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Chng 1.

DCH V VoIP
1.1. Cng ngh IP
1.1.1. Mng Internet

Tin thn ca mng Internet l mng ARPANET ca B quc phng M. Mng


ARPANET ra i vo nm 1969 vi mc ch l kt ni cc trung tm nghin cu
ca mt s vin nghin cu v trng i hc gip cc nh khoa hc ang thc
hin cc d n ca chnh ph chia s ti nguyn thng tin qua mng.
Nm 1974, giao thc TCP/IP ra i v IP tr thnh giao thc mng din rng phi kt
ni u tin c s dng trong ARPANET. Trong giai on u, Internet khng
phi l mng IP thun nht. ARPANET ch kt ni cc mng con vi nhau. Cc
mng con ny vn s dng giao thc khc bit vi IP. Ch khi kt ni lin mng, cc
giao thc chun mi cn thit.
Nm 1986, ARPANET tr nn rt ni ting v TCP/IP thc t l giao thc chun
kt ni cc mng khc nhau. Mng ca rt nhiu trng i hc v trung tm
nghin cu c kt ni vo ARPANET v Qu khoa hc quc gia M xy dng
mng ng trc mi NFSNET. NFSNET kt ni nm trung tm siu my tnh v
B quc phng M, bt u tch mng ca mnh ra khi ARPANET v chnh thc
chm dt s tn ti ca mng ARPANET nm 1989. S kin ny nh du bc
pht trin mi ca mng di tn mi c bit cho n tn ngy nay, l Internet.
Cu trc nn tng ca Internet bao gm cc my trm client (c th l trnh duyt
web), cc my ch server (c th l web server), cc b nh tuyn (router) truy
nhp ti cc nt mng v cc b nh tuyn ng trc kt ni tt c vi nhau.
1.1.2. Kin trc TCP/IP
Hu ht my khch (client) v my ch (server) trong mng Internet s dng giao
thc TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP thc cht l
mt h giao thc cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin
mng. Hnh 1.1 m t v so snh kin trc TCP/IP v m hnh tham chiu OSI.

OSI Model

TCP/IP Architectural Model

Application

Telnet

FTP

SMTP

DNS

SNMP

Presentation
Session

Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)

Transport
Network

RIP

User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)

ICMP

Internet Protocol (IP)

ARP

DataLink
Physical

Ethernet

Token Bus

IEEE802.3

IEEE802.4

Token Ring

FDDI

IEEE802.5

ANSI X3T95

Hnh 1.1 M hnh kin trc TCP/IP so snh vi m hnh tham chiu OSI.

Giao thc IP thc hin truyn thng tin di dng cc n v d liu gi l


datagram. Mt datagram (IPv4) bao gm hai phn chnh l header v data vi
khun dng chi tit c m t trong hnh 1.2.
0

15

Internet
Version (4 Header
bits)
Length
(4)

Type-of-Service
(8)

Identification (16)
Time-to-Live (8)

16

31

Total Length (16)


Flags
(3)

Fragment Offset (13)

Protocol (8)
Header Checksum (16)
Source IP Address (32)
Destination IP Address (32)
Options (+ Padding)
Data (Variable)
(TCP Segment or UDP Packet)
Hnh 1.2 Khun dng ca IP datagram.

Khi gi cc datagram trn ng truyn vt l, cc datagram phi c ng gi


di dng cc frame do ng truyn vt l khng xc nh c cc datagram.
Ton b datagram s nm trong vng d liu ca frame nh hnh 1.3.
Frame Header

Frame Data

Hnh 1.3 S tng ng gia Datagram v Frame.

Trong trng hp ti u, mt IP datagram va khp vi mt frame vt l, nhng


trn thc t do kch thc cc datagram rt khc nhau, do rt kh c th xc nh
kch thc ln nht ca datagram sao cho ph hp vi mt frame, hn na mi
mng u tn ti mt n v truyn dn cc i MTU (Max Transfer Unit), n v
ny biu th kch thc ti a m mt n v d liu c th c truyn qua. Do
khi mt datagram c kch thc vt qu kch thc cho php ca frame trong
mng, n cn phi c phn on, mi on c kch thc nh hn kch thc cho
php.
Qu trnh phn on thng din ra ti cc gateway ni gia hai mng c MTU
khc nhau trn ng truyn d liu. Cc on sau khi c phn chia vn gm hai
thnh phn: phn header c cu trc ging vi phn header ca datagram ban u
ngoi tr cc bit ch th trong phn flags v phn data l thnh phn ca phn d liu
ban u. Kch thc tng th ca c on ng nhin phi nh hn tham s MTU
ca mng hin thi. Khi d liu c gi ti trm ch, da vo cc tham s flags
v fragment offset m d liu s c tp hp li nh ban u.
1.1.3. a ch IP
S a ch ho dnh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch
IP 32 bit (IP address). Mi a ch IPv4 c di 32 bit c tch thnh 4 vng (mi
vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh
phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn hoc nh phn c du
chm (dottet decimal notation) tch cc vng. a ch IPv4 l a ch logic, mc
ch ca n l nh danh duy nht cho mt host bt k trn lin mng. Do t
chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi
ta chia a ch IPv4 thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E, vi cu trc c ch ra
trong hnh 1.4. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a
ch.

Th t bit
Lp A

0 1

Lp B

1 0

Lp C

1 1 0

Lp D

1 1 1 0

Lp E

1 1 1 1 0

15

NetID

16

23

24

HostID
NetID

HostID
NetID

HostID

a ch Multicast
Dnh s dng trong tng lai

(NetID =Network identifier- nh danh mng,HostID = Host identifier- nh danh trm)


Hnh 1.4. Cu trc ca cc lp a ch IPv4.

31

Trong qu trnh truyn d liu, thng tin ch c th gi c n trm ch nu vic


tm kim a ch mng v a ch mng con din ra thnh cng. Phn a ch mng
c th d dng nhn c do vic a ch ho lun phi tun theo cc tiu chun
phn lp nu trn. Vn l xc nh phn a ch mng con vn rt khc nhau
i vi tng t chc. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta s dng Subnet mask.
l mt dy 32 bit thng tin trong tt c cc bit tng ng vi a ch mng v a
ch mng con c thit lp ln 1, cn cc bit tng ng vi HostID trong mng
con th c thit lp xung 0. Nh vy khi thc hin bit mask (thc hin logic AND
gia a ch IPv4 thc v Subnet mask) s c c a ch i din cho mng con
cn tm.
Trong thc t t chc mng, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con
(subnet) nhm tng thm tnh linh hot cho vic qun l mng, lc c th a
thm cc vng SubnetID nh danh cc mng con. Vng SubnetID c ly t
vng HostID c.
a ch IPv4 khng phi l a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC Media Access Control,
hay a ch lp Data Link) ca cc my trm trn mt mng. Trn mt mng, hai
my trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh
vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia a ch IPv4 (32 bit) v a ch vt l
(48 bit) ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) c xy
dng chuyn i t a ch IPv4 sang a ch vt l khi cn thit. Ngc li, giao
thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) c dng chuyn i t a
ch vt l sang a ch IPv4. C ARP v RARP u khng phi l b phn ca IPv4,
IPv4 s dng n chng khi cn.

