr.)

a!::*1
^ ,dl*l +... +;q)
("*
n4$fx2+".tu,)'<

x)
x?'
, x2,+-:
(:
+...
+--a\
'
"'
)'
o,! o,),
1

o,,,,,

wheres=at*ar*...+an.

11

Ddnh cho cdc bgn chudn b! thi vdo Eqi hqc

\

At

- 1--

'r

qtlElu Tttugo
quATTuBAl
T0A1{
T0ilG
I

TR.INFI TUAN
(Thanh II6a)

Bdt dine thrie ltrong gi6c trong tam gi6c ld

m6t chri A6-trap d6n vd llt thf . Nhttng dAy cflng
ld n6i to cho rdt nhi6u b-an hing nam khi brrdc
vio c6c ki' thi dai hoc. Trong bii vidt ng6n niy,
chringta 6tng tim hidu theniv6 mQt s6bdt ding
thtic him tang vi him cotang'
Blri to6n | (1*a) Cho LABC nhqn thi
tgA + tgB + tgC >- 3'[3
@0 dA thi DH sd 88112)

(1-b) cho AABc'thi

,rt

* rrlZ *

t$,

AB

,s-rrs;

ABC

tt

ry.2,,! +

ta

GiAstt A nhgn tgA,tgB,tgCld 3 nghiQm crla

trinh

thi

HSG PTTH toitn Etdc 1988)

Tir bai todn (1-b) ta thdy cd rdt nhi6u c6ch

chfug minh
Binh phrrong 2 vd ctia (1-b) thi dttqc bdt
'^A.B.C
dfrng thrlc dring ' t85 + tg'i 1tg'Z >
>

tS

AB
2tg Z

B C
AC + tgitgT
Z

thi DHGiao th6ng VQn tdi 1996)

Ndu bi6t kdt hop c6c bdt ^ding thrlc niy l4i
ta sE dtrgc c6c bni k6d dgp, ch&ng han nhd (2-b),
:

(n*

. A B C,'t 26
(rs zrsireZ)' = *thi

ry'*,* E'g)

A dri d6u._

Ctric ring ddn dAy cric b4n sE nghl d5n vic

tdng quSt bii todn niy. Hoin toan tudng trr cho
bii to6n md r6ng cira hirm cotang :
Bd.i tod.n 2 : Cho LABC
(2-c) cotgA * cotgB * cotgC >-'[T

Cric ban s6 nhfn dugc c6c bdt ding thrlc dqp

nhrr him tang. Xin chrlc.cdc ban thinh c6ng
trong k! thi viro clai hqc siP tdi.
C6c tran h6y luyQn qua ba bii to6n sau :
Biri L : Cho A nhgn ABC Chtlng minh :
QgAlt# x (tgBltea x QgQtsc, (rl5)3
Bd.i 2 : Cho A ABC nhgn Chrlng minh :

Biti 3 : Cho AABC nhgn. Chring minh

(2-b)

LE drrong nhi6n chring ta cbn nhfln dugc

t2

@A

tge+tgB +tgC

vd nhu v$y ta nh{n duoc

ding thtlc

\">gl
Ilil

EsA + rysB-+ Es.c >

? qv

+ tgVtg

,r't * rr'|7 * r4,

(4-b)

(z-dt cot$ + cots!, + cot$> 3{5

x3+px2*qx*p=O,q*l
thip<-3{5,g>1
@e

r*i

cho AABC ndu

< -3{'5.

B,t-

,{i

+ tg6B *

> }3{ltgugatg$ .- I
thi ta nhQn drrgc bii todn

*,e,2,,

khi n = 3 thi ta duoc :

Chf \, rdns
-.8-'--_.C
* r{-Z *
-- ua" = khi AABC d6u
fr

(3-b)

Ndu ta d,at -p=tgA+tgB+tgC:+p

q = tgAtgB + tgAtgC + tgBtgC >

phrrong

,,

cci

tgbC >- 8L
(Db DH Thuong m,ai 1996)
tguA

rro,Z

^A ^B ^C
tg'2+tgzr+tgz,

d<j

n=

(3-b)

@*)"*(,r*)"+1ts$1".-

A d6u (Db

D+c bi6t vdi

Ddu = A ddu.
ThAt vAy :

Q-a)

(4-a),

= gi,

Nhd bdt ding thtlc (2-b) vn bdt dang thfc

COsi suy r6ng ta sE cri bdi to6n tdng qu6t :
Cho AABC, n N* thi :

{5

ta drrgc Min(tgAtgBtgg = 3{5:

thi s6 1O II, - B0 dO thi)
Tr) (2-a) vi bdt ding thrlc COsi cho ta
tgzA + tgzB + tg2C > 3rq5ilBT = 9 (B-a)
Tdng qu5t h<ia bAi torin : Cho LABC nhon, z
e N- thi ta cci :
tgl,A+tgt,B +td,C > 3 3\i1@{E'i- (4-a)
Nhd (2-a) vd bdt ding thtlc COsi ta dugc
vn

AC + tg
I+
t*rts,
2t$ z =

t$ts"Ut$

gi6i quydt (1-a) thi kh6ng cd gi drlng bAn

nhung tt (1-a) cho ta

tgA.tgB.tgc\>3,{3

BC

tt

t*A !l{B:t{s
-tgmAdlAf

>
r"'
? orrr

(Dd thiHSG ldp 11 TP HeNQivdng2 1991

1992)

