Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DCH V VoIP
1.1. Cng ngh IP
1.1.1. Mng Internet
OSI Model
Application
Telnet
FTP
SMTP
DNS
SNMP
Presentation
Session
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
Transport
Network
RIP
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
ICMP
ARP
DataLink
Physical
Ethernet
Token Bus
IEEE802.3
IEEE802.4
Token Ring
FDDI
IEEE802.5
ANSI X3T95
Hnh 1.1 M hnh kin trc TCP/IP so snh vi m hnh tham chiu OSI.
15
Internet
Version (4 Header
bits)
Length
(4)
Type-of-Service
(8)
Identification (16)
Time-to-Live (8)
16
31
Protocol (8)
Header Checksum (16)
Source IP Address (32)
Destination IP Address (32)
Options (+ Padding)
Data (Variable)
(TCP Segment or UDP Packet)
Hnh 1.2 Khun dng ca IP datagram.
Frame Data
Th t bit
Lp A
0 1
Lp B
1 0
Lp C
1 1 0
Lp D
1 1 1 0
Lp E
1 1 1 1 0
15
NetID
16
23
24
HostID
NetID
HostID
NetID
HostID
a ch Multicast
Dnh s dng trong tng lai
31
tin ng i ngn nht OSPF (Open Short Path First) hoc BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol). Cc giao thc ny c im hot ng ging nhau l cho php cc router
chuyn ti hoc loan bo thng tin v kh nng kt ni ti mng cho cc router
khc. Khi cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng, mi router s chia s thng tin v a
ch ca cc mng m n truy nhp n vi cc router khc v bng cch th mi
router pht hin s hin din v kh nng kt ni ti cc mng.
1.1.5. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP
15
16
31
Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt host truy nhp vo cc dch v ca TCP cung
cp thng qua mt cng (port). Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt
socket duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt
logic gia mt cp socket. Mt socket c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc socket
xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin
kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s
c gii phng.
1.1.6. Giao thc UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless) c
s dng thay th cho TCP trn theo yu cu ca ng dng khc. Khc vi
TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v gii phng lin kt, tng t nh
15
16
31
1.1.7. S ho ting ni
Ting ni gi qua PSTN bt u c s ho vo nhng nm 1960, hiu qu thu
c khi s ho mang li gi tr cho kh nng x l ca my tnh mt cch ng k.
Ba bc s ho ting ni theo chun PCM l ly mu, lng t ho v m ho.
Thoi chng ta ang s dng khng hon ton l thoi s, vic s ho ch c thc
hin tng i v khng lm thay i phng php chuyn mch. Sau y l mt s
u im s ho ting ni:
Vic ghp knh c d dng hn
Bo hiu tr nn d dng hn
C th s dng my tnh lm u cui thoi
Ngi ta a ra cc m hnh QoS p dng cho vic qun l truyn thng d liu
nh sau:
nhiu cch khc nhau x l tp tin v cu trc tp tin, cha ni n c nhiu cch
lu tr tp tin khc nhau (binary hay ASCII, nn v khng nn...)
Dch v Web
World Wide Web hay cn gi l dch v Web l dch v thng tin hp dn nht trn
Internet. N da trn mt k thut biu din thng tin c gi l siu vn bn
(hypertext), trong cc t trong vn bn c th c m rng bt k lc no
cung cp cc thng tin y hn v t . S m rng y c hiu theo ngha
l chng c cc lin kt ti cc ti liu khc (c th l vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh
hoc hn hp ca chng) c cha cc thng tin b sung. xy dng c cc
trang thng tin nh vy, Web s dng mt ngn ng c tn l HTML (HyperText
Markup Language). HTML cho php c v lin kt cc d liu khc nhau trn cng
mt trang thng tin.
thc hin vic truy nhp, lin kt n cc ti nguyn thng tin khc nhau theo k
thut siu vn bn, Web s dng khi nim URL(Uniform Resource Locator), y l
mt dng tn nh danh duy nht cho mt ti liu hoc mt dch v trn Web. Hot
ng ca Web hot ng da trn m hnh Khch/Phc v (Client/Server) v giao
thc chuyn giao siu vn bn HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Ti trm client,
ngi dng s dng trnh duyt Web gi cc yu cu tm kim tp tin HTML n
cc Web server xa trn mng Internet nh a ch URL. Web server nhn cc yu
cu ri thc hin v gi kt qu v cho Web client. Trnh duyt Web c nhim v
bin dch cc tp tin HTML v hin th cc trang ti liu c yu cu.