1.1.4. Giao thc nh tuyn


Mt gi tin truyn ti mt b nh tuyn (router) trn mng Internet mang mt a
ch ch ton cc duy nht, l nh danh (ID) duy nht phn bit nt (node)
ch mong mun vi cc nt khc trn ton th gii. Nhim v ca mt router l c
a ch phn u gi, xc nh mng m a ch ch m a ch ch nm trong ,
tm trong bng nh tuyn (hay chn ng) ca n a ch ca router gn ch ca
gi tin hn so vi chnh n v chuyn gi tin n router .
Bng nh tuyn l ni lu tr cc thng tin nh tuyn (hay ng i) ca d liu
trn mng. Cu trc ca bng nh tuyn bao gm a ch ca mng ch, mng con,
host; a ch IP ca router k tip; giao din c mng s dng (Loopback,
Ethernet, Token Ring,...); subnet mask; khong cch ti trm ch...
Giao thc nh tuyn (Routing Protocol) cp nht trong cc b nh tuyn (router)
chng bit con ng no m gi tin nn i tip trn mng. Mng IP ngy nay
s dng hai loi giao thc nh tuyn chnh l nh tuyn vector khong cch
(Distance-Vector Routing) v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (Link-State Routing).
nh tuyn Distance-Vector quan tm n vic tm s hop (hay router) ti thiu
xc nh ng i ngn nht v tt nht ti ch, trong khi nh tuyn Link-State
lin quan ch yu n trng thi cc giao din (interface) m cc router h tr, c
ngha l ti c truyn v bng thng ch c dng khi mt giao din thay i
(ln hoc xung).
Lp mng (lp IP) khng m nhim vic chuyn ti thng tin nh tuyn ca hai
giao thc nh tuyn trn. Thng tin nh tuyn c chuyn ti theo cch th cng
hoc thng qua mt s giao thc chung c thit k cho mc ch ny, chng hn
nh giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol), giao thc u

tin ng i ngn nht OSPF (Open Short Path First) hoc BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol). Cc giao thc ny c im hot ng ging nhau l cho php cc router
chuyn ti hoc loan bo thng tin v kh nng kt ni ti mng cho cc router
khc. Khi cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng, mi router s chia s thng tin v a
ch ca cc mng m n truy nhp n vi cc router khc v bng cch th mi
router pht hin s hin din v kh nng kt ni ti cc mng.
1.1.5. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP

TCP l mt giao thc kiu c lin kt (connection oriented), ngha l cn phi


thit lp lin kt (logic) gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu
vi nhau.
Trong phn bo hiu ca VoIP, TCP c dng bo m s tin cy khi thit lp
mt cuc gi. Do cc phng thc hot ng ca TCP c bo nhn v pht li cc
gi hng hoc thiu, nn khng kh thi khi dng TCP cho c ch mang thoi trong
mt cuc gi VoIP. Vi VoIP, mt gi khng quan trng hn tr.
n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l segment (on d liu), c khun
dng m t trong hnh 1.5.
0

15

16

31

Source Port (16 bits)


Destination Port (16)
Sequence Number (32)
Acknowledgment Number (32)
U A P R S F
Data Reserved
R C S S Y I
Windows (16)
offset (4)
(6)
G K H T N N
Checksum (16)
Urgent Pointer (16)
Options
Padding
TCP data (stream)
Hnh 1.5. Khun dng ca TCP segment.

Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt host truy nhp vo cc dch v ca TCP cung
cp thng qua mt cng (port). Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt
socket duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt
logic gia mt cp socket. Mt socket c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc socket
xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin
kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s
c gii phng.
1.1.6. Giao thc UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless) c
s dng thay th cho TCP trn theo yu cu ca ng dng khc. Khc vi
TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v gii phng lin kt, tng t nh

IP. N cng khng cung cp cc c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp


xp tun t cc n v d liu (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt
hoc trng d liu m khng h c thng bo li cho ngi gi, Tm li l n
cung cp cc dch v giao vn khng tin cy nh trong TCP.
UDP c dng trong VoIP mang lu lng thoi (cc knh mang bearer
channels). TCP khng c dng c ch iu khin lung v truyn li cc gi
thoi khng cn thit. V UDP c dng mang cc lung thoi, n vn c
truyn m khng quan tm c nhiu gi thoi b mt trong qu trnh cuc gi.

Nu TCP c dng cho VoIP, tr do ch bo nhn v truyn li lm cho cht


lng thoi l khng th chp nhn. Vi VoIP v nhng ng dng thi gian thc
khc, iu khin tr quan trng hn l m bo s phn phi tin cy ca tng gi.
Khun dng ca UDP datagram c m t trong hnh 1.6 vi cc vng tham s
n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP segment.
0

15

16

Source Port (16 bits)


Message length (16)

31

Destination Port (16)


Checksum (16)
DATA

Hnh 1.6. Khun dng ca UDP datagram.

UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port numbers)


nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc
nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng
c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.

1.1.7. S ho ting ni
Ting ni gi qua PSTN bt u c s ho vo nhng nm 1960, hiu qu thu
c khi s ho mang li gi tr cho kh nng x l ca my tnh mt cch ng k.
Ba bc s ho ting ni theo chun PCM l ly mu, lng t ho v m ho.
Thoi chng ta ang s dng khng hon ton l thoi s, vic s ho ch c thc
hin tng i v khng lm thay i phng php chuyn mch. Sau y l mt s
u im s ho ting ni:
Vic ghp knh c d dng hn
Bo hiu tr nn d dng hn
C th s dng my tnh lm u cui thoi

H thng chuyn mch tr thnh mt my tnh ln cn h thng truyn dn


c s ho.
Cc ng truyn t b nhiu hn v c th chu c nhiu tt hn
C th gim st cht lng ng truyn mt cch cht ch
C th cung cp cc dch v mi
C kh nng m ho.
1.1.8. Gi ho thoi v cht lng dch v thoi
Mc ch gi ho thoi l dnh cho cc dch v d liu, tch hp mng thoi v
mng d liu, thay v s dng lung trung k ring bit, vic gi ho s c cho
php gi cc gi d liu thoi qua mng IP. Vn khng n gin ch l s ho
ting ni, chuyn thnh gi v truyn qua mng. Gi ho nh hng n cht lng
dch v thoi QoS (Quality of Service), gi ho thoi thnh cng, cn phi xem
xt cc tham s sau:
Tr ng gi. Tr xut hin khi cc mu thoi (c ly mu vi tn sut 8000
ln trong mt giy, tc 125s mt ln) c lu li cho thnh mt gi. Kch
thc mc nh ca gi IPv4 l 570 byte (kch thc ti a l 64Kbyte), nh
vy tr ng gi l 125s x 570 = 71.250s hay 71 ms. Nu tr gia hai u
cui tng i ln th cn c phi thc hin thm thao tc loi b ting vng.
Tr ni tip (jitter). Tr xut hin khi gi d liu thoi xp hng sau mt s gi
d liu khng nhy cm lm vi tr. Tr ny xut hin ti tt c cc b nh
tuyn (router) m gi i qua, do tng tr ni tip c th lm mo thoi bng
nhiu cch khc nhau.
Tc bit tng i cao ca thoi. Thoi thng thng c s ho theo
chun PCM v i hi bng thng l 64Kbps cho mt cuc gi. Tuy nhin
nhiu tuyn kt ni cc b nh tuyn cng ch c bng thng l 64Kbps. Nh
th ch mt knh thoi chim ht bng thng ca tuyn kt ni. Ngoi ra cn
phi tnh n mo u ca gi. Nh vy thc t l mt knh thoi (trong mng
chuyn mch gi) s chim bng thng ln hn 64Kbps.
Tc bit khng i ca thoi. Thoi c s ho theo chun PCM c tc
bit l 64Kbps (tnh c hai chiu). c im ca cuc gi thoi l thi gian im
lng chim khong 50% tng thi gian cuc gi (cng tnh c hai chiu). Vic
lp y khong lng, m bo n nn trong cc cuc gi l rt cn thit.
Gi li gi khi c li. Mng IP l mng phi kt ni v khng x l li lp IP.
Cc b nh tuyn IP ch n thun loi b cc gi c li. TCP c th gi li tt
c cc gi b li nhng TCP khng thch hp vi vic truyn d liu thi gian
thc nh VoIP. UDP khng phi l giao thc hng kt ni v s kh khn
hn rt nhiu trong vic iu khin cc kt ni VoIP.