C/or lfuEa

ndl

AeEe

"sd'

trffiffiM @@M@ tr@frM ffi@e

TRAN VAN

(1777

- 1855), nhi torin hoc thi6n tii ngudi Dttc

- Org Hodng cira todn hoc. Ngay tt khi m6i 3
tudi, tfc ld d c6i tudi ,'mdu giao b6", Gauss de

bdc 16 nang khidu tinh torin chinh x6c. Tuong

truy6n ring vio ntOt ngiy thft Z, b6 ctia Gausi

phAi thuc hin m6t bAng thanh to6n, Iric linr

qui tinh torin cria ninh
cho m6t ngudi ban thi b6ng 6ng nghe thdy tr)
phia giudng tr6 cd tidng goi cria Gau1s, drla con
xong, 6ng doc lai c6c kdt

ba tudi cria 6ng:

. Cha oi, cha tinh nhdrn rdi, phAi

thdniy m6i
dring co.,
Cha ctia Gauss kidm tra lai cd.cph6p tinh vn
thdy Gauss de tinh dting. L6n bay tirdi, adn
trtrdng hgc, m6t ldn Gauss d6 lAm thdy girlo
sirng sd vi ciu da tinh nhdrn qua nhanh ttng
cdc sd tu nhi6n tt I ddn 100. Khi vio dai hoc tdng
hqp, ngay sau nem thf nhdt Gauss aa giii OuoI
phuong trinh Xl7 - 1 = 0 vi dua ra c:ich-dtrng da
fl1"^d6"

17 canh bang thudc vA com

C}

PI.IAM VAN IIUNG

tt

didn tidng Vi6t "Thdn d6ng lA dtla

tr6 thOng minh kh:ic thtrdng cci'nang khidu dAc
bi6t" v6 m6t linh vUc nio d<i. Trong lich stt torin
hoc di c6 rdt nhi6u thdn d6ng, nhrrng trong
k_h.uOn khd hqn hgp cta m6t bni bao, chung t6i
chi ccj th6" gidi thiQu mdt sd trong c6c chAn dung
cria cdc thdn ddng todn hoc.
C<i 16 chung ta n6n bdt ddu tif C.F. Gauss
Theo

NIIUNG

pa. Sau nay

khi Gauss mdt, theo di chric, ngudi ta di khdc tr6n

bia m6 6ng ur6t da giric d6u 1? canh.
(1909 - 19gZ), nhi todn
-hocA.N.Kolmogorov
l6n cria Li6n X6 (tru6c cldy), ngay ti khi z
tudi, 6nq_di phrit hi6n ra ring, t ig
= 22,I +

3+5 = 82 ; I +B +b + 7 =42,..Nam

92 tudi

Kolmogorov lA tidn si torin - li, 86 tudi lA vi6n

si chinh thrlc Vi6n hdn lAm khoa hoc Li6n X6
llyd:.qaf l, 6ng ia nha kh;; h;" ucu uiari"o"s
di6u.k_hidn hgc hiQn dai. Trong linh wc niy 6ng
cri nhtrng-tu tudng quan trong, giA thuye-t cl6i
d:io vA nhi6u ti6n dorin trio bao.
.^Kolrlo-qorov dd.c bi6t quan tdm tdi vi6c phrit
,hiQn;va
bdi duong nhtrng nang khidu torin hoc
.trq Ong cri rdt nhi6u budi nrji chuyOn vi grang
bdi cho hoc sinh trung hoc. 6ng 6 ;U; lrorg
nfttn^S
sri.nS. tqn ta trying phd thonfr
lc_.ld.i.
ch.uyan ngy.l!gidnh cho cdc hoc sintr trung troi
cci nang khidu v6 to6n-vi vai li. Trudnf nny
dugc d4t tai D4i hqc Tdng hop qu6c gia inang
t6n Lomonosov. Kolmogorov-cdn li-sang ei
vi6n cira tap chi Co hoc tuqng rA tXgAHi), t+p

chi ddnh cho hoc sinh y6u thich torin vi vdt li.
Ong dd lAm phri tdng bi6n tqp td b6o ndy tt khi
sring l6p cho ddn khi tr) gia cu6c sdngvi torin hoc,
Khi ncii v6 c6c thdn ddng to6n hoc, s6 khidm
khuydt ndu kh6ng nh6c ddn cric thdn dong torin
hoc ctia Hung - ga - ri, m6t trong nhttng ddt
ntldc cci nhi6u thdn d6ng torin hoc tr6n th6gi6i.
MOt nhi to6n hoc l6n da phdn tich nguy6n nhAn
"gidn" thdn d6ng cria Hung - ga - ri nhu sau :
dey ln ddt nudc cci truy6n thdng to6n hoc lAu
ddi, to6n hoc duoc gleng day trong trudng phd
thOng gdn tram nam nay, c:ic ki thi hoc sinh
gi6i to6n da cci tham ni6n hon 75 n6m, nhrr ki
thi mang t6n E-6-vdt Ku-ro-sec. Gdn ddy c6c
ki thi hoc sinh gi6i do dAi truy6n hinh td chrlc
di thu hirt duoc nhi6u ngudi xem, cric thi sinh
tham du ki thi phAi trA ldi cdc c6u h6i rdt l6t 16o
trong vbng 2 - 3 phrit, tham gia ban girim khAo
cci cdc nhA torin l6n cta Hung-ga-ri. Chinh srr
quan tAm cria qudc gia vd dAn t6c tdi nhtng hoc
sinh cci rrang khi6u v6 torin hoc dd lim cho ddt
nudc Hung-ga-ri c<i nhi6u nhd torin hoc.
Paul Erdos ld m6t trong nhirng nhi torin hoc
vA cung li thdn dd_ng ndi tidng Hung-ga-ri, 6ng
11", 1913. Ngay tt khiB tudi, 6ng da cci
"jl.h
thd tinh to6n chfnh xdc vdi nhtrng con-sd khd
ldn. Theo Erdos, hai trong s6 nhtrrie phdt minh
l6n nhdt cira ddi 6ng IA : khi lon 4 t;di Erdos d6
nrji vdi rne 6ng reng ndu ldy 1b0 trrl di 2b0 thi
so dudc 100 dudi kh6ng, vi l6n b tudi 6ng di
thdi gian maldu h6a cdn co ac'Jtriv
lilhquAlrg:
td
ddt l6n ddn mat trdi. N6m 1g tudi Erdos
dd dUa ra crich chdng minh dinh li Tr6-btr-s6p :
lu6n cci m6t s6 nguyn td girra n vd 2n.
Erdos li mdt ntri "truy6n gizio" kh6ng m6t
Tgi *" lg11 !,b" 6ng ra [a"-gia [.a" aAig ta"
giA cria
1500 bai bdo, vn cOn! tac v6i cric nhi
torin lrgc nhi6u hon bdt ct? ai trong lich st khoa
lS9. 9"9 rAt_quan tAm diu d6t edc thdn d6ng
torin hgc vi khoi gdi nhirng f tudne torin hoI
cho ho.
Puqi d?y lir nhtrng thzin d6n! torin hgc
cci quan h6 it nhi6u v6i Eidos.
- Posa rnQt thdn d6ng dE trd thinh girio vi6n
cria nhung hoc sinhy6u torin. Khi posalhua ddy
12 tudi, trong mQt bta 6n, Erdos dd ra cho c8u
bd bai to6n sau : "chfng minh rang n6u
d+
1) sd n^guy6n duo_ng nh6 hon ho4Jbing "J
2n thi
trong dri lu6n cci 2 sd nguyOn t6 ctrne nh-au". D6
ding chrlng minh drrgc rirng dinh li"kh6ng cbn
{f
Tg St o trudng hop n sei, ,i-n6u ban ldy bOi cria
2 thi khOng c6 2 s6 nio trong ac; ta nluyen td
13

