Nguyen Thanh (Mr.) - www.108s.

org | TYHH

DANH PHP HU C
I. tn gi hiroca cbon no v c c gc hiroca cbon tng ng
I. 1. Tn ca hirocacbon no mch thng.
* Bn hirocacbon u c tn l metan, etan, propan, butan.
* Tn cc cht tip theo gm: Phn nn ch s lng nguyn t cacbon(n) v phn
ui c trng cho hirocacbon no. Tn tng qut ca hirocacbon no mch h ( thng hoc
nhnh) l ankan.
n
Tn
n
Tn
n
Tn
1
Metan
14
Tetraecan
30
Triacontan
2
Etan
15
Pentanecan
31
Hetriacontan
3
Propan
16
Hecxaecan
32
otriacontan
4
Butan
17
Heptaecan
40
Tetracontan
5
Pentan
18
Octaecan
50
Petacontan
6
Hexan
19
Nonaecan
60
Hecxacontan
7
Heptan
20
Icosan
70
Heptacontan
8
Octan
21
Henicosan
80
Octacontan
9
Nonan
22
ocosan
90
Nonacontan
10 ecan
23
Tricosan
100 Hectan
11 Unecan
24
Tetracosan
125 Pentacosahectan
12 oecan
25
Pentacosan
130 Tricontahectan
13 Triecan
26
Hecxacosan
132 otricontahectan
I.2. Tn ca gc hirocacbon no mch thng.
Tn gc ankyl = tn ankan tng ng thay ui an bng tip v ng -yl.
Vd:
CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2Propan
propyl
I.3. Tn hirocacbon mch nhnh.
* Chn mch chnh: L mch cacbon di nht. Khi di mch bng nhau th ta chn
mch no c nhiu nhnh hn.
* nh s th t( bng s Arp) nhng nguyn t cacbon mch chnh bt u t pha
no gn nhnh hn v sao cho tng ch s v tr ca nhnh l nh nht.
* Gi tn: Trc ht gi v tr, tn bi v tn ca tng loi mch nhnh theo vn a, b,
c sau gi tn mch chnh c tn cng bng ui an.
Ch : + Tip u ng ch bi: i, tri, tetra khng a vo trnh t ch ci khi gi tn.
+ Khi vit tn th cc ch s ch v t cch nhau bi du phy , v cc ch s ch v
tr cch t ch tn bi nt gch
+ Nu gc c nhnh ph th khi gi tn gc cng tun theo cch gi tn nh trn,
nhng s th t ca cacbon ca gc c nh bt u t nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi mch
chnh.
+ Trong trng hp khng c nhm th, IUPAC vn cho dung tn khng h thng sau
y:
Isobutan
CH3 - CH- CH3
Noptan
CH3
CH3
CH3- C- CH3
CH3
Isopentan CH3- CH- CH2- CH3
CH3
* Tip u ng iso- biu th c 1 nhnh CH3 lin kt vi C th 2 trong mch chnh.
* Tip u ng neo- biu th c 2 nhnh CH3 lin kt vi C th 2 trong mch chnh.
I.4. Tn gc ca hirocacbon no mch nhnh ho tr I.

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* Chn mch cacbon di nht lm gc chnh v nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon

ho tr t do, sau gi tn mch nhnh cng vi v tr ca chng ( nh i vi hirocacbon
mch nhnh ) ri n tn gc chnh.
6
5
4
3 2
1
CH3- CH - CH2- CH2- CH- CH2 2- etyl- 5- metyl hecxyl
CH3
CH3- CH2
* Trong trng hp khng c nhm th, IUPAC vn dng cc tn khng h thng
CH3- CH Isopropyl
CH3- CH CH2 CH2 - Isopentyl
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH2- Isobutyl
CH3 C CH2 Neopentyl
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH- Secbutyl
CH3