Dch v ng nhp t xa (Telnet)
Dch v Telnet cho php ngi s dng t mt trm lm vic ca mnh c th ng
nhp (login) vo mt trm xa qua mng v lm vic vi trm xa ging nh
mnh ang lm vic trc tip tr3n trm xa . Dch v thng c s dng cho
cng vic qun l thit b v dch v mng t xa khi lm vic lu ng xa ni t
thit b.
Ly mu
8 KHz
Lng t
ho 8bit/
mu
...010011...
Chuyn
mch
64 Kbps
Thc cht thoi qua mng IP (VoIP) cng khng hon ton khc hn in thoi
thng thng. u tin tn hiu thoi cng c s ho, nhng sau thay v truyn
trn mng PSTN qua cc trng chuyn mch, chng s c nn xung tc
thp, ng gi v chuyn ln mng IP. Ti bn nhn, cc gi tin ny c gii nn
thnh cc lung PCM 64Kbps truyn n thu bao b gi. S khc nhau chnh l
mng truyn dn v khun dng thng tin dng truyn dn.
Hnh 1.8 minh ho v mt cuc gi VoIP. Gi s thu bao A mun gi n thu bao
B. Thu bao A quay s in thoi ca thu bao B. Mng PSTN c nhim v phn
tch a ch v kt ni n gateway1. Ti y a ch ca B li c phn tch v
gateway1 xc nh c thu bao B c kim sot bi gateway2. N s thit lp
mt phin lin kt vi gateway2. Cc thng tin bo hiu m gateway1 nhn c t
PSTN s c chuyn i thch hp sang dng gi v truyn n gateway2. Ti
gateway2, cc gi tin li c chuyn i ngc li v truyn sang mng PSTN.
Mng PSTN c nhim v nh tuyn cuc gi n thu bao B. Cc thng tin tr li
s c chuyn i ngc li qua gateway2 n gateway1. Sau khi cuc gi c
thit lp, cc gateway c nhim v chuyn i gia cc gi tin thoi trn mng IP v
cc lung PCM truyn trn mng PSTN.
in thoi
Thu bao A
PSTN
Gateway 1
in thoi
Thu bao B
Gateway 2
Internet
My tnh 1
My tnh 2
Ngoi cu hnh phone to phone trn, dch v thoi IP cn cho php cc my tnh
(Personal Computer hay PC) c trang b in thoi trong cc mng LAN c th trao
i thoi vi nhau (cu hnh PC to PC) v vi cc thu bao in thoi trong mng
PSTN (cu hnh PC to Phone hay Phone to PC) nh trong hnh 1.8.
iu ny. Vic s dng Internet khng nhng c m rng cho thoi m cn cho
c dch v fax. Khi s dng dch v thoi v fax qua Internet, c hai vn c bn:
Nhng ngi s dng dch v thoi qua Internet cn c chng trnh phn
mm chng hn FoneVNN Client, FPT Phone Dialer. Cu hnh ny cung cp
cho ngi s dng kh nng s dng thoi qua Internet thay cho s dng
in thoi bn truyn thng.
Kt ni mt gateway thoi qua Internet vi h thng in thoi hin hnh. Cu
hnh ny cung cp dch v thoi qua Internet ging nh vic m rng h thng
in thoi hin hnh.
1.2.3. Li ch ca in thoi IP
Cng ngh VoIP s em li nhng li ch ch yu sau:
Gim chi ph
Mt gi cc chung s thc hin c vi mng Internet v do tit kim ng
k cc dch v thoi v fax. Ngi ta c tnh c khong 70% cc cuc gi n
Chu l gi fax, phn ln trong s c th c thay th bi FoIP (Fax over
IP). S chia s chi ph thit b v thao tc gia nhng ngi s dng thoi v d
liu cng tng cng hiu qu s dng mng bi l d tha bng tn trn mng
ca ngi ny c th c s dng bi mt ngi khc.
n gin ho
Mt c s h tng tch hp h tr tt c cc hnh thc thng tin cho php chun
ho tt hn v gim tng s thit b. C s h tng kt hp ny c th h tr vic
ti u ho bng tn ng.
Thng nht
V con ngi l nhn t quan trng nhng cng d sai lm nht trong mt mng
vin thng, mi c hi hp nht cc thao tc, loi b cc im sai st v thng
nht cc im thanh ton s rt c ch. Trong cc t chc kinh doanh, s qun l
trn c s SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) c th c cung cp
cho c dch v thoi v d liu s dng VoIP. Vic s dng thng nht giao thc IP
cho tt c cc ng dng ha hn gim bt phc tp v tng cng tnh mm do.