cilng nhau. Thrlc ra rndy nim trtrdc.dd Erdos

da c-hrlng minh drloc bdi to6n ndy, nhrrng 6ng
cung phli rndt 10 phirt dd tim ra ldi giAi ngin
gorlPo"u an srip va sau dd n<ii : "N6u ta cci (n *
drring nh6 hon ho4c bdng 2n t}rrt 2
i) tO
"guycn
ta # nguy6n liQn tidp vi do dcj
hO
#
trong
"o td cung n-hau". Erdos d6 rdt xric
chrlng nguy6n
dQng vir 6ng d6nh g16 sU kiQn nay ngang vdl vrqc
Gau-ss tim ria tdng cta cdc sd nguy6n tit 1 d6n 1 00'
Sau dri Erdos d6 ra cho Posa c6c bii to6n sau I
1. Ndu ta cti mQt dd thi 2n dinh va (n2 + 1)
c4nh thi nri ludn chrlamQt tamgi6c (dnyldtnldng
ho.p d4c bi6t ctra dinh li Turan ndi tidng).
2. Cho m6t chu6i v6 h4n rnd sd h4ng th(t n
cria nci dttgc x5c dlnh nhrr sau :
Trl sd ln 1, mdu s6 ld bOi s6 chung nh6 nhdt
oiuacdcsd nguyn tir 1 ddn n. Chrlngminh ring
tdng cta chu6i dci li m6t sd v6 ti.
Erdos nhQn x6b ring viQc chrlng minh hai
khing dlnh tr6n ln kh6ng kh<i nhung mQt cAu
bd l, tudi mi lim drlgc thi that dring ng4c
nhi6n. Khi Posa 13 tudi, Erdos da giai thich cho
cQu dinh li Ramsay v6i trrrdng hgp k = 2' Dinh
li drroc ph6t bidu nhrl sau :
GiA sii ta cd rnQt dd thi vO han, khi d<i nri s6
chrla hodc li mQt d6 thi v6 han ddy dfr ho5c li
rnQt t{p hgp dQc lAp vO hqn, nc5i mQt cdch kh6c
la tdn iai mOt tQp hqp v0 h4n sao cho bdt ki 2
trong sd cdc dinh nio ctta nd cfng kdt hgp dugc
hoac khong crj bdt ki 2 dinh nio ctta nri kdt hqp
drroc. PhAirndt 15 ph0t dd Posa hidu dudc bei
to6n, cAu di v6 nhA, suy nghi v6 bDri to6n su6t cA
chi6u t6i vi dd tim ra ldi giAi trudc khi di ngt.
BAi b6o ndi tidngnhdt vi dttoc trich ddn nhi6u
nhdt ctra Posa vidt v6 c6c dttdng Hamilton, Posa
vidt bdi b5o niy khi c4u vita 15 tudi.
d H.rng-g.-ri, tr6 em hoc 8 nam tiiu hoc vd
4 nim trung hgc, cci c6c tnldng trung hgc
chuy6n todn gidnh cho hgc sinh cci nSng khidu
v6 to6n. Posa de vio hgc tnldng niy vi cAu rdt
thich. Posa cho Erdos bidt ring trong l6p c6 c6c
ban nam gi6i todn sd cdp hon c{u, mQt trong sd
nhitng ngrldi dd la L. Lovasz. HiQn nayLovasz
li ngudi thann dat nhdt trong sd c5c thdn d6ng
torin hgc ctia Hung-ga-ri, s{ nghiQp cta Lovasz
khong bi gi6n doan nhtt cira Posa, Lovasz b5t
ddu str ngtriOp khoa hoc hoi muQn 6 tudi 17 (so
v6i Posa)-, nhrrng di rdt xudt s5c trong linh vgc
todn td hop. Anh ln ngrtdi ddu ti6n dua ra ph6p
dttng d6 thii d6i v6i s6 s6c sai l6n tiy y vir chu vi
l6n tiy y. Lovasz dd tim cdch gi6i bdi torin nly
tt khi hgc trudng trung hgc vi d6 ra ph6p dltng
rdt kh6o vd khd. Lovasz da trd thdnh m6t trong
sd cric nhi to6n hgc hing ddu, cOng trinh nghiOn
crlu cria anh v6 hgp s6 va vd khoa hoc rn6y tinh
sO tdn tai hiLng th6 ki, c6ng trinh nghi6n cfu v6
x5c sudt ctng rdt quan trgng. Vq anh, Kati
Lovasz cfrng li nhd to6n hgc nhung thi6n v6
Hinh hgc, chi cci m6t sd bii brio vidt chung vdi
Erclos. Cd m6t giai thoqi v6 ddi vo chdng ndy :