CH3
CH3 C CH3

Tert Butyl

CH3
CH3 CH2 C - Tert- pentyl
CH3
Ch : Tip u ng sec- v tert- xut pht t ting Anh secondary (bc 2) v tertiary (bc 3)
II. TN CA HIROCA CBON KHNG NO M CH H V GC HIROCA CBON
TNG ng.
I.1. Tn gi ca hirocacbon c mt hay nhiu ni i.
* Xut pht t tn ca hirocacbon no mch h (ankan) tng ng, thay ui
an bng ui en (nu c mt ni i) ien (nu c 2 ni i), atrien (nu c 3
ni i) c km theo ch s v tr ca tng ni i bt u t nguyn t cacbon ca mch
chnh sao cho tng ch s v tr ca v tr l nh nht.
* Mch chnh l mch cacbon di nht c cha nhiu ni i nht v c nh s bt
u t pha no sao cho tng ch s v tr ca lin kt l nh nht.
* Theo quy nh mi ca IUPAC, s ch v tr ca ni i c t trc tip v ng (do
thi quen c th t ch s v tr ca ni i sau tip v ng, nu c mch nhnh th t sau
mch chnh c dng ph bin hn),
CH3-CH2- CH=CH2
But-1-en hoc buten-1 hoc 1-buten
CH2=CH-CH=CH2

But-1,3-ien hoc butaien-1,3

Hoc 1,3-butaien
2-metylpenta-1,3-ien hoc isopren

CH2=C-CH=CH2
CH3
Lu : Cc tn khng h thng vn c IUPAC s dng:
CH2=CH2 Etilen
CH2=C=CH2 Anlen

II.2. Tn ca hirocacbon c 1 hay nhiu ni 3.

* Tn ca hirocacbon cha mt, hai, ba ni ba cng xut phat t tn ca
hiirocacbon no tng ng, ch i ui an bng ui in ( mt ni ba), aiin (hai ni
ba), atriin (ba ni ba) Vic chn mch chnh, nh s v gi tn tng t cc trng hp
cc hp cht cha ni i.
* Tn khng h thng vn c IUPAC s dng:
CH CH Axetilen
II.3. Tn gi ca hirocacbon cha ng thi ni i v ni ba.

Nguyen Thanh (Mr.) - www.108s.org | TYHH

* Mch chnh l mch cha nhiu lin kt bi nht. Mch ca cacbon nh s sao cho
tng cc ch s ca cc ni i v ni ba l nh nht. Khi c s la chn th u tin cho ni
I c ch s thp hn.
* Khi gi tn: Tn ca ni i en gi trc tn ca ni ba in , v tr ca lin kt
bi vit ngay sau tn ca chng.
4

C H C C H C H
5

Buten-1-in-3,

Penten-3-in-1

CH 3 C H C H C C H
6

CH

CH
6

C CH

CH C H CH
2

CH
3

CH

Hecxaien-1,3-in-5

C H C C C CH C H

CH

CH

4- etyl-3-propyl hecxaien-1,2-in-5

II.4. Tn ca gc khng no ho tr I
* Mch chnh l mch cacbon khng no c nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon c
ho tr t do.
* Tn gi c thit lp bng cch thm ui yl v tn ca hirocacbon khng no
tng ng. Do vy c tn tng qut l ankenyl ( mt ni i), ankinyl (c mt ni ba),
ankanienyl (hai ni i), ankaiinyl (c hai ni i),
CH CEtinyl
CH3-CH=CHPropen-1-yl
CH C-CH2Propin-2-yl
CH2=CH-CH=CH- Butaien-1,3-yl
* Cc tn thng thng sau vn c IUPAC s dng:
CH2=CHVinyl (etenyl)
CH2=CH-CH2Anlyl (propen-2-yl)
CH2-CIsoprpenyl (1-metylvinyl)
CH3
III. TN GI CA GC HIROCACBON MCH H A HO TR
III.1. Tn ca gc c hai hoc ba ho tr t do mt nguyn t cacbon c hnh thnh t tn
ca gc ho tr mt tng ng bng cch ni thm ien (gc hai ho tr), iin (gc ba
ho tr) vo ui yl ca gc ho tr mt
CH3 CH=
Etylien
(CH3)2C= Isopropylien
CH2=C=
Vinylien
CH3 C Elyliin
III.2. Tn ca cc gc c hai ho tr phn b hai u mch khng nhnh:
- CH2 CH2 Etylen
- CH2 CH2 CH2 - Trimetylen
- CH2 (CH2)2 CH2- Tetrametylen
- CH2 (CH2)4 CH2- Hexametylen
- CH2 CH=CHPropenylen
- CH = CHVinylen
III.3. Tn ca gc a ho tr cha t nht ba nguyn t cacbon mang ho tr t do c thit
lp bng cch thm triyl, -tetrayl, - iylien . . . vo cui tn hirocacbon tng ng.
-CH2 - CH - CH2 -