Cc ng dng lin quan nh dch v danh b v dch v an ninh mng c th c
chia s d dng hn.
Nng cao ng dng
Thoi v fax ch l cc ng dng khi u cho VoIP, cc li ch trong thi gian di
hn c mong i t cc ng dng a phng tin (multimedia) v a dch v.
Chng hn cc gii php thng mi Internet c th kt hp truy cp Web vi vic
truy nhp trc tip n mt nhn vin h tr khch hng...
u im
Thng tin thoi trc khi a ln mng IP s c nn xung dung lng
thp (tu theo k thut nn), v vy s lm gim c lu lng mng.
Trong trng hp cuc gi mng chuyn mch knh mt knh vt l s
c thit lp v duy tr gia hai bn cho n khi mt trong hai bn hu b
lin kt. Nh vy, trong khong thi gian khng c ting ni, tn hiu thoi vn
c ly mu, lng t ho v truyn i. V vy, hiu sut ng truyn s
khng cao. i vi in thoi Internet c cc c ch pht hin khong lng
(khong thi gian khng c ting ni) nn s lm tng hiu sut mng.
Nhc im
Nhc im chnh ca in thoi qua mng IP chnh l cht lng dch v.
Cc mng s liu vn d khng phi xy dng vi mc ch truyn thoi thi
gian thc, v vy khi truyn thoi qua mng s liu cho cht lng cuc gi
thp v khng th xc nh trc c. S d nh vy l v gi tin truyn
trong mng c tr thay i trong phm vi ln, kh nng mt mt thng tin
trong mng hon ton c th xy ra. Mt yu t lm gim cht lng thoi
na l k thut nn tit kim ng truyn. Nu nn xung dung lng
cng thp th k thut nn cng phc tp, cho cht lng khng cao v c
bit l thi gian x l s lu, gy tr.
Mt nhc im khc ca in thoi IP l vn ting vng. Nu nh trong
mng thoi, do tr t nn ting vng khng nh hng nhiu th trong mng
IP, do tr ln nn ting vng nh hng nhiu n cht lng thoi. V vy,
ting vng l mt vn cn phi gii quyt trong in thoi IP.
n nay, H.323 pht trin thng qua hai phin bn. Phin bn th nht c
thng qua vo nm 1996 v phin bn th hai c thng qua vo nm 1998. ng
dng vo chun ny rt rng bao gm c cc thit b hot ng c lp cng nh
ng dng truyn thng nhng trong mi trng my tnh c nhn, c th p dng
cho m thoi im - im cng nh cho truyn thng hi ngh. H.323 cn bao gm
c chc nng iu khin cuc gi, qun l thng tin a phng tin v qun l
bng thng v ng thi cn cung cp giao din gia mng LAN v cc mng
khc.
MCU
Terminal
PSTN
Gatekeeper
Gateway
ISDN
Terminal
LAN
Speaker
Audio CODEC
G711, G722, G.723,
G.728, G.729
ng dng
s liu
H.245 Control
Call Control H.225
RAS Control H.225
Video CODEC
H.261, H.263
Camera,
Display
Receive Path
Delay
1.3.1.2. Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper l mt thnh phn quan trng trong mng H.323, n c xem nh b
no ca mng. Gatekeeper hot ng nh mt b chuyn mch o. Gatekeeper c
cc chc nng iu khin cuc gi cc im cui nh nh a ch; cho php v
xc nhn cc u cui H.323, cc gateway; qun l bng thng; tnh cc cuc gi;
ngoi ra n cn c th cung cp kh nng nh tuyn cuc gi. Gatekeeper qun l
bng thng nh kh nng cho php hay khng cho php cc cuc gi xy ra. Khi
s cuc gi vt qua mt ngng no th n s t chi tt c cc cuc gi
khc. Ngoi ra gatekeeper cn c th cung cp kh nng nh tuyn bo hiu.
Mc d vy, gatekeeper l thnh phn tu chn trong mng H.323. Tuy nhin nu
trong mng c gatekeeper th cc thit b u cui v cc Gateway phi s dng
cc th tc ca gatekeeper. Cc chc nng ca mt gatekeeper c phn bit
lm 2 loi l cc chc nng bt buc v cc chc nng khng bt buc.