t4

Khi Lovasz vdo trtldng trung hoc chuy6n to6n,

anh ban hqc cirng theo dudi c0 con g6i
"a
"a"
(cflng hoc to:ln), hai c4u d6 nghi c6
nhi
chri
bi
b6 llra chgn, cO b6 ndi ring "TOi s6 chqn. ngudi
nio'chrlng minh drroc thuy6t Riemann" vi c6
chgn Lovasz, cd d5, trd thirnh Kati Lovasz'
Pelikan crlng ld mQt trong cdc hqc sinh drrgc
Posa dSnh giala gi6i torin sd cdp hon minh'
Pelikan nghion crlu chrl ydu v6 li thuydt dd thi'
-a mrt tai cu6c h6i th6o v6 li thuydt
cd
Nhtrng ai
dd thi8 Tihany nim 1966 ch6c cbn nhd anh,
khi dd Pelikan vira t6t nghi6p trung hqc, anh
d6 trinh bhy cdc kdt qu& nghi6n crlu cta minh
bing tidng Anh, c6c kdt quA dtrgc trinh bdy rdt
tintr-ttrOng vd mqch lac, khci ai c<i thd tin ring
dd li cac bAi giAng ddu ti6n cta anh'
Cbn rdt nhi6u, rdt nhi6u thdn d6ng nta mi

chring t6i kh6ng thd vd crlng kh6ng dtr khA nang

dd ti; hidu hdt vn gidi thiQu v6i cric ban. Dcj ld
cdc nhd bi6n soan tt
mOt c6ng vi6c thri ,ri
"rit
didn Danh nhAn. Di6u dring nrii d d6y le ffit ce

thdn ddngd6u say m6 torin hgc ddn mrlc khri

tA, hg crj thd nghi v6 to6n, tim ldi giei cho bdi
cdc

to6n ngay cA trong bta 6n, khi di choi lang

thang va cO ttrd ngay cA trong gidc ngtr (ai mi
bi6t duoc). Mu6n trd thinh ngudi tdi trong bdt
crl linh vuc nao, di6u kiQn cdn Ih b4n phAi say
mO linh vgc dci, vd phAi ddu tu nhi6u thdi gian
cho nci.

Kh6ng phAi tdt ch cAc nhh to6n hqc d6u dd

ting l}r thdn ddng, vd kh6ng phAi bdt crl thdn
ddng toan hgc nio crlng trd thdnh nhi todn hqc'
Vi vfy chring t6i xin chric c.ic ban tr6 y6u to6n
(de ttng ho4c chrra trlng ln thdn ddng.torin) trd
thdnh cric nhd to6n hoc ndi tidng c<i nhi6u cdng
hi6n vDr mang lai ni6m tU hao cho Ddt nttdc.
DINII Li4 DIbM

...

(Tidp theo bta 4)

vu6ng ABCD ta ldy do4n B[ =
hinh
4. TrCn canh BC c0a
BCl3, rrn doan DC k6o dAi ta l6y do4n CF BClz' Chtry
minh'giao di6m ciaAE v?t BF rim trCndudng trdn ngoai tidp
hinh vudnglBCD.
(7'hir,6 dich llungai 1951)

5. Cho ngu giAcABCDE

co,

A: 6= str ;AE = BC'

Ch0ng minh 3 oudng thing di qua 3 dinhl, &

vn6ng g6Jvcii cac canl CA DE vi AB ddng quy.

D ldn luqt

rfr lud,N
Mong mudn cira tfic gii sau biri vi6t niy lir dtlgc c59
yCu rodn-itng dUng dinh

glal quydt m6t ltip c6c

tiq

bii

ttq

Oi6m nhu le mQt phtltlng ph6p,d

toSn ch(tng minh "hai duiing thing

w6ng g6C'.
Chrlc c6c bqrn ph6t hin nhifu bai to6n hay khi sil.dung
phudng ph6p naY.
3. Cho hinh $tdnE ABCD, / lh diOm hdt ki tr6n c4nhAB (l
kh6czl vir B). Ti aDl dtlr.aCB tai E. Dutrng thf,ng C/ cit drrong
rhinglE tqli ,tl. Ctt,rng minh r5ng dutlng thing DE wdng goc
vcti drtctng lh{ng BM.
(Thi chon hqc sinh gi6i tp l-ld Chi Minh 93 - 94)

/q?