Ngi ta a ra cc m hnh QoS p dng cho vic qun l truyn thng d liu
nh sau:

Cung cp thm ti nguyn mng - Gii php u tin m chng ta ngh ti


gii quyt vn tt nghn trn ng truyn mng l cung cp thm ti
nguyn mng nhm mc ch tng di thng ca mng trong trng hp tt
nghn xy ra. Tuy nhin gii php ny khng c tnh kinh t, t nht l i vi
cu trc mng nh hin nay, bi v chng ta him khi c th d on trc
c thi im s xy ra tt nghn mng v cng khng th tm ti nguyn
mng tho mn tt c cc nhu cu trn mng. Hn na, dch v theo kiu
best-effort(c gng ti a) khng th m bo cung cp cc dch v tin cy,
thm ch i vi nhng mng khng chu ti ln th tr trn mng cng
nh hng ti cht lng ca cc ng dng thi gian thc. Bi vy, c
th cung cp c nhng m bo v cht lng, cc dch v IP phi h tr
nhiu dch v khc nhau v nhiu mc dch v cho tng lp ngi dng v
ng dng khc nhau. Di y l hai m hnh QoS c th c p dng ring
r hay phi hp trong cc h thng mng IP.
M hnh lu gi ti nguyn - Cu trc dch v tch hp IntServ (Integrated
Service Architecture)- Cu trc dch v tch hp c nh ngha bi IETF
nhm mc ch a Internet tr thnh mt c s h tng cho cc dch v tch
hp tnh nng cao h tr truyn thng ting ni, hnh nh, d liu thi gian
thc cng nh cc d liu truyn thng. Cc ti nguyn mng s c phn
chia tu theo cc yu cu QoS c th, v c tp trung vo cc chin lc
qun l bng thng. Cc c ch gii quyt vn ny c cung cp bi
giao thc lu gi ti nguyn RSVP(Resource Reservation Protocol) nh mt
phn ca cu trc IntServ, theo router v host c th hiu nhau v c th
phn bit c nhng mc dch v khc nhau v c phng php theo
nhng ngi s dng c th thng bo cho cc nt nhng yu cu ca h.
M hnh phn quyn u tin C ch cung cp dch v khc bit DiffServ
(Differentiated Services Framework) - C ch cung cp dch v khc bit c
nh ngha bi IETF cung cp cc dch v khc bit trn ng truyn
Internet, h tr nhiu loi ng dng v p ng nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip.
C ch ny hot ng da trn vic cung cp cht lng dch v cho tng nhn
t s to nn cc dch v khc nhau hn l cho bn thn cc dch v. C th l,
c ch ny s to ra 8 bit trong trng ToS ca header IPv4 hay 8 bit trong
trng traffic Class ca header IPv6 ca tng gi tin xc nh cch thc
truyn gi tin trn tng node mng. Cch thc truyn thng trn mng cng
nh cc ti nguyn mng s c phn loi da trn cc tiu chun qun l
bng thng. m bo cht lng dch v, vic phn loi trn phi c a
ra nhng c ch u tin cho ng dng c nhu cu cao hn.
Sau y l cc gii php c ng dng nng cao QoS thoi gi:
S dng cc gi IP c kch thc b nhm gim tr ng gi. Trong nhiu
trng hp c th s dng kch thc mc nh ca gi IP.

S dng cc gi c cc u tin khc nhau cho php gim thiu tr ni tip.


Phn cp u tin cc gi IP trong trng Type of Service (loi dch v) trong
mo u ca gi IP, nhng phn ln cc b nh tuyn khng s dng trng
ny.
S dng b m Jitter gim s thiu n nh ca tr. B m ny l min
b nh dng lu cc gi VoIP n vi cc tr khc nhau. Cc mu thoi
c ly ra khi b m vi tc n nh to ra cm gic tr khng thay
i trong sut thi gian b m c d liu. y l gii php n gin v hiu
qu, gii php ny cn c s dng trong mng VoFR(Voice over Frame
Relay) v thm ch trong cc ng dng VoATM (Voice over ATM).
Nn thoi t lung PCM 64Kbps xung lung 13Kbps hoc 8 Kbps c cht
lng tng i tt, hon ton p ng nhu cu ting ni ca dch v thoi.
Loi b cc mu thoi tng ng vi khong lng v s dng n nn, n
gin l to ra tn hiu nhiu trng vi m lng thp. Ngi s dng s c
cm gic ng dy b hng v d dng nhn ra tnh nhn to ca n nn
ny.
S dng giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP). TCP v UDP khng thch
hp cho iu khin v truyn ti VoIP. Trong phn mo u ca gi IP c 8 bit
m t 256 giao thc khc nhau, trong s c giao thc RTP (Real-time
Transport Protocol). RTP c nhiu im tng ng vi TCP, tuy nhin RTP
khng gi li cc gi b li v do thch hp vi cc dch v thi gian thc,
trong c VoIP.
1.1.9. Mt s dch v Internet truyn thng
Dch v th in t
y l mt trong nhng dch v thng tin ph bin nht trn Internet. Dch v ny
khng phi dng u cui ti u cui (end-to-end), ngha l bn gi v bn nhn
khng phi lin kt trc tip vi nhau. N l dch v kiu lu v chuyn tip (Store
and Forward). Th in t c chuyn t my ny sang my khc cho ti my ch
ging h thng bu chnh thng thng.
Mi ngi dng kt ni vi mt Mail server. Sau khi son tho xong, th s c
gi n Mail server qua giao thc SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). Mail
server ny c nhim v chuyn th n Mail server ca ngi nhn hoc qua cc
Mail server trung gian khc. Th s c chuyn n Mail server ca ngi nhn v
c lu ti . n khi ngi nhn thit lp mt lin kt n Mail server ca h th
th s c chuyn v my ca ngi nhn. Giao thc truyn thng c s dng
nhn th in t l POP3(Post Office Protocol Version 3).
Dch v truyn tp tin
Dch v truyn tp tin hay cn gi l FTP c t tn theo giao thc m n s dng
l FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP cho php chuyn cc tp tin t mt trm ny
sang trm khc bt k trm u v s dng h iu hnh g, ch cn chng c
kt ni Internet v c ci t phn mm FTP. FTP l chng trnh rt phc tp v c