Propantriyl - 1,2,3

- CH2 - CH - CH =

Propandiyl - 1,2,3

IV. TN GI CA HIROCA CBON MCH VNG NO HOC KHNG NO V TN

GC TNG ng

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IV.1. Tn gi ca hirocacbon n vng no v khng no, cng nh tn gi ca gc ho tr 1

tng ng ca chng c gi bng cch thm tip u ng xiclo- vo tn hirocacbon mch
h c cng s lng nguyn t cacbon so vi vng.

Xiclopropan

Xiclobutan

Xiclopentan

Xiclohexan
Xiclohexen
Xiclohexadien-1,3
* Nu c nhm th lin kt vi n vng no th s th t cacbon trong vng c nh
bt u t mt cacbon nhm th sao cho tng ch s v tr l nh nht.
* Nu nhm th lin kt vi n vng khng no th s th t ca cacbon ca vng phi
nh bt u t ca cacbon ca lin kt i, chiu nh s phi i qua ni i v sao cho tng
ch s v tr ca nhnh l nh nht.
* S th t ca cacbon ca gc hirocacbon n vng cng nh bt u t cacbon ho
tr t do.
CH3
1

6
1 CH3

CH3
4

3
CH3
4
1,3 -dimtyl xiclohexan
5

3
1,1-dimetyl xiclohexan
CH3
5

2
CH3
2,5-dimetyl xiclohecxadien-1,3

Xiclohecxyl

Xiclopenten-2-yl

IV.2. Tn ca hirocacbon cha hai vng chung mt nguyn t cacbon mt vng c tn do t

hp tn ca hirocacbon mch h c cng nguyn t cacbon v tip u ng spiro- cng vi
cc s ch s lng nguyn t cacbon cn li ca mi vng t trong ngoc vung theo th
t tng dn v cch nhau du phy ,
1
4
1
5
6
C
3

C
4

6
8
3
7
2
spiro [3,4] octan
spiro[2,3] hexan
IV.3. Tn ca hirocacbon c chung cu ni c gi bng cch thm tip u ng bixiclo
cng cc ch s ch s lng nguyn t cacbon mi cu theo th t nh dn v tn ca
hirocacbon mch h c cng s lng nguyn t cacbon. Cc ch s c t trong du
ngc vung v cch nhau bi du chm .

Nguyen Thanh (Mr.) - www.108s.org | TYHH

Bixiclo[1.1.0] butan

Bixiclo[2.2.1] heptan

Bixiclo[3.2.1]octan

* Mt s hirocacbon l nhng tecpen, thng c gi theo tn thng thng m

IUPAC vn chp nhn
CH3

CH 3

CH
H3 C

CH
CH3

H3 C

CH3

p- mentan
- Menten 1
V. Tn gi ca hiroca cbon thm v gc tng ng.
V.1. Tn tng qut ca hirocacbon thm (n vng hoc a vng) l Aren. Mt s tn
thng thng vn c IUPAC chp nhn
Vd:

Benzen
CH3

Toluen

Antraxen

Naphtalen
H 3C

CH3

CH2-CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

Cumen

o-xilen

Stiren

V.2. Cc hirocacbon thm n vng khc c gi tn nh nhng dn xut th ca benzen.