^.8

,E

ffi{}ru Tfr}ffiffi X$mffi

fr}ffi T$f,H TU$Wffiru SEffiX{

TRUOI{G DAI HOC XAV DLING

'

(Thtli giah lam'uai lso phfit)

CAu II. la) (0,5d) (*) lr + ll +zlx - 1l =
CAu I t Cho hitnt sd y-x3+mx2-gx-gm uoi
nt ld, tlmnt sd.
= s{tz=- dk lrl > 1
1) Tint nhftng didnt c6 dinh md db thi hirnt
' Ndur < -1 (.).=-3, * I = 3frz-t .=
sd ludn di qua udi ntoi gid. tri cila nt.
(-Br+t;z=91x2-\<+6r
- 10<+r = 5/3 v6li
2) Xac dinh nt dd db thi cia hdnt sd tidp xic
*' Ndu x >- | (-) .=3r
udi truc ho?r.nh.
-1 = 3f7-1 .=
*
CAu II : 1) Cho phuong trinh
<+Gr
@x - 112 992 - 1)
- 10<+r = b/8. V4y
x
+
5l3ld
nghi6m.
Il
mlr
*
1l
(nt
t),[7
=
1.,
4
udi
nt
..
.+
lit thant s6.
lb) (1d) C6ch 1. (-) lr + 1l + ntlx -tl =
a) Gidi phuong trinh khi nr = 2.
= (nt * 1){-t2 -Tdk lrl > l. Dor = 1 kh6ng
b) Gidi uir biQn luQn phuong trinh dd cho.
ld nghi6m n6n
2) Gidi bd,t phuong trinh
(*) <+
log;z-*

+r{W

CAu
_

III

-z,-: <+

1) Gid.i phuong

^1+
cos)"r * sinTr

g(cos3r

tfinh

2) lgc goc A, B, C ci,a tant gidc ABC

ntd.n dibu hiQn:

*cosB * cosC :

C lulng

CAu

- (nt + t)t *nt = 0 v6i, =

1
lrtr= p1

* sin5r)sin2r =

* sinx

= cosr

cosA

*,,=1,,*,;ffi=,
l-l
I
I
l;+1

(*)

"i"f; "i"f, + "irf,

minh rdng tant gidc ABC tdtant giac d eu.

[V

Chilrug ntinh

cd.c

- r,

the

bdt dd.ng thtlc sau :

*'

ffi=

fi

- r, =

1v6rf,n,r*

= nL vdnghiQm ndu nr : I
( = /,
nt < O.
X6t0<nt*l=+r*1
= m2(x - 1) +
t2

={=

theo *) hoic

1l

1n*
r : --I ,--I th6a m6n dk lrJ >
nL'- l

{J4

< 0 ho6c nl = I pt v6 nghi6m,

l*nJ
0 < nz ;* 1nghi6mr =

1)et>1*xudintoix*0

?[er774*r4!n
_. Cdu Y : Trong met phdng u6i
Db cqr uuOng g6c xOy, cho elip

KCi luQn : nt

hQ

truc tga

dQ

x2 y2
;+-=ludia>b>0
b.
1) Goi E lir didnt tity j,thuQc etip, ching t6

nr2-l

Cfch2,PgdBl'l >t+lr*11
=
xt, - | n6n binh phtrong 2 v6 c:iua (')'vAlr-tl
nit gon
ta dttqc phuong trinh hQ quh, (mz - 1)r -

rdngb<OE<a.

=nr2+L.
*

2) A, B ld hai d,idnt thuQc elip sao cho OA

uuOng g6c u6i OB. Hay xd,c dinh ii ti A, B tren
eltp dd tant g.idc OAB co di2n tich lon nhdt, nh6
nhdt. Tint gid, tri l6n nhdt, nh6 nhdt d,O.

*' y6i nt.* !, -l x | * nt'Z hi6'n

nhi6n th6a
- n*
-l
min dk lrl > 1 thay vdo pt (.) :

Ndu nt =

VT(*)'.=

oAP AN
Cnu I (l,b d). 1) (0,5d). Ggi (xo, Jo) Id didm
c6 dinh cdn tim. a nt(xo -gX% +"S; =r;
- 9xo - le: 0 v6i V m. + Hai didm cd dinh dcj
la (-3, 0) vd (3, 0)

ht

ffi

l\l2ntl

*l

ho4ent = -1 thi pt v6 nghi6m.

+2m

2nr(m + l) .VP(') =
=
lrrr-l
lrrr:Ll '

2n*

khi ddvT(') =

Kdt luAn : m < 0 hoec nt

\D(') khinr > 0

=

pt v6 nghi6m,

0 < nr * l nghiQm * ='!"'

n*-l
2) (1d). Dd th! eria him sd
2) (1d) Di6u ki6n dd cdn thrlc cd nghia ("*)
! = x3 + nwZ - gx - gm ti6p xric v6i Or khi chi
I +{5 .
1-il5 .
khi phttong trinh 13 + nrx2 - gr - gm. = 0 c6 *, --Z
hodc r .
2 Khi dd co sd
nghiOm kdp <+ (r + 3)(r - BXr * nz) = 0 cci
nghi6nr kdp+ny = -S lidac nr'= B
xz -x * I > I =+

15

(*).*r2 -x -21 Q<+-1 < r

(*.), nghiQtn cta (-) li -1 < r

2. KdlhqP

X6t

1-v3 u^
--z-

11

a2Oz(t

-______=_=

OAIOBZ

+ @2 -bz)znz
a4b41t + k z
n2)z

I b) - b2\2 7rz
1+{5 <x<z'
=' a4b4 (l + hrz
2
"rb,
11
111
CAu III (2d). 1)( 1ctl cos5r*sin7r+|tcos3r+
=
4SLonn azbz
orbz
-g4zgpz
+sinsr) x sin 2.x = co sx I sinx e cosJr(cosr * si ttx)
(a2 -A\21
|

@z -t]12 P2
*sin6r(cosr +sinr) = cosx * sinx
'
=
.lF- O;FF n2b2 a4b4 4
(cosr *sinr)(cosar + sinor - 1) : 0
.
"=n 1f,y 1a <+
*
l