nhiu cch khc nhau x l tp tin v cu trc tp tin, cha ni n c nhiu cch
lu tr tp tin khc nhau (binary hay ASCII, nn v khng nn...)
Dch v Web
World Wide Web hay cn gi l dch v Web l dch v thng tin hp dn nht trn
Internet. N da trn mt k thut biu din thng tin c gi l siu vn bn
(hypertext), trong cc t trong vn bn c th c m rng bt k lc no
cung cp cc thng tin y hn v t . S m rng y c hiu theo ngha
l chng c cc lin kt ti cc ti liu khc (c th l vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh
hoc hn hp ca chng) c cha cc thng tin b sung. xy dng c cc
trang thng tin nh vy, Web s dng mt ngn ng c tn l HTML (HyperText
Markup Language). HTML cho php c v lin kt cc d liu khc nhau trn cng
mt trang thng tin.
thc hin vic truy nhp, lin kt n cc ti nguyn thng tin khc nhau theo k
thut siu vn bn, Web s dng khi nim URL(Uniform Resource Locator), y l
mt dng tn nh danh duy nht cho mt ti liu hoc mt dch v trn Web. Hot
ng ca Web hot ng da trn m hnh Khch/Phc v (Client/Server) v giao
thc chuyn giao siu vn bn HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Ti trm client,
ngi dng s dng trnh duyt Web gi cc yu cu tm kim tp tin HTML n
cc Web server xa trn mng Internet nh a ch URL. Web server nhn cc yu
cu ri thc hin v gi kt qu v cho Web client. Trnh duyt Web c nhim v
bin dch cc tp tin HTML v hin th cc trang ti liu c yu cu.
Dch v ng nhp t xa (Telnet)
Dch v Telnet cho php ngi s dng t mt trm lm vic ca mnh c th ng
nhp (login) vo mt trm xa qua mng v lm vic vi trm xa ging nh
mnh ang lm vic trc tip tr3n trm xa . Dch v thng c s dng cho
cng vic qun l thit b v dch v mng t xa khi lm vic lu ng xa ni t
thit b.

1.2. Dch v VoIP


VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) c th c nh ngha l kh nng gi in
thoi v gi Fax trn mng d liu nn IP(Internet Protocol) vi mt cht lng dch
v ph hp v mt gi cc r hn. VoIP l thoi da trn giao thc Internet c
thc hin trn cc mng LAN, WAN v Internet, cn in thoi Internet cng l
thoi qua giao thc Internet nhng cuc gi ch thc hin trn mng Internet.
1.2.1. Th d v mt cuc gi in thoi IP
Trong in thoi thng thng, tn hiu thoi c tn s nm trong khong 0.4 - 3.3
KHz c ly mu vi tn s 8KHz theo Nyquyst. Sau cc mu s c lng
t ho vi 8bit/mu v c truyn vi tc 64Kbps n mng chuyn mch sau
c truyn ti ch. bn nhn, dng s 64 Kbps ny c gii m cho ra
tn hiu thoi tng t.(hnh 1.7).

Ly mu
8 KHz

Lng t
ho 8bit/
mu

...010011...

Chuyn
mch

64 Kbps

Hnh 1.7. Mt cuc gi in thoi thng thng.

Thc cht thoi qua mng IP (VoIP) cng khng hon ton khc hn in thoi
thng thng. u tin tn hiu thoi cng c s ho, nhng sau thay v truyn
trn mng PSTN qua cc trng chuyn mch, chng s c nn xung tc
thp, ng gi v chuyn ln mng IP. Ti bn nhn, cc gi tin ny c gii nn
thnh cc lung PCM 64Kbps truyn n thu bao b gi. S khc nhau chnh l
mng truyn dn v khun dng thng tin dng truyn dn.
Hnh 1.8 minh ho v mt cuc gi VoIP. Gi s thu bao A mun gi n thu bao
B. Thu bao A quay s in thoi ca thu bao B. Mng PSTN c nhim v phn
tch a ch v kt ni n gateway1. Ti y a ch ca B li c phn tch v
gateway1 xc nh c thu bao B c kim sot bi gateway2. N s thit lp
mt phin lin kt vi gateway2. Cc thng tin bo hiu m gateway1 nhn c t
PSTN s c chuyn i thch hp sang dng gi v truyn n gateway2. Ti
gateway2, cc gi tin li c chuyn i ngc li v truyn sang mng PSTN.
Mng PSTN c nhim v nh tuyn cuc gi n thu bao B. Cc thng tin tr li
s c chuyn i ngc li qua gateway2 n gateway1. Sau khi cuc gi c
thit lp, cc gateway c nhim v chuyn i gia cc gi tin thoi trn mng IP v
cc lung PCM truyn trn mng PSTN.

in thoi
Thu bao A

PSTN

Gateway 1

in thoi
Thu bao B

Gateway 2

Internet

My tnh 1

My tnh 2

Hnh 1.8. Mt cuc gi VoIP.

Ngoi cu hnh phone to phone trn, dch v thoi IP cn cho php cc my tnh
(Personal Computer hay PC) c trang b in thoi trong cc mng LAN c th trao
i thoi vi nhau (cu hnh PC to PC) v vi cc thu bao in thoi trong mng
PSTN (cu hnh PC to Phone hay Phone to PC) nh trong hnh 1.8.

1.2.2. Cc ng dng ca in thoi IP


Giao tip thoi s vn l dng giao tip c bn ca con ngi. Mng in thoi
cng cng khng th b n gin thay th, thm ch thay i trong thi gian ti.
Mc ch tc thi ca cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP l ti to li kh nng
ca in thoi vi mt chi ph vn hnh thp hn nhiu v a ra cc gii php k
thut b sung cho mng PSTN.
in thoi IP c th c p dng cho gn nh mi yu cu ca giao tip thoi, t
mt cuc m thoi n gin cho n mt cuc gi hi ngh nhiu ngi phc tp.
Cht lng m thanh c truyn cng c th bin i tu theo ng dng. Ngoi
ra, vi kh nng ca Internet, dch v in thoi IP s cung cp thm nhiu tnh
nng mi.
Ta c th xem xt mt vi ng dng trc mt ca in thoi:
Thoi thng minh
H thng in thoi ngy cng tr nn hu hiu: r, ph bin, d s dng, c
ng. Nhng n hon ton ng ngn. N ch c mt s phm iu khin. Trong
nhng nm gn y, ngi ta c gng to ra thoi thng minh, u tin l
cc thoi bn, sau l n cc server. Nhng mi c gng u tht bi do s tn
ti ca cc h thng c sn.

Internet s thay i iu ny. K t khi Internet ph khp ton cu, n c s


dng tng thm tnh thng minh cho mng in thoi ton cu. Gia mng my
tnh v mng in thoi tn ti mt mi lin h. Internet cung cp cch gim st v
iu khin cc cuc thoi mt cch tin li hn. Chng ta c th thy c kh nng
kim sot v iu khin cc cuc thoi thng qua mng Internet.
Dch v in thoi Web
World Wide Web lm cuc cch mng trong cch giao dch vi khch hng
ca cc doanh nghip. in thoi Web hay bm s (click to dial) cho php cc
nh doanh nghip c th a thm cc phm bm ln trang web kt ni ti h
thng in thoi ca h. Dch v bm s l cch d nht v an ton nht a
thm cc knh trc tip t trang Web ca bn vo h thng in thoi.
Truy cp cc trung tm tr li in thoi
Truy nhp n cc trung tm phc v khch hnh qua mng Internet s thc y
mnh m thng mi in t. Dch v ny s cho php mt khch hnh c cu hi
v mt sn phm c cho hng qua Internet c cc nhn vin ca cng ty tr
li trc tuyn.
Dch v fax qua IP
Nu bn gi nhiu fax t PC, c bit l gi ra nc ngoi th vic s dng dch v
Internet faxing s gip bn tit kim c tin v c knh thoi. Dch v ny s
chuyn trc tip t PC ca bn qua kt ni Internet. Hng nm, th gii tn hn 30
t USD cho vic gi fax ng di. Nhng ngy nay Internet fax lm thay i

iu ny. Vic s dng Internet khng nhng c m rng cho thoi m cn cho
c dch v fax. Khi s dng dch v thoi v fax qua Internet, c hai vn c bn:
Nhng ngi s dng dch v thoi qua Internet cn c chng trnh phn
mm chng hn FoneVNN Client, FPT Phone Dialer. Cu hnh ny cung cp
cho ngi s dng kh nng s dng thoi qua Internet thay cho s dng
in thoi bn truyn thng.
Kt ni mt gateway thoi qua Internet vi h thng in thoi hin hnh. Cu
hnh ny cung cp dch v thoi qua Internet ging nh vic m rng h thng
in thoi hin hnh.