Cc chc nng bt buc ca gatekeeper:
Chc nng dch a ch - gatekeeper s thc hin vic chuyn i t mt a
iu khin truy nhp - gatekeeper s chp nhn mt truy nhp mng LAN
T1
T2
GK
T3
GW
R
T4
R
T5
MCU
1.3.1.4. Gateway
Nhim v ca gateway l thc hin vic kt ni ga hai mng khc nhau. H.323
gateway cung cp kh nng kt ni gia mt mng H.323 v mt mng khc
(khng phi H.323). Th d nh mt gateway c th kt ni v cung cp kh nng
truyn tin gia mt u cui H.323 v mng chuyn mch knh (bao gm tt c cc
loi mng chuyn mch in thoi chng hn PSTN). Vic kt ni ny c thc
hin nh chc nng chuyn i giao thc trong qu trnh thit lp, gii phng cuc
gi v chc nng bin i khun dng d liu gia hai mng khc nhau ca
gateway. Nh vy i vi kt ni gia hai thit b u cui H.323 th khng cn thit
phi c gateway, nhng i vi cuc gi c s tham gia ca mng chuyn mch
knh th gateway l bt buc phi c.
Chc nng
u cui
H.323
Chc nng
chuyn i
Chc nng
u cui
SCN
SCN
Chc nng
u cui
SCN
SCN
Chc nng
MCU
SCN
SCN
Chc nng
MCU
SCN
SCN
Gateway A
Chc nng
MCU
H.323
Chc nng
chuyn i
Gateway B
Network
Chc nng
u cui
H.323
Chc nng
chuyn i
Gateway C
Chc nng
MCU
H.323
Chc nng
chuyn i
Gateway D
iu khin v bo hiu
Audio/Video
ng k
H.225 Call
H.245
RTP/RTCP
H.225 RAS
signalling
TCP
UDP
Tng mng (IP)
Tng lin kt d liu
Tng vt l
Hnh 1.13. Kin trc phn tng giao thc H.323
ng k.
ng k- tham gia vo mt min do gatekeeper qun l, cc im cui
cui phi bit c kh nng nhn v gii m tn hiu ca u cui kia. Bit
c kh nng nhn ca u cui nhn, u cui truyn s gii hn ni dung
ca thng tin m n truyn i, ngc li, thng bo kh nng truyn n s cho
php u cui nhn la chn ch thu ph hp. Tp hp cc kh nng ca
u cui cho nhiu lung thng tin c th c truyn i ng thi v u
cui c th khai bo li tp hp cc kh nng ca n bt k lc no. Tp hp
cc kh nng ca mi u cui c cung cp trong bn tin H.245
TerminalCapabilitySet.
Bo hiu knh logic - Mt knh logic l mt knh mang thng tin t im cui
pha thu bit cch phn tch v chy cc dng d liu ti tin. Ti mt thi im bt
k trong qu trnh truyn tin, cc b pht RTP ch c th gi mt dng ca ti tin
cho d dng ca ti tin c th thay i trong thi gian truyn (thay i thch ng
vi s tc nghn ca mng).
Mt chc nng khc m RTP c l xc nh ngun. N cho php cc ng dng thu
bit c d liu n t u. Th d thoi hi ngh, t thng tin nhn dng ngun
mt ngi s dng c th bit c ai ang ni.
RTP payload
nhng ngi tham d. Khi s lng ngi tham d tng ln, cn phi cn
bng gia vic nhn thng tin iu khin mi nht v hn ch lu lng iu
khin. h tr mt nhm ngi s dng ln, RTCP phi cm lu lng
iu khin rt ln n t cc ti nguyn khc ca mng. RTP ch cho php ti
a 5% lu lng cho iu khin ton b lu lng ca phin lm vic. iu
ny c thc hin bng cch iu chnh tc pht ca RTCP theo s
lng ngi tham d.
Voice CODEC
G.711 PCM
G.726 ADPCM
Tc
(Kbps)
64
phc
tp
Thp
40/32/24/16
Thp
G.729 CS-ACELP
G.729 A CAACELP
G.723 MP-MLQ
8
8
Cao
Va phi
6,4/5,3
Cao va phi
G.723.1 MP-MLQ
6,4/5,3
Cao va phi
16
Rt cao
G.728 LD-CELP
Cht lng
tr
Rt tt
Cc
thp
Rt thp
Tt (40 Kbps)
Ti (16 Kbps)
Tt
Kh tt
Tt (6,4
Kbps)
Ti (5,3
Kbps)
Tt (6,4
Kbps)
Ti (5,3
Kbps)
Tt
Thp
Thp
Cao
Cao
Thp