*sinr = Qeaa = 3nl4+ kn

"oo
** cos4r * sin6r = 1 Do cost < cos2r vaf

sinor < sin2r n6n phttong trinh <=r = hnlZ

2) (1d) Gie thidt
cosA +cosB *cosC =

Do cosA * cosB <

"-"

xAy ra khi vA chi khi

cosC + cos,A (

zsinf, *

cosC

*cosB *cosC <

Ding thfc xAy ra khi

taau

= rrrnf,

e-

Cau IV : (1, 5d)" 1) (ld) X6t ham

f(x\ :et - I -r. f @\ = et - 1 ddi ddu tit -sang
iqu"r:0 -ikidat min t4ir = 0+fk) =
et - 1 -r > f(0) : 0 vdiVr * 0,dPcm

lrl

i,*
o

[0, 1]

"wi '

1+--1l+x:2

= 1+[dpcm

CAu V: (2,5d). l\ (1d) C6ch 1. Gqi E(x, Y)

tiry y thuOc elip, khi dci (clqll j:o),

i f o')rz
"r- <{;ry :
,:r1f.r
ifr:1
f
*
f,, ,,
or=1xz+azr. ="ll

b*h="

Cdch 2. D16n E(r, y) tuyy thu@ elip, khi

d<i

toa

2) (1,'sa) C6ch 1. Goiy = hxld'phttong trinh

drrdng th&ng OA, khi dci cci thd tinh OA (theo
. azbz1l + h21

Itl. OAt=---:-:----

P2o2

thing
o26\1 1P2)
0+ OBt = ---:----------a2 q 11262
Phttong trinh dudng

16

-^

OB

thi

*l# #l

=,u\l ;.;\l p +1 =ab

* s^rAs =!n^rs-,., = f;otrva

"

va

a2b2

chi khi

= t r?tzu.dxz= #rmat khric do oA

hay xrxr*yPr=o

r oB

, a2,
+ Ygz(-i)
=o

! t! z :0 + A, B ld cilc dinh cira eliP'

'* St dgng c6c ki hiQu nhu c6ch l, x6t

a2b2

k,9 cria E cci thd vidt d.td, !+rgl --qjo"t2,

r'= bsin,p + b ( OE = {7cq{9Rt&g < a

Storto.!'ua'

1__rl 1 .- | *l="':!'
S^r*= '1AOE oA' ' oa'- azbz

dQ

62

non

zstotn= lrlz-rlrl =
I r--n? t ," y;

==>

d,, [ (1+#,).i,
r 14
o'

*o

p2 +b\'
C6ch 2.'Gie sitA(r,, !),8(x2,Y2) khi dd

"min

dpcm.

vdi Vx

tr6n elip (to, 0) hoac (0, +b) vh S*r*=*

** Bdt ding thfc thrl hai ddu "="-xAy ra +
k2 = { + S onird4t rnin tuong fng vdi cric didm

chi khi A = B = C

2) (0,5)Sir dUng 1) ta dttoc

do

ab t ab
tren elip (x.yp
5ry52)

ABC
sinT +sin7 +sin7'

vi

= o,nhtrng

Sooan-9.VAv Sxr,t,dat max tai cric didm

A = B)

Tudng tu cosB

cosA

zsid

lt,

kh6c khiA, B ld c6c didm trirng v6i dinh elip

c
B
A
si5 +sin7 +sin7

z"olf=

Bdt ding thrlc thtl nhdt ddu

y = -xlh

(h

= s,in =;;Ukhi
+

vd ctri

thi oA = oB

oz6z11 + hz)
azb2(! + kz\
^ :+l:-=i:z
OBt = ----:--l=
oZ I P'262
62 11r2o2
hay oz 1P262 = 62 1P2o2 e ftz = | <+

OAz =

S orro6d,4tmin trlong tlng vdi c5c didm tr6n elip

(

azbZ
ab va snxn
ab *-1;Z;7)
=
t6ry,
@4 b\

I)ANG I]iNI i IiICI

Dinh

l-i

4 did,m vo coch ch0ng minh

#A-VNN r=t NN vN$\NN S$s YNI- N#rN

:lIl

(hay mri rdng dinh

li Pitago)

V0 KIM III'I

,t

wt<i n(lNr; DtNu

1('iut l ltrt

I'n'nt;ovi

Li

u'N<; t)UN(i :
('h Ling t;i di r1u::r tlucn t hu6c vtii r.tinh li I,i tago
ch() t:t nt gi ac
wra)ng: lJirlr plttntnt corth hrr.t?n bittr{ riirrr hinh
lthuottg ltui
cuttlt {rc wtitr{.
Niu xcm dinh li pitago li
l)inh li clro J dibnr :

('lro 3 didm ..11i(, Al) wrirng gtic viti A(' +

,tll2 +1;Z:6r'2
Li nrit r'rttg drurg ciru linh li .i lidn :
(.hitng minh
Etc ltA('li gric rtrtlng khi
iiltl +;t(2 : 8t.2.
tlri t:r co rhi nr,i rrlng dinh li .l tlitinr rhinh
I)inh li.l dibur rrllrr sarr :

Vllr' ..1(' r..trOng !I(ic

Mt2t s6 h0 qrrri :

tn6t tin( dtnt: dinh li 1 diitrt

hli rluirng 111in* A('r,:r
''t tl2

IT (-II(TN(;

zll) r,tt0ng Ettc ll(' +.4('l +11112 = 157'2 a1112

Nhirr r6t ring :
;t. Khi ,4 : /) l:r cti tlinfi li pitag6 ch6 t:tnt gi::rc,41l('w6ng

vi

lrrC-t

hri;t nr6r

= ,2

zr,r, + tn2 + n2

Alj2 =

rny2

112

112

qud

gidc

AB(', R('A,, ('At}.

rrtint wti l), bitt rntng ha.t,btrr

.l(,Ltt lr('...