1.2.3. Li ch ca in thoi IP
Cng ngh VoIP s em li nhng li ch ch yu sau:
Gim chi ph
Mt gi cc chung s thc hin c vi mng Internet v do tit kim ng
k cc dch v thoi v fax. Ngi ta c tnh c khong 70% cc cuc gi n
Chu l gi fax, phn ln trong s c th c thay th bi FoIP (Fax over
IP). S chia s chi ph thit b v thao tc gia nhng ngi s dng thoi v d
liu cng tng cng hiu qu s dng mng bi l d tha bng tn trn mng
ca ngi ny c th c s dng bi mt ngi khc.
n gin ho
Mt c s h tng tch hp h tr tt c cc hnh thc thng tin cho php chun
ho tt hn v gim tng s thit b. C s h tng kt hp ny c th h tr vic
ti u ho bng tn ng.
Thng nht
V con ngi l nhn t quan trng nhng cng d sai lm nht trong mt mng
vin thng, mi c hi hp nht cc thao tc, loi b cc im sai st v thng
nht cc im thanh ton s rt c ch. Trong cc t chc kinh doanh, s qun l
trn c s SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) c th c cung cp
cho c dch v thoi v d liu s dng VoIP. Vic s dng thng nht giao thc IP
cho tt c cc ng dng ha hn gim bt phc tp v tng cng tnh mm do.
Cc ng dng lin quan nh dch v danh b v dch v an ninh mng c th c
chia s d dng hn.
Nng cao ng dng
Thoi v fax ch l cc ng dng khi u cho VoIP, cc li ch trong thi gian di
hn c mong i t cc ng dng a phng tin (multimedia) v a dch v.
Chng hn cc gii php thng mi Internet c th kt hp truy cp Web vi vic
truy nhp trc tip n mt nhn vin h tr khch hng...

1.2.4. u im v nhc im ca in thoi IP


V mt k thut in thoi IP c nhng u im v nhc im sau:

u im
Thng tin thoi trc khi a ln mng IP s c nn xung dung lng
thp (tu theo k thut nn), v vy s lm gim c lu lng mng.
Trong trng hp cuc gi mng chuyn mch knh mt knh vt l s
c thit lp v duy tr gia hai bn cho n khi mt trong hai bn hu b
lin kt. Nh vy, trong khong thi gian khng c ting ni, tn hiu thoi vn
c ly mu, lng t ho v truyn i. V vy, hiu sut ng truyn s
khng cao. i vi in thoi Internet c cc c ch pht hin khong lng
(khong thi gian khng c ting ni) nn s lm tng hiu sut mng.

Nhc im
Nhc im chnh ca in thoi qua mng IP chnh l cht lng dch v.
Cc mng s liu vn d khng phi xy dng vi mc ch truyn thoi thi
gian thc, v vy khi truyn thoi qua mng s liu cho cht lng cuc gi
thp v khng th xc nh trc c. S d nh vy l v gi tin truyn
trong mng c tr thay i trong phm vi ln, kh nng mt mt thng tin
trong mng hon ton c th xy ra. Mt yu t lm gim cht lng thoi
na l k thut nn tit kim ng truyn. Nu nn xung dung lng
cng thp th k thut nn cng phc tp, cho cht lng khng cao v c
bit l thi gian x l s lu, gy tr.
Mt nhc im khc ca in thoi IP l vn ting vng. Nu nh trong
mng thoi, do tr t nn ting vng khng nh hng nhiu th trong mng
IP, do tr ln nn ting vng nh hng nhiu n cht lng thoi. V vy,
ting vng l mt vn cn phi gii quyt trong in thoi IP.

1.2.5. Nhng kh khn khi trin khai dch v


C 3 kh khn chnh khi trin khai VoIP l:
Vn tiu chun: Do tiu chun quc t ca in thoi IP cn ang khng
ngng pht trin v hon thin v c bit l tiu chun thng tin gia cc
min khc nhau, gia cc mng khc nhau... cn ang trong thi gian tranh
lun nh hng trc tip n s tng thch gia cc sn phm in thoi
IP ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau. Ngoi ra vn chuyn mch ca thu
bao cc min khc nhau, vn l trnh v vn tng thch dch v, vn
thanh ton cc ph gia cc nh cung cp dch v khc nhau cn ang
ch c gii quyt.
Vn mng truyn ti: in thoi IP da trn Internet, m giao thc ca
Internet l TCP/IP c thit k ch yu nhm cho dch v d liu phi thi
gian thc. Trc mt cha c th thc hin qun l rng bng thng,
khng ch lu lng cho nn khng th cung cp cc dch v QoS.
Lu lng truyn dn trong mng Internet l khng th xc nh trc c
v lun thay i, v vy nh hng nghim trng n cht lng thng thoi.
Cn c vo tnh hnh k thut hin nay c th ni Internet i vi thng tin
in thoi thi gian thc yu cu cht lng cao cn tn ti nhiu khim
khuyt.
Vn dung lng thit b: Cc nh sn xut thit b tip nhn Internet v cc
nh sn xut thit b cng mng u ang c gng pht trin vi quy m ln,
t vi ca ra E1 cho n hn 100 ca ra E1. Tuy nhin dung lng ca thit
b hin nay cn cch xa so vi cc sn phm ca vin thng.

1.3. H.323 - Tiu chun p dng cho in thoi IP


H.323 l mt chun quc t v hi thoi trn mng chuyn mch gi c a ra
bi hip hi vin thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union).
Chun H.323 ca ITU xc nh cc thnh phn, cc giao thc, cc th tc cho php
cung cp dch v truyn d liu a phng tin (multimedia) audio, video, data thi
gian thc qua mng chuyn mch gi (bao gm c mng IP) m khng quan tm
n cht lng dch v. H.323 nm trong b cc khuyn ngh H.32x cung cp cc
dch v truyn d liu a phng tin qua cc loi mng khc nhau. Mt trong cc
ng dng ca H.323 chnh l dch v in thoi IP.

n nay, H.323 pht trin thng qua hai phin bn. Phin bn th nht c
thng qua vo nm 1996 v phin bn th hai c thng qua vo nm 1998. ng
dng vo chun ny rt rng bao gm c cc thit b hot ng c lp cng nh
ng dng truyn thng nhng trong mi trng my tnh c nhn, c th p dng
cho m thoi im - im cng nh cho truyn thng hi ngh. H.323 cn bao gm
c chc nng iu khin cuc gi, qun l thng tin a phng tin v qun l
bng thng v ng thi cn cung cp giao din gia mng LAN v cc mng
khc.

1.3.1. Cu hnh mng theo chun H.323


Mng H.323 da trn c s mng IP cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu a
phng tin thi gian thc (trong c dch v thoi IP), hot ng theo chun
H.323. Cu hnh ca mng H.323 c th bao gm cc thnh phn c bn nh trn
hnh 1.9.

