Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nu gc axit l CO32 th tng s nguyn t trong hai gc amoni l C2H12N2. Nu hai gc amoni ging nhau th
cu
to
CH3 NH3 .
Nu
hai
gc
amoni
khc
nhau
th
cu
to
Pht trin t duy sng to gii nhanh bi tp ha hu c 12 - Nguyn Minh Tun; T : 01223 367 990
3. V d minh ha
V d 1: ng vi cng thc phn t C2H7O2N (X) c bao nhiu cht va phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH
va phn ng c vi dung dch HCl ?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 1.
D. 4.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng nm 2010)
Hng dn gii
Hp cht X cha N, va phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH va phn ng c vi dung dch HCl nn X c
th l amino axit, este ca amino axit, peptit hoc mui amoni.
Phn t peptit c t nht 2 gc - amino axit, 1 nhm peptit CONH v c u N (nhm NH2), u C (nhm
COOH) nn s nguyn t O t nht phi l 3, s nguyn t N t nht phi l 2, s nguyn t C t nht phi l 4.
Vy X khng th l peptit.
Amino axit c 2 nguyn t C l glyxin c cng thc l H2NCH2COOH, c 5 nguyn t H. Vy X khng th l
amino axit.
X cng khng th l este ca amino axit (v este ca amino axit phi c t 3 nguyn t C tr ln).
Vy X l mui amoni. X cha 1 nguyn t N nn X c mt gc amoni, gc axit trong X cha 2 nguyn t O nn
c dng RCOO. Suy ra X l HCOOH3NCH3 (metylamoni fomat) hoc CH3COONH4 (amoni axetat).
Phng trnh phn ng minh ha :
HCOOH3 NCH3 NaOH HCOONa CH3 NH 2 H2 O
HCOOH3 NCH3 HCl HCOOH CH3 NH 3 Cl
CH3COONH 4 NaOH CH3 COONa NH3 H 2 O
CH3COONH 4 HCl CH3 COOH NH 4 Cl
V d 2: Hp cht A c cng thc phn t C3H9NO2. Cho 8,19 gam A tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 1M.
Kt thc phn ng thu c dung dch X v kh Y c kh nng lm xanh qu tm m. C cn dung dch X c
9,38 gam cht rn khan (qu trnh c cn ch c nc bay hi). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca A l
A. CH3CH2COOH3NCH3.
B. CH3COOH3NCH3.
C. CH3CH2COONH4.
D. HCOOH3NCH2CH3.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT Trn Bnh Trng Ph Yn, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
+ A phn ng vi KOH sinh ra kh lm xanh giy qu tm m. Suy ra A l mui amoni. Mt khc, A c cha 2
nguyn t O nn A l mui amoni ca axit hu c. Vy A c dng l RCOOH3NR.
Phng trnh phan ng :
o
t
RCOOH3 NR ' KOH
RCOOK R 'NH 2 H 2 O
8,19
0,09 m chat ran 0,09.(R 83) 0,01.56 9,38
n RCOOK n RCOOH3NR '
91
R R ' 91 61 30
n
KOH d 0,1 0,09 0,01
R 15 (CH 3 )
Pht trin t duy sng to gii nhanh bi tp ha hu c 12 - Nguyn Minh Tun; T : 01223 367 990
V d 4: Cho cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C2H8O3N2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, thu c cht hu
c n chc Y v cc cht v c. Khi lng phn t (theo vC) ca Y l :
A. 85.
B. 68.
C. 45.
D. 46.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2008)
Hng dn gii
C2H8N2O3 (X) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c cht hu c Y n chc, chng t X l mui amoni to
bi NH3 hoc amin n chc. Nh vy, gc axit trong X c 1 nguyn t N v 3 nguyn t O, l gc NO3 . Suy
ra X l C2H5NH3NO3 (etylamoni nitrat) hoc (CH3)2NH2NO3 (imetylamoni nitrat); Y l C2H5NH2 (etyl amin) hoc
(CH3)2NH2 (imetyl amin), c khi lng phn t l 45 vC. Phng trnh phn ng :
C2 H 5NH3 NO3 NaOH C2 H 5 NH2 NaNO3 H 2 O
(CH3 )2 NH2 NO3 NaOH (CH 3 )2 NH NaNO3 H 2 O
V d 5: Hp cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C2H10N4O6. Cho 18,6 gam X tc dng vi 250 ml dung dch
NaOH 1M cho n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c hi c cha mt
cht hu c duy nht lm xanh giy qu m v ng thi thu c a gam cht rn. Gi tr a l
A. 17 gam.
B. 19 gam.
C. 15 gam.
D. 21 gam.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Hng Vng Ph Th, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
+ X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c cht hu c duy nht lm xanh giy qu tm. Suy ra X l mui amoni
ca amin vi axit v c.