I'ltii

IIII2 + (',t.2 = 1 172 a g1.2

Itt-2 +.,t R'2 + I IA2 + c R.2
= 12

ltturnt

tltdttt ll('.
b) ('h1n drdng c.ao Il
t'tio drlnt cuo.4'l j61i2 1u,r,
.qic A'lt(' ci ri r[ hitr trdi,

-,n12 +

B('2 -* b2 + c2

9116

- )rln + tn2 + n2

khit plriu t.ti /l

<:ri

(c

/i/) p6ng

+ Rt'2

. . lldi ttttitr rrt n d itt, tri u .ttt dit, d ti <. tic trui ng ltop .tth, ru ii
tltr'rrrt trtirrlt tltut ctlclt thing thLrilng rhl rdt vd't'vii,a ,ii ,nie,
s6r, tlri ntrt rttit s6 tnrlrng hop :
a) A'ctittg, pltlu lutdc

(it.ri I l l:r giarr 111.in, .,i-,

h:ri tlttitng vu6ng gri(.I I yi1
/i \'. 'l hrrr tlinh li J rJidm rrr

('hLtng rninh:

t'tl2

Ati

Chrirrg rninh

/l l:tm tntc

I )(t,1, tt ).

ng7 6'v:r

Nt(rr s6 BAr'[o^N Gr,tt r,iN<; llgNll t,i q orhtr

Nhiin xft

l:^in

itlltng rhing wring

AI]2 = ,2 + lr2

d Uitng 1[;j

= 1ll2 +

uilt

c(t

lung la co : /l1r). h). (;(.,i

'l-a

tlB('

= A(" ; llA' : IJ(" vd ('A' = ('1j,.

(' h.ttt g m i t t I t c dc I n) n t ilri rt qu
u c tlc. d id r n A., B', C, v itrt
;;
.
s1c t't1i tdc corth I](, ('A vd AB ditng quy.

truric khi x('t rrttirng hrrp t6ng qtriit.

S;ru dliy li ciich clrflng
minh dinh lt I diirtt lting
pht,rlng phiip t0;r dr^r :
(-ll(.)n,\( l:r lruc hrrirnlr,
l:r (rr : rl (u. lt) : ('((. {,}.
Sor vrti,4(' di tlu:r

nrinh h:ri

giAc

Allt' o llA2 + Ilt'2

All'

ll vt K trinAB.
tl : XellA2 +KB2 : X,t2 + ttn2

('hr.rn_

ch irng

litm

('lt(' tunt gidc Alt{-. !)urtt cdt rutn

[r. ('ho rltrrrn thing

larnr r;rnr giic

.\u() (h() :

It'2 =,1(') *t t 82
d:lc

Muiin

llrii torin I

,-lll li drkrng c:ro e

nU;r

./1 lir trUc tarnt

At'2 : ltr') + 1g2.

+t

/) :
// lir tnlc
tr. Khi

vtii nh:ru te chilng ntinh: Al]2 + ('t)2 =

c(t thC d--rc [)irrt ll(i:t titng

lrLtrt'ch[lng ntinh nhu vtu
:r. ('ho l:tnr gii,tc,4lt('.
B)

,1.

c.

I\IINII:

ViCt'rinr toi clrrlng n.rinlr

dinlt li I rlitjrn cfing r:ir hiilr
tl;'rn. vr stI d;r J.tng ctl;t r.:ic
Ir ti'tnq Ir tl) 6ia
Ph:i i xr't rlcin.

,t

riing trinh Phrt(lng h:rr c:.rnh diii diencira rit gi;ic tung
lrinh llhLllng h:ri tlLlilng chi'o thi lt:ri canh diri rliCn con lai
til gi:ic vr-rong g(lc \,(ii nh;ru vir ngU(JC lal.
2. Nr{u

tt^rng

wr6ng goc vrii

+t't t2:,t J lz + ttt'2.

/i1).

lri

lll)

uii

cLr:r

truc

('ho ttI gi;ic rlll( /). 'l':r co

t.NetrtOngt)inhl)hrt(hghiticanhrftiitjioncdr:rttlgi,lctring
nhrrrr t hi hli tlrlilng chi'o rtrring g,ic v,ii nh:ur vi ngLktc llri
;l (' w6ng goc I) t ) e A BZ +(' l )2 - A I )Z + B(.2

,tB]*t-tf=ttt2+tu'2
, ,.h.nnS nrinh
nh;ru klri

tu ng.

('h() -l rlidnr AB('t). A('wtlng gtic rtii ltt) e

\.4

t tll : AD2 + ll('2 + 2a.111 = 2,11,,

vi ;'l kh:ic ('nen d I c do dti lr : 0 h;ry 1) ru-int tren
tltl)

(l) + (2) : ltR2 +r1g.2 = ILt2 + n,t.2

nlaAI]' = A(-'vi IIA ' = 1J(" nc.n
(3)

:t

IRz +

A(2

= I LtZ + 8c,2

(r)
(2)
(3) (vi 17 ' = (.u.)

do rJd thco dinh li 4 didm ta cir CTl wtrng gocv6iAl) hay

thing qua cac tlidm,4 ; ll i C'w6ng g6c vtii c'6c c4nh
BC, ('A vir AII ddng quY.
3 rllc)ng

I}'ri todn 2
Cho

linh

chtt nhAt ABCD- Dudng ntbng gdc vdi duttng

chdo AC di qua D ch BC rai I.