MCU
Terminal
PSTN

Gatekeeper

Gateway
ISDN

Terminal
LAN

Hnh 1.9. Cc thnh phn trong mng H.323

1.3.1.1. Thit b u cui (Terminal)


H.323 Terminal l mt thit b u cui trong mng LAN c kh nng truyn thng
hai chiu. N c th l mt my PC hoc mt thit b c lp. Tt c cc u cui
H.323 u phi c h tr kh nng truyn d liu audio v video hai chiu v
phi h tr chun H.245 c dng iu tit cc knh truyn d liu (Hnh
1.10). Ngoi ra n phi c h tr cc thnh phn sau:
Giao thc bo hiu H.225 phc v trong qu trnh thit lp v hu b cuc gi.
Giao thc H.225 RAS (Registration/Admision/Status) thc hin cc chc

nng ng k, thu nhn... vi gatekeeper.


Giao thc RTP/RCTP truyn v kt hp cc gi tin audio, video...

Mt u cui H.323 cng c th c trang b thm cc tnh nng nh:

M ho v gii m cc tn hiu audio, video.


H tr giao thc T.120 phc v cho vic trao i thng tin s liu (data).

Speaker

Audio CODEC
G711, G722, G.723,
G.728, G.729

ng dng
s liu

Chc nng iu khin h thng


Giao din
iu khin
h thng
cho ngi
s dng

H.245 Control
Call Control H.225
RAS Control H.225

Giao din vi mng

Video CODEC
H.261, H.263

Lp ng gi d liu Media H.225

Camera,
Display

Receive Path
Delay

Tng thch vi MCU (Multipoint Control Unit) h tr cc lin kt a im.

Cc chc nng H.323

Hnh 1.10. Cc thit b u cui H.323.

1.3.1.2. Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper l mt thnh phn quan trng trong mng H.323, n c xem nh b
no ca mng. Gatekeeper hot ng nh mt b chuyn mch o. Gatekeeper c
cc chc nng iu khin cuc gi cc im cui nh nh a ch; cho php v
xc nhn cc u cui H.323, cc gateway; qun l bng thng; tnh cc cuc gi;
ngoi ra n cn c th cung cp kh nng nh tuyn cuc gi. Gatekeeper qun l
bng thng nh kh nng cho php hay khng cho php cc cuc gi xy ra. Khi
s cuc gi vt qua mt ngng no th n s t chi tt c cc cuc gi
khc. Ngoi ra gatekeeper cn c th cung cp kh nng nh tuyn bo hiu.
Mc d vy, gatekeeper l thnh phn tu chn trong mng H.323. Tuy nhin nu
trong mng c gatekeeper th cc thit b u cui v cc Gateway phi s dng
cc th tc ca gatekeeper. Cc chc nng ca mt gatekeeper c phn bit
lm 2 loi l cc chc nng bt buc v cc chc nng khng bt buc.
Cc chc nng bt buc ca gatekeeper:
Chc nng dch a ch - gatekeeper s thc hin vic chuyn i t mt a

ch hnh thc (dng tn gi) ca cc thit b u cui v gateway sang a ch


truyn dn thc trong mng (a ch IP). Chuyn i ny da trn bng i
chiu a ch c cp nht thng xuyn bng bn tin ng k dch v ca
cc u cui.

iu khin truy nhp - gatekeeper s chp nhn mt truy nhp mng LAN

bng cch s dng cc bn tin H.225.0 l ARQ/ACF/ARJ . Vic iu khin


ny da trn rng bng tn v ng k dch v hoc cc thng s khc do
nh sn xut qui nh. y cng c th l mt th tc rng c ngha l chp
nhn mi yu cu truy nhp ca cc thit b u cui.
iu khin rng bng tn - gatekeeper h tr vic trao i cc bn tin

H.225.0 l BRQ/BCF/BRJ iu khin rng bng tn ca mt cuc gi.


y cng c th l mt th tc rng c ngha l n chp nhn mi yu cu v
s thay i rng bng tn.
iu khin min - mt min (zone) l mt nhm cc u cui H.323 (Tx), cc

gateway (GW), MCU c qun l bi 1 gatekeeper (GK). Trong mt min c


ti thiu mt u cui H.323, mi min ch c duy nht mt gatekeeper. Mt
min hon ton c th c lp vi cu trc mng, bao gm nhiu mng c
kt ni vi nhau qua cc router (R) (hnh 1.11) Thng qua cc chc nng
trn: dch a ch, iu khin truy nhp, iu khin rng bng tn,
gatekeeper cung cp kh nng qun l min.
Zone

T1
T2

GK
T3

GW
R

T4
R

T5
MCU

Hnh 1.11. Mt vng(zone) H.323

Cc chc nng khng bt buc ca Gatekeeper:


iu khin bo hiu cuc gi - gatekeeper c th la chn gia hai phng

thc iu khin bo hiu cuc gi l: n kt hp vi knh bo hiu trc tip


gia cc u cui hon thnh bo hiu cuc gi hoc ch s dng cc
knh bo hiu ca n x l bo hiu cuc gi. Khi chn phng thc nh
tuyn bo hiu cuc gi trc tip gia cc u cui, th gatekeeper s khng
phi gim st bo hiu trn knh H.225.0.
Hn ch truy nhp - Gatekeeper c th s dng bo hiu trn knh H.225.0

t chi mt cuc gi ca mt thit b u cui khi nhn thy c li trong


vic ng k. Nhng nguyn nhn t chi bao gm: mt Gateway hoc u
cui ng k hn ch gi i m li c gng thc hin mt cuc gi i v
ngc li hoc mt u cui ng k hn ch truy nhp trong nhng gi nht
nh.
Gim st rng bng tn - Gatekeeper c th hn ch mt lng nht nh

cc u cui H.232 cng mt lc s dng mng. N c th thng qua knh


bo hiu H.225.0 t chi mt cuc gi do khng c bng tn thc hin
cuc gi. Vic t chi ny cng c th xy ra khi mt u cui ang hot ng
yu cu thm rng bng. y c th l mt th tc rng ngha l tt c mi
yu cu truy nhp u c ng .

Gim st cuc gi - Mt th d c th v chc nng ny ca Gatekeeper l n

lu danh sch tt c cc cuc gi H.323 hng i ang thc hin ch th


cc thu bao b gi no ang bn v cung cp thng tin cho chc nng qun
l rng bng tn.

1.3.1.3. MCU (Multipoint Control Unit)


MCU l mt im cui (Endpoint) trong mng, n cung cp kh nng nhiu thit b
u cui, gateway cng tham gia vo mt lin kt a im (multipoint conference).
N bao gm mt MC (Multipoint Controller) bt buc phi c v mt MP (Multipoint
Processor) c th c hoc khng. Nhim v ca MC l iu tit kh nng audio,
video, data gia cc thit b u cui theo giao thc H.245. N cng iu khin cc
ti nguyn ca hi thoi bng vic xc nh dng audio, video, data no cn c
gi n cc u cui. Tuy nhin, MC khng thao tc trc tip trn cc dng d liu
m nhim v ny c giao cho MP. MP s thc hin vic kt hp, chuyn i, x
l cc bit d liu.

1.3.1.4. Gateway
Nhim v ca gateway l thc hin vic kt ni ga hai mng khc nhau. H.323
gateway cung cp kh nng kt ni gia mt mng H.323 v mt mng khc
(khng phi H.323). Th d nh mt gateway c th kt ni v cung cp kh nng
truyn tin gia mt u cui H.323 v mng chuyn mch knh (bao gm tt c cc
loi mng chuyn mch in thoi chng hn PSTN). Vic kt ni ny c thc
hin nh chc nng chuyn i giao thc trong qu trnh thit lp, gii phng cuc
gi v chc nng bin i khun dng d liu gia hai mng khc nhau ca
gateway. Nh vy i vi kt ni gia hai thit b u cui H.323 th khng cn thit
phi c gateway, nhng i vi cuc gi c s tham gia ca mng chuyn mch
knh th gateway l bt buc phi c.