Nu ch c hai nhm th v tr 1,2 hoc 1,4 hoc 1,4 c th thhay th ln lt bng o
(ortho), m (meta), p (para).

CH2CH3

CH=CH2

CH2CH2CH3

CH3
CH3
CH2CH2CH3

1-etyl-4-propyl benzen
(p-etyl propyl benzen)

CH=CH2

1,4-divinyl benzen
(p-divinyl benzen)

1,2-dimetyl-3-propyl benzen

V.3. Tn thng gi ca mt s gc thm ho tr 1 v ho tr 2 vn c IUPAC chp nhn:

Nguyen Thanh (Mr.) - www.108s.org | TYHH

CH2

CH3
CH3

CH

CH3

Phenyl

Benzyl

m-Cumenyl

o-Tolyl

B i tp v n dng.
Hy gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php IUPAC:
1.
Cht : CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3

c tn l g?

CH - CH3
CH3

A. 3 isopropyl pentan
C. 2 metyl 3 etyl petan
2.

Cht c CTCT:

B. 3 etyl 2 metyl pentan

C. 3 etyl 4 metyl petan
CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH 3

c tn l:

CH3 CH3

A. 2,2 - imetyl petan

C. 2,2,3 trimetyl petan
3.

B. 2,3 - imetyl petan

D. 1,1,2 trimetyl petan

Cht c CTCT: CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

CH3

A. 1,1,3 trimetyl heptan

C. 2 metyl 4 propyl petan
4.

CH3

B. 2,4 - imetyl heptan

D. 4,6 - imetyl heptan
CH3 - CH - CH - CH3
CH 3 C2H5

Cht c CTCT:

c tn l:

A. 2,3 - imetyl petan

C. 2- metyl- 3- etyl butan

c tn l:

B. 3,4 - imetyl petan

D. 2- etyl- 3- metyl butan
C 2 H5

5.

Cht c CTCT:

CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3

CH3

A. 2- metyl- 2,4- ietylhexan

C. 2,4- ietyl- 2- metylhecxan
6.

Cht c CTCT:

c tn l:

C2H 5

B. 5- etyl- 3,3- imetylheptan

D. 3-etyl- 5,5- imetylheptan
CH3

c tn l:

C2H5

A. 1- metyl- 5- etylxiclohecxan
C. 1- etyl- 3- metylxiclohecxan
VI. Tn gi hp cht c nhm chc.
1). Tn gi ca ancol, anehit v axit.
a). Tn thng thng:

B. 1- metyl- 3- etylxiclohecxan
C. 1- etyl- 5- metylxiclohecxan.

Nguyen Thanh (Mr.) - www.108s.org | TYHH

Ancol
Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ( - ic)
ANEHIT Anehit + tn axit (c mch cacbon tng
ng)
AXIT
Gn vi lch s khng c quy lut
V d:
CH3 - CH - OH
CH3

CH3
- COOH

Ancol iso - propylic

Axit axetic

HOOC - COOH

Axit oxalic

HOOC - CH2 - COOH

Axit malonic

HOOC - (CH2)2 - COOH

Axit sucxinic

HOOC - (CH2)4 - COOH Axit adipic

b). Tn quc t (IUPAC) : theo cc bc gi tn ging nh hirocacbon, lu thm:
* nh s cacbon trn mch sao cho nhm OH gn vi C mang s nh nht.
* Nguyn t C trong CHO, COOH lun mang s 1.
* Thm t axit trc tn ca axit hu c.
* Gi tn theo th t:
ANKANOL
- OL + v tr (S ch v tr
Tn
OH)
Tn cc
mch
ankan(cng
nhnh
ANKANAL
- AL
nhnh
cacbon)
ANKANOIC
- IOC
V d:

CH3 - CH - CH - COOH
CH3 Cl
Axit 2 - clo - 3 - metylbutanoic
CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - OH

CH2 = CH - CHO
Propenal
2 - etyl - 3 - metylbutanol - 1

CH3 C2H5
2. Tn gi ca ete n chc no, xeton.
ETE
R O R1
XETON
R CO R 1
V d:
CH3 - O - CH3

Tn R, R1 + ete
Tn R, R1
imetyl ete

CH3 - O - C2H5

etyl metyl ete

CH3 - C - CH3

imetyl xeton
(axeton)

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* Ch : Tn cc gc gi theo th t ch ci a, b, c . . .
3. Tn gi ca ete n chc no: RCOOR1
RCOOR1 = tn R1 (ancol) + tn gc RCOO (ca axit i ic at.
CH3COOCH(CH3)2
Isopropyl axetat.
HCOOCH3
Metyl focmiat.

Phng Tho ~ Su tm ^^
HK18 Chuyn H Tnh

Nguyen Thanh (Mr.) - www.108s.org | TYHH

Sau y l cch gi tn este theo yu cu ca mt s hc sinh.

Tn este gm: Tn gc hirocacbon R + tn anion gc axit (thay ui ic thnh at)
V d:
- HCOOC2H5 : etyl fomat (hay etyl metanoat)
- CH3COOCH=CH 2 : vinyl axetat
- CH2=CHCOOCH 3 : metyl acrylat
- CH2=C(CH3)COOCH 3: metyl metacrylat
- CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH 3)2 : isoamyl axetat
- CH3COOCH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 : hex-2-en-1-yl axetat
- C6H5COOCH=CH 2 : vinyl benzoat
- CH3COOC6H5 : phenyl axetat
- CH3COOCH2C6H5 : benzyl axetat
- C2H5OOC[CH2]4COOCH(CH3)2 : etyl isopropyl aipat
- (CH3COO)2C2H4 : etylenglicol iaxetat
- CH2(COOC2H5)2 : ietyl malonat
- (CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH 2]7COO)3C3H5 : glixeryl trioleat (hay triolein hay trioleoylglixerol)

: glixeryl panmitostearooleat (hay panmitoylstearoyloleoylglixerol)

- CH3[CH2]14COO[CH 2]15CH3 : miricyl panmitat (hay sp ong)

Sau y l mt s quy tc c bn ca danh php IUPAC. Danh php ny c hi ha hc c bn v ng dng
quc t (the International Union of Pure anh Applied Chemistry) thng qua nm 1957.
I CU TO CA HP CHT HU C V CU TO CA TN GI
Theo IUPAC, cu to mt hp cht hu c gm mt mch chnh v c th c cc nhnh, nhm th hoc cc nhm chc
gn vo n.
* V d 1:
Nhnh

Mch chnh

Nhnh

Nhm chc

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Do tn ca mt hp cht hu c phi phn nh c cc hp phn cu to ni trn. Tn theo danh php IUPAC gm 3

phn: u, thn v ui:
- Cc nhnh, nhm th v nhm chc ph to nn phn u
- Mch chnh hay vng chnh to nn phn thn
- Tn nhm chc chnh to nn phn ui
Trong v d trn:

5,5 imetyl
u

heptan
Thn

2 on
ui

- u: hai mch nhnh metyl C s 5, c l 5,5 imetyl

- Thn: mch chnh c 7C (nh s t 1 n 7) khng c lin kt bi, c l heptan
- ui: nhm chc xeton C s 2, c l 2 on
V vy hp cht c tn l: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 on
* V d 2:
Nhnh

Vng chnh

Nhm th
2 amino 1 metyl
u

benzen
Thn

V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 amino 1 metyl benzen

* V d 3:
Nhm chc chnh

Vng chnh

Nhm chc ph
2 hiroxi

benzen

1 - cacboxylic

V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 hiroxi benzen 1 cacboxylic