+ X c 6 nguyn t O nn trong X c hai gc axit trong s cc gc sau :
CO32 , NO3 , HCO3 .
n NaNO 2n X 0,2
3
V M Z 13,75.2 27,5 nn Z cha mt cht l NH3, cht cn li l amin. Do cc mui amoni ch c 2 nguyn
t C v gc axit phi c t nht 1 nguyn t C nn amin l CH3NH2. Suy ra X gm CH3COONH4 v
HCOOH3NCH3.
Pht trin t duy sng to gii nhanh bi tp ha hu c 12 - Nguyn Minh Tun; T : 01223 367 990
n Z 0,2
x y 0,2
x 0,05
Suy ra :
0,15.68
0,05.82
V d 7: Hp cht X mch h c cng thc phn t l C4H9NO2. Cho 10,3 gam X phn ng va vi dung
dch NaOH sinh ra mt cht kh Y v dung dch Z. Kh Y nng hn khng kh, lm giy qu tm m chuyn mu
xanh. Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom. C cn dung dch Z thu c m gam mui khan. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 8,2.
B. 10,8.
C. 9,4.
D. 9,6.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2009)
Hng dn gii
X phn ng vi NaOH sinh ra kh Y, suy ra X l mui amoni. Gc axit trong X c hai nguyn t O nn c dng
l RCOO.
Y nng hn khng kh v lm xanh giy qu tm m, chng t Y l amin v c s C nh hn hoc bng 2, hoc
nu c 3 nguyn t C th phi l (CH3)3N. Nhng nu Y l (CH3)3N th s nguyn t H trong X phi ln hn 9
(loi). Vy X phi l mui amoni ca amin c 1 hoc 2 nguyn t C. Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc
brom, chng t trong Z cha mui Na ca axit cacboxylic khng no, c s C ln hn hoc bng 3 hay Z cha mui
HCOONa (natri fomat, c nhm CHO). D thy Z khng th cha natri fomat v nh vy s nguyn t C trong X
ti a ch l 3.
Vy X l CH2=CHCOOH3NCH3, mui trong dung dch Z l CH2=CHCOONa.
Theo bo ton gc axit, ta c :
n CH
2 CH COONa
m CH
n CH
2 CH COONa
2 CH COOH 3 NCH3
10,3
0,1 mol
103
V d 8: Hp cht hu c X c cng thc C2H8N2O4. Khi cho 12,4 gam X tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH
1,5M, thu c 4,48 lt (ktc) kh X lm xanh qu tm m. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam cht
rn khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 17,2.
B. 13,4.
C. 16,2.
D. 17,4.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Qunh Lu 1 Ngh An,
nm hc 2012 2013)
Hng dn gii
X c cng thc phn t l C2H8N2O4, X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c kh lm xanh giy qu tm m.
Suy ra X l mui amoni ca amin hoc NH3. X ch c 2 nguyn t C v c 4 nguyn t O nn gc axit trong X l
OOC COO . Cn 2 nguyn t N v 8 nguyn t H s tng ng vi hai gc NH 4 . Vy X l
Pht trin t duy sng to gii nhanh bi tp ha hu c 12 - Nguyn Minh Tun; T : 01223 367 990
0,3
0,1
0,1.40
17,4 gam
m (COONa)
m NaOH d
V d 9: Mt cht hu c X c cng thc phn t l C4H11NO2. Cho X tc dng hon ton vi 100 ml dung dch
NaOH 2M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch X v 2,24 lt kh Y (ktc). Nu trn lng kh Y ny vi 3,36 lt H2
(ktc) th c hn hp kh c t khi so vi H2 l 9,6. Khi lng cht rn thu c khi c cn dung dch X l
A. 8,62 gam.
B. 12,3 gam.
C. 8,2 gam.
D. 12,2 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Qut Lm Nam nh,
nm hc 2013 2014)
Hng dn gii
X (C4 H11NO2 ) NaOH Y .