Chc nng
u cui
H.323

Chc nng
chuyn i

Chc nng
u cui
SCN

SCN

Chc nng
u cui
SCN

SCN

Chc nng
MCU
SCN

SCN

Chc nng
MCU
SCN

SCN

Gateway A
Chc nng
MCU
H.323

Chc nng
chuyn i
Gateway B

Network
Chc nng
u cui
H.323

Chc nng
chuyn i
Gateway C

Chc nng
MCU
H.323

Chc nng
chuyn i
Gateway D

Hnh 1.12. Cu hnh c s ca


Gateway H.323
Gateway khi hot ng s c c im ca mt thit b u cui H.323 hoc mt
MCU trong mng LAN v c c im ca mt thit b u cui trong SCN hoc
mt MCU trong SCN. V vy ta c 4 cu hnh c s ca gateway c th hin trn
hnh 1.12. Mi gateway c th c t hp ca cc cu hnh c s hoc c th gm
c 4 cu hnh ny.

1.3.2. Cc giao thc H.323 tham chiu n


Khuyn ngh H.323 a ra mt tp cc giao thc phc v cho qu trnh truyn d
liu media thi gian thc trn mng chuyn mch gi. Kin trc phn tng giao
thc c m t trn hnh 1.13 :
Data
T.120

iu khin v bo hiu
Audio/Video
ng k
H.225 Call
H.245
RTP/RTCP
H.225 RAS
signalling
TCP
UDP
Tng mng (IP)
Tng lin kt d liu
Tng vt l
Hnh 1.13. Kin trc phn tng giao thc H.323

1.3.2.1. Giao thc H.225 RAS ( Registration/Admission/Status )

Cc bn tin H.225 RAS c dng trao i gia cc im cui (cc u cui,


cc gateway) v gatekeeper cho cc chc nng nh tm gatekeeper, ng k, qun
l bng thng...
Tm gatekeeper - L qu trnh im cui tm mt gatekeeper n c th

ng k.
ng k- tham gia vo mt min do gatekeeper qun l, cc im cui

phi ng k vi gatekeeper v thng bo a ch giao vn v cc a ch hnh


thc ca n. (Trong h thng c gatekeeper th a ch hnh thc chnh l s
c quay) .
nh v cc im cui - L tin trnh tm a ch giao vn cho mt im cui khi

bit a ch hnh thc ca n (thng qua gatekeeper). Mi khi c cuc gi,


gatekeeper nhn c a ch hnh thc ca pha b gi, n phi thc hin th
tc ny xc nh c a ch dng truyn tin ca b gi.
Cc iu khin khc - Giao thc RAS cn c dng trong cc c ch iu

khin khc nh iu khin thu nhn hn ch s im cui tham gia vo


min, iu khin bng thng, iu khin gii phng khi gatekeeper.
Cc bn tin H.225 RAS c truyn trn knh RAS khng tin cy v vy chng
c ti i trong gi tin UDP.
1.3.2.2. Giao thc bo hiu cuc gi H.225.
Giao thc H.225 dng thit lp lin kt gia cc im cui H.323 (cc u cui,
cc Gateway), qua lin kt cc d liu thi gian thc s c truyn i. Bo
hiu cuc gi mng H.323 l trao i cc bn tin ca giao thc H.225 qua mt
knh bo hiu tin cy. Do yu cu tin cy ca bo hiu nn cc thng bo ca
H.225 s c truyn i trong gi tin TCP.
Qu trnh bo hiu ca cuc gi c bt u bi bn tin Setup c gi i trn
knh bo hiu tin cy H.225.0. Theo sau bn tin ny s l chui cc bn tin phc v
cho qu trnh thit lp cuc gi vi trnh t da trn khuyn ngh H.225 m u tin
l bn tin yu cu gim st bt buc. Yu cu ny cng vi nhng bn tin sau
lin quan n qu trnh khai bo/tm kim gia u cui v Gatekeeper s c
truyn i trn knh khng tin cy RAS (knh truyn thng tin v khai bo, gim st
v trng thi). Qu trnh ny kt thc khi thit b u cui nhn c trong bn tin
CONNECT a ch chuyn ti an ton m trn s gi i cc bn tin iu khin
H.245. Bn tin bo hiu H.225.0 s khng b phn on khi i qua cc PDU
(Protocol Datagram Unit), cn nhng bn tin c truyn i trn knh RAS l
nhng bn tin khng chun ho. Khi khng c gatekeeper trong mng th cc bn
tin H.225 s c trao i trc tip gia cc im cui. Nu c gatekeeper trong
mng th gatekeeper s quyt nh vic trao i cc bn tin H.225 gia cc im
cui l trc tip hay phi thng qua gatekeeper. Trong chng sau khi nghin cu
v x l cuc gi s ni r hn v giao thc bo hiu cuc gi H.225.
1.3.2.3. Giao thc iu khin cuc gi H.245.
Giao thc iu khin H.245 dng thc hin vic gim st cc hot ng ca cc
thc th H.323 bao gm: trao i kh nng cc im cui; ng m knh logic;
iu khin lung; quyt nh ch t; v cc lnh v ch th khc.

Knh H.245 c thit lp gia hai im cui, mt im cui vi MC, hoc mt


im cui vi gatekeeper. Cc im cui ch thit lp mt knh H.245 duy nht cho
mi cuc gi m n tham gia.
Trao i kh nng - Trc khi tin hnh cuc gi a phng tin, mi u

cui phi bit c kh nng nhn v gii m tn hiu ca u cui kia. Bit
c kh nng nhn ca u cui nhn, u cui truyn s gii hn ni dung
ca thng tin m n truyn i, ngc li, thng bo kh nng truyn n s cho
php u cui nhn la chn ch thu ph hp. Tp hp cc kh nng ca
u cui cho nhiu lung thng tin c th c truyn i ng thi v u
cui c th khai bo li tp hp cc kh nng ca n bt k lc no. Tp hp
cc kh nng ca mi u cui c cung cp trong bn tin H.245
TerminalCapabilitySet.
Bo hiu knh logic - Mt knh logic l mt knh mang thng tin t im cui

ny ti im cui khc (trong trng hp hi thoi im - im) hoc n


nhiu im cui khc (trong trng hp hi thoi im - a im). H.245 cung
cp cc bn tin ng m cc knh logic. Sau khi knh logic c m
thng tin media mi c truyn i trn cc knh ny.
Xc nh ch/t - Th tc ny nhm gii quyt vn xung t gia hai im