Goi Ev'd F lhn trot ld tnutg, didm cila DC vd
Cht?ng ntinh AE t'ttOttg g6c r,di DF'

Chritg minlt:

(-l'

Gidi dip bdi

Ditl)it : E(- --x,c? =

1:1 :y.AI)=8C=u.Taco:

CAr GHEP hiNH VUONG

AB:Zu.BI:a-4,8F:
*
a.l

t'.

dung dinh li 4 didm

+cP:

AD2

Nhi6u ban d6 tham gia giai

ki6n" kh6c nhau
(Ng0 Qu6c

:
DI w6ng goc AC +
Zrp

ttc2 +.'tt2

+ Er2 :
: Iyi2 + AFZ o u2 +.? + 12 : ? * qrz + (o - l)2
o qr2 = Zut lZ)
'I'tl (l) vA (2) vn 6p dung dlnh li 4 di6m ta c6 :
ADZ

lL'ru6ng g6c vcti DF-.

Rii to6n 3 :
t'ho ngtt gidc ABCDE cd :

AIJ : AE. DE = I)C, (rc

iEi:,to,'.

(ioi t td mtng lidrn t'[ta

BC. Chting minlt AC vubng

gic v(ti DI.

Chirng minh : -I'a c6 :

K-2

i
'

+eo2:

: Io2 + AE2 + ED2

-tn}+eB2+DC2

:,tP

+ ocz
Theo dinh I i 4 tlidm ta cti I C vu6ng g6c v<ii D I. C hil ! rdng
n kh1ng quail fiirt ddn ngu gidc ABCDE lbi, lorrt' don holc
klrbrry don.
Qua ba bii to,rn trcn tIAy, ta thdy viec sil dqng dinh li 4
dieim c6 uu thd ro ret d6i v6i c6c bAi to6n mir vicc xet tdt cA c6c
kht'r ru\ng xiy ra IA philc tap vA d6 thidu sot (bai toin I vi biri
toin 3), ngoAi ra phUclng phAp rny gi[p ta dinh hu<ing r5 rang
crich eiii hAi toin (hAi 2vA cac hAi lu1'en tap). Di nhien ta co
rhi' sJdung dinh li 4 tliim vAo.vi6c chttng minh.kh6 ltin cic hiri
toirn chilng minh hai tludng t hing w6ng g6c, k ci cAc hii toltn
kh6ng w6ng g6c.

u6.

s6 s,i,I roAN t.txPN r4r:

Cho tam giic cAnABC dinh,4. Gqi H

lA trung didm crha

BC. D li\ hinh chidu ctLa H ltnAC. M la trung di6m ctja l/D.
Ch0ng minh,4M vuong g6c v6i BI)
(Thi chon hgc sinh gidi Cdn Tho)
'2. Tam giAc ABC c6 di6m O lh tem dudng tron ngc4ri ti6p
tam giitc, A E -- A C, D l ar trung tJi6m ctia lB vA E le trong tam
amfiAcACD. Ch(ng minh ring oE vu6ng g6cvoi CD
(Thi v0 dlch Anh 1983)
(.Ycn tidp nang l1)
1.

ISSN: 0866

8035

Chi sd | 12884
M5 sd: 8BT31M7

nhi6u "s6ng

Bu6n Ma ThuOt, D6c

L6.c ; D6 Quang
Khfnh, 6Ar, trudng
trqng didm'Udng Bi,
QuingNinh) Ldi giai
dO hi6'u trl hinh 1.
C6c ban Trinh Dinh Hnng, 9 To6n, Trdn
Dang Ninh, Nam Dinh ; Lo Minh T.ud1, 84
QuaIg Trung, Y6n B6i ; PhaT TB+ Ilh, 6
doa","Na"e"t nia" Yon Kh6nh, Ninh B-inh ;
Mai LO Thriy, 159/1C, Binh Gia, Virlg-Jnu;
Pham Vidt Khou, 9 Todn, Ti6n Son, B6c Ninh ;
Le Thi HAi VAn, 6E, NangKhiSu Thanh }I6a;
... cring cd 'trr tuEng' giAinhr.r thd, nhrtng trinh
bdy phrlc t4p hon.
NnAt x6t : Kh6ng cci ban ndo dd y ddnydu
td: cdn phAi nghi ra cdch c5t va gh6p
thuc
td
mi s6 midng 96 bi c6t ra li it nhdt.
lE rtt6Nc NttLr

egt2:4q,.

iEi:

cci

Anh, 8 To6n. trttdng

chuy6n NguYen Du,

e02 + 4v2 =
:4r2+4r2+g-21.12

.l-;i c<i ,

vi

CEIA NAXC
Ba khrlch hang mudn chia nhau m6t 16 hdng
md ho vt{a mua chung duoc. Dir c'5c loai trong
16

rdt da d4ng nhung m5i ngudi d6u tin rang

minh cci thd cfiia dttoc lo hang dO thdnh ba phdn

d6u nhau. Chi c<i di6u hai ngudi kia thi Iai
kh6ng tin anh ta.
t) Vay b4n hay cho biSt hq phAi hnnh dQng
thd ndo dd phdn chia dugc lO hdng dci sao cho
cA ba ngudi ddu tin ring minh da ldy dttgc
kh6ng it hon mQt phdn ba gi6 tri 16 hing.
2) Hay giai bei todn trOn trong trudng hop
c<j n kh5ch hnng (n > 4)

'ftVT NhA xudt trin gi6ct duc

m5y in Di6n Hiing.57 GiAng V5
Inxongvh nOp lm chitu th6ng 3/1997

Sip ch0 tai

In r4i

nhi

NCUYE,N CONG

STJ

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