Suy ra Y l NH3 hoc amin, X l mui amoni.
n Y 0,1; n H 0,15
2
Theo gi thit, ta c:
0,1.M Y 0,15.2
19,2
M (Y, H2 )
0,25
CH3COOH3 NC2 H 5
X la
CH3COOH2 N(CH 3 )2
Ta c :
nCH COONa n X n Y 0,1 mol
3
n NaOH d n NaOH ban au n CH COONa 0,1 mol
3
0,2
0,1
3COONa
m NaOH d
V d 10: Hp cht hu c X c cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht cha C, H, O, N. t chy
hon ton 10,8 gam X thu c 4,48 lt CO2, 7,2 gam H2O v 2,24 lt kh N2 (ktc). Nu cho 0,1 mol cht X trn
tc dng vi dung dch cha 0,2 mol NaOH un nng thu c cht kh lm xanh giy qu tm m v dung dch Y.
C cn dung dch Y thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 15.
B. 21,8.
C. 5,7.
D. 12,5.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT on Thng Hi Dng, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
n n 0,2
CO2
n
2n
0,2 n C : n H : n O : n N 2 : 8 : 3 : 2 X la C2 H 8 O3 N 2
N
N2
X NaOH
kh. Suy ra X la muoi amoni
X co 3O nen goc axit la NO3 hoac CO32 hoac HCO3 .
C H NH3
Neu goc axit la NO3 th goc amoni la C2 H 8 N (thoa man : 2 5
(CH3 )2 NH 2
Vay X la C2 H 5 NH 3 NO3 hoac (CH 3 )2 NH 2 NO3 .
Pht trin t duy sng to gii nhanh bi tp ha hu c 12 - Nguyn Minh Tun; T : 01223 367 990
V d 11: Cho 16,5 gam cht A c cng thc phn t l C2H10O3N2 vo 200 gam dung dch NaOH 8%. Sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch B v kh C. Tng nng phn trm cc cht c trong B gn nht
vi gi tr :
A. 8%.
B. 9%. C. 12%.
D. 11%.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
C2 H10 O3 N 2 (A) NaOH
kh C. Suy ra A la muoi amoni.
Trong A co 3O nen goc axit cua A la NO3 hoac CO3 2 hoac HCO3 .
Neu goc axit NO3 th goc amoni la C2 H10 N (loai).
Neu goc axit la HCO3 th goc amoni la CH 9 N 2 (loai).
Neu goc axit la CO32 th 2 goc amoni la CH 3 NH3 va NH 4 (thoa man).
Vay A la CH3 NH3 CO3 H 4 N.
Phng trnh phan ng :
CH 3 NH3 CO3 H 4 N 2NaOH
CH 3 NH 2 NH 3 Na2 CO3
mol :
0,15
0,3
Dung dch sau phan ng cha : Na2 CO3 : 0,15 mol; NaOH d : 0,1 mol
C%(Na CO , NaOH ) trong B
2
0,15.106 0,1.40
9,5% gan nhat vi gia tr 9%
16,5 200 0,15(17 31)
V d 12: Cho hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C3H10N2O2 tc dng va vi dung dch
NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm hai kh (u lm xanh giy qu m)
hn km nhau mt nguyn t C. T khi hi ca Z i vi H2 bng 13,75. C cn dung dch Y thu c khi lng
mui khan l:
A. 16,5 gam.
B. 20,1 gam.
C. 8,9 gam.
D. 15,7 gam.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT Chc ng H Ni, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
+ Hai cht hu c trong X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH to ra hn hp kh Z. Suy ra X gm hai mui amoni. Cc
mui amoni u c 2 nguyn t O nn gc axit c dng COO-.
+ Hai kh trong Z hn km nhau 1 nguyn t C v M Z 27,5 nn Z gm NH3 v CH3NH2.
+ Vy hai cht trong X l : H2NC2H4COOH4N v H2NCH2COOH3NCH3.