II CCH CHN MCH CHNH V NH S
1. Vi hirocacbon no
- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu nhnh nht v di nht, s 1 phi dnh cho C u gn mch nhnh nht
* V d 4:

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Mch chnh

Mch nhnh
2 metyl butan
- Khi mch chnh cha hai nhnh v tr cn i th s 1 u gn nhnh n gin hn
* V d 5:

Mch chnh

Cc mch nhnh
4 etyl 3 metyl hexan
- Khi mch chnh c nhiu nhnh th cc s c nh theo quy tc s nh nht, ngha l phi nh s sao cho tng ca
chng trong tn gi l nh nht.
* V d 6:

Mch chnh

Cc mch nhnh
5 etyl 2,3 imetyl heptan (tng = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10)
- Nu nh s ngc li, hp cht s c tn l: 3 etyl 5,6 imetyl heptan c tng = 14. Theo th t ch ci th etyl phi
c c trc metyl.
2. Vi hirocacbon khng no
- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu lin kt bi v di nht, s 1 dnh cho C u gn lin kt bi
* V d 7:

Mch chnh

Mch nhnh
3 metyl hexa 1,4 ien
- Khi c c lin kt i v lin kt ba mch chnh th s 1 u gn lin kt i

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* V d 8:

Pen 1 en 4 in
3. Vi hp cht mch vng
- Mch chnh l mch vng, s 1 dnh cho C trong mch chnh mang nhnh n gin nht, cc s tip theo c nh theo
quy tc s nh nht.
V d 9

V d 10

V d 11

3 etyl 1 metyl xyclohexan 1 metyl 3 propyl benzen 2 etyl 1 metyl naphtalen

- Khi hp cht c nhiu vng ri rc th mch chnh l mch thng.
* V d 12:

1,1,1 triclo 2,2 bis(4 clophenyl) etan (DDT)

(bis thay cho i nu nhm th phc tp)
- Khi c nhm th hoc nhm chc gn vi vng, s 1 t C trong mch vng gn trc tip vi nguyn t nhnh hoc
nhm chc c khi lng nguyn t nh nht. Cc s tip theo cng c nh theo qui tc s nh nht.
* V d 13:

4 amino 1,2 imetyl benzen

Trong cng thc trn, s 1 dnh cho C gn vi CH3 m khng phi C gn vi NH2 v khi lng nguyn t ca C nh hn
ca N
- i vi mch nhiu vng ghp, nhiu cu.
* V d 14:

Nguyen Thanh (Mr.) - www.108s.org | TYHH

Spiro [2,3] hexan

Trong : hexan l tn gi mch chnh 6C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng c s C theo th t tng dn l 2 v 3
c t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du phy. Hai vng c chung 1 nguyn t C nn c tip u ng spiro.
* V d 15:

1,7,7 trimetyl bixiclo [2.2.1] heptan 2 on

Trong : heptan l tn gi mch chnh 7C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng v c 3 cu ni: cu 1234 c s nhp l
2C (C2, C3); cu 1564 c s nhp l 2C (C5, C6); cu 174 c s nhp l 1C (C7). Ch s ch s nguyn t C mi cu c
vit theo th t nh dn, t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du chm. Thm tip u ng bixiclo khi c chung cu ni.
4. Vi hp cht c nhm th, nhm chc
- Khi mch chnh c nhm th, nhm chc th s 1 t u gn nhm chc
* V d 16:

Mch chnh

Nhm chc

Nhm th
3 clo pentan 1 ol
- Khi hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc tr ln th s c nhm chc chnh (c hn cp cao nht) v nhm chc ph.
Mc hn cp ca cc nhm chc nh sau: COOH > CHO > >C=O > OH > NH2. S 1 t u gn nhm chc
chnh.
* V d 17:

Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph
2,3 ihiroxi butanioic
* V d 18:

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Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph
Axit 3 oxopentanoic
* V d 19:
Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph

Axit formylbutanioic
* V d 20:

Axit 4 hiroxi xiclohexan cacboxylic