cui u c kh nng MC khi cng tham gia vo mt cuc gi hi ngh, hoc


gia hai im cui khi mun m mt knh thng tin mt chiu.
1.3.2.4. Giao thc RTP ( Real-time Transport Protocol )
Giao thc truyn thi gian thc RTP l mt th tc da trn k thut IP to ra cc
h tr truyn ti cc d liu yu cu thi gian thc, th d nh cc dng d liu
hnh nh v m thanh. Cc dch v cung cp bi RTP bao gm cc c ch khi
phc thi gian, pht hin cc li, bo an v xc nh ni dung. RTP c thit k
ch yu cho vic truyn a i tng nhng n vn c th c s dng truyn
cho mt i tng. RTP c th truyn ti mt chiu nh dch v video theo yu cu
cng nh cc dch v trao i qua li nh in thoi Internet.
Hot ng ca RTP c h tr bi mt th tc khc l RCTP nhn cc thng
tin phn hi v cht lng truyn dn v cc thng tin v thnh phn tham d cc
phin hin thi.
Cc gi tin truyn trn mng Internet c tr v jitter khng d on c. Nhng
cc ng dng a phng tin yu cu mt thi gian thch hp khi truyn cc d
liu v pht li. RTP cung cp cc c ch bo m thi gian, s th t v cc c
ch khc lin quan n thi gian. Bng cc c ch ny RTP cung cp s truyn ti
d liu thi gian thc gia cc u cui qua mng. Tem thi gian (time-stamping)
l thnh phn thng tin quan trng nht trong cc ng dng thi gian thc. Ngi
gi thit lp cc tem thi gian ngay thi im octet u tin ca gi c ly
mu. Tem thi gian tng dn theo thi gian i vi mi gi. Sau khi nhn c
gi d liu, bn thu s dng cc tem thi gian ny nhm khi phc thi gian gc
chy cc d liu ny vi tc thch hp. Ngoi ra, n cn c s dng
ng b cc dng d liu khc nhau (chng hn nh gia hnh v ting). Tuy nhin
RTP khng thc hin ng b m cc mc ng dng pha trn s thc hin s
ng b ny. B phn nhn dng ti xc nh kiu nh dng ca ti tin cng nh
cc phng cch m ho v nn. T cc b phn nh dng ny, cc ng dng

pha thu bit cch phn tch v chy cc dng d liu ti tin. Ti mt thi im bt
k trong qu trnh truyn tin, cc b pht RTP ch c th gi mt dng ca ti tin
cho d dng ca ti tin c th thay i trong thi gian truyn (thay i thch ng
vi s tc nghn ca mng).
Mt chc nng khc m RTP c l xc nh ngun. N cho php cc ng dng thu
bit c d liu n t u. Th d thoi hi ngh, t thng tin nhn dng ngun
mt ngi s dng c th bit c ai ang ni.

IP header UDP header RTP header

RTP payload

Hnh 1.14. M ho gi tin RTP trong gi IP

Cc c ch hot ng nu trn c thc hin thng qua mo u ca RTP. Cch m


ho gi tin RTP trong gi tin IP c m t trn hnh 1.14. RTP nm pha trn
UDP, s dng cc chc nng ghp knh v kim tra ca UDP. UDP v TCP l hai
giao thc c s dng ch yu trn Internet. TCP cung cp cc kt ni nh hng
v cc dng thng tin vi tin cy cao trong khi UDP cung cp cc dch v khng
lin kt v c tin cy thp gia hai trm ch. S d UDP c s dng lm th tc
truyn ti cho RTP l bi v hai l do:
Th nht, RTP c thit k ch yu cho vic truyn tin a i tng, cc kt

ni c nh hng, c bo nhn khng p ng tt iu ny.


Th hai, i vi d liu thi gian thc, tin cy khng quan trng bng

truyn ng theo thi gian. Hn na, s tin cy trong TCP l do c ch bo


pht li, khng thch hp cho RTP. Th d khi mng b tc nghn mt s gi
c th mt, cht lng dch v d thp nhng vn c th chp nhn c.
Nu thc hin vic pht li th s gy nn tr rt ln cho cht lng thp
v gy ra s tc nghn ca mng.
Thc t RTP c thc hin ch yu trong cc ng dng m ti cc mc ng
dng ny c cc c ch khi phc li gi b mt, iu khin tc nghn.
1.3.2.5. Giao thc RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol).
RTCP l giao thc h tr cho RTP cung cp cc thng tin phn hi v cht lng
truyn d liu. Cc dch v m RTCP cung cp l:
Gim st cht lng v iu khin tt nghn- y l chc nng c bn ca

RTCP. N cung cp thng tin phn hi ti mt ng dng v cht lng phn


phi d liu. Thng tin iu khin ny rt hu ch cho cc b pht, b thu v
gim st. B pht c th iu chnh cch thc truyn d liu da trn cc
thng bo phn hi ca b thu. B thu c th xc nh c tt nghn l cc
b, tng phn hay ton b. Ngi qun l mng c th nh gi c hiu
sut mng.
Xc nh ngun- Trong cc gi RTP, cc ngun c xc nh bi cc s

ngu nhin c di 32 bit. Cc s ny khng thun tin i vi ngi s


dng RTCP cung cp thng tin nhn dng ngun c th hn dng vn bn.
N c th bao gm tn ngi s dng, s in thoi, a ch e-mail v cc
thng tin khc.

ng b mi trng- Cc thng bo ca b pht RTCP cha thng tin xc

nh thi gian v nhn thi gian RTP tng ng. Chng c th c s


dng ng b gia m thanh vi hnh nh.
iu chnh thng tin iu khin- Cc gi RTCP c gi theo chu k gia

nhng ngi tham d. Khi s lng ngi tham d tng ln, cn phi cn
bng gia vic nhn thng tin iu khin mi nht v hn ch lu lng iu
khin. h tr mt nhm ngi s dng ln, RTCP phi cm lu lng
iu khin rt ln n t cc ti nguyn khc ca mng. RTP ch cho php ti
a 5% lu lng cho iu khin ton b lu lng ca phin lm vic. iu
ny c thc hin bng cch iu chnh tc pht ca RTCP theo s
lng ngi tham d.

1.3.2.6. M ho/gii m (CODEC) tn hiu Audio


bn pht, tn hiu audio t microphone trc khi c truyn tip phi c m
ho. Cn bn nhn, chng phi c gii m trc khi a n speaker.
CODEC l dch v ti thiu m u cui H.323 no cng phi c. V vy mt thit b
u cui H.323 phi c h tr ti thiu l mt chun CODEC. Hin nay ang tn
ti mt s chun m ho nh sau: G.711 (m ho tc 64Kbps); G.722 (64, 56 v
48 Kbps); G.723.1 (5.3 v 6.3 Kbps); G.728 (16 Kbps); G.729 (8 Kbps). Sau y l
bng so snh cc chun CODEC:

Voice CODEC
G.711 PCM
G.726 ADPCM

Tc
(Kbps)
64

phc
tp
Thp

40/32/24/16

Thp

G.729 CS-ACELP
G.729 A CAACELP
G.723 MP-MLQ

8
8

Cao
Va phi

6,4/5,3

Cao va phi

G.723.1 MP-MLQ

6,4/5,3

Cao va phi

16

Rt cao

G.728 LD-CELP

Cht lng

tr

Rt tt

Cc
thp
Rt thp

Tt (40 Kbps)
Ti (16 Kbps)
Tt
Kh tt
Tt (6,4
Kbps)
Ti (5,3
Kbps)
Tt (6,4
Kbps)
Ti (5,3
Kbps)
Tt

Thp
Thp
Cao

Cao

Thp

Vic la chn thut ton CODEC l mt trong nhng yu t c bn nng cao


cht lng thoi Internet.

1.3.2.7. M ho/gii m (CODEC) tn hiu Video


Video CODEC m ho tn hiu hnh nh t camera truyn dn v gii m cc
tn hiu video nhn c ( c m ho) hin th hnh nh. Trong H.323,
truyn hnh nh c th c hoc khng, v vy vic h tr video CODEC l tu chn.
Tuy nhin cc u cui cung cp kh nng lin lc hnh nh phi c h tr giao
thc m ho, gii m tn hiu video. Cc giao thc h tr l H.261, H.263...

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