S o phan ng :
X NaOH
muoi (NH3 , CH3 NH2 ) H 2 O
mol : 0,2 0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2.40
0,2.27,5
0,2.18
V d 13: Hn hp X gm cht Y (C2H10O3N2) v cht Z (C2H7O2N). Cho 14,85 gam X phn ng va vi dung
dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch M v 5,6 lt (ktc) hn hp T gm 2 kh (u lm xanh qu tm tm
nc ct). C cn ton b dung dch M thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m c th l
A. 11,8.
B. 12,5.
C. 14,7.
D. 10,6.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT chuyn i hc Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
+ Theo gi thit : Y, Z tc dng vi dung dch NaOH un nng, thu c hn hp 2 kh u lm xanh giy qu tm
m. Suy ra Y, Z l mui amoni.
+ Y c 3 nguyn t O nn gc axit ca Y l mt trong 3 gc sau :
Pht trin t duy sng to gii nhanh bi tp ha hu c 12 - Nguyn Minh Tun; T : 01223 367 990
Z : CH 3 COONH 4 (y mol)
2x y 0,25
y 0,05
m
m Na CO m HCOONa 0,1.106 0,05.68 14 gam A, B, C, D.
2
3
muoi
V d 14: Hn hp X gm cc cht c cng thc phn t l C2H7O3N v C2H10O3N2. Khi cho cc cht trong X
tc dng vi dung dch HCl hoc dung dch NaOH d un nng nh u c kh thot ra. Ly 0,1 mol X cho vo
dung dch cha 0,25 mol KOH. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch c cht rn Y, nung nng Y n khi lng
khng i c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 16,9 gam. B. 17,25 gam.
C. 18,85 gam. D. 16,6 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Lng c Bng Thanh Ha, nm 2014)
Hng dn gii
Bin lun : V X tc dng vi HCl hoc NaOH un nng u thy thot kh, suy ra X l hn hp mui amoni
ca amin hoc ca NH3 vi axit cacbonic. C2H7O3N ch c 1 nguyn t N nn ch c mt gc amoni, vy cng
thc cu to ca n l CH3NH3HCO3; C2H10O3N2 c 2 nguyn t N nn c 2 gc amoni, suy ra cng thc cu
to ca n l CH3NH3CO3H4N.
Theo bo ton gc cacbonat v nguyn t K, ta c :
nK CO n(CH NH CO , CH NH CO H N) 0,1
3
3
3
3
3
3 4
2 3
mchat ran 0,1.138
nKOH d nKOH 2nK CO 0,05
0,05.56
16,6 gam
2
mK CO
mKOH d
2 3
0,25
0,1
V d 15: Hn hp X gm 2 cht c cng thc phn t l C3H12N2O3 v C2H8N2O3. Cho 3,40 gam X phn ng va
vi dung dch NaOH (un nng), thu c dung dch Y ch gm cc cht v c v 0,04 mol hn hp 2 cht hu
c n chc (u lm xanh giy qu tm m). C cn Y, thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,12.
B. 2,76.
C. 3,36.
D. 2,97.
(K thi THPT Quc Gia nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
(1) : (CH3 NH3 )2 CO3
C3 H12 N 2 O3 (1), C2 H 8 N 2O3 (2) : la muoi amoni
C2 H 5 NH3 NO3
2
(2) : (CH ) NH NO
goc axit co 3O nen co the la CO3 hoac NO3
3 2
2
3
124n
108n
3,
4
n
0,02
C3 H12 N2 O3
C2 H8 N2 O3
C2 H8 N2 O3
n NaNO n C H N O 0,02
3
2 8 2 3
0,01
nC H N O
Na2CO3
3 12 2 3
V d 16: Cho 18,5 gam cht hu c A (c cng thc phn t C3H11N3O6) tc dng va vi 300 ml dung dch
NaOH 1M to thnh nc, 1 cht hu c a chc bc I v m gam hn hp mui v c. Gi tr gn ng nht ca
m l
A. 19,05.
B. 25,45.
C. 21,15.
D. 8,45.
Pht trin t duy sng to gii nhanh bi tp ha hu c 12 - Nguyn Minh Tun; T : 01223 367 990
Hng dn gii
+ Theo gi thit : A tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c amin a chc bc 1 v hn hp mui v c. Suy ra A
l mui amoni ca amin a chc vi cc axit v c.
+ A c 6 nguyn t O, suy ra A cha hai gc axit v c l :
(CO32 , NO3 ) hoac (HCO3 , NO3 ).
0,3
0,1
0,1
: mol